1
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Paulus J, Sewald N. Small molecule- and peptide-drug conjugates addressing integrins: A story of targeted cancer treatment. J Pept Sci 2024; 30:e3561. [PMID: 38382900 DOI: 10.1002/psc.3561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Targeted cancer treatment should avoid side effects and damage to healthy cells commonly encountered during traditional chemotherapy. By combining small molecule or peptidic ligands as homing devices with cytotoxic drugs connected by a cleavable or non-cleavable linker in peptide-drug conjugates (PDCs) or small molecule-drug conjugates (SMDCs), cancer cells and tumours can be selectively targeted. The development of highly affine, selective peptides and small molecules in recent years has allowed PDCs and SMDCs to increasingly compete with antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs). Integrins represent an excellent target for conjugates because they are overexpressed by most cancer cells and because of the broad knowledge about native binding partners as well as the multitude of small-molecule and peptidic ligands that have been developed over the last 30 years. In particular, integrin αVβ3 has been addressed using a variety of different PDCs and SMDCs over the last two decades, following various strategies. This review summarises and describes integrin-addressing PDCs and SMDCs while highlighting points of great interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jannik Paulus
- Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Norbert Sewald
- Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
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2
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Kędra K, Oledzka E, Sobczak M. Self-Immolative Domino Dendrimers as Anticancer-Drug Delivery Systems: A Review. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:668. [PMID: 38794329 PMCID: PMC11125333 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16050668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Worldwide cancer statistics have indicated about 20 million new cancer cases and over 10 million deaths in 2022 (according to data from the International Agency for Research on Cancer). One of the leading cancer treatment strategies is chemotherapy, using innovative drug delivery systems (DDSs). Self-immolative domino dendrimers (SIDendr) for triggered anti-cancer drugs appear to be a promising type of DDSs. The present review provides an up-to-date survey on the contemporary advancements in the field of SIDendr-based anti-cancer drug delivery systems (SIDendr-ac-DDSs) through an exhaustive analysis of the discovery and application of these materials in improving the pharmacological effectiveness of both novel and old drugs. In addition, this article discusses the designing, chemical structure, and targeting techniques, as well as the properties, of several SIDendr-based DDSs. Approaches for this type of targeted DDSs for anti-cancer drug release under a range of stimuli are also explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Kędra
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, 44/52 Kasprzaka Str., 01-224 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Ewa Oledzka
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Biomaterials, Medical University of Warsaw, 1 Banacha Str., 02-097 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Marcin Sobczak
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Biomaterials, Medical University of Warsaw, 1 Banacha Str., 02-097 Warsaw, Poland;
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3
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Choi G, Choi B, Darmawan BA, Jeong S, Jo J, Choi E, Kim H. Radiopaque, Self-Immolative Poly(benzyl ether) as a Functional X-ray Contrast Agent: Synthesis, Prolonged Visibility, and Controlled Degradation. Biomacromolecules 2024; 25:2740-2748. [PMID: 38563478 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.3c01392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
A self-immolative radiocontrast polymer agent has been newly designed for this study. The polymer agent is composed of a degradable poly(benzyl ether)-based backbone that enables complete and spontaneous depolymerization upon exposure to a specific stimulus, with iodophenyl pendant groups that confer a radiodensity comparable to that of commercial agents. In particular, when incorporated into a biodegradable polycaprolactone matrix, the agent not only reinforces the matrix and provides prolonged radiopacity without leaching but also governs the overall degradation kinetics of the composite under basic aqueous conditions, allowing for X-ray tracking and exhibiting a predictable degradation until the end of its lifespan. Our design would be advanced with various other components to produce synergistic functions and extended for applications in implantable biodegradable devices and theragnostic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geunyoung Choi
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61186, Korea
| | - Byeongjun Choi
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61186, Korea
| | - Bobby Aditya Darmawan
- Korea Institute of Medical Microrobotics (KIMIRo), 43-26, Cheomdangwagi-ro 208-beon-gil, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61011, Korea
| | - Songah Jeong
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61186, Korea
| | - Juyeong Jo
- Korea Institute of Medical Microrobotics (KIMIRo), 43-26, Cheomdangwagi-ro 208-beon-gil, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61011, Korea
| | - Eunpyo Choi
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61186, Korea
| | - Hyungwoo Kim
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61186, Korea
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4
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Beach M, Nayanathara U, Gao Y, Zhang C, Xiong Y, Wang Y, Such GK. Polymeric Nanoparticles for Drug Delivery. Chem Rev 2024; 124:5505-5616. [PMID: 38626459 PMCID: PMC11086401 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/18/2024]
Abstract
The recent emergence of nanomedicine has revolutionized the therapeutic landscape and necessitated the creation of more sophisticated drug delivery systems. Polymeric nanoparticles sit at the forefront of numerous promising drug delivery designs, due to their unmatched control over physiochemical properties such as size, shape, architecture, charge, and surface functionality. Furthermore, polymeric nanoparticles have the ability to navigate various biological barriers to precisely target specific sites within the body, encapsulate a diverse range of therapeutic cargo and efficiently release this cargo in response to internal and external stimuli. However, despite these remarkable advantages, the presence of polymeric nanoparticles in wider clinical application is minimal. This review will provide a comprehensive understanding of polymeric nanoparticles as drug delivery vehicles. The biological barriers affecting drug delivery will be outlined first, followed by a comprehensive description of the various nanoparticle designs and preparation methods, beginning with the polymers on which they are based. The review will meticulously explore the current performance of polymeric nanoparticles against a myriad of diseases including cancer, viral and bacterial infections, before finally evaluating the advantages and crucial challenges that will determine their wider clinical potential in the decades to come.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian
A. Beach
- School
of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Umeka Nayanathara
- School
of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Yanting Gao
- School
of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Changhe Zhang
- School
of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Yijun Xiong
- School
of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Yufu Wang
- School
of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Georgina K. Such
- School
of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
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5
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Wharton T, Crawshay-Williams F, Schober T, Floto RA, Spring DR. Unlocking Amides: A General Method for the Self-Immolative Release of Amide-Containing Molecules. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202402267. [PMID: 38411326 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202402267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 02/18/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
The controlled liberation of molecules from a constructed framework is a subject of profound interest across various chemical fields. It allows for the masking of a molecule's properties and precise deployment upon a single controllable release event. While numerous methodologies have been developed for amines, alcohols, and thiols, approaches for utilising amides as payload-release handles are still in their early stages of development, despite the prevalence of amides in therapeutic compounds and materials. Herein, is presented a comprehensive strategy for the controlled and selective release of a diverse range of amides with stable linkers. The versatility of this approach is demonstrated by its successful application in the targeted release of various amide-containing drugs in their natural form via the use of commonly used trigger motifs, such as dipeptides or glycosides. As a proof of concept, the FDA-approved antibiotic linezolid has been successfully converted into a prodrug form and released selectively only in the presence of the trigger event. Significantly, in its prodrug state, no activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis was exhibited. Linezolid's full potential was achieved only upon controlled release, where an equipotent efficacy to the free linezolid control was demonstrated, thus emphasising the immense potential of this method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Wharton
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, UK, CB2 1EW
| | - Felicity Crawshay-Williams
- University of Cambridge Molecular Immunity Unit, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK, CB2 0QH
- Victor Phillip Dahdaleh Heart & Lung Research Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK, CB2 0BB
| | - Tim Schober
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, UK, CB2 1EW
- Enamine Germany, Industriepark Hoechst G837, 65926, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Lumobiotics GmbH, Auerstrasse 2, 76227, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - R Andres Floto
- University of Cambridge Molecular Immunity Unit, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK, CB2 0QH
- Victor Phillip Dahdaleh Heart & Lung Research Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK, CB2 0BB
| | - David R Spring
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, UK, CB2 1EW
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6
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Saady A, Malcolm GK, Fitzpatrick MP, Pairault N, Tizzard GJ, Mohammed S, Tavassoli A, Goldup SM. A Platform Approach to Cleavable Macrocycles for the Controlled Disassembly of Mechanically Caged Molecules. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202400344. [PMID: 38276911 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202400344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Inspired by interlocked oligonucleotides, peptides and knotted proteins, synthetic systems where a macrocycle cages a bioactive species that is "switched on" by breaking the mechanical bond have been reported. However, to date, each example uses a bespoke chemical design. Here we present a platform approach to mechanically caged structures wherein a single macrocycle precursor is diversified at a late stage to include a range of trigger units that control ring opening in response to enzymatic, chemical, or photochemical stimuli. We also demonstrate that our approach is applicable to other classes of macrocycles suitable for rotaxane and catenane formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abed Saady
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Georgia K Malcolm
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Matthew P Fitzpatrick
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, University Road, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Noel Pairault
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, University Road, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Graham J Tizzard
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, University Road, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Soran Mohammed
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, University Road, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Ali Tavassoli
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, University Road, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Stephen M Goldup
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
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7
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Padula D. A Computational Perspective on the Reactivity of π-spacers in Self-Immolative Elimination Reactions. Chem Asian J 2024; 19:e202400010. [PMID: 38407472 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202400010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
The controlled release of chemicals, especially in drug delivery, is crucial, often employing "self-immolative" spacers to enhance reliability. These spacers separate the payload from the protecting group, ensuring a more controlled release. Over the years, design rules have been proposed to improve the elimination process's reaction rate by modifying spacers with electron-donating groups or reducing their aromaticity. The spacer design is critical for determining the range of functional groups released during this process. This study explores various strategies from the literature aimed at improving release rates, focusing on the electronic nature of the spacer, its aromaticity, the electronic nature of its substituents, and the leaving groups involved in the elimination reaction. Through computational analysis, I investigate activation free energies by identifying transition states for model reactions. My calculations align qualitatively with experimental results, demonstrating the feasibility and reliability of computationally pre-screening model self-immolative eliminations. This approach allows proposing optimal combinations of spacer and leaving group for achieving the highest possible release rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Padula
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università di Siena, Via A. Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
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8
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Yu X, Adronov A. Conjugated Polymers with Self-Immolative Sidechain Linkers for Carbon Nanotube Dispersion. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024:e2310257. [PMID: 38497846 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202310257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) are promising materials for generating high-performance electronic devices. However, these applications are greatly restricted by their lack of purity and solubility. Commercially available SWNTs are a mixture of semi-conducting (sc-) and metallic (m-) SWNTs and are insoluble in common solvents. Conjugated polymers can selectively disperse either sc- or m-SWNTs and increase their solubility; however, the conductivity of conjugated polymer-wrapped SWNTs is largely affected by the polymer side chains. Here, a poly(fluorene-co-phenylene) polymer that contains a self-immolative linker as part of its sidechains is reported. The self-immolative linker is stabilized with a tert-butyldimethylsilyl ether group that, upon treatment with tetra-n-butylammonium fluoride (TBAF), undergoes a 1,6-elimination reaction to release the sidechain. Sonication of this polymer with SWNTs in tetrahydrofuran (THF) results in concentrated dispersions that are used to prepare polymer-SWNT thin films. Treatment with TBAF caused side-chain cleavage into carbon dioxide and the corresponding diol, which can be easily removed by washing with solvent. This process is characterized by a combination of absorption and Raman spectroscopy, as well as four-point probe measurements. The conductance of the SWNT thin films increased ≈60-fold upon simple TBAF treatment, opening new possibilities for producing high-conductivity SWNT materials for numerous applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Yu
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology and the Brockhouse Institute for Materials Research, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. W., Hamilton, ON, L8S 4M1, Canada
| | - Alex Adronov
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology and the Brockhouse Institute for Materials Research, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. W., Hamilton, ON, L8S 4M1, Canada
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9
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Venkatesan S, Chanda K, Balamurali MM. An in silico approach to investigate the theranostic potential of coumarin-derived self-immolative luminescent probes. Chem Biodivers 2024; 21:e202301400. [PMID: 38109279 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202301400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
Till date the challenge exists in the treatments of cancer for various reasons. Most importantly, the available diagnostics are expensive with research gap for enhancing the cancer detection sensitivity. Herein, a series of coumarin-derived fluorescent theranostic probes are reported that can serve as potent anticancer agents as well as in the detection of cancer cells. The potential of these probes to efficiently block one of the well-known cancer drug targets NADPH quinone oxidoreductase-1 (NQO1) is evaluated through various pharmacokinetic methods including absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion (ADME) properties evaluation, PASS (prediction of activity spectra for substance) algorithm along with molecular docking and dynamic simulations. Further the luminescent properties of these molecules were evaluated by investigating their electronic properties in the ground and excited states with the help of density functional theory methods. Results indicate that the proposed molecules can potentially block the NADPH (reduced form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) binding site of NQO1, thereby inhibiting the activity of the enzyme to ultimately disrupt the metabolism of cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swathi Venkatesan
- Chemistry Division, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India, 600027
| | - Kaushik Chanda
- Department of Chemistry, Rabindranath Tagore University, Hojai, Assam, India, 782435
| | - M M Balamurali
- Chemistry Division, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India, 600027
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10
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Scherger M, Pilger YA, Komforth P, Räder HJ, Nuhn L. Reversible Polymer-Protein Functionalization by Stepwise Introduction of Amine-Reactive, Reductive-Responsive Self-Immolative End Groups onto RAFT-Derived Polymers. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2024; 10:129-138. [PMID: 36695579 PMCID: PMC10777346 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.2c01106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Many promising therapeutic protein or peptide drug candidates are rapidly excreted from an organism due to their small size or their inherent immunogenicity. One way to counteract these effects is PEGylation, in which the biopolymer is shielded by synthetic polymers exploiting their stealth properties. However, these modifications are often accompanied by a reduction in the biological function of the protein. By using responsive moieties that bridge the polymer to the protein, a reversible character is provided to this type of conjugation. In this regard, the reductive-responsive nature of disulfides can be exploited via self-immolative structures for reversible linkage to aminic lysine residues and the N-terminus on the protein surface. They enable a traceless release of the intact protein without any further modification and thus preserve the protein's bioactivity. In this study, we demonstrate how this chemistry can be made broadly accessible to RAFT-derived water-soluble polymers like poly(N,N-dimethylacrylamide) (pDMA) as a relevant PEG alternative. A terminal reactive imidazole carbamate with an adjacent self-immolative motif was generated in a gradual manner onto the trithiocarbonate chain transfer moiety of the polymer by first substituting it with a disulfide-bridged alcohol and subsequently converting it into an amine reactive imidazole carbamate. Successful synthesis and complete characterization were demonstrated by NMR, size exclusion chromatography, and mass spectrometry. Finally, two model proteins, lysozyme and a therapeutically relevant nanobody, were functionalized with the generated polymer, which was found to be fully reversible under reductive conditions in the presence of free thiols. This strategy has the potential to extend the generation of reversible reductive-responsive polymer-protein hybrids to the broad field of available functional RAFT-derived polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Scherger
- Max
Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, Mainz 55128, Germany
| | - Yannick A. Pilger
- Max
Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, Mainz 55128, Germany
- Chair
of Macromolecular Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Röntgenring 11, Würzburg 97070, Germany
| | - Patric Komforth
- Max
Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, Mainz 55128, Germany
| | - Hans-Joachim Räder
- Max
Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, Mainz 55128, Germany
| | - Lutz Nuhn
- Max
Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, Mainz 55128, Germany
- Chair
of Macromolecular Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Röntgenring 11, Würzburg 97070, Germany
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11
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Hebels ER, Dietl S, Timmers M, Hak J, van den Dikkenberg A, Rijcken CJ, Hennink WE, Liskamp RMJ, Vermonden T. Versatile Click Linker Enabling Native Peptide Release from Nanocarriers upon Redox Trigger. Bioconjug Chem 2023; 34:2375-2386. [PMID: 38079189 PMCID: PMC10739580 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.3c00484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Revised: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Nanocarriers have shown their ability to extend the circulation time of drugs, enhance tumor uptake, and tune drug release. Therapeutic peptides are a class of drug compounds in which nanocarrier-mediated delivery can potentially improve their therapeutic index. To this end, there is an urgent need for orthogonal covalent linker chemistry facilitating the straightforward on-the-resin peptide generation, nanocarrier conjugation, as well as the triggered release of the peptide in its native state. Here, we present a copper-free clickable ring-strained alkyne linker conjugated to the N-terminus of oncolytic peptide LTX-315 via standard solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS). The linker contains (1) a recently developed seven-membered ring-strained alkyne, 3,3,6,6-tetramethylthiacycloheptyne sulfoximine (TMTHSI), (2) a disulfide bond, which is sensitive to the reducing cytosolic and tumor environment, and (3) a thiobenzyl carbamate spacer enabling release of the native peptide upon cleavage of the disulfide via 1,6-elimination. We demonstrate convenient "clicking" of the hydrophilic linker-peptide conjugate to preformed pegylated core-cross-linked polymeric micelles (CCPMs) of 50 nm containing azides in the hydrophobic core under aqueous conditions at room temperature resulting in a loading capacity of 8 mass % of peptide to polymer (56% loading efficiency). This entrapment of hydrophilic cargo into/to a cross-linked hydrophobic core is a new and counterintuitive approach for this class of nanocarriers. The release of LTX-315 from the CCPMs was investigated in vitro and rapid release upon exposure to glutathione (within minutes) followed by slower 1,6-elimination (within an hour) resulted in the formation of the native peptide. Finally, cytotoxicity of LTX CCPMs as well as uptake of sulfocyanine 5-loaded CCPMs was investigated by cell culture, demonstrating successful tumor cell killing at concentrations similar to that of the free peptide treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik R. Hebels
- Division
of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, Utrecht 3508 TB, The Netherlands
| | - Stefanie Dietl
- Division
of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, Utrecht 3508 TB, The Netherlands
| | - Matt Timmers
- Division
of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, Utrecht 3508 TB, The Netherlands
- Cristal
Therapeutics, Maastricht 6229 EV, The Netherlands
| | - Jaimie Hak
- Division
of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, Utrecht 3508 TB, The Netherlands
| | - Antionette van den Dikkenberg
- Division
of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, Utrecht 3508 TB, The Netherlands
| | | | - Wim E. Hennink
- Division
of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, Utrecht 3508 TB, The Netherlands
| | - Rob M. J. Liskamp
- Cristal
Therapeutics, Maastricht 6229 EV, The Netherlands
- Department
of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht 6229 ER, The Netherlands
- School
of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, U.K.
| | - Tina Vermonden
- Division
of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, Utrecht 3508 TB, The Netherlands
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12
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Sasso J, Tenchov R, Bird R, Iyer KA, Ralhan K, Rodriguez Y, Zhou QA. The Evolving Landscape of Antibody-Drug Conjugates: In Depth Analysis of Recent Research Progress. Bioconjug Chem 2023; 34:1951-2000. [PMID: 37821099 PMCID: PMC10655051 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.3c00374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are targeted immunoconjugate constructs that integrate the potency of cytotoxic drugs with the selectivity of monoclonal antibodies, minimizing damage to healthy cells and reducing systemic toxicity. Their design allows for higher doses of the cytotoxic drug to be administered, potentially increasing efficacy. They are currently among the most promising drug classes in oncology, with efforts to expand their application for nononcological indications and in combination therapies. Here we provide a detailed overview of the recent advances in ADC research and consider future directions and challenges in promoting this promising platform to widespread therapeutic use. We examine data from the CAS Content Collection, the largest human-curated collection of published scientific information, and analyze the publication landscape of recent research to reveal the exploration trends in published documents and to provide insights into the scientific advances in the area. We also discuss the evolution of the key concepts in the field, the major technologies, and their development pipelines with company research focuses, disease targets, development stages, and publication and investment trends. A comprehensive concept map has been created based on the documents in the CAS Content Collection. We hope that this report can serve as a useful resource for understanding the current state of knowledge in the field of ADCs and the remaining challenges to fulfill their potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet
M. Sasso
- CAS,
A Division of the American Chemical Society, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Rumiana Tenchov
- CAS,
A Division of the American Chemical Society, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Robert Bird
- CAS,
A Division of the American Chemical Society, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | | | | | - Yacidzohara Rodriguez
- CAS,
A Division of the American Chemical Society, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
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13
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Chen W, Guo C, Ding H, Yang X, Zhang K. Controlled Ring-Opening Polymerization of Macrocyclic Monomers Based on Ring-Opening/Ring-Closing Cascade Reaction. J Am Chem Soc 2023. [PMID: 37931244 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c10765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
The development of a controlled ring-opening polymerization (ROP) method for synthesizing backbone-functionalized and sequence-controlled polymers with well-defined architectures from macrocyclic monomers is highly desirable in polymer chemistry. Herein, we developed a novel general controlled ROP of macrocycles for producing backbone functional and sequence-controlled polyurethanes and polyamides with controlled molecular weights and narrow dispersities (Đ < 1.1). The key to this method is the introduction of a trimethyl lock unit, an efficient cyclization-based self-immolative spacer, into the macrocyclic monomer ring as a "ring-opening trigger." ROP is initiated by the attack of a primary amine nucleophile on the ring-activated carbonate/ester group, leading to the ring opening of the macrocyclic monomer. Subsequently, spontaneous 6-exo-trig cyclization of the trimethyl lock unit occurs, detaching this ring-opening trigger and regenerating the primary amine end group. The regenerated primary amine group can then be used to propagate the polymer chain by iterating the ring-opening-ring-closing cascade reaction. The versatile ROP method can be applied in the synthesis of water-soluble polyurethanes, backbone-degradable polyurethanes and poly(ester amide)s, and sequence-controlled poly(amino acid)s with well-defined macromolecular architectures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wensen Chen
- Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Changjuan Guo
- Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hao Ding
- Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xingyu Yang
- Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ke Zhang
- Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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14
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Antropenko A, Caruso F, Fernandez-Trillo P. Stimuli-Responsive Delivery of Antimicrobial Peptides Using Polyelectrolyte Complexes. Macromol Biosci 2023; 23:e2300123. [PMID: 37449448 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202300123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are antibiotics with the potential to address antimicrobial resistance. However, their translation to the clinic is hampered by issues such as off-target toxicity and low stability in biological media. Stimuli-responsive delivery from polyelectrolyte complexes offers a simple avenue to address these limitations, wherein delivery is triggered by changes occurring during microbial infection. The review first provides an overview of pH-responsive delivery, which exploits the intrinsic pH-responsive nature of polyelectrolytes as a mechanism to deliver these antimicrobials. The examples included illustrate the challenges faced when developing these systems, in particular balancing antimicrobial efficacy and stability, and the potential of this approach to prepare switchable surfaces or nanoparticles for intracellular delivery. The review subsequently highlights the use of other stimuli associated with microbial infection, such as the expression of degrading enzymes or changes in temperature. Polyelectrolyte complexes with dual stimuli-response based on pH and temperature are also discussed. Finally, the review presents a summary and an outlook of the challenges and opportunities faced by this field. This review is expected to encourage researchers to develop stimuli-responsive polyelectrolyte complexes that increase the stability of AMPs while providing targeted delivery, and thereby facilitate the translation of these antimicrobials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Antropenko
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Frank Caruso
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Paco Fernandez-Trillo
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
- Departamento de Química, Facultade de Ciencias and Centro de Investigacións Cientı́ficas Avanzadas (CICA), Universidade da Coruña, A Coruña, 15071, Spain
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15
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Deng Z, Gillies ER. Emerging Trends in the Chemistry of End-to-End Depolymerization. JACS AU 2023; 3:2436-2450. [PMID: 37772181 PMCID: PMC10523501 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.3c00345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
Over the past couple of decades, polymers that depolymerize end-to-end upon cleavage of their backbone or activation of a terminal functional group, sometimes referred to as "self-immolative" polymers, have been attracting increasing attention. They are of growing interest in the context of enhancing polymer degradability but also in polymer recycling as they allow monomers to be regenerated in a controlled manner under mild conditions. Furthermore, they are highly promising for applications as smart materials due to their ability to provide an amplified response to a specific signal, as a single sensing event is translated into the generation of many small molecules through a cascade of reactions. From a chemistry perspective, end-to-end depolymerization relies on the principles of self-immolative linkers and polymer ceiling temperature (Tc). In this article, we will introduce the key chemical concepts and foundations of the field and then provide our perspective on recent exciting developments. For example, over the past few years, new depolymerizable backbones, including polyacetals, polydisulfides, polyesters, polythioesters, and polyalkenamers, have been developed, while modern approaches to depolymerize conventional backbones such as polymethacrylates have also been introduced. Progress has also been made on the topological evolution of depolymerizable systems, including the introduction of fully depolymerizable block copolymers, hyperbranched polymers, and polymer networks. Furthermore, precision sequence-defined oligomers have been synthesized and studied for data storage and encryption. Finally, our perspectives on future opportunities and challenges in the field will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengyu Deng
- Department
of Chemistry, The University of Western
Ontario, 1151 Richmond St., London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Elizabeth R. Gillies
- Department
of Chemistry, The University of Western
Ontario, 1151 Richmond St., London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
- Department
of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St., London, Ontario N6A 5B9, Canada
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16
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Châtre R, Blochouse E, Eid R, Djago F, Lange J, Tarighi M, Renoux B, Sobilo J, Le Pape A, Clarhaut J, Geffroy C, Opalinski I, Tuo W, Papot S, Poinot P. Induced-volatolomics for the design of tumour activated therapy. Chem Sci 2023; 14:4697-4703. [PMID: 37181780 PMCID: PMC10171039 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc06797h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The discovery of tumour-associated markers is of major interest for the development of selective cancer chemotherapy. Within this framework, we introduced the concept of induced-volatolomics enabling to monitor simultaneously the dysregulation of several tumour-associated enzymes in living mice or biopsies. This approach relies on the use of a cocktail of volatile organic compound (VOC)-based probes that are activated enzymatically for releasing the corresponding VOCs. Exogenous VOCs can then be detected in the breath of mice or in the headspace above solid biopsies as specific tracers of enzyme activities. Our induced-volatolomics modality highlighted that the up-regulation of N-acetylglucosaminidase was a hallmark of several solid tumours. Having identified this glycosidase as a potential target for cancer therapy, we designed an enzyme-responsive albumin-binding prodrug of the potent monomethyl auristatin E programmed for the selective release of the drug in the tumour microenvironment. This tumour activated therapy produced a remarkable therapeutic efficacy on orthotopic triple-negative mammary xenografts in mice, leading to the disappearance of tumours in 66% of treated animals. Thus, this study shows the potential of induced-volatolomics for the exploration of biological processes as well as the discovery of novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rémi Châtre
- University of Poitiers, UMR CNRS 7285, Institut de Chimie des Milieux et Matériaux de Poitiers (IC2MP), Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer 4 Rue Michel-Brunet, TSA 51106 86073 Poitiers Cedex 9 France
| | - Estelle Blochouse
- University of Poitiers, UMR CNRS 7285, Institut de Chimie des Milieux et Matériaux de Poitiers (IC2MP), Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer 4 Rue Michel-Brunet, TSA 51106 86073 Poitiers Cedex 9 France
| | - Rony Eid
- University of Poitiers, UMR CNRS 7285, Institut de Chimie des Milieux et Matériaux de Poitiers (IC2MP), Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer 4 Rue Michel-Brunet, TSA 51106 86073 Poitiers Cedex 9 France
| | - Fabiola Djago
- University of Poitiers, UMR CNRS 7285, Institut de Chimie des Milieux et Matériaux de Poitiers (IC2MP), Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer 4 Rue Michel-Brunet, TSA 51106 86073 Poitiers Cedex 9 France
| | - Justin Lange
- University of Poitiers, UMR CNRS 7285, Institut de Chimie des Milieux et Matériaux de Poitiers (IC2MP), Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer 4 Rue Michel-Brunet, TSA 51106 86073 Poitiers Cedex 9 France
| | - Mehrad Tarighi
- University of Poitiers, UMR CNRS 7285, Institut de Chimie des Milieux et Matériaux de Poitiers (IC2MP), Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer 4 Rue Michel-Brunet, TSA 51106 86073 Poitiers Cedex 9 France
| | - Brigitte Renoux
- University of Poitiers, UMR CNRS 7285, Institut de Chimie des Milieux et Matériaux de Poitiers (IC2MP), Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer 4 Rue Michel-Brunet, TSA 51106 86073 Poitiers Cedex 9 France
| | - Julien Sobilo
- UAR No. 44 PHENOMIN TAAM-Imagerie In Vivo, CNRS 3B Rue de la Férollerie F-45071 Orléans France
| | - Alain Le Pape
- UAR No. 44 PHENOMIN TAAM-Imagerie In Vivo, CNRS 3B Rue de la Férollerie F-45071 Orléans France
| | - Jonathan Clarhaut
- University of Poitiers, UMR CNRS 7285, Institut de Chimie des Milieux et Matériaux de Poitiers (IC2MP), Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer 4 Rue Michel-Brunet, TSA 51106 86073 Poitiers Cedex 9 France
- CHU de Poitiers 2 Rue de la Miléterie, CS 90577 F-86021 Poitiers France
| | - Claude Geffroy
- University of Poitiers, UMR CNRS 7285, Institut de Chimie des Milieux et Matériaux de Poitiers (IC2MP), Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer 4 Rue Michel-Brunet, TSA 51106 86073 Poitiers Cedex 9 France
| | - Isabelle Opalinski
- University of Poitiers, UMR CNRS 7285, Institut de Chimie des Milieux et Matériaux de Poitiers (IC2MP), Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer 4 Rue Michel-Brunet, TSA 51106 86073 Poitiers Cedex 9 France
| | - Wei Tuo
- University of Poitiers, UMR CNRS 7285, Institut de Chimie des Milieux et Matériaux de Poitiers (IC2MP), Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer 4 Rue Michel-Brunet, TSA 51106 86073 Poitiers Cedex 9 France
| | - Sébastien Papot
- University of Poitiers, UMR CNRS 7285, Institut de Chimie des Milieux et Matériaux de Poitiers (IC2MP), Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer 4 Rue Michel-Brunet, TSA 51106 86073 Poitiers Cedex 9 France
- Seekyo SA 2 Avenue Galilée, BP 30153 86961 Futuroscope France
| | - Pauline Poinot
- University of Poitiers, UMR CNRS 7285, Institut de Chimie des Milieux et Matériaux de Poitiers (IC2MP), Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer 4 Rue Michel-Brunet, TSA 51106 86073 Poitiers Cedex 9 France
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17
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Lim JH, Park M, Park Y, Park SJ, Lee J, Hwang S, Lee J, Lee Y, Jo E, Shin YG. Evaluation of In Vivo Prepared Albumin-Drug Conjugate Using Immunoprecipitation Linked LC-MS Assay and Its Application to Mouse Pharmacokinetic Study. Molecules 2023; 28:3223. [PMID: 37049985 PMCID: PMC10096712 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28073223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2023] Open
Abstract
There have been many attempts in pharmaceutical industries and academia to improve the pharmacokinetic characteristics of anti-tumor small-molecule drugs by conjugating them with large molecules, such as monoclonal antibodies, called ADCs. In this context, albumin, one of the most abundant proteins in the blood, has also been proposed as a large molecule to be conjugated with anti-cancer small-molecule drugs. The half-life of albumin is 3 weeks in humans, and its distribution to tumors is higher than in normal tissues. However, few studies have been conducted for the in vivo prepared albumin-drug conjugates, possibly due to the lack of robust bioanalytical methods, which are critical for evaluating the ADME/PK properties of in vivo prepared albumin-drug conjugates. In this study, we developed a bioanalytical method of the albumin-conjugated MAC glucuronide phenol linked SN-38 ((2S,3S,4S,5R,6S)-6-(4-(((((((S)-4,11-diethyl-4-hydroxy-3,14-dioxo-3,4,12,14-tetrahydro-1H-pyrano [3',4':6,7] indolizino [1,2-b] quinolin-9-yl)oxy)methyl)(2 (methylsulfonyl)ethyl)carbamoyl)oxy)methyl)-2-(2-(3-(2,5-dioxo-2,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrol-1-yl)-N-methylpropanamido)acetamido)phenoxy)-3,4,5-trihydroxytetra-hydro-2H-pyran-2-carboxylic acid) as a proof-of-concept. This method is based on immunoprecipitation using magnetic beads and the quantification of albumin-conjugated drug concentration using LC-qTOF/MS in mouse plasma. Finally, the developed method was applied to the in vivo intravenous (IV) mouse pharmacokinetic study of MAC glucuronide phenol-linked SN-38.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Young G. Shin
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea; (J.-H.L.)
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18
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Chen X, Zhang L, Bao Q, Meng F, Liu C, Xu R, Ji X, You Q, Jiang Z. A JAK tyrosine kinase and pseudokinase Co-inhibition strategy combines enhanced potency and on-demand activation. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 250:115198. [PMID: 36805946 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
Janus tyrosine kinase (JAK) inhibitors have been on the market for several years, but their use is limited by drug resistance and intolerable side effects. Herein, we propose a novel strategy of JAK tyrosine kinase (TK) and pseudokinase (PK) domain co-inhibition system to consolidate robust JAK inhibition and on-demand activation. A photoexcited prodrug PAT-SIL-TG-1&AT exhibits the synergy effects of TK-PK co-inhibition and enable the spatiotemporal control of JAK2 signaling. The hypoxia-activated prodrug HAT-SIL-TG-1&AT significantly inhibited HEL cells proliferation and downregulated phosphorylated STAT3/5 under hypoxic conditions. Importantly, HAT-SIL-TG-1&AT showed synergistic antitumor effects and selectively inhibited the JAK-STAT signaling in tumor tissues in vivo. This work demonstrates a viable solution to achieve superior JAK2 inhibition, and provides an inspiration for other kinases containing PK domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuetao Chen
- Jiang Su Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Liangying Zhang
- Jiang Su Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China; Department of Pharmacy, Hunan Food and Drug Vocational College, Changsha, 410208, China
| | - Qichao Bao
- Jiang Su Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Fanying Meng
- Jiang Su Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Chihong Liu
- Jiang Su Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Rujun Xu
- Jiang Su Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Xinrui Ji
- Jiang Su Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Qidong You
- Jiang Su Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
| | - Zhengyu Jiang
- Jiang Su Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
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19
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Hollstein S, Ali LMA, Coste M, Vogel J, Bettache N, Ulrich S, von Delius M. A Triazolium-Anchored Self-Immolative Linker Enables Self-Assembly-Driven siRNA Binding and Esterase-Induced Release. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202203311. [PMID: 36346344 PMCID: PMC10108132 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202203311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The increased importance of RNA-based therapeutics comes with a need to develop next-generation stimuli-responsive systems capable of binding, transporting and releasing RNA oligomers. In this work, we describe triazolium-based amphiphiles capable of siRNA binding and enzyme-responsive release of the nucleic acid payload. In aqueous medium, the amphiphile self-assembles into nanocarriers that can disintegrate upon the addition of esterase. Key to the molecular design is a self-immolative linker that is anchored to the triazolium moiety and acts as a positively-charged polar head group. We demonstrate that addition of esterase leads to a degradation cascade of the linker, leaving the neutral triazole compound unable to form complexes and therefore releasing the negatively-charged siRNA. The reported molecular design and overall approach may have broad utility beyond this proof-of-principle study, because the underlying CuAAC "click" chemistry allows bringing together three groups very efficiently as well as cleaving off one of the three groups under the mild action of an esterase enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selina Hollstein
- Institute of Organic ChemistryUlm UniversityAlbert-Einstein-Allee 1189081UlmGermany
| | - Lamiaa M. A. Ali
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM)CNRSUniversité de Montpellier, ENSCMMontpellierFrance
- Department of BiochemistryMedical Research InstituteUniversity of Alexandria21561AlexandriaEgypt
| | - Maëva Coste
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM)CNRSUniversité de Montpellier, ENSCMMontpellierFrance
| | - Julian Vogel
- Institute of Organic ChemistryUlm UniversityAlbert-Einstein-Allee 1189081UlmGermany
| | - Nadir Bettache
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM)CNRSUniversité de Montpellier, ENSCMMontpellierFrance
| | - Sébastien Ulrich
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM)CNRSUniversité de Montpellier, ENSCMMontpellierFrance
| | - Max von Delius
- Institute of Organic ChemistryUlm UniversityAlbert-Einstein-Allee 1189081UlmGermany
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20
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Antiviral Peptide-Based Conjugates: State of the Art and Future Perspectives. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15020357. [PMID: 36839679 PMCID: PMC9958607 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15020357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Infectious diseases caused by microbial pathogens (bacteria, virus, fungi, parasites) claim millions of deaths per year worldwide and have become a serious challenge to global human health in our century. Viral infections are particularly notable in this regard, not only because humankind is facing some of the deadliest viral pandemics in recent history, but also because the arsenal of drugs to combat the high levels of mutation, and hence the antigenic variability of (mostly RNA) viruses, is disturbingly scarce. Therefore, the search for new antivirals able to successfully fight infection with minimal or no adverse effects on the host is a pressing task. Traditionally, antiviral therapies have relied on relatively small-sized drugs acting as proteases, polymerases, integrase inhibitors, etc. In recent decades, novel approaches involving targeted delivery such as that achieved by peptide-drug conjugates (PDCs) have gained attention as alternative (pro)drugs for tackling viral diseases. Antiviral PDC therapeutics typically involve one or more small drug molecules conjugated to a cell-penetrating peptide (CPP) carrier either directly or through a linker. Such integration of two bioactive elements into a single molecular entity is primarily aimed at achieving improved bioavailability in conditions where conventional drugs are challenged, but may also turn up novel unexpected functionalities and applications. Advances in peptide medicinal chemistry have eased the way to antiviral PDCs, but challenges remain on the way to therapeutic success. In this paper, we review current antiviral CPP-drug conjugates (antiviral PDCs), with emphasis on the types of CPP and antiviral cargo. We integrate the conjugate and the chemical approaches most often applied to combine both entities. Additionally, we comment on various obstacles faced in the design of antiviral PDCs and on the future outlooks for this class of antiviral therapeutics.
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21
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Keppel P, Sohr B, Kuba W, Goldeck M, Skrinjar P, Carlson JCT, Mikula H. Tetrazine-Triggered Bioorthogonal Cleavage of trans-Cyclooctene-Caged Phenols Using a Minimal Self-Immolative Linker Strategy. Chembiochem 2022; 23:e202200363. [PMID: 35921044 PMCID: PMC9804162 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202200363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Bond-cleavage reactions triggered by bioorthogonal tetrazine ligation have emerged as strategies to chemically control the function of (bio)molecules and achieve activation of prodrugs in living systems. While most of these approaches make use of caged amines, current methods for the release of phenols are limited by unfavorable reaction kinetics or insufficient stability of the Tz-responsive reactants. To address this issue, we have implemented a self-immolative linker that enables the connection of cleavable trans-cyclooctenes (TCO) and phenols via carbamate linkages. Based on detailed investigation of the reaction mechanism with several Tz, revealing up to 96 % elimination after 2 hours, we have developed a TCO-caged prodrug with 750-fold reduced cytotoxicity compared to the parent drug and achieved in situ activation upon Tz/TCO click-to-release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Keppel
- Institute of Applied Synthetic ChemistryTU Wien1060ViennaAustria
| | - Barbara Sohr
- Institute of Applied Synthetic ChemistryTU Wien1060ViennaAustria
| | - Walter Kuba
- Institute of Applied Synthetic ChemistryTU Wien1060ViennaAustria
| | - Marion Goldeck
- Institute of Applied Synthetic ChemistryTU Wien1060ViennaAustria,Center for Anatomy and Cell BiologyMedical University of Vienna1090ViennaAustria
| | - Philipp Skrinjar
- Institute of Applied Synthetic ChemistryTU Wien1060ViennaAustria
| | - Jonathan C. T. Carlson
- Center for Systems Biology & Department of MedicineMassachusetts General HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolBoston, MA02114USA
| | - Hannes Mikula
- Institute of Applied Synthetic ChemistryTU Wien1060ViennaAustria
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