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Kumar R, Dohi T, Zhdankin VV. Organohypervalent heterocycles. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:4786-4827. [PMID: 38545658 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs01055k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
This review summarizes the structural and synthetic aspects of heterocyclic molecules incorporating an atom of a hypervalent main-group element. The term "hypervalent" has been suggested for derivatives of main-group elements with more than eight valence electrons, and the concept of hypervalency is commonly used despite some criticism from theoretical chemists. The significantly higher thermal stability of hypervalent heterocycles compared to their acyclic analogs adds special features to their chemistry, particularly for bromine and iodine. Heterocyclic compounds of elements with double bonds are not categorized as hypervalent molecules owing to the zwitterionic nature of these bonds, resulting in the conventional 8-electron species. This review is focused on hypervalent heterocyclic derivatives of nonmetal main-group elements, such as boron, silicon, nitrogen, carbon, phosphorus, sulfur, selenium, bromine, chlorine, iodine(III) and iodine(V).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, J C Bose University of Science and Technology, YMCA, NH-2, Sector-6, Mathura Road, Faridabad, 121006, Haryana, India.
| | - Toshifumi Dohi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Nojihigashi, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan.
| | - Viktor V Zhdankin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 1038 University Drive, 126 HCAMS University of Minnesota Duluth, Duluth, Minnesota 55812, USA.
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2
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Zhao WW, Tian MY, Zhou YL, Liu LJ, Tian SF, He CY, Yang XZ, Chen YZ, Han WY. Trifluoromethyl Rhodium-Carbynoid in [2+1+2] Cycloadditions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202318887. [PMID: 38237082 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202318887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Trifluoromethyl cationic carbyne (CF3 C+ :) possessing dual carbene-carbocation behavior emulated as trifluoromethyl metal-carbynoid (CF3 C+ =M) has not been explored yet, and its reaction characteristics are unknown. Herein, a novel α-diazotrifluoroethyl sulfonium salt was prepared and used in Rh-catalyzed three-component [2+1+2] cycloadditions for the first time with commercially available N-fused heteroarenes and nitriles, yielding a series of imidazo[1,5-a] N-heterocycles that are of interest in medicinal chemistry, in which the insertion of trifluoromethyl Rh-carbynoid (CF3 C+ =Rh) into C=N bonds of N-fused heteroarenes was involved. This strategy demonstrates synthetic applications in late-stage modification of pharmaceuticals, construction of CD3 -containing N-heterocycles, gram-scale experiments, and synthesis of phosphodiesterase 10A inhibitor analog. These highly valuable and modifiable imidazo[1,5-a] N-heterocycles exhibit good antitumor activity in vitro, thus demonstrating their potential applications in medicinal chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Wen Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis & Chiral Drug Synthesis of Guizhou Province, School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, No. 6 West Xuefu Rd., 563006, Zunyi, China
| | - Meng-Yang Tian
- Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis & Chiral Drug Synthesis of Guizhou Province, School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, No. 6 West Xuefu Rd., 563006, Zunyi, China
| | - Yi-Lin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis & Chiral Drug Synthesis of Guizhou Province, School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, No. 6 West Xuefu Rd., 563006, Zunyi, China
| | - Lu-Jie Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis & Chiral Drug Synthesis of Guizhou Province, School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, No. 6 West Xuefu Rd., 563006, Zunyi, China
| | - Shao-Fang Tian
- Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis & Chiral Drug Synthesis of Guizhou Province, School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, No. 6 West Xuefu Rd., 563006, Zunyi, China
| | - Chun-Yang He
- Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis & Chiral Drug Synthesis of Guizhou Province, School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, No. 6 West Xuefu Rd., 563006, Zunyi, China
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education, Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, No. 6 West Xuefu Rd., 563006, Zunyi, China
| | - Xing-Zhi Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 132 Lanhei Road, 650201, Kunming, China
| | - Yong-Zheng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis & Chiral Drug Synthesis of Guizhou Province, School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, No. 6 West Xuefu Rd., 563006, Zunyi, China
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education, Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, No. 6 West Xuefu Rd., 563006, Zunyi, China
| | - Wen-Yong Han
- Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis & Chiral Drug Synthesis of Guizhou Province, School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, No. 6 West Xuefu Rd., 563006, Zunyi, China
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education, Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, No. 6 West Xuefu Rd., 563006, Zunyi, China
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3
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Zhang C, Wan JP. Synthesis of Hypervalent Iodine Diazo Compounds and Their Application in Organic Synthesis. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202302718. [PMID: 37846841 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
Diazomethyl-substituted iodine(III) compounds with electron-withdrawing groups (EWG) connected to diazo methyl center were a type of donor-acceptor diazo compounds with potential reaction abilities similar to ordinary diazo compounds. Although several diazomethyl-substituted iodine(III) compounds were synthesized and used in the nucleophilic substitution reactions as early as 1994, the synthesis and application of new iodine(III) diazo compounds have only been reported to a certain extent in recent years. In the presence of rhodium catalyst, photocatalyst, or nucleophiles, diazomethyl-substituted iodine(III) compounds can be converted into rhodium-carbenes, diazomethyl radicals, ester radicals or nucleophilic intermediates, which can be used as key intermediates for the formation of chemical bonds. The aim of this review is to give an overview of diazomethyl-substituted iodine(III) compounds in organic synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cai Zhang
- Department of Safety Supervision and Management, Chongqing Vocational Institute of Safety Technology, 583 Anqing road, Wanzhou district, 404020, Chongqing, China
| | - Jie-Ping Wan
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Normal University, 99 Ziyang Avenue, 330022, Nanchang, China
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4
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Qian Y, Tang J, Zhou X, Luo J, Yang X, Ke Z, Hu W. Enantioselective Multifunctionalization with Rh Carbynoids. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:26403-26411. [PMID: 37993266 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c10460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
Multifunctionalization from the interception of active intermediates is an attractive synthetic strategy for the efficient construction of complex molecular scaffolds in an atom and step economic fashion. However, the design of reactions involving metal carbynoids that exhibit carbene/carbocation behavior is currently limited, and developing catalyst-controlled highly enantioselective versions poses significant challenges. In this study, we present the first asymmetric trifunctionalization reactions with rhodium carbynoids. This reaction unveils the distinctive reactivity of the carbynoid precursor, enabling it to react with simultaneously two nucleophiles and one electrophile. This process involves the formation of two distinct carbene ylides with the alcohol/carbamate and the trapping of one ylide with the imine, resulting in the formation of three new bonds. Furthermore, this strategy allows for the divergent synthesis of a wide array of β-amino esters in high yields and exceptional enantioselectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Qian
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Jie Tang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Xiaoyu Zhou
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Jian Luo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Xiaoyan Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Zhuofeng Ke
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Wenhao Hu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
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5
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Tu HF, Jeandin A, Bon C, Brocklehurst C, Lima F, Suero MG. Late-Stage Aryl C-H Bond Cyclopropenylation with Cyclopropenium Cations. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202308379. [PMID: 37459194 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202308379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we disclose the first regio-, site- and chemoselective late-stage (hetero)aryl C-H bond cyclopropenylation with cyclopropenium cations (CPCs). The process is fast, operationally simple and shows an excellent functional group tolerance in densely-functionalized drug molecules, natural products, agrochemicals and fluorescent dyes. Moreover, we discovered that the installation of the cyclopropene ring in drug molecules could not only be used to shield against metabolic instability but also as a synthetic tool to reach medicinally-relevant sp3 -rich scaffolds exploiting the highly-strained nature of the cyclopropene ring with known transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang-Fei Tu
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ-CERCA), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans, 16, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Aliénor Jeandin
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ-CERCA), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans, 16, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
- Departament de Química Analítica i Química Orgánica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Calle Marcel.lí Domingo, 1, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Corentin Bon
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes of BioMedical Research, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Cara Brocklehurst
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes of BioMedical Research, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Fabio Lima
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes of BioMedical Research, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marcos G Suero
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ-CERCA), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans, 16, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
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6
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Tomon D, Arimitsu S. Synthesis of Chiral Tertiary Allylic- and Propargylic Fluorides from Nonaflates of Chiral α-Fluorinated β-Keto Dicarbonyl Compounds. J Org Chem 2023; 88:11895-11904. [PMID: 37524355 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c01184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
The acetyl group of chiral α-fluorinated dicarbonyl compounds was transformed to nonaflates through a reaction with perfluorobutanesulfonyl fluoride in the presence of DBU in 82-95% yield. These nonaflates were used in Suzuki and Sonogashira coupling reactions to afford chiral tertiary allylic fluorides bearing gem-disubstituted terminal alkenes with excellent optical purities (45-91%, ≥94% ee). In addition, chiral tertiary propargylic fluorides were obtained from the reaction of nonaflates with DBU (73-86%, ≥94% ee).
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiki Tomon
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Marine Science, University of the Ryukyus, Senbaru 1, Nishihara, Nakagami, Okinawa 903-0213, Japan
| | - Satoru Arimitsu
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Marine Science, University of the Ryukyus, Senbaru 1, Nishihara, Nakagami, Okinawa 903-0213, Japan
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7
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Palomo E, Sharma AK, Wang Z, Jiang L, Maseras F, Suero MG. Generating Fischer-Type Rh-Carbenes with Rh-Carbynoids. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:4975-4981. [PMID: 36812070 PMCID: PMC9999426 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c00012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
We describe the first catalytic generation of Fischer-type acyloxy Rh(II)-carbenes from carboxylic acids and Rh(II)-carbynoids. This novel class of transient donor/acceptor Rh(II)-carbenes evolved through a cyclopropanation process providing access to densely functionalized cyclopropyl-fused lactones with excellent diastereoselectivity. DFT calculations allowed the analysis of the properties of Rh(II)-carbynoids and acyloxy Rh(II)-carbenes as well as the characterization of the mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Palomo
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ-CERCA), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Països Catalans 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain.,Departament de Química Analítica i Química Orgánica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Calle Marcel.lí Domingo, 1, Tarragona 43007, Spain
| | - Akhilesh K Sharma
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ-CERCA), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Països Catalans 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Zhaofeng Wang
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ-CERCA), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Països Catalans 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Liyin Jiang
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ-CERCA), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Països Catalans 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Feliu Maseras
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ-CERCA), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Països Catalans 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Marcos G Suero
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ-CERCA), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Països Catalans 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
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8
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Tu HF, Jeandin A, Suero MG. Catalytic Synthesis of Cyclopropenium Cations with Rh-Carbynoids. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:16737-16743. [PMID: 36074785 PMCID: PMC9501905 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c07769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we report the first catalytic one-step synthesis of cyclopropenium cations (CPCs) with readily available alkynes and hypervalent iodine reagents as carbyne sources. Key to the process is the catalytic generation of a novel Rh-carbynoid that formally transfers monovalent cationic carbynes (:+C-R) to alkynes via an oxidative [2+1] cycloaddition. Our process is able to synthesize a new type of CPC substituted with an ester group that underpins the regioselective attack of a broad range of carbon and heteroatomic nucleophiles, thus providing a new platform for the synthesis of valuable cyclopropenes difficult or not possible to make by current methodologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang-Fei Tu
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Països Catalans 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Aliénor Jeandin
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Països Catalans 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain.,Departament de Química Analítica i Química Orgánica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Calle Marcel.lí Domingo, 1, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Marcos G Suero
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Països Catalans 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
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9
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Dhungana RK, Granados A, Sharique M, Majhi J, Molander GA. A three-component difunctionalization of N-alkenyl amides via organophotoredox radical-polar crossover. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:9556-9559. [PMID: 35930003 PMCID: PMC10443537 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc04101d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we report a three-component organophotoredox coupling of N-alkenyl amides with α-bromocarbonyls and various nucleophiles. This transition metal-free difunctionalization protocol installs sequential C-C and C-Y (Y = S/O/N) bonds in alkenes. This reaction works with terminal and internal alkenes containing both cyclic and acyclic amides via radical-polar crossover.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roshan K Dhungana
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 19104-6323, USA.
| | - Albert Granados
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 19104-6323, USA.
| | - Mohammed Sharique
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 19104-6323, USA.
| | - Jadab Majhi
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 19104-6323, USA.
| | - Gary A Molander
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 19104-6323, USA.
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Granados A, Dhungana RK, Sharique M, Majhi J, Molander GA. From Styrenes to Fluorinated Benzyl Bromides: A Photoinduced Difunctionalization via Atom Transfer Radical Addition. Org Lett 2022; 24:4750-4755. [PMID: 35766376 PMCID: PMC10412001 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c01699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
An operationally simple and practical method is disclosed to achieve the difunctionalization of styrenes, generating fluorinated benzyl bromides via a photoinduced atom transfer radical addition process. The developed method is mild, atom-economical, cost-effective, employs very low photocatalyst loading (1000 ppm), and is highly compatible with a broad range of functional groups on styrene. The versatility of the fluorinated benzyl bromides is demonstrated through their derivatization to a variety of valuable compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jadab Majhi
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | - Gary A. Molander
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
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