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Majhi J, Matsuo B, Oh H, Kim S, Sharique M, Molander GA. Photochemical Deoxygenative Hydroalkylation of Unactivated Alkenes Promoted by a Nucleophilic Organocatalyst. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202317190. [PMID: 38109703 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202317190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
The direct utilization of simple and abundant feedstocks in carbon-carbon bond-forming reactions to embellish sp3 -enriched chemical space is highly desirable. Herein, we report a novel photochemical deoxygenative hydroalkylation of unactivated alkenes with readily available carboxylic acid derivatives. The reaction displays broad functional group tolerance, accommodating carboxylic acid-, alcohol-, ester-, ketone-, amide-, silane-, and boronic ester groups, as well as nitrile-containing substrates. The reaction is operationally simple, mild, and water-tolerant, and can be carried out on multigram-scale, which highlights the utility of the method to prepare value-added compounds in a practical and scalable manner. The synthetic application of the developed method is further exemplified through the synthesis of suberanilic acid, a precursor of vorinostat, a drug used for the treatment of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. A novel mechanistic approach was identified using thiol as a nucleophilic catalyst, which forms a key intermediate for this transformation. Furthermore, electrochemical studies, quantum yield, and mechanistic experiments were conducted to support a proposed catalytic cycle for the transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jadab Majhi
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, 19104-6323, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Bianca Matsuo
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, 19104-6323, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Hyunjung Oh
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, 19104-6323, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Saegun Kim
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, 19104-6323, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Mohammed Sharique
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, 19104-6323, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Gary A Molander
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, 19104-6323, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Majhi J, Molander GA. Recent Discovery, Development, and Synthetic Applications of Formic Acid Salts in Photochemistry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202311853. [PMID: 37812639 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202311853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
The advancement of sustainable photoredox catalysis in synthetic organic chemistry has evolved immensely because of the development of versatile and cost-effective reagents. In recent years, a substantial effort has been dedicated to exploring the utility of formic acid salts in various photochemical reactions. In this context, formates have demonstrated diverse capabilities, functioning as reductants, sources of carbonyl groups, and reagents for hydrogen atom transfer. Notably, the CO2 ⋅- radical anion derived from formate exhibits strong reductant properties for cleaving both C-X and C-O bonds. Moreover, these salts play a pivotal role in carboxylation reactions, further highlighting their significance in a variety of photochemical transformations. The ability of formates to serve as reductants, carbonyl sources, and hydrogen atom transfer reagents reveal exciting possibilities in synthetic organic chemistry. This minireview highlights an array of captivating discoveries, underscoring the crucial role of formates in diverse and distinctive photochemical methods, enabling access to a wide range of value-added compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jadab Majhi
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | - Gary A Molander
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
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Matsuo B, Majhi J, Granados A, Sharique M, Martin RT, Gutierrez O, Molander GA. Transition metal-free photochemical C-F activation for the preparation of difluorinated-oxindole derivatives. Chem Sci 2023; 14:2379-2385. [PMID: 36873833 PMCID: PMC9977406 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc06179a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of strategies for single and selective C-F bond activation represents an important avenue to overcome limitations in the synthesis of valuable fluorine-containing compounds. The synthetic and medicinal research communities would benefit from new routes that access such relevant molecules in a simple manner. Herein we disclose a straightforward and mechanistically distinct pathway to generate gem-difluoromethyl radicals and their installation onto N-arylmethacrylamides for the preparation of valuable difluorinated oxindole derivatives. To achieve operational simplicity, the use of a readily available benzenethiol as a photocatalyst under open-to-air conditions was developed, demonstrating the facile multigram preparation of the targeted fluorinated molecules. Additionally, dispersion-corrected density functional theory (DFT) and empirical investigations provide a new basis to support the proposed reaction pathway, indicating that arene thiolate is an efficient organophotocatalyst for this transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Matsuo
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania 231 South 34th Street Philadelphia Pennsylvania 19104-6323 USA
| | - Jadab Majhi
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania 231 South 34th Street Philadelphia Pennsylvania 19104-6323 USA
| | - Albert Granados
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania 231 South 34th Street Philadelphia Pennsylvania 19104-6323 USA
| | - Mohammed Sharique
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania 231 South 34th Street Philadelphia Pennsylvania 19104-6323 USA
| | - Robert T Martin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, 8051 Regents Drive College Park Maryland 20742 USA
| | - Osvaldo Gutierrez
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, 8051 Regents Drive College Park Maryland 20742 USA.,Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University 580 Ross St. College Station Texas 77843 USA
| | - Gary A Molander
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania 231 South 34th Street Philadelphia Pennsylvania 19104-6323 USA
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Majhi J, Granados A, Matsuo B, Ciccone V, Dhungana RK, Sharique M, Molander GA. Practical, scalable, and transition metal-free visible light-induced heteroarylation route to substituted oxindoles. Chem Sci 2023; 14:897-902. [PMID: 36755706 PMCID: PMC9890556 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc05918e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The synthetic application of (hetero)aryl radicals in organic synthesis has been known since the last century. However, their applicability has significantly suffered from ineffective generation protocols. Herein, we present a visible-light-induced transition metal-free (hetero)aryl radical generation from readily available (hetero)aryl halides for the synthesis of 3,3'-disubstituted oxindoles. This transformation is amenable to a wide range of (hetero)aryl halides as well as several easily accessible acrylamides, and it is also scalable to multigram synthesis. Finally, the versatility of the oxindole products is demonstrated through their conversion to a variety of useful intermediates applicable to target-directed synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jadab Majhi
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania 231 South 34th Street Philadelphia Pennsylvania 19104-6323 USA
| | - Albert Granados
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania 231 South 34th Street Philadelphia Pennsylvania 19104-6323 USA
| | - Bianca Matsuo
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania 231 South 34th Street Philadelphia Pennsylvania 19104-6323 USA
| | - Vittorio Ciccone
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania 231 South 34th Street Philadelphia Pennsylvania 19104-6323 USA
| | - Roshan K Dhungana
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania 231 South 34th Street Philadelphia Pennsylvania 19104-6323 USA
| | - Mohammed Sharique
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania 231 South 34th Street Philadelphia Pennsylvania 19104-6323 USA
| | - Gary A Molander
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania 231 South 34th Street Philadelphia Pennsylvania 19104-6323 USA
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Dhungana RK, Granados A, Ciccone V, Martin RT, Majhi J, Sharique M, Gutierrez O, Molander GA. Trifunctionalization of Cinnamyl Alcohols Provides Access to Brominated α,α-Difluoro-γ-lactones via a Photoinduced Radical–Polar–Radical Mechanism. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c05514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roshan K. Dhungana
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | - Albert Granados
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | - Vittorio Ciccone
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | - Robert T. Martin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Jadab Majhi
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | - Mohammed Sharique
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | - Osvaldo Gutierrez
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Gary A. Molander
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
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Shreiber ST, Granados A, Matsuo B, Majhi J, Campbell MW, Patel S, Molander GA. Visible-Light-Induced C-F Bond Activation for the Difluoroalkylation of Indoles. Org Lett 2022; 24:8542-8546. [PMID: 36373860 PMCID: PMC10414767 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c03549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
An aryl disulfide mediated C-F bond activation of the trifluoromethyl group to generate valuable gem-difluoroalkylindoles is described. This method relies on readily available commodity reagents under mild reaction conditions and represents the first transition-metal-free redox-neutral C-F bond activation strategy. The reaction employs various substituted indoles and α-fluoro-substituted esters. Further, this mode of C-F activation was also amenable to the activation of trifluoromethylated arenes for the preparation of bis-benzylic gem-difluoromethylenes between indole and arene substructures, providing access to a unique chemical space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott T Shreiber
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | - Albert Granados
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | - Bianca Matsuo
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | - Jadab Majhi
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | - Mark W Campbell
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | - Shivani Patel
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | - Gary A Molander
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
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Majhi J, Dhungana RK, Rentería-Gómez Á, Sharique M, Li L, Dong W, Gutierrez O, Molander GA. Metal-Free Photochemical Imino-Alkylation of Alkenes with Bifunctional Oxime Esters. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:15871-15878. [PMID: 35984388 PMCID: PMC10245625 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c07170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The concurrent installation of C-C and C-N bonds across alkene frameworks represents a powerful tool to prepare motifs that are ubiquitous in pharmaceuticals and bioactive compounds. To construct such prevalent bonds, most alkene difunctionalization methods demand the use of precious metals or activated alkenes. We report a metal-free, photochemically mediated imino-alkylation of electronically diverse alkenes to install both alkyl and iminyl groups in a highly efficient manner. The exceptionally mild reaction conditions, broad substrate scope, excellent functional group tolerance, and facile one-pot reaction protocol highlight the utility of this method to prepare privileged motifs from readily available alkene and acid feedstocks. One key and striking feature of this transformation is that an electrophilic trifluoromethyl radical is equally efficient with both electron-deficient and electron-rich alkenes. Additionally, dispersion-corrected density functional theory (DFT) and empirical investigations provide detailed mechanistic insight into this reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jadab Majhi
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | - Roshan K. Dhungana
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | - Ángel Rentería-Gómez
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Mohammed Sharique
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | - Longbo Li
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | - Weizhe Dong
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | - Osvaldo Gutierrez
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Gary A. Molander
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
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Dhungana RK, Granados A, Sharique M, Majhi J, Molander GA. A three-component difunctionalization of N-alkenyl amides via organophotoredox radical-polar crossover. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:9556-9559. [PMID: 35930003 PMCID: PMC10443537 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc04101d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we report a three-component organophotoredox coupling of N-alkenyl amides with α-bromocarbonyls and various nucleophiles. This transition metal-free difunctionalization protocol installs sequential C-C and C-Y (Y = S/O/N) bonds in alkenes. This reaction works with terminal and internal alkenes containing both cyclic and acyclic amides via radical-polar crossover.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roshan K Dhungana
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 19104-6323, USA.
| | - Albert Granados
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 19104-6323, USA.
| | - Mohammed Sharique
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 19104-6323, USA.
| | - Jadab Majhi
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 19104-6323, USA.
| | - Gary A Molander
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 19104-6323, USA.
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Matsuo B, Granados A, Majhi J, Sharique M, Levitre G, Molander GA. 1,2-Radical Shifts in Photoinduced Synthetic Organic Transformations: A Guide to the Reactivity of Useful Radical Synthons. ACS Org Inorg Au 2022; 2:435-454. [PMID: 36510615 PMCID: PMC9732885 DOI: 10.1021/acsorginorgau.2c00032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The exploration of 1,2-radical shift (RS) mechanisms in photoinduced organic reactions has provided efficient routes for the generation of important radical synthons in many chemical transformations. In this Review, the basic concepts involved in the traditional 1,2-spin-center shift (SCS) mechanisms in recently reported studies are discussed. In addition, other useful 1,2-RSs are addressed, such as those proceeding through 1,2-group migrations in carbohydrate chemistry, via 1,2-boron shifts, and by the generation of α-amino radicals. The discussion begins with a general overview of the basic aspects of 1,2-RS mechanisms, followed by a demonstration of their applicability in photoinduced transformations. The sections that follow are organized according to the mechanisms operating in combination with the 1,2-radical migration event. This contribution is not a comprehensive review but rather aims to provide an understanding of the topic, focused on the more recent advances in the field, and establishes a definition for the nomenclature that has been used to describe such mechanisms.
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Yen-Pon E, Li L, Levitre G, Majhi J, McClain EJ, Voight EA, Crane EA, Molander GA. On-DNA Hydroalkylation to Introduce Diverse Bicyclo[1.1.1]pentanes and Abundant Alkyls via Halogen Atom Transfer. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:12184-12191. [PMID: 35759692 PMCID: PMC10412002 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c03025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
DNA-encoded libraries have proven their tremendous value in the identification of new lead compounds for drug discovery. To access libraries in new chemical space, many methods have emerged to transpose traditional mol-scale reactivity to nmol-scale, on-DNA chemistry. However, procedures to access libraries with a greater fraction of C(sp3) content are still limited, and the need to "escape from flatland" more readily on-DNA remains. Herein, we report a Giese addition to install highly functionalized bicyclo[1.1.1]pentanes (BCPs) using tricyclo[1.1.1.01,3]pentane (TCP) as a radical linchpin, as well as other diverse alkyl groups, on-DNA from the corresponding organohalides as non-stabilized radical precursors. Telescoped procedures allow extension of the substrate pool by at least an order of magnitude to ubiquitous alcohols and carboxylic acids, allowing us to "upcycle" these abundant feedstocks to afford non-traditional libraries with different physicochemical properties for the small-molecule products (i.e., non-peptide libraries with acids). This approach is amenable to library production, as a DNA damage assessment revealed good PCR amplifiability and only 6% mutated sequences for a full-length DNA tag.
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Affiliation(s)
- Expédite Yen-Pon
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | - Longbo Li
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | - Guillaume Levitre
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | - Jadab Majhi
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | - Edward J. McClain
- Drug Discovery Science & Technology, Discovery Research & Development, AbbVie, Inc., 1 N. Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064-1802, United States
| | - Eric A. Voight
- Drug Discovery Science & Technology, Discovery Research & Development, AbbVie, Inc., 1 N. Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064-1802, United States
| | - Erika A. Crane
- Drug Discovery Science & Technology, Discovery Research & Development, AbbVie, Inc., 1 N. Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064-1802, United States
| | - Gary A. Molander
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
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Granados A, Dhungana RK, Sharique M, Majhi J, Molander GA. From Styrenes to Fluorinated Benzyl Bromides: A Photoinduced Difunctionalization via Atom Transfer Radical Addition. Org Lett 2022; 24:4750-4755. [PMID: 35766376 PMCID: PMC10412001 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c01699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
An operationally simple and practical method is disclosed to achieve the difunctionalization of styrenes, generating fluorinated benzyl bromides via a photoinduced atom transfer radical addition process. The developed method is mild, atom-economical, cost-effective, employs very low photocatalyst loading (1000 ppm), and is highly compatible with a broad range of functional groups on styrene. The versatility of the fluorinated benzyl bromides is demonstrated through their derivatization to a variety of valuable compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jadab Majhi
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | - Gary A. Molander
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
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Sharique M, Majhi J, Dhungana RK, Kammer LM, Krumb M, Lipp A, Romero E, Molander GA. A practical and sustainable two-component Minisci alkylation via photo-induced EDA-complex activation. Chem Sci 2022; 13:5701-5706. [PMID: 35694363 PMCID: PMC9116295 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc01363k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
An operationally simple, open-air, and efficient light-mediated Minisci C-H alkylation method is described, based on the formation of an electron donor-acceptor (EDA) complex between nitrogen-containing heterocycles and redox-active esters. In contrast to previously reported protocols, this method does not require a photocatalyst, an external single electron transfer agent, or an oxidant additive. Achieved under mildly acidic and open-air conditions, the reaction incorporates primary-, secondary-, and tertiary radicals, including bicyclo[1.1.1]pentyl (BCP) radicals, along with various heterocycles to generate Minisci alkylation products in moderate to good yields. Additionally, the method is exploited to generate a stereo-enriched, hetereoaryl-substituted carbohydrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Sharique
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania 231 South 34th Street Philadelphia Pennsylvania 19104-6323 USA
| | - Jadab Majhi
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania 231 South 34th Street Philadelphia Pennsylvania 19104-6323 USA
| | - Roshan K Dhungana
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania 231 South 34th Street Philadelphia Pennsylvania 19104-6323 USA
| | - Lisa Marie Kammer
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania 231 South 34th Street Philadelphia Pennsylvania 19104-6323 USA
| | - Matthias Krumb
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania 231 South 34th Street Philadelphia Pennsylvania 19104-6323 USA
| | - Alexander Lipp
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania 231 South 34th Street Philadelphia Pennsylvania 19104-6323 USA
| | - Eugénie Romero
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania 231 South 34th Street Philadelphia Pennsylvania 19104-6323 USA
| | - Gary A Molander
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania 231 South 34th Street Philadelphia Pennsylvania 19104-6323 USA
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Majhi J, Zhou B, Zhuang Y, Tom MJ, Dai H, Evans PA. Palladium-Catalyzed Cross-Coupling of Cyanohydrins with Aryl Bromides: Construction of Biaryl Ketones. SYNTHESIS-STUTTGART 2022. [DOI: 10.1055/a-1850-3687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling of the lithium anion of aryl tert-butyldimethylsilyl protected cyanohydrins with aryl bromides followed by in situ deprotection with fluoride ion provides a convenient and versatile approach to biaryl ketones. This protocol represents the first example of a palladium-catalyzed arylation of a cyanohydrin, which functions as an acyl anion equivalent. Hence, in contrast to classical cross-coupling reactions, the pronucleophile component is incorporated in the product to permit further functionalization. We then highlight the synthetic utility of the new method with applications to bioactive biaryl ketones and the construction of a triaryl diketone that was used to prepare an extended tetrathiafulvalene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jadab Majhi
- Chemistry, Queen’s University, Kingston, Canada
| | - Bohang Zhou
- Chemistry, Queen’s University, Kingston, Canada
| | | | - Mai-Jan Tom
- Chemistry, Queen’s University, Kingston, Canada
| | - Huifang Dai
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Campbell MW, Polites VC, Patel S, Lipson JE, Majhi J, Molander GA. Photochemical C-F Activation Enables Defluorinative Alkylation of Trifluoroacetates and -Acetamides. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:19648-19654. [PMID: 34793157 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c11059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The installation of gem-difluoromethylene groups into organic structures remains a daunting synthetic challenge despite their attractive structural, physical, and biochemical properties. A very efficient retrosynthetic approach would be the functionalization of a single C-F bond from a trifluoromethyl group. Recent advances in this line of attack have enabled the C-F activation of trifluoromethylarenes, but limit the accessible motifs to only benzylic gem-difluorinated scaffolds. In contrast, the C-F activation of trifluoroacetates would enable their use as a bifunctional gem-difluoromethylene synthon. Herein, we report a photochemically mediated method for the defluorinative alkylation of a commodity feedstock: ethyl trifluoroacetate. A novel mechanistic approach was identified using our previously developed diaryl ketone HAT catalyst to enable the hydroalkylation of a diverse suite of alkenes. Furthermore, electrochemical studies revealed that more challenging radical precursors, namely trifluoroacetamides, could also be functionalized via synergistic Lewis acid/photochemical activation. Finally, this method enabled a concise synthetic approach to novel gem-difluoro analogs of FDA-approved pharmaceutical compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark W Campbell
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | - Viktor C Polites
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | - Shivani Patel
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | - Juliette E Lipson
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | - Jadab Majhi
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | - Gary A Molander
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
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Evans PA, Dushnicky MJ, Cho D, Majhi J, Choi S, Pipaliya BV, Inglesby PA, Baik M. Diastereoselective Rhodium‐Catalyzed [(3+2+2)] Carbocyclization Reactions with Tethered Alkynylidenecyclopropanes: Synthesis of the Tremulane Sesquiterpene Natural Products. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.202000482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- P. Andrew Evans
- Department of Chemistry Queen's University 90 Bader Lane Kingston Ontario K7L 3N6 Canada
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Science Central South University Changsha 410013 Hunan P. R. of China
| | - Molly J. Dushnicky
- Department of Chemistry Queen's University 90 Bader Lane Kingston Ontario K7L 3N6 Canada
| | - Dasol Cho
- Department of Chemistry Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations Institute for Basic Science (IBS) Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea
| | - Jadab Majhi
- Department of Chemistry Queen's University 90 Bader Lane Kingston Ontario K7L 3N6 Canada
| | - Seulhui Choi
- Department of Chemistry Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations Institute for Basic Science (IBS) Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea
| | - Bhavin V. Pipaliya
- Department of Chemistry Queen's University 90 Bader Lane Kingston Ontario K7L 3N6 Canada
| | - Phillip A. Inglesby
- Department of Chemistry The University of Liverpool Crown Street Liverpool L69 7ZD UK
| | - Mu‐Hyun Baik
- Department of Chemistry Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations Institute for Basic Science (IBS) Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea
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Majhi J, Turnbull BWH, Ryu H, Park J, Baik MH, Evans PA. Dynamic Kinetic Resolution of Alkenyl Cyanohydrins Derived from α,β-Unsaturated Aldehydes: Stereoselective Synthesis of E-Tetrasubstituted Olefins. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:11770-11774. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b04384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jadab Majhi
- Department of Chemistry, Queen’s University, 90 Bader Lane, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Ben W. H. Turnbull
- Department of Chemistry, Queen’s University, 90 Bader Lane, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Ho Ryu
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
- Center for
Catalytic
Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiyong Park
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
- Center for
Catalytic
Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Mu-Hyun Baik
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
- Center for
Catalytic
Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - P. Andrew Evans
- Department of Chemistry, Queen’s University, 90 Bader Lane, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
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Kotha S, Ravikumar O, Majhi J. Synthesis of a tricyclic lactam via Beckmann rearrangement and ring-rearrangement metathesis as key steps. Beilstein J Org Chem 2015; 11:1503-8. [PMID: 26425207 PMCID: PMC4578362 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.11.163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A tricyclic lactam is reported in a four step synthesis sequence via Beckmann rearrangement and ring-rearrangement metathesis as key steps. Here, we used a simple starting material such as dicyclopentadiene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sambasivarao Kotha
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology-Bombay, Powai, Mumbai-400 076, India
| | - Ongolu Ravikumar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology-Bombay, Powai, Mumbai-400 076, India
| | - Jadab Majhi
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology-Bombay, Powai, Mumbai-400 076, India
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