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Shukla A, Biswal AS, Chowdhury A, Halder R, Chatterjee S. Aggregation-Induced Modulation of Ground and Excited State Photophysics of 5-( tert-Butyl)-2-Hydroxy-1,3-Isophthalaldehyde (5- tBHI). J Phys Chem B 2024; 128:5437-5453. [PMID: 38662934 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.4c00258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
5-(tert-Butyl)-2-hydroxy-1,3-isophthalaldehyde (5-tBHI) is a photochromic material susceptible to either excited state proton transfer or excited state intramolecular proton transfer, depending upon the solvent. However, it has also been found to aggregate in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate. In this current study, based on the steady-state and time-resolved spectroscopy, supported by crystallography, quantum chemical density functional theory calculation, and molecular dynamics (MD) simulation, we report on the aggregation of this potential single benzene-based emitter (SBBE) in neat solvents as well as solid phase to modulate its photophysics. It has been found that 5-tBHI forms mixed aggregates of different orders, owing to the presence of both enolic and tautomeric forms, to yield tunable emission, although the emission intensity is quenched. These findings suggest that the intramolecular hydrogen bonding of 5-tBHI not only limits intermolecular interactions but also promotes nonradiative deactivation pathways. Hence, designing and structural engineering, with a focus to suppressing intramolecular hydrogen bonding as well as increasing through space conjugation by replacing the aldehydic moieties with bulky aliphatic or aromatic ketonic groups, can be a plausible approach to yielding improved probes with tunable emission and higher fluorescence quantum yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aparna Shukla
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines) Dhanbad, Dhanbad 826004 Jharkhand, India
| | - Abhipsa Sekhar Biswal
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines) Dhanbad, Dhanbad 826004 Jharkhand, India
| | - Arkaprava Chowdhury
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400076, India
| | - Ritaban Halder
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-1062, United States
| | - Soumit Chatterjee
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines) Dhanbad, Dhanbad 826004 Jharkhand, India
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Immanuel David C, Lee J, Ramanagul K, Gothandapani V, Kim BJ, Lee HI. Dual channel chemosensor for successive detection of environmentally toxic Pd 2+ and CN - ions and its application to cancer cell imaging. Anal Chim Acta 2024; 1305:342582. [PMID: 38677838 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2024.342582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Detecting and neutralizing Pd2+ ions are a significant challenge due to their cytotoxicity, even at low concentrations. To address this issue, various chemosensors have been designed for advanced detection systems, offering simplicity and the potential to differentiate signals from different analytes. Nonetheless, these chemosensors often suffer from limited emission response and complex synthesis procedures. As a result, the tracking and quantification of residual palladium in biological systems and environments remain challenging tasks, with only a few chemosensing probes available for commercial use. RESULTS In this paper, a straightforward approach for the selective detection of Pd2+ ions is proposed, which involves the design, synthesis, and utilization of a propargylated naphthalene-derived probe (E)-N'-((2-(prop-2-yn-1-yloxy)naphthalen-1-yl)methylene)benzohydrazide (NHP). The NHP probe exhibits sensitive dual-channel colorimetry and fluorescence Pd2+ detection over other tested metal ions. The detection process is performed through a catalytic depropargylation reaction, followed by an excited state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) process, the detection limit is as low as 11.58 × 10-7 M under mild conditions. Interestingly, the resultant chemodosimeter adduct (E)-N'-((2-hydroxynaphthalen-1-yl)methylene)benzohydrazide (NHH) was employed for the consecutive detection of CN- ions, exhibiting an impressive detection limit of 31.79 × 10-8 M. Validation of both detection processes was achieved through 1H nuclear magnetic resonance and density functional theory calculations. For real-time applications of the NHP and NHH probes, smartphone-assisted detection, and intracellular detection of Pd2+ and CN- ions within HeLa cells were studied. SIGNIFICANCE This research presents a novel naphthalene derivative for visually detecting environmentally toxic Pd2+ and CN- ions. The synthesized probe selectively binds to Pd2+, forming a chemodosimeter. It successfully detects CN- ions through colorimetry and fluorimetry, offering a low detection limit and quick response. Notably, it's the first naphthalene-based small molecule to serve as a dual probe for toxic analytes - palladium and cyanide. Moreover, it effectively detects Pd2+ and CN- intracellularly in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Immanuel David
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Industry Research Institution (CIRI), University of Ulsan, Ulsan, 44776, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihyun Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Industry Research Institution (CIRI), University of Ulsan, Ulsan, 44776, Republic of Korea
| | - Karthick Ramanagul
- Department of Physics, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Thandalam, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 602105, India
| | - Velraj Gothandapani
- Department of Physics, CEG Campus, Anna University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600025, India
| | - Beom Jin Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Industry Research Institution (CIRI), University of Ulsan, Ulsan, 44776, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hyung-Il Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Industry Research Institution (CIRI), University of Ulsan, Ulsan, 44776, Republic of Korea.
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Kim DS, Kim Y, Lee D, Lee Y. Design of 2-Pyridone Fluorophores for Brighter Emissions at Longer Wavelengths. Chemistry 2024:e202303458. [PMID: 38221142 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202303458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
The recent discovery of blue fluorophores with high quantum yields based on pyridone structures inspired the development of new low-molecular-weight fluorophores with bright emissions at tunable wavelengths, which are highly attractive for various applications. In this study, we propose a rational design strategy for 2-pyridone-based fluorophores with bright emissions at long wavelengths. With a detailed understanding of the positional substitution effects on each carbon atom of the 2-pyridone core, we developed a bright blue fluorophore (λabs =377 nm; λem =433 nm; ϵ=13,200 M-1 cm-1 ; ϕF =88 %) through C3 -aryl and C4 -ester substitutions followed by cyclization. Furthermore, by applying the intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) principle, we invented a bright green fluorophore through C3 - and C4 -diester and C6 -aryl substitutions. The ICT fluorophore based on the pyridone structure shows large molar absorptivity (ϵ=20,100 M-1 cm-1 ), longer emission wavelength (λem =539 nm), high emission quantum yield (ϕF =74 %), and large Stokes shift (Δv=5720 cm-1 ), which are comparable to those of practical fluorescent probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Sun Kim
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro 1, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Younghun Kim
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro 1, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongwhan Lee
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro 1, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Yan Lee
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro 1, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
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Chatterjee T, Mandal M, Mardanya S, Singh M, Saha A, Ghosh S, Mandal PK. meta-Fluorophores: an uncharted ocean of opportunities. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:14370-14386. [PMID: 37965696 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc04182d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
meta-Fluorophores (MFs) are unique ultra-light (in terms of molecular weight (MW)) fluorophores exhibiting luminescence with a wide colour gamut ranging from blue to the NIR. Single benzenic MFs are easy to synthesize, are quite bright (with photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) as high as 63%) and exhibit very large Stokes shift (as high as 260 nm (8965 cm-1)), with large solvatochromic shift (as high as 175 nm), and very long excited-state-lifetime (as high as 26 ns) for such ultra-light fluorophores. An emission maximum of ≥600 nm has been achieved with an MF in a polar medium having a MW of only 177 g mol-1 and in a nonpolar medium having MW of only 255 g mol-1; therefore, a large-sized π-conjugated para-fluorophore is no longer a prerequisite for red/NIR emission. Structurally varied MFs pave the way for creating an ocean of opportunities and are thus promising for replacing para-fluorophores for different applications, ranging from bioimaging to LEDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanmay Chatterjee
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Kolkata, Mohanpur, West Bengal, 741246, India.
| | - Mrinal Mandal
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Kolkata, Mohanpur, West Bengal, 741246, India.
| | - Sukumar Mardanya
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Kolkata, Mohanpur, West Bengal, 741246, India.
| | - Manjeev Singh
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Kolkata, Mohanpur, West Bengal, 741246, India.
| | - Arijit Saha
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Kolkata, Mohanpur, West Bengal, 741246, India.
| | - Swarnali Ghosh
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Kolkata, Mohanpur, West Bengal, 741246, India.
| | - Prasun K Mandal
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Kolkata, Mohanpur, West Bengal, 741246, India.
- Centre for Advanced Functional Materials, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Kolkata, Mohanpur, West Bengal, 741246, India
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