Synthesis of triazole bridged N-glycosides of pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidinones as anticancer agents and their in silico docking studies

Efficient synthesis of coumarin based triazole linked O-glycoconjugates as new bio-active glycohybrids

Glycohybrids are biologically significant molecules with variety of biological functions and are found as structural motifs in numerous natural products. Here, we report the synthesis of various new coumarin-based O-glycoconjugates as glycohybrids that are chirally enriched and bridged by 1,2,3-triazoles ring system. The1,2,3-triazoles bridging was done via CuAAC click-chemistry. Click chemistry offers several advantages, including high chemo- and regioselectivity, mild reaction conditions, easy purification, and compatibility with multiple functional groups. Two series of O-glycoconjugates as new glycohybrids were designed and efficiently synthesized in very good isolated yields, using d-glucose, d-galactose, d-mannose, d-arabinose, 3,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-D-glucal, 3,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-D-galactal and 3,4-di-O-acetyl-D-arabinal derived 1-O-propargylated glycosides, reacting with various 4-azidocoumarins under click-chemistry reaction conditions. The prepared new coumarin-based O-glycoconjugates as glycohybrids were found to possess anticancer activity against MCF-7 breast cancer cell lines at micromolar concentration.

Efficient synthesis of indole-chalcones based glycohybrids and their anticancer activity

Indole based glycosides belong to the class of pharmacologically active molecules and found in diverse natural compounds. Herein, we report the synthesis of 1,2,3-triazole bridged chirally enriched diverse indole-chalcones based glycohybrids. Three series of glycohybrids were designed and efficiently synthesized using d-glucose, d-galactose and d-mannose derived 1-azido glycosides. The reactions sequence involved were, the synthesis of indole derived chalcones which were formed via Claisen-Schmidt condensation reaction and subsequently N-propargylation which leads to the production of N-propargylated indole-chalcones. The N-propargylated indole-chalcones get transformed into 1,2,3-triazole bridged indole-chalcone based glycohybrids by reacting with 1-azido sugar glycosides under click-chemistry reaction conditions. Further, the biological activity of synthesized glycohybrids (n = 27) was assessed in-vitro against MDA-MB231, MCF-7, MDA-MB453 cancer, and MCF-10A normal cell lines. The selected compounds showed potent anti-oncogenic properties against MCF-7 and MDA-MB231 breast cancer cell line with IC50 values of 1.05 µM and 11.40 µM respectively, with very good selectivity index (SI > 161). The active compounds show better binding affinity as compared to co-crystallized inhibitor 1-(tert-butyl)-3-(p-tolyl)-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-4-amine (PP1) with HCK (PTKs) proteins in molecular docking studies.

Recent developments on the synthesis of biologically active glycohybrids

The exploration of hybridization emerges as a potent tool in advancing drug discovery research, with a significant emphasis on carbohydrate-containing hybrid scaffolds. Evidence indicates that linking carbohydrate molecules to privileged bioactive scaffolds enhances the bioactivity of drug molecules. This synergy results in a diverse range of activities, making carbohydrate scaffolds pivotal for synthesizing compound libraries with significant functional and structural diversity. Beyond their synthesis utility, these scaffolds offer applications in screening bioactive molecules, presenting alternative avenues for drug development. This comprehensive review spanning 2015 to 2023 focuses on synthesized glycohybrid molecules, revealing their bioactivity in areas such as anti-microbial, anti-cancer, anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory activities, enzyme inhibition and pesticides. Numerous novel glycohybrids surpass positive control drugs in biological activity. This focused study not only highlights the diverse bioactivities of glycohybrids but also underscores their promising role in innovative drug development strategies.