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Du J, Teng RJ, Lawrence M, Guan T, Xu H, Ge Y, Shi Y. The protein partners of GTP cyclohydrolase I in rat organs. PLoS One 2012; 7:e33991. [PMID: 22479495 PMCID: PMC3313957 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0033991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2012] [Accepted: 02/22/2012] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective GTP cyclohydrolase I (GCH1) is the rate-limiting enzyme for tetrahydrobiopterin biosynthesis and has been shown to be a promising therapeutic target in ischemic heart disease, hypertension, atherosclerosis and diabetes. The endogenous GCH1-interacting partners have not been identified. Here, we determined endogenous GCH1-interacting proteins in rat. Methods and Results A pulldown and proteomics approach were used to identify GCH1 interacting proteins in rat liver, brain, heart and kidney. We demonstrated that GCH1 interacts with at least 17 proteins including GTP cyclohydrolase I feedback regulatory protein (GFRP) in rat liver by affinity purification followed by proteomics and validated six protein partners in liver, brain, heart and kidney by immunoblotting. GCH1 interacts with GFRP and very long-chain specific acyl-CoA dehydrogenase in the liver, tubulin beta-2A chain in the liver and brain, DnaJ homolog subfamily A member 1 and fatty aldehyde dehydrogenase in the liver, heart and kidney and eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 subunit I (EIF3I) in all organs tested. Furthermore, GCH1 associates with mitochondrial proteins and GCH1 itself locates in mitochondria. Conclusion GCH1 interacts with proteins in an organ dependant manner and EIF3I might be a general regulator of GCH1. Our finding indicates GCH1 might have broader functions beyond tetrahydrobiopterin biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhai Du
- Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Children's Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JD); (YS)
| | - Ru-Jeng Teng
- Children's Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Matt Lawrence
- Human Proteomics Program and Department of Physiology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Tongju Guan
- Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Children's Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Hao Xu
- Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Children's Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Ying Ge
- Human Proteomics Program and Department of Physiology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Yang Shi
- Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Children's Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Patient Centered Research, Aurora Health Care, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JD); (YS)
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Messner S, Leitner S, Bommassar C, Golderer G, Gröbner P, Werner E, Werner-Felmayer G. Physarum nitric oxide synthases: genomic structures and enzymology of recombinant proteins. Biochem J 2009; 418:691-700. [PMID: 19046139 PMCID: PMC2677215 DOI: 10.1042/bj20080192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2008] [Revised: 11/28/2008] [Accepted: 12/01/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Physarum polycephalum expresses two closely related, calcium-independent NOSs (nitric oxide synthases). In our previous work, we showed that both NOSs are induced during starvation and apparently play a functional role in sporulation. In the present study, we characterized the genomic structures of both Physarum NOSs, expressed both enzymes recombinantly in bacteria and characterized their biochemical properties. Whereas the overall genomic organization of Physarum NOS genes is comparable with various animal NOSs, none of the exon-intron boundaries are conserved. Recombinant expression of clones with various N-termini identified N-terminal amino acids essential for enzyme activity, but not required for haem binding or dimerization, and suggests the usage of non-AUG start codons for Physarum NOSs. Biochemical characterization of the two Physarum isoenzymes revealed different affinities for L-arginine, FMN and 6R-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-L-biopterin.
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Key Words
- arginine
- flavin
- haem
- nitric oxide synthase (nos)
- physarum polycephalum
- 6r-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-l-biopterin-(h4-bip)
- nos, nitric oxide synthase
- inos, inducible nos
- tb, terrific broth
- dte, dithioerythritol
- h4-bip, 6r-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-l-biopterin
- lb, luria–bertani
- race, rapid amplification of cdna ends
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Messner
- Division of Biological Chemistry, Biocenter, Innsbruck Medical University, Fritz-Pregl-Strasse 3/VI, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Stephan Leitner
- Division of Biological Chemistry, Biocenter, Innsbruck Medical University, Fritz-Pregl-Strasse 3/VI, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Christian Bommassar
- Division of Biological Chemistry, Biocenter, Innsbruck Medical University, Fritz-Pregl-Strasse 3/VI, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Georg Golderer
- Division of Biological Chemistry, Biocenter, Innsbruck Medical University, Fritz-Pregl-Strasse 3/VI, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Peter Gröbner
- Division of Biological Chemistry, Biocenter, Innsbruck Medical University, Fritz-Pregl-Strasse 3/VI, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ernst R. Werner
- Division of Biological Chemistry, Biocenter, Innsbruck Medical University, Fritz-Pregl-Strasse 3/VI, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Gabriele Werner-Felmayer
- Division of Biological Chemistry, Biocenter, Innsbruck Medical University, Fritz-Pregl-Strasse 3/VI, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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4
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Zhang L, Rao F, Zhang K, Khandrika S, Das M, Vaingankar SM, Bao X, Rana BK, Smith DW, Wessel J, Salem RM, Rodriguez-Flores JL, Mahata SK, Schork NJ, Ziegler MG, O’Connor DT. Discovery of common human genetic variants of GTP cyclohydrolase 1 (GCH1) governing nitric oxide, autonomic activity, and cardiovascular risk. J Clin Invest 2007; 117:2658-71. [PMID: 17717598 PMCID: PMC1950457 DOI: 10.1172/jci31093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2006] [Accepted: 05/18/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
GTP cyclohydrolase 1 (GCH1) is rate limiting in the provision of the cofactor tetrahydrobiopterin for biosynthesis of catecholamines and NO. We asked whether common genetic variation at GCH1 alters transmitter synthesis and predisposes to disease. Here we undertook a systematic search for polymorphisms in GCH1, then tested variants' contributions to NO and catecholamine release as well as autonomic function in twin pairs. Renal NO and neopterin excretions were significantly heritable, as were baroreceptor coupling (heart rate response to BP fluctuation) and pulse interval (1/heart rate). Common GCH1 variant C+243T in the 3'-untranslated region (3'-UTRs) predicted NO excretion, as well as autonomic traits: baroreceptor coupling, maximum pulse interval, and pulse interval variability, though not catecholamine secretion. In individuals with the most extreme BP values in the population, C+243T affected both diastolic and systolic BP, principally in females. In functional studies, C+243T decreased reporter expression in transfected 3'-UTRs plasmids. We conclude that human NO secretion traits are heritable, displaying joint genetic determination with autonomic activity by functional polymorphism at GCH1. Our results document novel pathophysiological links between a key biosynthetic locus and NO metabolism and suggest new strategies for approaching the mechanism, diagnosis, and treatment of risk predictors for cardiovascular diseases such as hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lian Zhang
- Department of Medicine,
Department of Psychiatry, and
Department of Biology, UCSD School of Medicine, San Diego, California, USA.
VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California, USA.
Center for Human Genetics and Genomics and
Department of Pharmacology, UCSD School of Medicine, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Fangwen Rao
- Department of Medicine,
Department of Psychiatry, and
Department of Biology, UCSD School of Medicine, San Diego, California, USA.
VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California, USA.
Center for Human Genetics and Genomics and
Department of Pharmacology, UCSD School of Medicine, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Kuixing Zhang
- Department of Medicine,
Department of Psychiatry, and
Department of Biology, UCSD School of Medicine, San Diego, California, USA.
VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California, USA.
Center for Human Genetics and Genomics and
Department of Pharmacology, UCSD School of Medicine, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Srikrishna Khandrika
- Department of Medicine,
Department of Psychiatry, and
Department of Biology, UCSD School of Medicine, San Diego, California, USA.
VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California, USA.
Center for Human Genetics and Genomics and
Department of Pharmacology, UCSD School of Medicine, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Madhusudan Das
- Department of Medicine,
Department of Psychiatry, and
Department of Biology, UCSD School of Medicine, San Diego, California, USA.
VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California, USA.
Center for Human Genetics and Genomics and
Department of Pharmacology, UCSD School of Medicine, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Sucheta M. Vaingankar
- Department of Medicine,
Department of Psychiatry, and
Department of Biology, UCSD School of Medicine, San Diego, California, USA.
VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California, USA.
Center for Human Genetics and Genomics and
Department of Pharmacology, UCSD School of Medicine, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Xuping Bao
- Department of Medicine,
Department of Psychiatry, and
Department of Biology, UCSD School of Medicine, San Diego, California, USA.
VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California, USA.
Center for Human Genetics and Genomics and
Department of Pharmacology, UCSD School of Medicine, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Brinda K. Rana
- Department of Medicine,
Department of Psychiatry, and
Department of Biology, UCSD School of Medicine, San Diego, California, USA.
VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California, USA.
Center for Human Genetics and Genomics and
Department of Pharmacology, UCSD School of Medicine, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Douglas W. Smith
- Department of Medicine,
Department of Psychiatry, and
Department of Biology, UCSD School of Medicine, San Diego, California, USA.
VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California, USA.
Center for Human Genetics and Genomics and
Department of Pharmacology, UCSD School of Medicine, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Jennifer Wessel
- Department of Medicine,
Department of Psychiatry, and
Department of Biology, UCSD School of Medicine, San Diego, California, USA.
VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California, USA.
Center for Human Genetics and Genomics and
Department of Pharmacology, UCSD School of Medicine, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Rany M. Salem
- Department of Medicine,
Department of Psychiatry, and
Department of Biology, UCSD School of Medicine, San Diego, California, USA.
VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California, USA.
Center for Human Genetics and Genomics and
Department of Pharmacology, UCSD School of Medicine, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Juan L. Rodriguez-Flores
- Department of Medicine,
Department of Psychiatry, and
Department of Biology, UCSD School of Medicine, San Diego, California, USA.
VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California, USA.
Center for Human Genetics and Genomics and
Department of Pharmacology, UCSD School of Medicine, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Sushil K. Mahata
- Department of Medicine,
Department of Psychiatry, and
Department of Biology, UCSD School of Medicine, San Diego, California, USA.
VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California, USA.
Center for Human Genetics and Genomics and
Department of Pharmacology, UCSD School of Medicine, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Nicholas J. Schork
- Department of Medicine,
Department of Psychiatry, and
Department of Biology, UCSD School of Medicine, San Diego, California, USA.
VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California, USA.
Center for Human Genetics and Genomics and
Department of Pharmacology, UCSD School of Medicine, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Michael G. Ziegler
- Department of Medicine,
Department of Psychiatry, and
Department of Biology, UCSD School of Medicine, San Diego, California, USA.
VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California, USA.
Center for Human Genetics and Genomics and
Department of Pharmacology, UCSD School of Medicine, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Daniel T. O’Connor
- Department of Medicine,
Department of Psychiatry, and
Department of Biology, UCSD School of Medicine, San Diego, California, USA.
VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California, USA.
Center for Human Genetics and Genomics and
Department of Pharmacology, UCSD School of Medicine, San Diego, California, USA
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