1
|
Tetanus Toxin Fragment C: Structure, Drug Discovery Research and Production. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15060756. [PMID: 35745675 PMCID: PMC9227095 DOI: 10.3390/ph15060756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Tetanus toxoid (TTd) plays an important role in the pharmaceutical world, especially in vaccines. The toxoid is obtained after formaldehyde treatment of the tetanus toxin. In parallel, current emphasis in the drug discovery field is put on producing well-defined and safer drugs, explaining the interest in finding new alternative proteins. The tetanus toxin fragment C (TTFC) has been extensively studied both as a neuroprotective agent for central nervous system disorders owing to its neuronal properties and as a carrier protein in vaccines. Indeed, it is derived from a part of the tetanus toxin and, as such, retains its immunogenic properties without being toxic. Moreover, this fragment has been well characterized, and its entire structure is known. Here, we propose a systematic review of TTFC by providing information about its structural features, its properties and its methods of production. We also describe the large uses of TTFC in the field of drug discovery. TTFC can therefore be considered as an attractive alternative to TTd and remarkably offers a wide range of uses, including as a carrier, delivery vector, conjugate, booster, inducer, and neuroprotector.
Collapse
|
2
|
Xu X, Yu R, Xiao L, Wang J, Yu M, Xu J, Tan Y, Ma X, Wu X, Lian J, Huang K, Ouyang X, Bi S, Wu S, Wang X, Jin J, Yu L, Zhang H, Wei Q, Shi J, Chen W, Li L. Safety and Immunogenicity of a Recombinant Tetanus Vaccine in Healthy Adults in China: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Dose Escalation, Placebo- and Positive-Controlled, Phase 1/2 Trial. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:e2002751. [PMID: 34081408 PMCID: PMC8336487 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202002751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Tetanus is a fatal but vaccine-preventable disease. The currently available tetanus vaccines are tetanus toxoid (TT)-based. Although these vaccines are generally effective, challenges in vaccine development and access remain. A randomized, double-blind, dose escalation, placebo- and positive-controlled, phase 1/2 trial (ChiCTR1800015865) is performed to evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of an alternative recombinant tetanus vaccine based on the Hc domain of tetanus neurotoxin (TeNT-Hc) in healthy adult volunteers. The primary outcome is the safety profile of the recombinant tetanus vaccine, and immunogenicity is the secondary outcome. 150 eligible participants were enrolled and randomly assigned to receive one of the three doses of recombinant tetanus vaccine (TeNT-Hc 10/20/30 µg), TT vaccine, or placebo. The recombinant tetanus vaccine shows a good safety profile. The frequency of any solicited and unsolicited adverse events after each vaccination does not differ across the vaccine and placebo recipients. No serious treatment-related adverse events occur. The recombinant tetanus vaccine shows strong immune responses (seroconversion rates, geometric mean titer, and antigen-specific CD4+/CD8+ T-cell responses), which are roughly comparable to those of the TT vaccine. In conclusion, the findings from this study support that recombinant tetanus vaccine is safe and immunogenic; thereby, it represents a novel vaccine candidate against tetanus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious DiseasesNational Clinical Research Centre for Infectious DiseasesCollaborative Innovation Centre for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious DiseasesFirst Affiliated HospitalCollege of MedicineZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310003China
| | - Rui Yu
- Beijing Institute of BiotechnologyBeijing100071China
| | - Lanlan Xiao
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious DiseasesNational Clinical Research Centre for Infectious DiseasesCollaborative Innovation Centre for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious DiseasesFirst Affiliated HospitalCollege of MedicineZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310003China
| | - Jie Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious DiseasesNational Clinical Research Centre for Infectious DiseasesCollaborative Innovation Centre for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious DiseasesFirst Affiliated HospitalCollege of MedicineZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310003China
| | - Meihong Yu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious DiseasesNational Clinical Research Centre for Infectious DiseasesCollaborative Innovation Centre for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious DiseasesFirst Affiliated HospitalCollege of MedicineZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310003China
| | - Junjie Xu
- Beijing Institute of BiotechnologyBeijing100071China
| | - Yajun Tan
- National Institutes for Food and Drug ControlBeijing102629China
| | - Xiao Ma
- National Institutes for Food and Drug ControlBeijing102629China
| | - Xiaoxin Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious DiseasesNational Clinical Research Centre for Infectious DiseasesCollaborative Innovation Centre for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious DiseasesFirst Affiliated HospitalCollege of MedicineZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310003China
| | - Jiangshan Lian
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious DiseasesNational Clinical Research Centre for Infectious DiseasesCollaborative Innovation Centre for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious DiseasesFirst Affiliated HospitalCollege of MedicineZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310003China
| | - Kaizhou Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious DiseasesNational Clinical Research Centre for Infectious DiseasesCollaborative Innovation Centre for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious DiseasesFirst Affiliated HospitalCollege of MedicineZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310003China
| | - Xiaoxi Ouyang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious DiseasesNational Clinical Research Centre for Infectious DiseasesCollaborative Innovation Centre for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious DiseasesFirst Affiliated HospitalCollege of MedicineZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310003China
| | - Sheng Bi
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious DiseasesNational Clinical Research Centre for Infectious DiseasesCollaborative Innovation Centre for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious DiseasesFirst Affiliated HospitalCollege of MedicineZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310003China
| | - Shipo Wu
- Beijing Institute of BiotechnologyBeijing100071China
| | - Xiaoyan Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious DiseasesNational Clinical Research Centre for Infectious DiseasesCollaborative Innovation Centre for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious DiseasesFirst Affiliated HospitalCollege of MedicineZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310003China
| | - Jiandi Jin
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious DiseasesNational Clinical Research Centre for Infectious DiseasesCollaborative Innovation Centre for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious DiseasesFirst Affiliated HospitalCollege of MedicineZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310003China
| | - Ling Yu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious DiseasesNational Clinical Research Centre for Infectious DiseasesCollaborative Innovation Centre for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious DiseasesFirst Affiliated HospitalCollege of MedicineZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310003China
| | - Huafen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious DiseasesNational Clinical Research Centre for Infectious DiseasesCollaborative Innovation Centre for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious DiseasesFirst Affiliated HospitalCollege of MedicineZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310003China
| | - Qi Wei
- Sichuan Zihao Times Pharmaceutical Co., LtdMeishanSichuan Province610000China
| | - Jinfa Shi
- Sichuan Zihao Times Pharmaceutical Co., LtdMeishanSichuan Province610000China
| | - Wei Chen
- Beijing Institute of BiotechnologyBeijing100071China
| | - Lanjuan Li
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious DiseasesNational Clinical Research Centre for Infectious DiseasesCollaborative Innovation Centre for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious DiseasesFirst Affiliated HospitalCollege of MedicineZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310003China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Aliprandini E, Takata DY, Lepique A, Kalil J, Boscardin SB, Moro AM. An oligoclonal combination of human monoclonal antibodies able to neutralize tetanus toxin in vivo. Toxicon X 2019; 2:100006. [PMID: 32550563 PMCID: PMC7285915 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxcx.2019.100006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Revised: 12/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of antibody-based therapy to treat a variety of diseases and conditions is well documented. The use of antibodies as an antidote to treat tetanus infections was one of the first examples of immunotherapy and remains the standard of care for cases involving potential infections. Plasma-derived immunoglobulins obtained from human or horse pose risks of infection from undetectable emergent viruses or may cause anaphylaxis. Further, there is a lack of consistency between lots. In the search for new formulations, we obtained a series of clonally related human monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) derived from B cells sorted from donors that presented anti-tetanus neutralizing titers. Donors were revaccinated prior to blood collection. Different strategies were used for single-cell sorting, since it was challenging to identify cells at a very low frequency: memory B cell sorting using fluorescent-labeled tetanus toxoid and toxin as baits, and plasmablast sorting done shortly after revaccination. Screening of the recombinant mAbs with the whole tetanus toxin allowed us to select candidates with therapeutic potential, since mAbs to different domains can contribute additively to the neutralizing effect. Because of selective binding to different domains, we tested mAbs individually, or in mixtures of two or three, in the neutralizing in vivo assay specified by Pharmacopeia for the determination of polyclonal hyperimmune sera potency. An oligoclonal mixture of three human mAbs completely neutralized the toxin injected in the animals, signaling an important step for clinical mAb development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Aliprandini
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceuticals in Animal Cells, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil.,Interunits Graduate Program in Biotechnology, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Daniela Yumi Takata
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceuticals in Animal Cells, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil.,Interunits Graduate Program in Biotechnology, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Lepique
- Dept of Immunology, Biomedical Sciences Institute, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jorge Kalil
- Laboratory of Immunology, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Institute for Investigation in Immunology, iii - INCT (National Institute of Science and Technology), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Silvia Beatriz Boscardin
- Dept of Parasitology, Biomedical Sciences Institute, University of São Paulo, Brazil.,Institute for Investigation in Immunology, iii - INCT (National Institute of Science and Technology), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Maria Moro
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceuticals in Animal Cells, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil.,Institute for Investigation in Immunology, iii - INCT (National Institute of Science and Technology), São Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Lee SE, Nguyen CT, Kim SY, Thi TN, Rhee JH. Tetanus toxin fragment C fused to flagellin makes a potent mucosal vaccine. Clin Exp Vaccine Res 2015; 4:59-67. [PMID: 25649002 PMCID: PMC4313110 DOI: 10.7774/cevr.2015.4.1.59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2014] [Revised: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Recombinant subunit vaccines provide safe and targeted protection against microbial infections. However, the protective efficacy of recombinant subunit vaccines tends to be less potent than the whole cell vaccines, especially when they are administered through mucosal routes. We have reported that a bacterial flagellin has strong mucosal adjuvant activity to induce protective immune responses. In this study, we tested whether FlaB could be used as a fusion partner of subunit vaccine for tetanus. MATERIALS AND METHODS We constructed fusion proteins consisted with tetanus toxin fragment C (TTFC), the nontoxic C-terminal portion of tetanus toxin, and a Toll-like receptor 5 agonist from Vibrio vulnificus (FlaB). Mice were intranasally administered with fusion protein and protective immune responses of the vaccinated mice were analyzed. RESULTS FlaB-TTFC recombinant protein induced strong tetanus-specific antibody responses in both systemic and mucosal compartments and prolonged the survival of mice after challenge with a supra-lethal dose of tetanus toxin. CONCLUSION This study establishes FlaB as a successful fusion partner for recombinant subunit tetanus vaccine applicable through mucosal route, and it further endorses our previous observations that FlaB could be a stable adjuvant partner for mucosal vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shee Eun Lee
- Clinical Vaccine R&D Center, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun, Korea. ; Department of Pharmacology and Dental Therapeutics, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Chung Truong Nguyen
- Clinical Vaccine R&D Center, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun, Korea. ; Department of Microbiology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Soo Young Kim
- Clinical Vaccine R&D Center, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun, Korea. ; Department of Microbiology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Thinh Nguyen Thi
- Clinical Vaccine R&D Center, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun, Korea. ; Department of Microbiology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Joon Haeng Rhee
- Clinical Vaccine R&D Center, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun, Korea. ; Department of Microbiology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Identification of a novel linear epitope in tetanus toxin recognized by a protective monoclonal antibody: implications for vaccine design. Vaccine 2012; 30:6449-55. [PMID: 22889825 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2012] [Revised: 07/17/2012] [Accepted: 08/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Tetanus, a severe infectious disease, is caused by tetanus toxin (TT) from Clostridium tetani, which remains one of the most critical unsolved health problems despite preventive strategies. The carboxyl terminal of TT (TTC) is responsible for the binding of TT to neurons and for its toxicity and has been proven to be immunogenic and protective in various forms. It would therefore be extremely interesting to identify the epitope on TTC at a molecular level. In this study, we generated a neutralizing monoclonal antibody, 5C4, which inhibited TT binding to its receptor and was efficiently protective at 73.7 IU/mg. Moreover, 5C4 recognized a novel linear epitope on TT, namely TC((1155-1171)), which spans from Lys1155 to Val1171. In addition, TC((1155-1171)) was shown to elicit the production of a serum IgG that protected mice against a challenge with TT. These results suggested that TC((1155-1171)) and the monoclonal antibody 5C4 are good candidates for the development of epitope-based vaccines and therapeutic antibodies against tetanus.
Collapse
|
6
|
Sanz-Barrio R, Millán AFS, Corral-Martínez P, Seguí-Simarro JM, Farran I. Tobacco plastidial thioredoxins as modulators of recombinant protein production in transgenic chloroplasts. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2011; 9:639-50. [PMID: 21426478 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-7652.2011.00608.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Thioredoxins (Trxs) are small ubiquitous disulphide proteins widely known to enhance expression and solubility of recombinant proteins in microbial expression systems. Given the common evolutionary heritage of chloroplasts and bacteria, we attempted to analyse whether plastid Trxs could also act as modulators of recombinant protein expression in transgenic chloroplasts. For that purpose, two tobacco Trxs (m and f) with different phylogenetic origins were assessed. Using plastid transformation, we assayed two strategies: the fusion and the co-expression of Trxs with human serum albumin (HSA), which was previously observed to form large protein bodies in tobacco chloroplasts. Our results indicate that both Trxs behave similarly as regards HSA accumulation, although they act differently when fused or co-expressed with HSA. Trxs-HSA fusions markedly increased the final yield of HSA (up to 26% of total protein) when compared with control lines that only expressed HSA; this increase was mainly caused by higher HSA stability of the fused proteins. However, the fusion strategy failed to prevent the formation of protein bodies within chloroplasts. On the other hand, the co-expression constructs gave rise to an absence of large protein bodies although no more soluble HSA was accumulated. In these plants, electron micrographs showed HSA and Trxs co-localization in small protein bodies with fibrillar texture, suggesting a possible influence of Trxs on HSA solubilization. Moreover, the in vitro chaperone activity of Trx m and f was demonstrated, which supports the hypothesis of a direct relationship between Trx presence and HSA aggregates solubilization in plants co-expressing both proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Sanz-Barrio
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (UPNA-CSIC-Gobierno de Navarra), Pamplona, Spain
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Yu YZ, Gong ZW, Ma Y, Zhang SM, Zhu HQ, Wang WB, Du Y, Wang S, Yu WY, Sun ZW. Co-expression of tetanus toxin fragment C in Escherichia coli with thioredoxin and its evaluation as an effective subunit vaccine candidate. Vaccine 2011; 29:5978-85. [PMID: 21718736 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.06.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2011] [Revised: 05/02/2011] [Accepted: 06/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The receptor-binding domain of tetanus toxin (THc), which mediates the binding of the toxin to the nerve cells, is a candidate subunit vaccine against tetanus. In this study one synthetic gene encoding the THc was constructed and highly expressed in Escherichia coli by co-expression with thioredoxin (Trx). The purified THc-vaccinated mice were completely protected against an active toxin challenge in mouse models of disease and the potency of two doses of THc was comparable to that of three doses of toxoid vaccine. And a solid-phase assay showed that the anti-THc sera inhibited the binding of THc or toxoid to the ganglioside GT1b as the anti-tetanus toxoid sera. Furthermore, mice were vaccinated once or twice at four different dosages of THc and a dose-response was observed in both the antibody titer and protective efficacy with increasing dosage of THc and number of vaccinations. The data presented in the report showed that the recombinant THc expressed in E. coli is efficacious in protecting mice against challenge with tetanus toxin suggesting that the THc protein may be developed into a human subunit vaccine candidate designed for the prevention of tetanus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Zhou Yu
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, 20 Dongdajie Street, Fengtai District, Beijing 100071, PR China.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Yin D, Cui D, Jia B. Construction of a high-efficient expression vector of Delta12 fatty acid desaturase in peanut and its prokaryotical expression. J Genet Genomics 2009; 34:81-8. [PMID: 17469780 DOI: 10.1016/s1673-8527(07)60009-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2006] [Accepted: 06/15/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A full-length sequence coding for Delta(12) fatty acid desaturase gene from peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) was cloned into the expression vector, pRSETB, to generate recombinant plasmid pRSET/HO-A, which was subsequently transformed into expression Escherichia coli BL21(DE3)pLysS. The Delta(12) fatty acid desaturase was highly expressed in E. coli BL21(DE3)pLysS in the presence of isopropyl-D-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG). The fusion protein was purified and used to form a reaction system in vitro by adding oleic acid as substrate and incubating it at 20 degrees C for 6 h. Total fatty acids was extracted and methlesterified and then analyzed with gas chromatography. A novel peak corresponding to linoleic acid methyl ester standards was detected with the same retention time. GC-MS (gas chromatogram and gas chromatogram-mass spectrometry) analysis showed that the novel peak was linoleic acid methyl ester. These results exhibited Delta(12) fatty acid desaturase activity, which could convert oleic acid to linoleic acid specifically.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dongmei Yin
- Department of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Beaulieu L, Tolkatchev D, Jetté JF, Groleau D, Subirade M. Production of active pediocin PA-1 in Escherichia coli using a thioredoxin gene fusion expression approach: cloning, expression, purification, and characterization. Can J Microbiol 2008; 53:1246-58. [PMID: 18026219 DOI: 10.1139/w07-089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides possess cationic and amphipathic properties that allow for interactions with the membrane of living cells. Bacteriocins from lactic acid bacteria, in particular, are currently being studied for their potential use as food preservatives and for applications in health care. However, bacteriocin exploitation is often limited owing to low production yields. Gene cloning and heterologous protein or peptide production is one way to possibly achieve overexpression of bacteriocins to support biochemical studies. In this work, production of recombinant active pediocin PA-1 (PedA) was accomplished in Escherichia coli using a thioredoxin (trx) gene fusion (trx-pedA) expression approach. Trx-PedA itself did not show any biological activity, but upon cleavage by an enterokinase, biologically active pediocin PA-1 was obtained. Recombinant pediocin PA-1 characteristics (molecular mass, biological activity, physicochemical properties) were very similar to those of native pediocin PA-1. In addition, a 4- to 5-fold increase in production yield was obtained, by comparison with the PA-1 produced naturally by Pediococcus acidilactici PAC 1.0. The new production method, although not optimized, offers great potential for supporting further investigations on pediocin PA-1 and as a first-generation process for the production of pediocin PA-1 for high-value applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Beaulieu
- Biotechnology Research Institute, National Research Council, 6100 Royalmount Avenue, Montréal, QC 4P 2R2, Canada
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Berndt C, Lillig CH, Holmgren A. Thioredoxins and glutaredoxins as facilitators of protein folding. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2008; 1783:641-50. [PMID: 18331844 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2008.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2008] [Revised: 02/05/2008] [Accepted: 02/06/2008] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Thiol-disulfide oxidoreductase systems of bacterial cytoplasm and eukaryotic cytosol favor reducing conditions and protein thiol groups, while bacterial periplasm and eukaryotic endoplasmatic reticulum provide oxidizing conditions and a machinery for disulfide bond formation in the secretory pathway. Oxidoreductases of the thioredoxin fold superfamily catalyze steps in oxidative protein folding via protein-protein interactions and covalent catalysis to act as chaperones and isomerases of disulfides to generate a native fold. The active site dithiol/disulfide of thioredoxin fold proteins is CXXC where variations of the residues inside the disulfide ring are known to increase the redox potential like in protein disulfide isomerases. In the catalytic mechanism thioredoxin fold proteins bind to target proteins through conserved backbone-backbone hydrogen bonds and induce conformational changes of the target disulfide followed by nucleophilic attack by the N-terminally located low pK(a) Cys residue. This generates a mixed disulfide covalent bond which subsequently is resolved by attack from the C-terminally located Cys residue. This review will focus on two members of the thioredoxin superfamily of proteins known to be crucial for maintaining a reduced intracellular redox state, thioredoxin and glutaredoxin, and their potential functions as facilitators and regulators of protein folding and chaperone activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Berndt
- The Medical Nobel Institute for Biochemistry, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Soria-Guerra RE, Rosales-Mendoza S, Márquez-Mercado C, López-Revilla R, Castillo-Collazo R, Alpuche-Solís AG. Transgenic tomatoes express an antigenic polypeptide containing epitopes of the diphtheria, pertussis and tetanus exotoxins, encoded by a synthetic gene. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2007; 26:961-8. [PMID: 17619922 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-007-0306-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2006] [Revised: 12/21/2006] [Accepted: 01/11/2007] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
A current priority of vaccinology is the development of multicomponent vaccines that protect against several pathogens. The diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus (DPT) vaccine prevents the symptoms of three serious and often fatal diseases due to the exotoxins produced by Corynebacterium diphteriae, Bordetella pertussis and Clostridium tetani. We are attempting to develop an edible DPT multicomponent vaccine in plants, based on the fusion of protective exotoxin epitopes encoded by synthetic genes. By means of Agrobacterium mediated transformation we generated transgenic tomatoes with a plant-optimised synthetic gene encoding a novel polypeptide containing two adjuvant and six DPT immunoprotective exotoxin epitopes joined by peptide linkers. In transformed tomato plants, integration of the synthetic DPT (sDPT) gene detected by PCR was confirmed by Southern blot, and specific transcripts of the expected molecular size were detected by RT-PCR. Expression of the putative polypeptide encoded by the sDPT gene was detected by immunoassay with specific antibodies to the diphtheria, pertussis and tetanus exotoxins. The sDPT gene is therefore integrated, transcribed and translated as the expected recombinant sDPT multiepitope polypeptide in transgenic tomatoes that constitute a potential edible vaccine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Elena Soria-Guerra
- División de Biología Molecular, Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica, Camino a la Presa San José 2055, 78216 San Luis Potosí, S.L.P., Mexico
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Abreu PAE, Miyasato PA, Vilar MM, Dias WO, Ho PL, Tendler M, Nascimento ALTO. Sm14 of Schistosoma mansoni in fusion with tetanus toxin fragment C induces immunoprotection against tetanus and schistosomiasis in mice. Infect Immun 2004; 72:5931-7. [PMID: 15385496 PMCID: PMC517564 DOI: 10.1128/iai.72.10.5931-5937.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We have constructed vectors that permit the expression in Escherichia coli of Schistosoma mansoni fatty acid-binding protein 14 (Sm14) in fusion with the nontoxic, but highly immunogenic, tetanus toxin fragment C (TTFC). The recombinant six-His-tagged proteins were purified by nickel affinity chromatography and used in immunization and challenge assays. Animals inoculated with TTFC in fusion with or coadministered with Sm14 showed high levels of tetanus toxin antibodies, while animals inoculated with Sm14 in fusion with or coadministered with TTFC showed high levels of Sm14 antibodies. In both cases, there were no changes in the type of immune response (Th2) obtained with the fusion proteins compared to those obtained with the nonfused proteins. Mice immunized with the recombinant proteins (TTFC in fusion with or coadministered with Sm14) survived the challenge with tetanus toxin and did not show any symptoms of the disease. Control animals inoculated with either phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) or Sm14 died with severe symptoms of tetanus after 24 h. Mice immunized with the recombinant proteins (Sm14 in fusion with or coadministered with TTFC) showed a 50% reduction in worm burden when they were challenged with S. mansoni cercariae, while control animals inoculated with either PBS or TTFC were not protected. The results show that the expression of other antigens in fusion at the carboxy terminus of TTFC is feasible for the development of a multivalent recombinant vaccine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia A E Abreu
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Instituto Butantan, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Walker EA, Clark AM, Hewison M, Ride JP, Stewart PM. Functional expression, characterization, and purification of the catalytic domain of human 11-beta -hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:21343-50. [PMID: 11294832 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m011142200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
11-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 catalyzes the conversion of cortisone to hormonally active cortisol and has been implicated in the pathogenesis of a number of disorders including insulin resistance and obesity. The enzyme is a glycosylated membrane-bound protein that has proved difficult to purify in an active state. Extracted enzyme typically loses the reductase properties seen in intact cells and shows principally dehydrogenase activity. The C-terminal catalytic domain is known to contain a disulfide bond and is located within the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum, anchored to the membrane by a single N-terminal transmembrane domain. We report here the functional expression of the catalytic domain of the human enzyme, without the transmembrane domain and the extreme N terminus, in Escherichia coli. Moderate levels of soluble active protein were obtained using an N-terminal fusion with thioredoxin and a 6xHis tag. In contrast, the inclusion of a 6xHis tag at the C terminus adversely affected protein solubility and activity. However, the highest levels of active protein were obtained using a construct expressing the untagged catalytic domain. Nonreducing electrophoresis revealed the presence of both monomeric and dimeric disulfide bonded forms; however, mutation of a nonconserved cysteine residue resulted in a recombinant protein with no intermolecular disulfide bonds but full enzymatic activity. Using the optimal combination of plasmid construct and E. coli host strain, the recombinant protein was purified to apparent homogeneity by single step affinity chromatography. The purified protein possessed both dehydrogenase and reductase activities with a K(m) of 1.4 micrometer for cortisol and 9.5 micrometer for cortisone. This study indicates that glycosylation, the N-terminal region including the transmembrane helix, and intermolecular disulfide bonds are not essential for enzyme activity and that expression in bacteria can provide active recombinant protein for future structural and functional studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E A Walker
- Division of Medical Sciences and the School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, P. O. Box 363, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|