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Ringelmann A, Riedel M, Riederer M, Hildebrandt U. Two sides of a leaf blade: Blumeria graminis needs chemical cues in cuticular waxes of Lolium perenne for germination and differentiation. PLANTA 2009; 230:95-105. [PMID: 19352695 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-009-0924-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2009] [Accepted: 03/13/2009] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plant surface characteristics were repeatedly shown to play a pivotal role in plant-pathogen interactions. The abaxial leaf surface of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) is extremely glossy and wettable compared to the glaucous and more hydrophobic adaxial surface. Earlier investigations have demonstrated that the abaxial leaf surface was rarely infected by powdery mildew (Blumeria graminis), even when the adaxial surface was densely colonized. This led to the assumption that components of the abaxial epicuticular leaf wax might contribute to the observed impairment of growth and development of B. graminis conidia on abaxial surfaces of L. perenne. To re-assess this hypothesis, we analyzed abundance and chemical composition of L. perenne ab- and adaxial epicuticular wax fractions. While the adaxial epicuticular waxes were dominated by primary alcohols and esters, the abaxial fraction was mainly composed of n-alkanes and aldehydes. However, the major germination and differentiation inducing compound, the C26-aldehyde n-hexacosanal, was not present in the abaxial epicuticular waxes. Spiking of isolated abaxial epicuticular Lolium waxes with synthetically produced n-hexacosanal allowed reconstituting germination and differentiation rates of B. graminis in an in vitro germination assay using wax-coated glass slides. Hence, the absence of the C26-aldehyde from the abaxial surface in combination with a distinctly reduced surface hydrophobicity appears to be primarily responsible for the failure of normal germling development of B. graminis on the abaxial leaf surfaces of L. perenne.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Ringelmann
- Universität Würzburg, Julius-von-Sachs-Institut für Biowissenschaften, Lehrstuhl für Botanik II, 97082 Würzburg, Germany
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Abstract
Butterfat has been shown to contain the normal odd-numbered saturated acids n-nonadecanoic acid (C19), n-heneicosanoic acid (C21), and n-tricosanoic acids (C23).The presence of the normal even-numbered acids n-octadecanoic acid (C18), n-docosanoic acid (C22), n-tetracosanoic acid (C24) and n-hexacosanoic acid (C26) is conclusively established.n-Eicosanoic acid (C20) formerly assumed to be present in butterfat has been isolated and identified by its physical and chemical properties.
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Smith JA, Chibnall AC. The glyceride fatty acids of forage grasses: Cocksfoot and perennial ryegrass. Biochem J 2006; 26:218-34. [PMID: 16744806 PMCID: PMC1260891 DOI: 10.1042/bj0260218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J A Smith
- The Biochemical Department, Imperial College of Science and Technology, South Kensington
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Affiliation(s)
- H W Buston
- The Biochemical Department, Imperial College of Science and Technology, South Kensington
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Chibnall AC, Piper SH, El Mangouri HA, Williams EF, Iyengar AV. The wax from the leaves of sandal (Santalum album Linn.). Biochem J 2006; 31:1981-6. [PMID: 16746539 PMCID: PMC1267170 DOI: 10.1042/bj0311981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A C Chibnall
- The Biochemical Department, Imperial College of Science and Technology, South Kensington; the Wills Physical Laboratory, University of Bristol; and the Biochemical Department, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore
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Pollard A, Chibnall AC, Piper SH. The isolation of n-octacosanol from wheat wax. Biochem J 2006; 27:1889-93. [PMID: 16745315 PMCID: PMC1253115 DOI: 10.1042/bj0271889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A Pollard
- The Biochemical Department, Imperial College of Science and Technology, South Kensington, and the Wills Physical Laboratory, University of Bristol
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Chibnall AC, Williams EF, Latner AL, Piper SH. The isolation of n-triacontanol from lucerne wax. Biochem J 2006; 27:1885-8. [PMID: 16745314 PMCID: PMC1253114 DOI: 10.1042/bj0271885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A C Chibnall
- The Biochemical Department, Imperial College of Science and Technology, South Kensington, and the Wills Physical Laboratory, University of Bristol
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Pollard A. The isolation of carotene and sterols from the unsaponifiable matter of cocksfoot. Biochem J 2006; 30:382-6. [PMID: 16746034 PMCID: PMC1263036 DOI: 10.1042/bj0300382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A Pollard
- The Biochemical Department, Imperial College of Science and Technology, South Kensington, and the Courtauld Institute of Biochemistry, The Middlesex Hospital
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Chibnall
- The Biochemical Department, Imperial College of Science and Technology, South Kensington
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Affiliation(s)
- P N Sahai
- The Biochemical Department, Imperial College of Science and Technology, South Kensington
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Piper SH, Chibnall AC, Williams EF. Melting-points and long crystal spacings of the higher primary alcohols and n-fatty acids. Biochem J 2006; 28:2175-88. [PMID: 16745626 PMCID: PMC1253455 DOI: 10.1042/bj0282175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S H Piper
- The Wills Physical Laboratory, University of Bristol, and the Biochemical Department, Imperial College of Science and Technology, South Kensington
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Chibnall AC, Piper SH, Pollard A, Williams EF, Sahai PN. The constitution of the primary alcohols, fatty acids and paraffins present in plant and insect waxes. Biochem J 2006; 28:2189-208. [PMID: 16745627 PMCID: PMC1253456 DOI: 10.1042/bj0282189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A C Chibnall
- The Biochemical Department, Imperial College of Science and Technology, South Kensington, and the Wills Physical Laboratory, University of Bristol
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Prelog V, Führer J, Hagenbach R, Frick H. Untersuchungen über Organextrakte. (11. Mitteilung). Über die Konstitution des Alkohols C13H20O aus dem Harn trächtiger Stuten. Helv Chim Acta 2004; 30:113-23. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.19470300115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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WEENINK RO. Minor constituents of the acetone-soluble lipids of red-clover (Trifolium pratense) leaves. Biochem J 1998; 82:523-7. [PMID: 14005546 PMCID: PMC1243491 DOI: 10.1042/bj0820523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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WALDRON JD, GOWERS DS, CHIBNALL AC, PIPER SH. Further observations on the paraffins and primary alcohols of plant waxes. Biochem J 1998; 78:435-42. [PMID: 13782661 PMCID: PMC1205287 DOI: 10.1042/bj0780435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Mahadevan V. Fatty alcohols: chemistry and metabolism. PROGRESS IN THE CHEMISTRY OF FATS AND OTHER LIPIDS 1977; 15:255-99. [PMID: 358255 DOI: 10.1016/0079-6832(77)90010-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Kolattukudy PE, Walton TJ. The biochemistry of plant cuticular lipids. PROGRESS IN THE CHEMISTRY OF FATS AND OTHER LIPIDS 1973; 13:119-75. [PMID: 4602868 DOI: 10.1016/0079-6832(73)90006-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Gray G. The structural identification of some naturally occurring branched chain fatty aldehydes. J Chromatogr A 1961. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(61)80248-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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SILK MH, SEPHTON HH, HAHN HH. South African pilchard oil. II. Concentrates of highly unsaturated fatty acids and alcohols derived from South African pilchard oil. Biochem J 1954; 57:574-7. [PMID: 13198804 PMCID: PMC1269805 DOI: 10.1042/bj0570574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Murray KE, Schoenfeld R. The aliphatic alcohols of wool wax. V. Studies in Waxes. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 1952. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02631492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Markley K, Sando CE, Hendricks SB. PETROLEUM ETHER-SOLUBLE AND ETHER-SOLUBLE CONSTITUENTS OF GRAPE POMACE. J Biol Chem 1938. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)74109-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Markley K, Hendricks SB, Sando CE. CONSTITUENTS OF THE WAX-LIKE COATING OF THE PEAR, PYRUS COMMUNIS, L. J Biol Chem 1935. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)75072-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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Lovern JA. Fat metabolism in fishes: The depot fats of certain fish fed on known diets. Biochem J 1935; 29:1894-7. [PMID: 16745857 PMCID: PMC1266701 DOI: 10.1042/bj0291894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J A Lovern
- The Torry Research Station, Aberdeen, of the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research
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Greene LW. The waxes and higher aliphatic alcohols in 1932. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 1933. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02640863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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