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Ianutsevich EA, Danilova OA, Kurilov DV, Zavarzin IV, Tereshina VM. Osmolytes and membrane lipids in adaptive response of thermophilic fungus Rhizomucor miehei to cold, osmotic and oxidative shocks. Extremophiles 2020; 24:391-401. [PMID: 32144516 DOI: 10.1007/s00792-020-01163-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In contrast to mesophiles, in which levels of trehalose and phosphatidic acids (PA) increased only under heat shock (HS), in thermophiles trehalose and PA were predominant under optimal growth conditions. To study the role of trehalose protection in the adaptation of thermophiles to various stressors, the composition of osmolytes and membrane lipids in the thermophilic fungus Rhizomucor miehei was studied under cold (CS), osmotic (OS) and oxidative (OxS) shocks. CS resulted in no accumulation of glycerol in the mycelium, while the amount of trehalose decreased. The main lipid changes were the increase in the PA proportion with simultaneous decrease of sterols (St), the increase of the unsaturation degree of polar lipids and the decrease of the ergosterol proportion in total St. OS did not cause changes in the lipid composition, but led to the decrease of ergosterol proportion too. Despite the low ability of Mucorales to produce polyols, increase in the level of arabitol and glycerol was observed under OS. OxS led to the decrease of trehalose level and had no effect on the lipid composition. Thus, our results show the similarity (OS) and the difference (CS and OxS) between adaptation mechanisms of thermophiles and mesophiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena A Ianutsevich
- Winogradsky Institute of Microbiology, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 33, bld. 2 Leninsky Ave., Moscow, 119071, Russian Federation
| | - Olga A Danilova
- Winogradsky Institute of Microbiology, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 33, bld. 2 Leninsky Ave., Moscow, 119071, Russian Federation
| | - Dmitrii V Kurilov
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry of Russian Academy of Sciences, 47, Leninsky Ave., Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Igor V Zavarzin
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry of Russian Academy of Sciences, 47, Leninsky Ave., Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Vera M Tereshina
- Winogradsky Institute of Microbiology, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 33, bld. 2 Leninsky Ave., Moscow, 119071, Russian Federation.
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2
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Vail WJ, Morris C, Lilly VG. Hormone-Like Substances which Increase Carotenogenesis in + and — Sexes of Choanephora Cucurbitarum. Mycologia 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/00275514.1967.12018490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- William J. Vail
- Department of Plant Pathology and Bacteriology West Virginia University Morgantown, West Virginia 26506
| | - Clifton Morris
- Department of Plant Pathology and Bacteriology West Virginia University Morgantown, West Virginia 26506
| | - Virgil Greene Lilly
- Department of Plant Pathology and Bacteriology West Virginia University Morgantown, West Virginia 26506
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3
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Lilly VG, Barnett HL, Krause RF, Lotspeich FJ. A Method of Obtaining Pure Radioactive β-Carotene Using Phycomyces Blakesleeanus. Mycologia 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/00275514.1958.12024780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Virgil Greene Lilly
- Department of Plant Pathology, Bacteriology and Entomology; and Department of Medical Biochemistry West Virginia University Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - H. L. Barnett
- Department of Plant Pathology, Bacteriology and Entomology; and Department of Medical Biochemistry West Virginia University Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - R. F. Krause
- Department of Plant Pathology, Bacteriology and Entomology; and Department of Medical Biochemistry West Virginia University Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - F. J. Lotspeich
- Department of Plant Pathology, Bacteriology and Entomology; and Department of Medical Biochemistry West Virginia University Morgantown, West Virginia
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4
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Wenger CJ, Lilly VG. The Effects of Light on Carotenogenesis, Growth, and Sporulation of Syzygites Megalocarpus. Mycologia 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/00275514.1966.12018360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carlton Jay Wenger
- Department of Plant Pathology, Bacteriology, and Entomology West Virginia University Morgantown, West Virginia 26506
| | - Virgil Greene Lilly
- Department of Plant Pathology, Bacteriology, and Entomology West Virginia University Morgantown, West Virginia 26506
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5
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Affiliation(s)
- F. S. Chu
- Department of Plant Pathology, Bacteriology, and Entomology West Virginia University Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Virgil Greene Lilly
- Department of Plant Pathology, Bacteriology, and Entomology West Virginia University Morgantown, West Virginia
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6
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Goldstrohm DD, Lilly VG. The Effect of Light on the Survival of Pigmented and Nonpigmented Cells of Dacryopinax Spathularia. Mycologia 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/00275514.1965.12018245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Donald D. Goldstrohm
- Department of Plant Pathology, Bacteriology, and Entomology West Virginia University Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Virgil Greene Lilly
- Department of Plant Pathology, Bacteriology, and Entomology West Virginia University Morgantown, West Virginia
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7
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Ianutsevich EA, Danilova OA, Groza NV, Tereshina VM. Membrane lipids and cytosol carbohydrates in Aspergillus niger under osmotic, oxidative, and cold impact. Microbiology (Reading) 2016. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026261716030152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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8
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Heat shock response of thermophilic fungi: membrane lipids and soluble carbohydrates under elevated temperatures. Microbiology (Reading) 2016; 162:989-999. [DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.000279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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9
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Yanutsevich EA, Memorskaya AS, Groza NV, Kochkina GA, Tereshina VM. Heat shock response in the thermophilic fungus Rhizomucor miehei. Microbiology (Reading) 2014. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026261714050282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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10
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Vereshchagina OA, Memorskaya AS, Tereshina VM. Effect of trehalose on the viability of sporangiospores of the mucorous fungus Blakeslea trispora. Microbiology (Reading) 2011. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026261711060269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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11
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Tereshina VM, Memorskaya AS, Kotlova ER. The effect of different heat influences on composition of membrane lipids and cytosol carbohydrates in mycelial fungi. Microbiology (Reading) 2011. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026261711040199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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12
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Sergeeva YE, Galanina LA, Feofilova EP. A new function of trehalose and the peculiarities of lipid formation in mycelial fungi. Microbiology (Reading) 2010. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026261710040053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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13
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Tisch D, Schmoll M. Light regulation of metabolic pathways in fungi. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2009; 85:1259-77. [PMID: 19915832 PMCID: PMC2807966 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-009-2320-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2009] [Revised: 10/14/2009] [Accepted: 10/14/2009] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Light represents a major carrier of information in nature. The molecular machineries translating its electromagnetic energy (photons) into the chemical language of cells transmit vital signals for adjustment of virtually every living organism to its habitat. Fungi react to illumination in various ways, and we found that they initiate considerable adaptations in their metabolic pathways upon growth in light or after perception of a light pulse. Alterations in response to light have predominantly been observed in carotenoid metabolism, polysaccharide and carbohydrate metabolism, fatty acid metabolism, nucleotide and nucleoside metabolism, and in regulation of production of secondary metabolites. Transcription of genes is initiated within minutes, abundance and activity of metabolic enzymes are adjusted, and subsequently, levels of metabolites are altered to cope with the harmful effects of light or to prepare for reproduction, which is dependent on light in many cases. This review aims to give an overview on metabolic pathways impacted by light and to illustrate the physiological significance of light for fungi. We provide a basis for assessment whether a given metabolic pathway might be subject to regulation by light and how these properties can be exploited for improvement of biotechnological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doris Tisch
- Research Area Gene Technology and Applied Biochemistry, Institute of Chemical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology, 1060 Vienna, Austria.
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Sergeeva YE, Galanina LA, Andrianova DA, Feofilova EP. Lipids of filamentous fungi as a material for producing biodiesel fuel. APPL BIOCHEM MICRO+ 2008. [DOI: 10.1134/s0003683808050128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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15
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Almeida ERA, Cerdá-Olmedo E. Gene expression in the regulation of carotene biosynthesis in Phycomyces. Curr Genet 2008; 53:129-37. [PMID: 18183399 DOI: 10.1007/s00294-007-0170-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2007] [Revised: 12/01/2007] [Accepted: 12/02/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Carotene synthesis in the Mucoral fungus, Phycomyces blakesleeanus, is regulated by a complex genetic mechanism and activated by four groups of environmental factors with independent mechanisms of action. Blue light and sexual stimulation increased in parallel the content of carotene and the content of mRNAs from the genes, carRA and carB, dedicated to the synthesis of beta-carotene from geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate. The effects of these agents were approximately additive. Retinol and dimethyl phthalate, which represent the remaining groups of activators, greatly increased the carotene content, but did not modify the levels of carRA and carB transcripts. Mutants in genes carRA, carB, carC, carD, carF, carI, and carS differed in their carotene content, from nil to much larger than that of the wild type, but had the same carRA and carB transcript levels as the wild type. The only exception was a carRA early-stop mutant, which had very small amounts of the carRA transcript. The genetic and environmental factors that modify carotene biosynthesis had little or no effect on the mRNA levels of genes, hmgS and hmgR, responsible for the enzymes that initiate the biosynthesis of all terpenoids. A general model for the regulation of carotenogenesis in Phycomyces was derived from the results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo R A Almeida
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Apartado 1095, 41080, Seville, Spain
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16
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Tereshina VM, Memorskaya AS, Feofilova EP. Biochemical aspects of basidiospore maturation in Agaricus bisporus at various temperatures. Microbiology (Reading) 2007. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026261707050062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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17
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GOODWIN TW. Studies in carotenogenesis. III. Identification of the minor polyene components of the fungus Phycomyces blakesleeanus and a study of their synthesis under various cultural conditions. Biochem J 2004; 50:550-8. [PMID: 14925134 PMCID: PMC1197700 DOI: 10.1042/bj0500550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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18
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GOODWIN TW, WILLMER JS. Studies in carotenogenesis. IV. Nitrogen metabolism and carotene synthesis in Phycomyces blakesleeanus. Biochem J 2004; 51:213-7. [PMID: 14944575 PMCID: PMC1197823 DOI: 10.1042/bj0510213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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19
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GOODWIN TW, LIJINSKY W. Studies in carotenogenesis. II. Carotene production by Phycomyces blakesleeanus; the effect of different amino-acids when used in media containing low concentrations of glucose. Biochem J 2004; 50:268-73. [PMID: 14904404 PMCID: PMC1197642 DOI: 10.1042/bj0500268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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20
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KRZEMINSKI LF, QUACKENBUSCH FW. Stimulation of carotene synthesis in submerged cultures of Neurospora crassa by surface-active agents and ammonium nitrate. Arch Biochem Biophys 1998; 88:64-7. [PMID: 14412355 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(60)90197-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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21
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BRAITHWAITE GD, GOODWIN TW. Studies in carotenogenesis. 26. The incorporation of [C14] acetate, [C14] mevalonate and C14-labelled carbon dioxide into beta-carotene by the fungus Phycomyces blakesleeanus. Biochem J 1998; 76:5-10. [PMID: 13849152 PMCID: PMC1204590 DOI: 10.1042/bj0760005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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22
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Abstract
Light, chemicals, and mutations that affect the carotene content of the fungus Phycomyces blakesleeanus had practically no effect on the ergosterol content. Lovastatin, a specific inhibitor of hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase, blocked growth at 1 microM; sodium DL-mevalonate (10 mM) fully reversed this inhibition. In the presence of [14C]mevalonate, a carS mutant accumulated 16 times more beta-carotene than the wild-type with a specific radioactivity five times lower. The specific radioactivity of ergosterol was different from that of beta-carotene, even when calculated in terms of the constituent isoprene units, and unaffected by the carS mutation. The carotene and sterol pathways of Phycomyces are independently regulated and physically separated in different subcellular compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- E R Bejarano
- Departmento de Genética, Universidad de Sevilla, Spain
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23
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Chun SB, Chin JE, Bai S, An GH. Strain improvement ofPhaffia rhodozymaby protoplast fusion. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1992. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1992.tb05101.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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24
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El-Jack M, Mackenzie A, Bramley PM. The photoregulation of carotenoid biosynthesis in Aspergillus giganteus mut. alba. PLANTA 1988; 174:59-66. [PMID: 24221418 DOI: 10.1007/bf00394874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/1987] [Accepted: 10/13/1987] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Aspergillus giganteus mut. alba grown in darkness produced no carotenoids, but illuminated shake cultures accumulated 170 μg·g(-1) dry weight of β-carotene. Maximum carotenoid production occurred in white light of energy fluence rate of 50 W·m(-2). Blue light, but not red light, induced β-carotene formation. A light induction period of 10 h was required for maximum β-carotene synthesis, and this was attained 48 h after illumination. 5-Fluorouracil, actinomycin D and cycloheximide prevented photoinduction of carotenogenesis, indicating that photoregulation is at the transcriptional level. Comparisons of carotenogenic enzyme activities of light- and dark-grown cultures showed that phytoene synthetase, phytoene dehydrogenase and lycopene cyclase were totally photoinduced. Photoinduction of all three carotenogenic enzymes occurred after 12 h illumination. Squalene formation increased some four-fold upon illumination.
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Affiliation(s)
- M El-Jack
- Department of Biochemistry, Royal Holloway and Bedford New College, TW20 OEX, Egham, Surrey, UK
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25
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Bramley PM, Mackenzie A. Regulation of carotenoid biosynthesis. CURRENT TOPICS IN CELLULAR REGULATION 1988; 29:291-343. [PMID: 3293927 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-152829-4.50009-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- P M Bramley
- Department of Biochemistry, Royal Holloway and Bedford New College, University of London, Egham, Surrey, England
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26
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Rua J, Rodriguez-Aparicio LB, Busto F, Soler J. Effect of light on several metabolites of carbohydrate metabolism in Phycomyces blakesleeanus. J Bacteriol 1987; 169:904-7. [PMID: 3804980 PMCID: PMC211868 DOI: 10.1128/jb.169.2.904-907.1987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The concentrations of all metabolites studied, except fructose 1,6-bisphosphate from wild-type Phycomyces blakesleeanus, were light dependent. This photoregulation appears to be independent of the mad gene product(s) and also independent of carotene biosynthesis regulation. However, the photoregulation of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, 2-phosphoglycerate, and phosphoenolpyruvate may be assigned to these mad and car S gene products.
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27
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De la Concha A, Murillo FJ. Accumulation of a complex form of β-carotene byPhycomyces blakesleeanus cytoplasmic mutants. PLANTA 1984; 161:233-239. [PMID: 24253649 DOI: 10.1007/bf00982918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/1983] [Accepted: 02/02/1984] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Phycomyces blakesleeanus colour mutants of a new class have been isolated. The mutants form red mycelia when grown in the dark and show vegetative segregation. The affected gene, amedcarE, behaves as an extranuclear genetic factor. The red phenotype ofcarE mutants is caused by the accumulation of β-carotene in a form showing spectral shift to longer wavelengths. The spectral shift is abolished in vitro by heat or protease treatment and in vivo by the presence of light or retinol.
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Affiliation(s)
- A De la Concha
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
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28
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A new gene (carC) involved in the regulation of carotenogenesis in Phycomyces. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1983. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00327670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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29
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López-Díaz I, Cerdá-Olmedo E. Relationship of photocarotenogenesis to other behavioural and regulatory responses inPhycomyces. PLANTA 1980; 150:134-139. [PMID: 24306587 DOI: 10.1007/bf00582356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/1980] [Accepted: 06/25/1980] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The effect of light on carotene accumulation was studied by analyzing the β-carotene content of 4-α-old mycelia continuously exposed to illumination of different intensities. The wild-type, mutants defective in phototropism, mutants defective in carotene regulation, and newpic mutants specifically defective for photocarotenogenesis were examined. The results indicate that photocarotenogenesis depends on a single sensory pathway which shares its earlier steps (governed by genesmadA andmadB) with the sensory pathway for phototropism. It shares its later steps (probably governed by genescarA andpicB) with one of the pathways for carotene regulation, and includes at least one specific step (governed by genepicA) not known to be involved in other responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- I López-Díaz
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
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30
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Russo VEA, Galland P, Toselli M, Volpi L. Blue Light Induced Differentiation in Phycomyces blakesleeanus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1980. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-67648-2_51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
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31
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Russo VEA, Galland P. Sensory physiology of phycomyces Blakesleeanus. MOLECULAR STRUCTURE AND SENSORY PHYSIOLOGY 1980. [DOI: 10.1007/3-540-09958-1_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
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32
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Häggblom P, Unestam T. Blue light inhibits mycotoxin production and increases total lipids and pigmentation in Alternaria alternata. Appl Environ Microbiol 1979; 38:1074-7. [PMID: 526015 PMCID: PMC291247 DOI: 10.1128/aem.38.6.1074-1077.1979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Light inhibits production of the mycotoxins alternariol and alternariol monomethyl ether, both polyketids produced by Alternaria alternata. This effect seems to be general because seven isolates of A. alternata with different alternariol- and alternariol monomethyl ether-producing abilities all respond to continuous light with reduced levels of alternariol and alternariol monomethyl ether when the mycotoxins were calculated on a microgram-per-milligram (dry weight) basis. Blue light inhibited alternariol and alternariol monomethyl ether production 69 and 77%, respectively. Red light gave no reduction of toxin levels. Total lipids were increased 25% when mycelium was grown in blue light as compared with red light or darkness. In white or blue light, but not in red light or darkness, a red-brown pigment accumulated by the mycelium.
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33
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34
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Sandmann G, Hilgenberg W. Förderung der β-Carotinsynthese durch Licht bei Phycomyces blakesleeanus Bgff. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1978. [DOI: 10.1016/s0015-3796(17)30414-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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35
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36
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Murillo FJ, Cerdá-Olmedo E. Regulation of carotene synthesis in Phycomyces. MOLECULAR & GENERAL GENETICS : MGG 1976; 148:19-24. [PMID: 995122 DOI: 10.1007/bf00268541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Three independent mutations of Phycomyces blakesleeanus resulting in overaccumulation of beta-carotene are recessive and belong to the same complementation group. The corresponding gene has been named carS. Evidence is presented that gene carS is not the same as gene carA, previously defined by mutations blocking carotene production. Vitamin A increases carotenogenesis in wild types and in carS mutants to about the same extent. Intersexual heterokaryosis increases carotenogenesis most prominently in carS genetic backgrounds (up to 300 times the production of the wild type in the same conditions). Vitamin A, intersexual heterokaryosis and carS mutations are thought to stimulate carotenogenesis through different mechanisms. It is suggested that the carS gene product participates in end-product regulation of the pathway.
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37
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ESLAVA AP, ALVAREZ MI, CERDA-OLMEDO E. Regulation of Carotene Biosynthesis in Phycomyces by Vitamin A and beta-Ionone. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1974. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1974.tb03804.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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38
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Nambudiri AM, Vance CP, Towers GH. Effect of light on enzymes of phenylpropanoid metabolism and hispidin biosynthesis in Polyporus hispidus. Biochem J 1973; 134:891-7. [PMID: 4762762 PMCID: PMC1177897 DOI: 10.1042/bj1340891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The effects of light on growth, pigmentation and the activities of enzymes involved in the deamination of phenylalanine and tyrosine and in the biosynthesis of hispidin were examined in Polyporus hispidus. Evidence is presented for the stimulation of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity by light. Tyrosine ammonia-lyase activity and aminotransferase activities for phenylalanine and tyrosine were higher in the dark. Tracer studies showed that conversion of cinnamate into p-coumarate is enhanced by light. p-Coumaric acid hydroxylase, catalysing the conversion of p-coumarate into caffeate, could be detected only in cultures exposed to light. These results suggest that the cinnamate pathway for the metabolism of phenylalanine, leading to hispidin synthesis, is regulated by light in P. hispidus.
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Abstract
"Phycomyces blakesleeanus" sporangiophores contain octahedral crystals throughout their cytoplasm and vacuole. More octahedral crystals were found in the wild-type strain G5 (+) than in the beta-carotene-deficient mutant C5 (-), and much more than in the mutant C141 (-), which is sensitive to only high light intensity. In the wild type, the number of crystals per sporangiophore increased until the sporangiophore reached stage IV, and then decreased. Stage I contained the most crystals per unit volume. Cultures grown in darkness had the maximum number of crystals. Under high light intensity, there was an overall reduction of crystals. The crystals are regular octahedrons. The crystals were isolated from the sporangiophores by a method of sucrose density-gradient centrifugation. They contain nearly 95% protein, are stable in organic solvents, but can be solubilized in buffer solution above pH 9.5 and below 2.5. The crystals weakly fluoresce with an emission peak at 540 nm, which is affected by irradiation with white light. Absorption spectra of freshly prepared crystals show absorption maxima around 265-285 nm, 350-380 nm, and 450-470 nm. These absorption peaks for the crystals are close to those of the phototropic and light-growth action spectra. These data suggest that the crystals may contain a flavoprotein which may be the photoreceptor pigment of "Phycomyces".
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Bergman K, Eslava AP, Cerdá-Olmedo E. Mutants of Phycomyces with abnormal phototropism. MOLECULAR & GENERAL GENETICS : MGG 1973; 123:1-16. [PMID: 4726375 DOI: 10.1007/bf00282984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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41
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Weiss B, Stiller RL, Jack RC. Sphingolipids of the fungi Phycomycetes blakesleeanus and Fusarium lini. Lipids 1973; 8:25-30. [PMID: 4345980 DOI: 10.1007/bf02533235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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42
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Attwood MM. The production of -carotene in Mortierella ramanniana var. ramanniana M29:the effect of changes in the environment upon growth and pigmentation. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 1971; 37:369-78. [PMID: 5316514 DOI: 10.1007/bf02218507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Smith JE, Galbraith JC. Biochemical and physiological aspects of differentiation in the fungi. Adv Microb Physiol 1971; 5:45-134. [PMID: 4950260 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2911(08)60405-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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44
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Thornton RM. Crystalloids of phycomyces sporangiophores: nature and photosensitive accumulation. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 1969; 44:861-5. [PMID: 16657141 PMCID: PMC396177 DOI: 10.1104/pp.44.6.861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Crystalloids accumulate in the vacuoles of the giant sporangiophores of Phycomyces blakesleeanus Burgeff during growth. On the basis of solubility in alkaline solutions, cytochemical staining reactions, trypsin sensitivity, optical absorption and response in the Lowry protein test, the crystalloids have been judged to consist principally of an acidic protein. In assays by Lowry test and by reference to optical absorption at 280 mmu, dark-grown sporangiophores were consistently found to contain from 2 to 4 times as much crystalloid material as light-grown counterparts. Concurrent assays of soluble phenolic materials revealed no significant effect of culture illumination, while carotene content of sporangiophores and mycelium was found to be raised from 2 to 4-fold by illumination during growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Thornton
- Division of Natural Sciences, University of California, Santa Cruz, California
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Batra PP, Gleason RM, Jenkins J. Mechanism of photo-induced and antimycin A-induced carotenoid synthesis in Mycobacterium marinum. Requirements for carotenogen- esis and further evidence for protein synthesis following induction. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1969; 177:124-35. [PMID: 5781184 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4165(69)90072-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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47
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Abstract
In vivo absorption measurements were made through the photosensitive zones of Phycomyces sporangiophores and absorption spectra are presented for various growth media and for wavelengths between 400 and 580 mmicro. As in mycelia, beta-carotene was the major pigment ordinarily found. The addition of diphenylamine to the growth media caused a decrease in beta-carotene and an increase in certain other carotenoids. Growth in the dark substantially reduced the amount of beta-carotene in the photosensitive zone; however, growth on a lactate medium failed to suppress beta-carotene in the growing zone although the mycelia appeared almost colorless. Also when diphenylamine was added to the medium the absorption in the growing zone at 460 mmicro was not diminished although the colored carotenoids in the bulk of the sporangiophore were drastically reduced. Absorption which is characteristic of the action spectra was not found. Sporangiophores immersed in fluids with a critical refractive index show neither positive nor negative tropism. Measurements were made of the critical refractive indices for light at 495 and 510 mmicro. The critical indices differed only slightly. Assuming primary photoreceptors at the cell wall, the change in screening due to absorption appears too large to be counterbalanced solely by a simple effect of the focusing change. The possibility is therefore advanced that the receptors are internal to most of the cytoplasm; i.e., near the vacuole.
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Hocking D. Evidence on intracellular sites of terminal synthesis of carotenoids in Mucor hiemalis Wehm. Can J Microbiol 1967; 13:859-62. [PMID: 6036891 DOI: 10.1139/m67-113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Evidence is presented from cell fractionation and analysis, suggesting that the sites of carotenoid synthesis and accumulation in Mucor hiemalis Wehm. are the dissolved protein fraction and the free and bound lipid fractions, respectively. Quantitative characterization of carotenoids in various fractions indicates that terminal synthesis follows the Porter–Lincoln sequence.
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CODNER RC, POLATT BC. Light-Induced Production of Carotenoid Pigments by Cephalosporia. Nature 1959; 184 (Suppl 10):741-2. [PMID: 13810845 DOI: 10.1038/184741b0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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