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Affiliation(s)
- Robert M. Page
- Department of Biological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California
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Wenger CJ, Lilly VG. The Effects of Light on Carotenogenesis, Growth, and Sporulation of Syzygites Megalocarpus. Mycologia 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/00275514.1966.12018360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carlton Jay Wenger
- Department of Plant Pathology, Bacteriology, and Entomology West Virginia University Morgantown, West Virginia 26506
| | - Virgil Greene Lilly
- Department of Plant Pathology, Bacteriology, and Entomology West Virginia University Morgantown, West Virginia 26506
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Curry GM, Gruen HE. ACTION SPECTRA FOR THE POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE PHOTOTROPISM OF PHYCOMYCES SPORANGIOPHORES. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 45:797-804. [PMID: 16590446 PMCID: PMC222639 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.45.6.797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- G M Curry
- BIOLOGICAL LABORATORIES, HARVARD UNIVERSITY
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THORNE KJ, KODICEK E. The metabolism of acetate and mevalonic acid by lactob cilli. III. Studies on the unsaponifiable lipids derived from mevalonic acid. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998; 59:295-306. [PMID: 13921034 DOI: 10.1016/0006-3002(62)90177-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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VILLOUTREIX J. [Influence of various chemical agents on carotenogenesis in Rhodotorula mucilaginosa]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998; 40:434-41. [PMID: 13842321 DOI: 10.1016/0006-3002(60)91384-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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BRAITHWAITE GD, GOODWIN TW. Studies in carotenogenesis. 26. The incorporation of [C14] acetate, [C14] mevalonate and C14-labelled carbon dioxide into beta-carotene by the fungus Phycomyces blakesleeanus. Biochem J 1998; 76:5-10. [PMID: 13849152 PMCID: PMC1204590 DOI: 10.1042/bj0760005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Moore MM, Breedveld MW, Autor AP. The role of carotenoids in preventing oxidative damage in the pigmented yeast, Rhodotorula mucilaginosa. Arch Biochem Biophys 1989; 270:419-31. [PMID: 2650623 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(89)90524-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Rhodotorula mucilaginosa is an obligate aerobic yeast which contains a high concentration of carotenoid pigment. To test whether carotenoids are able to protect R. mucilaginosa against oxidative injury, yeast cells in liquid culture were incubated with duroquinone (DQ) (100 microM), a redox-cycling quinone known to generate intracellular O2-. or were grown in a hyperoxic atmosphere (80% O2) under conditions where carotenoid concentrations were altered either intracellularly or extracellularly. Neither of these oxidative challenges affected cell growth unless carotenogenesis was blocked by the addition of diphenylamine (50 microM). In the diphenylamine-treated nonpigmented cells, growth was completely inhibited by DQ and by hyperoxia. In normoxia, however, diphenylamine alone reduced growth by only 30%. The growth inhibition observed in diphenylamine-treated cells exposed to hyperoxia was primarily mycocidal rather than mycostatic since plating of these cells onto solid media revealed that only 25% of the cells were viable after 50 h of incubation when compared to plated control cells. Addition of 10 microM beta-carotene to diphenylamine-treated cells completely prevented the growth inhibition caused by either hyperoxia or DQ. Carotenoids, therefore, are able to prevent oxidant-induced cytotoxicity in R. mucilaginosa. Analysis of the absorption spectra of chloroform extracts of beta-carotene-supplemented cells showed that beta-carotene, not the endogenous carotenoid, torularhodin, was the major carotenoid present in these cells. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in R. mucilaginosa was compared with that of another yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae by two methods: (i) activity staining of proteins separated by gel electrophoresis and (ii) measurement of inhibition of ferricytochrome c reduction. By these techniques, the R. mucilaginosa SOD activity had the characteristics of Mn-SOD. No Cu/ZnSOD activity was detected. Thus, the apparent absence of Cu/ZnSOD may make the antioxidant capability of endogenous carotenoids even more critical in preventing oxidative damage in R. mucilaginosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Moore
- Department of Pathology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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Will OH, Ruddat M, Newland NA, Belville KL. Pigmentation ofUstilago scabiosae by carotene and cytochromecaccumulation. Mycology 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/0147-5975(85)90027-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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11
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Will OH, Ruddat M, Garber ED, Kezdy FJ. Characterization of carotene accumulation inUstilago violacea using high-performance liquid chromatography. Curr Microbiol 1984. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01575760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Influence of Diphenylamine on Carotene Synthesis and Accumulation of its Precursors in Light and Dark Cultures of Phycomces blakesleeanus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1980. [DOI: 10.1016/s0015-3796(80)80040-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Mills GL, Cantino EC. Isolation and characterization of lipid globules from the zoospores of Blastocladiella emersonii. Arch Microbiol 1977; 112:195-200. [PMID: 192168 DOI: 10.1007/bf00429335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Lipid globules were isolated and characterized both chemically and morphologically. They were composed mainly of triglyceride and free sterol, which accounted for over 90% of the total globule content. Smaller amounts of diglyceride, carotenoid, free fatty acid, phospholipid and protein were found. No sterol esters or monoglycerides were detected. Morphologically, the isolated lipid globules resembled the lipid globules in situ. They were spherical, 0.4-1.5 mum in diameter and lacked a trilaminar membrane.
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Aragon CM, Murillo FJ, de la Guardia MD, Cerda-Olmedo E. An enzyme complex for the dehydrogenation of phytoene in Phycomyces. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1976; 63:71-5. [PMID: 1261549 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1976.tb10208.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Phycomyces strain C5, carrying mutation carB10, accumulates phytoene instead of beta-carotene. Heterokaryons containing C5 nuclei and different other nuclei carrying the wild type carB allele accumulate significant amounts of phytofluene, zota-carotene and neurosporene. From quantitative analyses of carotenes and nuclear proportions in the heterokaryons we conclude that four copies of the carB gene product, assembled in an enzyme complex, act sequentially in the conversion of phytoene to lycopene.
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Furch B, Poltz J, Rudolph H. Lipids of Spores from Phycomyces in Relation to Heat-induced Germination. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1976. [DOI: 10.1016/s0015-3796(17)30857-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Gilchrist BM, Lee WL. Phycomyces blakesleeanus as a source of (14C)beta-carotene and its use in studies on carotenoid metabolism in invertebrates. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. B, COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY 1976; 53:291-4. [PMID: 1253566 DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(76)90328-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Lee TC, Rodriguez DB, Karasawa I, Lee TH, Simpson KL, Chichester CO. Chemical alteration of carotene biosynthesis in Phycomyces blakesleeanus and mutants. Appl Microbiol 1975; 30:988-93. [PMID: 1211939 PMCID: PMC376580 DOI: 10.1128/am.30.6.988-993.1975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The effects of diphenylamine, dimethyl sulfoxide, streptomycin, AMO-1618, and beta-ionone on the carotene composition of a wild-type and three mutant strains of Phycomyces blakesleeanus have been examined. Diphenylamine increased the phytoene and phytofluene concentrations of all strains while reducing the levels of the color carotenes. Dimethyl sulfoxide reduced the concentration of both cyclic and acyclic carotenes, whereas AMO-1618 increased the levels of all carotenes in all the strains. The wild type and mutants responded differently to the presence of streptomycin and beta-ionone. The possible mode of action of the above agents on carotenoid biosynthesis is discussed.
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De la Guardia MD, Aragón CM, Murillo FJ, Cerdá-Olmedo E. A carotenogenic enzyme aggregate in Phycomyces: evidence from quantitive complementation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1971; 68:2012-5. [PMID: 5289359 PMCID: PMC389339 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.68.9.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Wild-type Phycomyces blakesleeanus accumulates beta-carotene, while the mutant strain C2 is unable to synthesize carotenoids, and the mutant strain C9 accumulates lycopene. Heterokaryons containing a proportion, p, of C2 nuclei and (l - p) of C9 nuclei accumulate lycopene, gamma-carotene, and beta-carotene in the relative amounts (l - p), p(l - p), and p(2), respectively, for different values of p. It is shown that these results are expected from the operation of a carotenogenic enzyme aggregate that works as an assembly line and contains two copies of a cyclase, which is defective in strain C9, as well as other enzymes.
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Abstract
Differences between the absorption spectra of zeta-carotene (7,8,7',8'-tetrahydrolycopene) and the corresponding conjugated heptaene from diphenylamine-inhibited cultures of Rhodospirillum rubrum have been rationalized by the identification of the latter compound as the unsymmetrical isomer, 7,8,11,12-tetrahydrolycopene. The structures of the other conjugated polyene hydrocarbons, phytoene, phytofluene and neurosporene, have been confirmed and a novel pathway for the dehydrogenation of phytoene to lycopene in these bacteria is described.
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Bergman K, Burke PV, Cerdá-Olmedo E, David CN, Delbrück M, Foster KW, Goodell EW, Heisenberg M, Meissner G, Zalokar M, Dennison DS, Shropshire W. Phycomyces. BACTERIOLOGICAL REVIEWS 1969; 33:99-157. [PMID: 4889151 PMCID: PMC378314 DOI: 10.1128/br.33.1.99-157.1969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Abstract
Three different types of beta-carotene mutants of Phycomyces have been studied. In 2 mutants (Type I) beta-carotene is still the principal carotene but scaled down or up relative to wild type. The carotene mixture of 2 mutants (Type II) consists mainly of phytoene and phytofluene. In Type III (2 mutants) beta-carotene is replaced by lycopene. The examination of the mutants reveals that the receptor pigment is very likely neither beta-carotene nor retinal. Transmission spectra through the growing zone of live sporangiophores of 1 of these mutants which contains less than one-thousandth of the beta-carotene content of wild type show that the receptor pigment extinction is less than 0.003 at its maximum.
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Abstract
In vivo absorption measurements were made through the photosensitive zones of Phycomyces sporangiophores and absorption spectra are presented for various growth media and for wavelengths between 400 and 580 mmicro. As in mycelia, beta-carotene was the major pigment ordinarily found. The addition of diphenylamine to the growth media caused a decrease in beta-carotene and an increase in certain other carotenoids. Growth in the dark substantially reduced the amount of beta-carotene in the photosensitive zone; however, growth on a lactate medium failed to suppress beta-carotene in the growing zone although the mycelia appeared almost colorless. Also when diphenylamine was added to the medium the absorption in the growing zone at 460 mmicro was not diminished although the colored carotenoids in the bulk of the sporangiophore were drastically reduced. Absorption which is characteristic of the action spectra was not found. Sporangiophores immersed in fluids with a critical refractive index show neither positive nor negative tropism. Measurements were made of the critical refractive indices for light at 495 and 510 mmicro. The critical indices differed only slightly. Assuming primary photoreceptors at the cell wall, the change in screening due to absorption appears too large to be counterbalanced solely by a simple effect of the focusing change. The possibility is therefore advanced that the receptors are internal to most of the cytoplasm; i.e., near the vacuole.
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Zscheile FP. Correlation of spectroscopic observations on polyenes with ripening of tomato fruits. Arch Biochem Biophys 1966; 113:554-68. [PMID: 5944958 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(66)90233-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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RILLING HC. A study of inhibition of carotenoid synthesis. Arch Biochem Biophys 1965; 110:39-46. [PMID: 14321861 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(65)90152-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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OLSON JA, KNIZLEY H. The effect of diphenylamine on carotenoid, sterol and fatty acid synthesis in Phycomyces blakesleeanus. Arch Biochem Biophys 1962; 97:138-45. [PMID: 14481935 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(62)90055-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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33
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Anderson IC, Robertson DS. Role of Carotenoids in Protecting Chlorophyll From Photodestruction. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 1960; 35:531-4. [PMID: 16655383 PMCID: PMC405999 DOI: 10.1104/pp.35.4.531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- I C Anderson
- Department of Agronomy, Iowa State University, Ames
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TURIAN G, SCHOPFER JF. Action anticaroténogène de la diphénylamine chez l'algueChlorella rubescens. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1960; 16:138. [PMID: 13839904 DOI: 10.1007/bf02157716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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35
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TURIAN G. [Identification of the major carotenoids of some fungi of the Ascomycetes and Basidiomycetes group. Neurosporene in Cantharellus infundibul informis]. ARCHIV FUR MIKROBIOLOGIE 1960; 36:139-46. [PMID: 13839905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/24/2023]
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36
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VILLOUTREIX J. Les caroténoïdes de Rhodotorula mucilaginosa étude de leur biosynthèse a l'aide de l'analyse de mutants et de l'emploi d'un inhibiteur de la caroténogénèse. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1960; 40:442-57. [PMID: 13842320 DOI: 10.1016/0006-3002(60)91385-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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37
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Identification des carot�no�des majeurs de quelques champignons Ascomyc�tes et basidiomyc�tes Neurospor�ne chez Cantharellus infundibuliformis. Arch Microbiol 1960. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00412281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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MAGOON EF, ZECHMEISTER L. On a cis-neurosporene ex Pyracantha and the in vitro; stereoisomerization of neurosporene. Arch Biochem Biophys 1957; 68:263-9. [PMID: 13435917 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(57)90358-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Shneour EA, Zabin I. ON THE BIOSYNTHETIC RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LYCOPENE AND COLORLESS POLYENES IN TOMATOES. J Biol Chem 1957. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)70871-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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VAN NIEL CB, GOODWIN TW, SISSINS ME. Studies in carotenogenesis. 21. The nature of the changes in carotenoid synthesis in Rhodospirillum rubrum during growth. Biochem J 1956; 63:408-12. [PMID: 13341896 PMCID: PMC1216188 DOI: 10.1042/bj0630408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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GOODWIN TW, GRIFFITHS LA, MODI VV. Studies in carotenogenesis. 16. The action of some antibiotics, especially streptomycin, on carotenogenesis in Phycomyces blakesleeanus. Biochem J 1956; 62:259-68. [PMID: 13293181 PMCID: PMC1215901 DOI: 10.1042/bj0620259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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46
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GOODWIN TW, JAMIKORN M. Studies in carotenogenesis. 17. The carotenoids produced by different strains of Mycobacterium phlei. Biochem J 1956; 62:269-75. [PMID: 13293182 PMCID: PMC1215902 DOI: 10.1042/bj0620269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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47
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GOODWIN TW, JAMIKORN M. Studies in carotenogenesis. 18. Carotenoid production by a strongly chromogenic bacterium isolated from butter. Biochem J 1956; 62:275-81. [PMID: 13293183 PMCID: PMC1215903 DOI: 10.1042/bj0620275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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48
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GOODWIN TW. Studies in carotenogenesis. 19. A survey of the polyenes in a number of ripe berries. Biochem J 1956; 62:346-52. [PMID: 13293195 PMCID: PMC1215915 DOI: 10.1042/bj0620346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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GOODWIN TW, LAND DG. The carotenoids of photosynthetic bacteria. I. The nature of the carotenoid pigments in a halophilic photosynthetic sulphur bacterium (chromatium spp.). ARCHIV FUR MIKROBIOLOGIE 1956; 24:305-12. [PMID: 13340831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
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50
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GOODWIN TW. The carotenoids of photosynthetic bacteria. II. The carotenoids of a number of non-sulphur purple photosynthetic bacteria (Athiorhodiaceae). Arch Microbiol 1956; 24:313-22. [PMID: 13340832 DOI: 10.1007/bf00693102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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