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FIRSHEIN W. INFLUENCE OF DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID DEGRADATION PRODUCTS AND ORTHOPHOSPHATE ON DEOXYNUCLEOTIDE KINASE ACTIVITY AND DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID SYNTHESIS IN PNEUMOCOCCUS TYPE 3. J Bacteriol 1996; 90:327-36. [PMID: 14329443 PMCID: PMC315646 DOI: 10.1128/jb.90.2.327-336.1965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Firshein, William (Wesleyan University, Middletown, Conn.). Influence of deoxyribonucleic acid degradation products and orthophosphate on deoxynucleotide kinase activity and deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis in pneumococcus type III. J. Bacteriol. 90:327-336. 1965.-An oligodeoxynucleotide fraction derived from a deoxyribonuclease-treated calf-thymus deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) can enhance the activity of deoxycytidylic acid (dCMP) and deoxyguanylic acid (dGMP) kinases in cell suspensions of type III pneumococci. High levels of orthophosphate can produce similar effects. For part of the incubation period, the activity of dCMP and dGMP kinases is very low or undetectable in unsupplemented-cell suspensions of pneumococci. In contrast, the remaining kinases, deoxyadenylic acid and thymidylic acid, which are present in ample amounts in control and supplemented cells throughout the incubation period, are unaffected by the addition of oligodeoxynucleotides and orthophosphate. The stimulation of kinase activity is amino acid-dependent and can be abolished by adding chloramphenicol. When the oligodeoxynucleotide fraction and orthophosphate are further supplemented with all eight of the naturally occurring deoxynucleosides and deoxynucleotides (which do not affect kinase activity), a preferential enhancement of DNA synthesis occurs in comparison with cell growth or protein synthesis. Addition of deoxynucleosides and deoxynucleotides to unsupplemented cells produces only a slight increase in DNA synthesis. The preferential enhancement of DNA synthesis can be prevented by adding chloramphenicol at a certain time during incubation.
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HEALY JW, STOLLAR D, SIMON MI, LEVINE L. CHARACTERIZATION OF A PHOSPHODIESTERASE FROM LAMB BRAIN. Arch Biochem Biophys 1996; 103:461-8. [PMID: 14103282 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(63)90439-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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3
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Sayers JR, Eckstein F. Properties of overexpressed phage T5 D15 exonuclease. Similarities with Escherichia coli DNA polymerase I 5‘-3‘ exonuclease. J Biol Chem 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)44753-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Rosson RA, Rittenberg SC. Regulated breakdown of Escherichia coli deoxyribonucleic acid during intraperiplasmic growth of Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus 109J. J Bacteriol 1979; 140:620-33. [PMID: 387743 PMCID: PMC216690 DOI: 10.1128/jb.140.2.620-633.1979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
During growth of Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus on [2-14C]deoxythymidine-labeled Escherichia coli, approximately 30% of the radioactivity was released to the culture fluid as nucleoside monophosphates and free bases; the remainder was incorporated by the bdellovibrio. By 60 min after bdellovibrio attack, when only 10% of the E. coli deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) had been solubilized, the substrate cell DNA was degraded to 5 X 10(5)-dalton fragments retained within the bdelloplast. Kinetic studies showed these fragments were formed as the result of sequential accumulation of single- and then double-strand cuts. DNA fragments between 2 X 10(3) and 5 X 10(5) daltons were never observed. Chloramphenicol, added at various times after initiation of bdellovibrio intraperiplasmic growth on normal or on heated E. coli, which have inactivated deoxyribonucleases, inhibited further breakdown and solubilization of substrate cell DNA. Analysis of these intraperiplasmic culture deoxyribonuclease activities showed that bdellovibrio deoxyribonucleases are synthesized while E. coli nucleases are inactivated. It is concluded that continuous and sequential synthesis of bdellovibrio deoxyribonucleases of apparently differing specificities is necessary for complete breakdown and solubilization of substrate cell DNA, and that substrate cell deoxyribonucleases are not involved in any significant way in the degradation process.
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Hendrickson HE, McCorquodale DJ. Genetic and physiological studies of bacteriophage T5. 3. Patterns of deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis induced by mutants of T5 and the identification of genes influencing the appearance of phage-induced dihydrofolate reductase and deoxyribonuclease. J Virol 1972; 9:981-9. [PMID: 4556511 PMCID: PMC356404 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.9.6.981-989.1972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Patterns of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) metabolism in nonpermissive cells infected with amber mutants representing 29 genes of T5 are reported. A group of 7 contiguous genes are essential for the synthesis of phage DNA, whereas 20 other genes, when defective, permit varying degrees of phage DNA synthesis. Two further genes are essential for complete transfer of phage DNA to host cells, and therefore indirectly do not permit the synthesis of phage DNA. The structural genes for an early T5 deoxyribonuclease and for T5 DNA polymerase, as well as a gene that affects the synthesis of dihydrofolate reductase, have been identified in the genetic map of T5.
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Abstract
In bacterial strains containing the deoxyribonuclease endonuclease I (endonuclease I(+) strains), 70 to 80% of the injected superinfecting T-even phage deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is rapidly degraded to oligonucleotides having an average chain length of 8, the same value as that obtained by endonuclease I digestion of purified T-even phage DNA in vitro. In endonuclease I(-) strains, less than 5% of the injected superinfecting T-even phage DNA is degraded to acid-soluble components. The superinfecting phage DNA is, however, fragmented into a large segment having a molecular weight of about 90 x 10(6) and 30 or more small acid-insoluble segments having molecular weights of less than 10(6). In both endonuclease I(+) and endonuclease I(-) strains, over 80% of the DNA from adsorbed primary T2 or T4 phage, but only 50% of the DNA from adsorbed superinfecting T2 or T4 phage, is injected. Superinfecting T4 are genetically excluded as efficiently from endonuclease I(-) strains as they are from endonuclease I(+) strains. The excluded phage cannot complement defects in either early or late gene functions carried by the primary phage. The induction of both superinfection breakdown and superinfection exclusion requires a period of protein synthesis between primary infection and addition of the superinfecting phage. These observations seem best explained by failure of superinfecting DNA to enter the host cell cytoplasm, presumably as a result of changes in the cell envelope induced by the primary phage.
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7
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Frenkel GD, Richardson CC. The Deoxyribonuclease Induced after Infection of Escherichia coli by Bacteriophage T5. J Biol Chem 1971. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)62012-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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9
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Thomas GA, Varney NF, Burton K. Nucleic acid synthesis and nucleotide pools in purine-deficient Escherichia coli. Biochem J 1970; 120:117-24. [PMID: 4395452 PMCID: PMC1179575 DOI: 10.1042/bj1200117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
1. The synthesis of nucleic acids and the content of purine nucleotides have been studied in selected purine-requiring strains of Escherichia coli including a purB(-) strain and a purB(-)guaA(-) strain. 2. When the exogenous purines can be converted into GTP but not into ATP, RNA is synthesized at the expense of intracellular ATP, ADP and AMP. 3. Net synthesis of RNA as measured by the incorporation of uracil can be correlated with the availability of GTP except when ATP falls to a very low concentration. 4. Nicotinamide nucleotides are not an important reservoir of adenine nucleotides for RNA synthesis.
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Baker JO, Hattman S. Interference by bacteriophage T4 in the reproduction of the single-stranded DNA phage M13. Virology 1970; 42:28-40. [PMID: 4918275 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(70)90235-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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12
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Sadowski PD, Kerr C. Degradation of Escherichia coli B deoxyribonucleic acid after infection with deoxyribonucleic acid-defective amber mutants of bacteriophage T7. J Virol 1970; 6:149-55. [PMID: 4925772 PMCID: PMC376101 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.6.2.149-155.1970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The degradation of bacterial deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) was studied after infection of Escherichia coli B with DNA-negative amber mutants of bacteriophage T7. Degradation occurred in three stages. (i) Release of the DNA from a rapidly sedimenting cellular structure occurred between 5 and 6 min after infection. (ii) The DNA was cleaved endonucleolytically to fragments having a molecular weight of about 2 x 10(6) between 6 and 10 min after infection. (iii) These fragments of DNA were reduced to acid-soluble products between 7.5 and 15 min after infection. Stage 1 did not occur in the absence of the gene 1 product (ribonucleic acid polymerase sigma factor), stage 2 did not occur in the absence of the gene 3 product (phage T7-induced endonuclease), and stage 3 did not occur in the absence of the gene 6 product.
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13
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Su S, Weinberg F, So AG, Davie EW. RNA polymerase and the shut-off of host RNA and protein synthesis in T4 phage infection. Nature 1970; 225:62-3. [PMID: 5410196 DOI: 10.1038/225062a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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14
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Stone AB. The replication of DNA-containing viruses. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1970. [DOI: 10.1016/0079-6107(70)90015-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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15
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Bose SK, Warren RJ. Bacteriophage-induced inhibition of host functions. II. Evidence for multiple, sequential bacteriophage-induced deoxyribonucleases responsible for degradation of cellular deoxyribonucleic acid. J Virol 1969; 3:549-56. [PMID: 4894764 PMCID: PMC375811 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.3.6.549-556.1969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Degradation of bacterial deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) after infection with T4 bacteriophage was studied in an endonuclease I-deficient host. The kinetics of degradation were similar to those seen in other hosts with a normal level of this enzyme. Irradiation of extracellular phage with ultraviolet (UV) destroyed the capacity of the infecting virus to induce extensive breakdown of host DNA, which was, however, converted to high-molecular-weight material. Addition of chloramphenicol to T4-infected cells provided data which can be interpreted to indicate the involvement of at least two endodeoxyribonucleases and one exodeoxyribonuclease having a high degree of specificity. A model is proposed showing the sequential action of two endodeoxyribonucleases followed by an exodeoxyribonuclease in the degradation of host DNA. The appearance of these hydrolytic enzymes requires protein synthesis. Infections leading to partial degradation only (UV-irradiated phages, gene 46 mutants) effectively inhibited the synthesis of bacterial messenger ribonucleic acid and of beta-galactosidase.
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Kutter EM, Wiberg JS. Degradation of cytosin-containing bacterial and bacteriophage DNA after infection of Escherichia coli B with bacteriophage T4D wild type and with mutants defective in genes 46, 47 and 56. J Mol Biol 1968; 38:395-411. [PMID: 4305016 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(68)90394-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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McCorquodale DJ, Buchanan JM. Patterns of Protein Synthesis in T5-infected Escherichia coli. J Biol Chem 1968. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)93410-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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21
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Warren RJ, Bose SK. Bacteriophage-induced inhibition of host functions. I. Degradation of Escherichia coli deoxyribonucleic acid after T4 infection. J Virol 1968; 2:327-34. [PMID: 4911847 PMCID: PMC375618 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.2.4.327-334.1968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The kinetics of degradation of bacterial deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) after infection of Escherichia coli with T4D, ultraviolet-irradiated T4D, and two amber mutants, N122 and N94, was studied by zone sedimentation through linear glycerol gradients. Within 5 min after infection with any of the bacteriophages, breakdown of host genome was evident. The first product was a high-molecular-weight material (50S to 70S) and further degradation appeared to occur in discrete steps. Rapid and extensive breakdown of bacterial DNA was seen after infection with am N122 and T4D. Infection with ultraviolet-irradiated phage or with am N94 resulted in an accumulation of high-molecular-weight material. These results suggest that the observed degradation of host DNA begins early and requires sequential action of several phage-induced endo- as well as exodeoxyribonucleases.
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22
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23
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25
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Wiberg JS. Mutants of bacteriophage T4 unable to cause breakdown of host DNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1966; 55:614-21. [PMID: 4287490 PMCID: PMC224196 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.55.3.614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
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26
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Abstract
Flanagan, John F. (Duke University School of Medicine, Durham. N.C.). Hydrolytic enzymes in KB cells infected with poliovirus and herpes simplex virus. J. Bacteriol. 91:789-797. 1966.-The effect of poliovirus and herpes simplex virus infection on the activity of five hydrolytic enzymes was studied in tissue culture cells of KB type. During the course of poliovirus infection, the activity of beta-glucuronidase, acid protease, acid ribonuclease, acid deoxyribonuclease, and acid phosphatase in the cytoplasm rose to levels two- to fourfold greater than the activity present in the cytoplasm of uninfected cells. The rise in cytoplasmic activity was accompanied by a concomitant decrease in enzymatic activity bound to cell particles. Shift of enzymatic activity from the particulate to soluble state was first detected at 6 hr after poliovirus infection, coinciding with the appearance of new infectious particles and virus cytopathic effect. No net synthesis of these enzymes after poliovirus infection was found. Hydrocortisone added to the culture medium failed to affect either the titer of virus produced in the cells or the release of hydrolytic enzymes from the particulate state. Herpes simplex infection produced minimal alterations in the state of these enzymes in KB cells. It is hypothesized that the breakdown of lysosomes and release of hydrolytic enzymes accompanying poliovirus infection is produced by alterations in cell membrane permeability during the course of virus replication and by the consequent change in the ionic content of the cell sap.
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Abstract
1. DNA has been isolated in 90% yield from T5-infected cultures of Escherichia coli ;pulse'-labelled with [(3)H]thymidine. It had a buoyant density in caesium chloride solution identical with the DNA of mature T5 phage, and no components of unusual buoyant density were detected. 2. The DNA preparation was resolved into two major components of differing specific activity on a column of kieselguhr coated with methylated serum albumin. The DNA of high specific activity could be eluted from the column only with 2n-ammonia, and the firm binding did not appear to be due to an artifact of preparation. 3. A similar fractionation into two DNA components of differing specific activity was observed when the ;pulse'-labelled culture was lysed with sodium dodecyl sulphate and the lysate rocked with phenol. The DNA of high specific activity was found in the interface precipitate between the phenol and aqueous layers. 4. The amounts of DNA in the two fractions were measured at different times after infection and the radioactivity content of each was determined at various times after a short ;pulse' of [(3)H]thymidine. The interface fraction contained the replicating phage DNA, and the DNA from mature phage particles appeared in the aqueous fraction. 5. Analogous results were obtained with T2-infected E. coli. In the presence of chloramphenicol the DNA in the interface fraction was not converted into DNA extractable into the aqueous layer. Since chloramphenicol prevents the condensation of DNA into phage heads, it is suggested that any DNA in extended configuration is trapped inside the rigid-layer framework of the cell wall. 6. Treatment with lysozyme released much of the DNA from the interface precipitate. This DNA was firmly bound by the chromatographic column and had the same buoyant density in caesium chloride solution as normal T5-phage DNA. Sucrose-gradient sedimentation studies showed that it was heterogeneous and that as much as 60% sedimented faster than T5-phage DNA.
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Rutberg B, Rutberg L. Bacteriophage-induced functions in Escherichia coli K (lambda) infected with rII mutants of bacteriophage T4. J Bacteriol 1966; 91:76-80. [PMID: 4285536 PMCID: PMC315912 DOI: 10.1128/jb.91.1.76-80.1966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Rutberg, Blanka (Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden), and Lars Rutberg. Bacteriophage-induced functions in Escherichia coli K(lambda) infected with rII mutants of bacteriophage T4. J. Bacteriol. 91:76-80. 1966.-When Escherichia coli K(lambda) was infected with rII mutants of phage T4, deoxycytidine triphosphatase, one of the phage-induced early enzymes, was produced at initially the same rate as in r(+)-infected cells. Deoxyribonuclease activity was one-third to one-half of that of r(+)-infected cells. This lower deoxyribonuclease activity was observed also in other hosts or when infection was made with rI or rIII mutants. Presence of chloramphenicol did not allow a continued synthesis of phage deoxyribonucleic acid in rII-infected K(lambda). No phage lysozyme was detected nor was any antiphage serum-blocking antigen found in rII-infected K(lambda). It is suggested that the rII gene is of significance for the expression of phage-induced late functions in the host K(lambda).
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A deoxyribonuclease found after infection of Bacillus subtilis with phage SP3. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1965; 54:622-8. [PMID: 4955655 PMCID: PMC219713 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.54.2.622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
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31
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Ortiz PJ, August J, Watanabe M, Kaye A, Hurwitz J. Ribonucleic Acid-dependent Ribonucleotide Incorporation. J Biol Chem 1965. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)97666-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Volkin E. Genetic recombination in bacteriophage. PROGRESS IN NUCLEIC ACID RESEARCH AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1965; 4:51-80. [PMID: 5337878 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6603(08)60784-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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WEISSBACH A, KORN D. A STUDY OF THE DEOXYRIBONUCLEASES AND DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID POLYMERASE OF ESCHERICHIA COLI K12S AFTER INFECTION WITH THE BACTERIOPHAGE T4R. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1964; 87:621-30. [PMID: 14220692 DOI: 10.1016/0926-6550(64)90280-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
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35
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Korn D, Weissbach A. The Effect of Lysogenic Induction on the Deoxyribonucleases of Escherichia coli K12λ. J Biol Chem 1963. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)48678-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
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36
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FIRSHEIN W. The induction of deoxycytidylic acid kinase activity by a dinucleotide fraction derived from an enzymatic DNA digest in pneumococci. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1963; 11:187-94. [PMID: 13945242 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(63)90332-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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