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Laxmi V, Tamuli R. The calmodulin gene in Neurospora crassa is required for normal vegetative growth, ultraviolet survival, and sexual development. Arch Microbiol 2016; 199:531-542. [PMID: 27888323 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-016-1319-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Revised: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
We isolated a Neurospora crassa mutant of the calmodulin (cmd) gene using repeat-induced point mutation and studied its phenotypes. The cmd RIP mutant showed a defect in growth, reduced aerial hyphae, decreased carotenoid accumulation, a severe reduction in viability upon ultraviolet (UV) irradiation, and a fertility defect. Moreover, meiotic silencing of the cmd gene resulted in a barren phenotype. In addition, we also performed site-directed mutational analysis of the calcium/calmodulin-dependent kinase-2 (Ca2+/CaMK-2), a target of the CaM protein encoded by the cmd gene. The camk-2 S247A and the camk-2 T267A mutants in a homozygous cross, or in a cross with a Δcamk-2 mutant, displayed an intermediate phenotype, suggesting that serine 247 and threonine 267 phosphorylation sites of the Ca2+/CaMK-2 are essential for full fertility in N. crassa. Therefore, CaM in N. crassa is required for normal vegetative growth, UV survival, and sexual development. Additionally, serine 247 and threonine 267 phosphorylation sites are important for the Ca2+/CaMK-2 function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijya Laxmi
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, 781 039, India
| | - Ranjan Tamuli
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, 781 039, India.
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Gromes R, Zetsche K. Evidence for a G-Protein Regulated Adenylate Cyclase and a Ca2/Calmodulin Controlled Phosphodiesterase in the PhytoflagellateChlorogonium. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1438-8677.1992.tb00319.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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3
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Derkach KV, Shpakov AO, Uspenskaya ZI, Yudin AL. Functional characteristics of calcium-sensitive adenylyl cyclase of the infusorian Tetrahymena pyriformis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1134/s1990519x10060106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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4
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Shpakov AO, Uspenskaya ZI, Derkach KV, Kuznetsova LA, Plesneva SA, Pertseva MN. Regulatory calcium effect on adenylyl cyclase functional activity in the infusorian Dileptis anser. J EVOL BIOCHEM PHYS+ 2007. [DOI: 10.1134/s0022093007020020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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5
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Melnick MB, Melnick C, Lee M, Woodward DO. Structure and sequence of the calmodulin gene from Neurospora crassa. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1993; 1171:334-6. [PMID: 7916628 DOI: 10.1016/0167-4781(93)90079-s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
cDNA and genomic clones of Neurospora calmodulin were obtained by PCR. Characterization revealed an open reading frame encoding a predicted protein of 149 amino acids, showing 85% identity to the human calmodulin protein sequence. Comparison of the cDNA and genomic sequence reveals the position of five introns, organized differently than is found in calmodulin genes from higher eukaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M B Melnick
- Department of Biological Sciences, Stanford University, CA
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6
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Vazquez-Marrufo G, Castillo-Ramirez E, Salgado-Rodriguez LM, Gutierrez-Corona JF, Martinez-Cadena G. Phenotypic characterization of a trifluoperazine-resistant mutant ofMucor rouxii. Mycology 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/0147-5975(92)90021-i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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7
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Kolarova N, Haplová J, GreÅ¡Ãk M. Light-activated adenyl cyclase fromTrichoderma viride. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1992. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1992.tb05109.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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8
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Robson GD, Wiebe MG, Trinci AP. Low calcium concentrations induce increased branching in Fusarium graminearum. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/s0953-7562(09)80069-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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9
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Ulloa RM, Torres HN, Ochatt CM, Téllez-Iñón MT. Ca2+ calmodulin-dependent protein kinase activity in the ascomycetes Neurospora crassa. Mol Cell Biochem 1991; 102:155-63. [PMID: 1652680 DOI: 10.1007/bf00234573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
DEAE-cellulose column chromatography of Neurospora crassa soluble mycelial extracts leads to the resolution of three major protein kinase activity peaks designated PKI, PKII, and PKIII. PKII activity is stimulated by Ca2+ and Neurospora or brain calmodulin. Maximal stimulation was observed at 2 microM-free Ca2+ and 1 microgram/ml of the modulator. The stimulatory effect of the Ca(2+)-calmodulin complex was blocked by EGTA and by some calmodulin antagonists such as phenothiazine drugs or compound 48/80. PKII phosphorylates different proteins, among which histone II-A at a low concentration and CDPKS, the synthetic peptide specific for Ca(2+-)-calmodulin dependent protein kinase, are the best substrates. Some phosphorylation can be detected in the absence of any exogenous acceptor. PKII activity assayed in the presence of histone II-A or in the absence of exogenous phosphate acceptor (autophosphorylation) co-elute in a DEAE-cellulose column at 0.28 NaCl. As result of the autophosphorylation reaction of the purified enzyme a main phosphorylated component of 70 kDa was resolved by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. It is possible that this component is an active part of this enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Ulloa
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería Genética y Biologia Molecular (INGEBI-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Bianchini GM, Pastini AC, Muschietti JP, Téllez-Iñón MT, Martinetto HE, Torres HN, Flawiá MM. Adenylate cyclase activity in cyanobacteria: activation by Ca(2+)-calmodulin and a calmodulin-like activity. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1990; 1055:75-81. [PMID: 2121284 DOI: 10.1016/0167-4889(90)90093-s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
An adenylate cyclase activity was partially characterized in the cyanobacterium Anabaena sp. The enzyme activity is found in soluble cell fractions and shows an apparent molecular weight of about 183,400. This adenylate cyclase is activated by Ca2+ and bovine brain or spinach calmodulin and it is inhibited by EGTA and some phenothiazine derivatives. Furthermore, Anabaena sp. extracts contain a calmodulin-like activity which stimulates bovine brain cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase and the Anabaena adenylate cyclase. EGTA and phenothiazine derivatives block the cyanobacterial modulator effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- G M Bianchini
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería Genética y Biología Molecular (INGEBI-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Lew RR. Calcium activates an electrogenic proton pump in neurospora plasma membrane. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 1989; 91:213-6. [PMID: 16666998 PMCID: PMC1061976 DOI: 10.1104/pp.91.1.213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Calcium ionophoresis into coenocytic cells of Neurospora crassa activates the plasma membrane proton pump as measured by current-voltage analysis. This is direct evidence that intracellular calcium regulates the activity of a key transport enzyme found in higher plants and fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- R R Lew
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510
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Ulloa RM, Rubinstein CP, Molina y Vedia L, Torres HN, Téllez-Iñón MT. Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase activity in Neurospora crassa. Purification by immunoaffinity chromatography and characterization. FEBS Lett 1988; 241:219-22. [PMID: 2848723 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(88)81065-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies to Neurospora crassa cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase (PDE I) were selected by their capacity to inhibit the enzyme activity. The monoclonal immunoglobulin, coupled to Sepharose 4B, was used for the affinity purification of PDE I activity. After SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis the affinity purified PDE I fractions showed a single polypeptide band of about 41 kDa. This band reacted in Western blots with the above mentioned monoclonal immunoglobulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Ulloa
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería Genética y Biología Molecular, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Carricarte VC, Bianchini GM, Muschietti JP, Téllez-Iñón MT, Perticari A, Torres N, Flawiá MM. Adenylate cyclase activity in a higher plant, alfalfa (Medicago sativa). Biochem J 1988; 249:807-11. [PMID: 3128270 PMCID: PMC1148778 DOI: 10.1042/bj2490807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
An adenylate cyclase activity in Medicago sativa L. (alfalfa) roots was partially characterized. The enzyme activity remains in the supernatant fluid after centrifugation at 105,000 g and shows in crude extracts an apparent Mr of about 84,000. The enzyme is active with Mg2+ and Ca2+ as bivalent cations, and is inhibited by EGTA and by chlorpromazine. Calmodulin from bovine brain or spinach leaves activates this adenylate cyclase.
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Affiliation(s)
- V C Carricarte
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería Genética y Biología Molecular (INGEBI-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, UBA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Abstract
In the ciliated protozoan Paramecium, Ca2+ and cyclic nucleotides are believed to act as second messengers in the regulation of the ciliary beat. Ciliary adenylate cyclase was activated 20-30-fold (half-maximal at 0.8 microM) and inhibited by higher concentrations (10-20 microM) of free Ca2+ ion. Ca2+ activation was the result of an increase in Vmax., not a change in Km for ATP. The activation by Ca2+ was seen only with Mg2+ATP as substrate; with Mn2+ATP the basal adenylate cyclase activity was 10-20-fold above that with Mg2+ATP, and there was no further activation by Ca2+. The stimulation by Ca2+ of the enzyme in cilia and ciliary membranes was blocked by the calmodulin antagonists calmidazolium (half-inhibition at 5 microM), trifluoperazine (70 microM) and W-7 (50-100 microM). When ciliary membranes (which contained most of the ciliary adenylate cyclase) were prepared in the presence of Ca2+, their adenylate cyclase was insensitive to Ca2+ in the assay. However, the inclusion of EGTA in buffers used for fractionation of cilia resulted in full retention of Ca2+-sensitivity by the ciliary membrane adenylate cyclase. The membrane-active agent saponin specifically suppressed the Ca2+-dependent adenylate cyclase without inhibiting basal activity with Mg2+ATP or Mn2+ATP. The ciliary adenylate cyclase was shown to be distinct from the Ca2+-dependent guanylate cyclase; the two activities had different kinetic parameters and different responses to added calmodulin and calmodulin antagonists. Our results suggest that Ca2+ influx through the voltage-sensitive Ca2+ channels in the ciliary membrane may influence intraciliary cyclic AMP concentrations by regulating adenylate cyclase.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Gustin
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison 53706
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15
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Muthukumar G, Luby MT, Nickerson KW. Calmodulin activity in yeast and mycelial phases ofCeratocystis ulmi. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1986. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1986.tb01815.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Torruella M, Flawiá MM, Eisenschlos C, Molina y Vedia L, Rubinstein CP, Torres HN. Trypanosoma cruzi adenylate cyclase activity. Purification and characterization. Biochem J 1986; 234:145-50. [PMID: 3518705 PMCID: PMC1146537 DOI: 10.1042/bj2340145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Adenylate cyclase activity associated with Trypanosoma cruzi sedimentable fractions was solubilized by treatment with the non-ionic detergent Lubrol PX and 0.5 M-(NH4)2SO4. The following hydrodynamic and molecular parameters were established for a partially purified enzyme-detergent complex: sedimentation coefficient 6.2 S; Stokes radius 5.65 nm; partial specific volume 0.83 ml/g; Mr 244 000; frictional ratio 1.33. A Mr of about 124 000 was calculated for the detergent-free protein from these parameters. The pI of this enzyme activity was 6.2. A monoclonal antibody to T. cruzi adenylate cyclase was obtained, which inhibited cyclase activities from several lower eukaryotic organisms. The T. cruzi adenylate cyclase was further purified by using this antibody in immunoaffinity chromatographic columns. Fractions obtained after this chromatography showed, on SDS/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis, a main polypeptide band with an apparent Mr of about 56 000, which specifically reacted with the monoclonal antibody.
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Téllez-Iñón MT, Ulloa RM, Glikin GC, Torres HN. Characterization of Neurospora crassa cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase activated by calmodulin. Biochem J 1985; 232:425-30. [PMID: 3004404 PMCID: PMC1152896 DOI: 10.1042/bj2320425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Activation of cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase I by brain or Neurospora calmodulin was studied. The stimulation required micromolar concentrations of Ca2+, and it was observed at cyclic AMP concentrations between 0.1 and 500 microM. Activation was blocked by EDTA and some neuroleptic drugs such as chlorpromazine and fluphenazine. These drugs inhibit the elongation of N. crassa wild-type aerial hyphae. These results reinforce the evidence towards the recognition of Ca2+-calmodulin as one of the systems controlling cyclic nucleotide concentrations in Neurospora.
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Téllez-Iñón MT, Ulloa RM, Torruella M, Torres HN. Calmodulin and Ca2+-dependent cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase activity in Trypanosoma cruzi. Mol Biochem Parasitol 1985; 17:143-53. [PMID: 2999589 DOI: 10.1016/0166-6851(85)90013-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Calmodulin has been purified from Trypanosoma cruzi epimastigote forms by ion-exchange chromatography, gel filtration and affinity chromatography on 2-chloro-10-(3-aminopropyl)phenotiazine-Sepharose. Upon sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, the factor showed a polypeptide band with an apparent molecular weight of 16 000. In addition, cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase activity from T. cruzi epimastigote forms was purified by ion-exchange chromatography and affinity chromatography on a brain calmodulin-Sepharose column. The enzyme was activated by homologous calmodulin as well as by bovine brain and Neurospora crassa calmodulins. The activation required micromolar concentrations of Ca2+ and it was blocked by EGTA and by some neuroleptic drugs such as chlorpromazine, fluphenazine and compound 48/80. Activations were observed at micromolar concentrations of cyclic AMP as substrate. In addition, T. cruzi calmodulin was also active in bringing about the stimulation of brain phosphodiesterase.
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Abstract
Calmodulin-dependent stimulation of adenylate cyclase was initially thought to be a unique feature of neural tissues. In recent years evidence to the contrary has accumulated, calmodulin-dependent stimulation of adenylate cyclase now being demonstrated in a wide range of structurally unrelated tissues and species. Demonstration of the existence of calmodulin-dependent adenylate cyclase has in nearly all instances required the removal of endogenous calmodulin. It is not yet clear whether calmodulin-dependent and calmodulin-independent forms of the enzyme exist and whether some tissues (such as heart) lack a calmodulin-dependent adenylate cyclase. The presence of calmodulin appears largely responsible for the ability of the adenylate cyclase enzyme to be stimulated by submicromolar concentrations of calcium; it may not be relevant to the inhibition of the enzyme which occurs at higher concentrations of calcium. The physical relationship of calmodulin to the plasma membrane bound enzyme (or to the soluble forms of the enzyme) is not known nor is the mechanism of adenylate cyclase activation by calmodulin clear; current data suggest some involvement with both the N and C units of the enzyme. Finally, it is possible that in vivo calcium contributes to the duration of the hormone stimulated cyclic AMP signal. Thus current in vitro data suggest that optimal hormonal activation of calmodulin-dependent adenylate cyclase occurs at very low intracellular calcium concentrations, comparable to those found in the resting cell; conversely the enzyme is inhibited as intracellular calcium increases, following for example agonist stimulation of the cell. These higher calcium concentrations would then activate calmodulin-dependent phosphodiesterase. Such differential effects of calcium on adenylate cyclase and phosphodiesterase would ultimately restrict the duration of the hormone-induced cyclic AMP signal.
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