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Rodrigues CA, Dos Santos PF, da Costa MOL, Pavani TFA, Xander P, Geraldo MM, Mengarda A, de Moraes J, Rando DGG. 4-Phenyl-1,3-thiazole-2-amines as scaffolds for new antileishmanial agents. J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis 2018; 24:26. [PMID: 30214457 PMCID: PMC6131760 DOI: 10.1186/s40409-018-0163-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There is still a need for new alternatives in pharmacological therapy for neglected diseases, as the drugs available show high toxicity and parenteral administration. That is the case for the treatment of leishmaniasis, particularly to the cutaneous clinical form of the disease. In this study, we present the synthesis and biological screening of eight 4-phenyl-1,3-thiazol-2-amines assayed against Leishmania amazonensis. Herein we propose that these compounds are good starting points for the search of new antileishmanial drugs by demonstrating some of the structural aspects which could interfere with the observed activity, as well as suggesting potential macromolecular targets. Methods The compounds were easily synthesized by the methodology of Hantzsch and Weber, had their purities determined by Gas Chromatography-Mass spectrometry and assayed against the promastigote forms of Leishmania amazonensis as well as against two white cell lines (L929 and THP-1) and the monkey’s kidney Vero cells. PrestoBlue® and MTT viability assays were the methodologies applied to measure the antileishmanial and cytotoxic activities, respectively. A molecular modeling target fishing study was performed aiming to propose potential macromolecular targets which could explain the observed biological behavior. Results Four out of the eight compounds tested exhibited important anti-promastigote activity associated with good selectivity indexes when considering Vero cells. For the most promising compound, compound 6, IC50 against promastigotes was 20.78 while SI was 5.69. Compounds 3 (IC50: 46.63 μM; SI: 26.11) and 4 (IC50: 53.12 μM; SI: 4.80) also presented important biological behavior. A target fishing study suggested that S-methyl-5-thioadenosine phosphorylase is a potential target to these compounds, which could be explored to enhance activity and decrease the potential toxic side effects. Conclusions This study shows that 4-phenyl-1,3-thiazol-2-amines could be good scaffolds to the development of new antileishmanial agents. The S-methyl-5-thioadenosine phosphorylase could be one of the macromolecular targets involved in the action. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s40409-018-0163-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina Agostinho Rodrigues
- 1Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research Group, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Environmental, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua São Nicolau, 210, 2o andar, Diadema, SP 09913-030 Brazil
| | - Paloma Freire Dos Santos
- 1Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research Group, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Environmental, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua São Nicolau, 210, 2o andar, Diadema, SP 09913-030 Brazil
| | - Marcela Oliveira Legramanti da Costa
- 1Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research Group, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Environmental, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua São Nicolau, 210, 2o andar, Diadema, SP 09913-030 Brazil
| | - Thais Fernanda Amorim Pavani
- 1Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research Group, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Environmental, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua São Nicolau, 210, 2o andar, Diadema, SP 09913-030 Brazil
| | - Patrícia Xander
- 2Laboratory of Cellular Immunology and Biochemistry of Fungi, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Environmental, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua São Nicolau, 210, 2o andar, Diadema, SP 09913-030 Brazil
| | - Mariana Marques Geraldo
- 2Laboratory of Cellular Immunology and Biochemistry of Fungi, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Environmental, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua São Nicolau, 210, 2o andar, Diadema, SP 09913-030 Brazil
| | - Ana Mengarda
- 3Research Group of Neglected Diseases, University of Guarulhos, Praça Tereza Cristina, 88, Guarulhos, SP 07020-071 Brazil
| | - Josué de Moraes
- 3Research Group of Neglected Diseases, University of Guarulhos, Praça Tereza Cristina, 88, Guarulhos, SP 07020-071 Brazil
| | - Daniela Gonçales Galasse Rando
- 1Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research Group, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Environmental, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua São Nicolau, 210, 2o andar, Diadema, SP 09913-030 Brazil
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Toohey JI, Cooper AJL. Thiosulfoxide (sulfane) sulfur: new chemistry and new regulatory roles in biology. Molecules 2014; 19:12789-813. [PMID: 25153879 PMCID: PMC4170951 DOI: 10.3390/molecules190812789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Revised: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The understanding of sulfur bonding is undergoing change. Old theories on hypervalency of sulfur and the nature of the chalcogen-chalcogen bond are now questioned. At the same time, there is a rapidly expanding literature on the effects of sulfur in regulating biological systems. The two fields are inter-related because the new understanding of the thiosulfoxide bond helps to explain the newfound roles of sulfur in biology. This review examines the nature of thiosulfoxide (sulfane, S0) sulfur, the history of its regulatory role, its generation in biological systems, and its functions in cells. The functions include synthesis of cofactors (molybdenum cofactor, iron-sulfur clusters), sulfuration of tRNA, modulation of enzyme activities, and regulating the redox environment by several mechanisms (including the enhancement of the reductive capacity of glutathione). A brief review of the analogous form of selenium suggests that the toxicity of selenium may be due to over-reduction caused by the powerful reductive activity of glutathione perselenide.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Arthur J L Cooper
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA.
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Mary C, Duek P, Salleron L, Tienz P, Bumann D, Bairoch A, Lane L. Functional identification of APIP as human mtnB, a key enzyme in the methionine salvage pathway. PLoS One 2012; 7:e52877. [PMID: 23285211 PMCID: PMC3532061 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0052877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2012] [Accepted: 11/22/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The methionine salvage pathway is widely distributed among some eubacteria, yeast, plants and animals and recycles the sulfur-containing metabolite 5-methylthioadenosine (MTA) to methionine. In eukaryotic cells, the methionine salvage pathway takes place in the cytosol and usually involves six enzymatic activities: MTA phosphorylase (MTAP, EC 2.4.2.28), 5′-methylthioribose-1-phosphate isomerase (mtnA, EC 5.3.1.23), 5′-methylthioribulose-1-phosphate dehydratase (mtnB, EC: 4.2.1.109), 2,3-dioxomethiopentane-1-phosphate enolase/phosphatase (mtnC, EC 3.1.3.77), aci-reductone dioxygenase (mtnD, EC 1.13.11.54) and 4-methylthio-2-oxo-butanoate (MTOB) transaminase (EC 2.6.1.-). The aim of this study was to complete the available information on the methionine salvage pathway in human by identifying the enzyme responsible for the dehydratase step. Using a bioinformatics approach, we propose that a protein called APIP could perform this role. The involvement of this protein in the methionine salvage pathway was investigated directly in HeLa cells by transient and stable short hairpin RNA interference. We show that APIP depletion specifically impaired the capacity of cells to grow in media where methionine is replaced by MTA. Using a Shigella mutant auxotroph for methionine, we confirm that the knockdown of APIP specifically affects the recycling of methionine. We also show that mutation of three potential phosphorylation sites does not affect APIP activity whereas mutation of the potential zinc binding site completely abrogates it. Finally, we show that the N-terminal region of APIP that is missing in the short isoform is required for activity. Together, these results confirm the involvement of APIP in the methionine salvage pathway, which plays a key role in many biological functions like cancer, apoptosis, microbial proliferation and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Mary
- CALIPHO Group, SIB-Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
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Abstract
Our aim in this commentary is to provide evidence that certain oxoacids formed in anaplerotic reactions control cell proliferation/apoptosis. In tumour cells with impaired Krebs cycle enzymes, some anaplerotic reactions do compensate for the deficit in oxoacids. One of these, oxaloacetate, derived from the transamination of asparagine but not of aspartate, is decarboxylated 4-fold more efficiently in polyoma-virus transformed cells than in their non-transformed counterparts. The deamidation of asparagine, in the cell culture medium, to aspartate by asparaginase decreases asparagine transamination and inhibits concomitantly the growth of asparaginase-sensitive lymphoma cells, suggesting a causal relationship between asparagine transamination and growth. Another oxoacid that can provide ATP when metabolised in mitochondria, but by the branched-chain oxoacid dehydrogenase complex (BCOADC), is 2-oxobutanoate. It has two origins: (a) deamination of threonine, and (b) cleavage of cystathionine, a metabolite derived from methionine. 2-Oxobutanoate in the presence of insulin promotes growth in G1/S arrested cells. But methionine also gives rise to another substrate of BCOADC, 4-methylthio-2-oxobutanoate (MTOB), which is synthesised exclusively from methylthioadenosine (MTA) by the action of MTA phosphorylase. In Met-dependent tumour cells with defective MTA phosphorylase, 2-oxobutanoate production would exceed that of MTOB. Further, BCOADC also has 3-fold greater affinity for 2-oxobutanoate than for MTOB; hence, the deficiency in 3-methylthio propionyl CoA, the final product of MTOB decarboxylation, would be exacerbated. Methional, the transient metabolic precursor in 3-methylthio propionyl CoA biosynthesis, is apoptogenic for both normal and bcl(2)-negative transformed cells in culture. Investigations of other causal relationships between the genes/enzymes mediating the homeostasis of anaplerotic oxoacids and cell growth/death may be worthwhile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerard Quash
- Laboratoire d'Immunochimie, INSERM U 329, Faculté de médecine Lyon-Sud, Chemin du Petit Revoyet BP. 12, 69921 Oullins cedex, France.
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Mowen KA, Tang J, Zhu W, Schurter BT, Shuai K, Herschman HR, David M. Arginine methylation of STAT1 modulates IFNalpha/beta-induced transcription. Cell 2001; 104:731-41. [PMID: 11257227 DOI: 10.1016/s0092-8674(01)00269-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 369] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Transcriptional induction by interferons requires the tyrosine and serine phosphorylation of STAT transcription factors. The N-terminal region is highly homologous among the STAT proteins and surrounds a completely conserved arginine residue. Here we demonstrate arginine methylation of STAT1 by the protein arginine methyl-transferase PRMT1 as a novel requirement for IFNalpha/beta-induced transcription. Methyl-thioadenosine, a methyl-transferase inhibitor that accumulates in many transformed cells, inhibits STAT1-mediated IFN responses. This inhibition arises from impaired STAT1-DNA binding due to an increased association of the STAT inhibitor PIAS1 with phosphorylated STAT1 dimers in the absence of arginine methylation. Thus, arginine methylation of STAT1 is an additional posttranslational modification regulating transcription factor function, and alteration of arginine methylation might be responsible for the lack of interferon responsiveness observed in many malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Mowen
- Division of Biology and UCSD Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, Bonner Hall 3138, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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Olopade OI, Pomykala HM, Hagos F, Sveen LW, Espinosa R, Dreyling MH, Gursky S, Stadler WM, Le Beau MM, Bohlander SK. Construction of a 2.8-megabase yeast artificial chromosome contig and cloning of the human methylthioadenosine phosphorylase gene from the tumor suppressor region on 9p21. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1995; 92:6489-93. [PMID: 7604019 PMCID: PMC41543 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.92.14.6489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Many human malignant cells lack methylthioadenosine phosphorylase (MTAP) enzyme activity. The gene (MTAP) encoding this enzyme was previously mapped to the short arm of chromosome 9, band p21-22, a region that is frequently deleted in multiple tumor types. To clone candidate tumor suppressor genes from the deleted region on 9p21-22, we have constructed a long-range physical map of 2.8 megabases for 9p21 by using overlapping yeast artificial chromosome and cosmid clones. This map includes the type IIFN gene cluster, the recently identified candidate tumor suppressor genes CDKN2 (p16INK4A) and CDKN2B (p15INK4B), and several CpG islands. In addition, we have identified other transcription units within the yeast artificial chromosome contig. Sequence analysis of a 2.5-kb cDNA clone isolated from a CpG island that maps between the IFN genes and CDKN2 reveals a predicted open reading frame of 283 amino acids followed by 1302 nucleotides of 3' untranslated sequence. This gene is evolutionarily conserved and shows significant amino acid homologies to mouse and human purine nucleoside phosphorylases and to a hypothetical 25.8-kDa protein in the pet gene (coding for cytochrome bc1 complex) region of Rhodospirillum rubrum. The location, expression pattern, and nucleotide sequence of this gene suggest that it codes for the MTAP enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- O I Olopade
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, IL 60637, USA
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Ogier G, Chantepie J, Deshayes C, Chantegrel B, Charlot C, Doutheau A, Quash G. Contribution of 4-methylthio-2-oxobutanoate and its transaminase to the growth of methionine-dependent cells in culture. Effect of transaminase inhibitors. Biochem Pharmacol 1993; 45:1631-44. [PMID: 8484803 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(93)90304-f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The growth in culture of methionine-dependent transformed cells of human, rat and mouse origin was arrested in the absence of L-methionine (Met) but took place in the presence of 4-methylthio-2-oxobutanoic acid (MTOB), the keto acid of Met. From 24 hr after seeding, cells grew in 0.1 mM MTOB medium at a rate comparable to that in 0.1 mM Met medium. Using [35S]MTOB, it was found that the Met synthesized was used in normal MRC-5 cells and in transformed HeLa cells to the same extent for protein, adenosylmethionine and adenosylhomocysteine syntheses. However, when the free Met content was examined, it was found to be 3-fold greater in HeLa than in MRC-5 cells. To examine the importance of this free Met for the growth of transformed cells, the transaminase responsible for converting MTOB to Met was chosen as a target enzyme for the synthesis of compounds with potential inhibitory activity. Since this is a multisubstrate enzyme, reduced Schiff bases were prepared containing both pyridoxal or other aromatic groups, as one constituent, and L-Met or other amino-acids in the free acid or ester or amide form, as the other constituent. Only esters containing the pyridoxal moiety and Met or certain of its structural analogues exhibited good selective growth inhibitory activity in that there was little (20%) or no effect on the growth of normal MRC-5 and derm cells, respectively, while that of transformed HeLa, HEp-2 and L1210 cells was strongly inhibited (80%). This inhibition was accompanied by a concomitant decrease in the activity of the MTOB transaminase in both HeLa and MRC-5 cells treated with 3c the most potent inhibitor. However, using [35S]MTOB it was found that MTOB itself accumulated 48% in HeLa but only 12% in MRC-5 cells treated with 3c. On the contrary [35S]Met formed from [35S]MTOB increased 3.7-fold in MRC-5 inhibitor-treated cells showing 20% growth inhibition whereas it decreased 38% in HeLa-treated cells showing 80% growth inhibition. This decrease in cellular Met in HeLa is not responsible for growth arrest. Indeed the growth of HeLa cells could not be restored by adding a 10-fold excess of Met. Since MTOB can alleviate Met-dependence, the intracellular homeostasis of this metabolite may play a hitherto unsuspected role in controlling cell growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Ogier
- Laboratorie d'Immunochimie, INSERM CJF 89-05, Université Claude Bernard, Lyon I, Qullins, France
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