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Chen C, Ji H, Jiang N, Wang Y, Zhou Y, Zhu Z, Hu Y, Wang Y, Li A, Guo A. Thrombin increases the expression of cholesterol 25-hydroxylase in rat astrocytes after spinal cord injury. Neural Regen Res 2022; 18:1339-1346. [PMID: 36453421 PMCID: PMC9838143 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.357905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes are important cellular centers of cholesterol synthesis and metabolism that help maintain normal physiological function at the organism level. Spinal cord injury results in aberrant cholesterol metabolism by astrocytes and excessive production of oxysterols, which have profound effects on neuropathology. 25-Hydroxycholesterol (25-HC), the main product of the membrane-associated enzyme cholesterol-25-hydroxylase (CH25H), plays important roles in mediating neuroinflammation. However, whether the abnormal astrocyte cholesterol metabolism induced by spinal cord injury contributes to the production of 25-HC, as well as the resulting pathological effects, remain unclear. In the present study, spinal cord injury-induced activation of thrombin was found to increase astrocyte CH25H expression. A protease-activated receptor 1 inhibitor was able to attenuate this effect in vitro and in vivo. In cultured primary astrocytes, thrombin interacted with protease-activated receptor 1, mainly through activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase/nuclear factor-kappa B signaling pathway. Conditioned culture medium from astrocytes in which ch25h expression had been knocked down by siRNA reduced macrophage migration. Finally, injection of the protease activated receptor 1 inhibitor SCH79797 into rat neural sheaths following spinal cord injury reduced migration of microglia/macrophages to the injured site and largely restored motor function. Our results demonstrate a novel regulatory mechanism for thrombin-regulated cholesterol metabolism in astrocytes that could be used to develop anti-inflammatory drugs to treat patients with spinal cord injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Chen
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China,Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Huiyuan Ji
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Nan Jiang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yingjie Wang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yue Zhou
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zhenjie Zhu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yuming Hu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yongjun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Aihong Li
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China,Correspondence to: Aisong Guo, ; Aihong Li, .
| | - Aisong Guo
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China,Correspondence to: Aisong Guo, ; Aihong Li, .
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Chen X, Zhang H, Hao H, Zhang X, Song H, He B, Wang Y, Zhou Y, Zhu Z, Hu Y, Wang Y. Thrombin induces morphological and inflammatory astrocytic responses via activation of PAR1 receptor. Cell Death Dis 2022; 8:189. [PMID: 35399122 PMCID: PMC8995373 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-022-00997-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
AbstractSpinal cord injury (SCI) will result in the significant elevation of thrombin production at lesion site via either breakage of blood-spinal cord barrier or upregulated expression within nerve cells. Thrombin-induced activation of the protease activated receptors (PARs) evokes various pathological effects that deteriorate the functional outcomes of the injured cord. The cellular consequences of thrombin action on the astrocytes, as well as the underlying mechanism are not fully elucidated by far. In the present study, SCI model of rats was established by contusion, and primary astrocytes were isolated for culture from newborn rats. The expression levels of thrombin and PAR1 receptor at lesion sites of the spinal cord were determined. The primary astrocytes cultured in vitro were stimulated with different concentration of thrombin, and the resultant morphological changes, inflammatory astrocytic responses, as well as PAR1-activated signal pathway of astrocytes were accordingly examined using various agonists or antagonists of the receptor. Thrombin was found to reverse astrocytic stellation, promote proliferation but inhibit migration of astrocytes. Furthermore, the serine protease was shown to facilitate inflammatory response of astrocytes through regulation of MAPKs/NFκB pathway. Our results have provided the morphological evidence of astrocytic reactivity in response to thrombin stimulation and its neuroinflammatory effects following SCI, which will be indicative for the fundamental insights of thrombin-induced neuropathology.
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Berkowitz S, Chapman J, Dori A, Gofrit SG, Maggio N, Shavit-Stein E. Complement and Coagulation System Crosstalk in Synaptic and Neural Conduction in the Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9121950. [PMID: 34944766 PMCID: PMC8698364 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9121950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Complement and coagulation are both key systems that defend the body from harm. They share multiple features and are similarly activated. They each play individual roles in the systemic circulation in physiology and pathophysiology, with significant crosstalk between them. Components from both systems are mapped to important structures in the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS). Complement and coagulation participate in critical functions in neuronal development and synaptic plasticity. During pathophysiological states, complement and coagulation factors are upregulated and can modulate synaptic transmission and neuronal conduction. This review summarizes the current evidence regarding the roles of the complement system and the coagulation cascade in the CNS and PNS. Possible crosstalk between the two systems regarding neuroinflammatory-related effects on synaptic transmission and neuronal conduction is explored. Novel treatment based on the modulation of crosstalk between complement and coagulation may perhaps help to alleviate neuroinflammatory effects in diseased states of the CNS and PNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shani Berkowitz
- Department of Neurology, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan 5266202, Israel; (S.B.); (J.C.); (A.D.); (S.G.G.); (N.M.)
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Joab Chapman
- Department of Neurology, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan 5266202, Israel; (S.B.); (J.C.); (A.D.); (S.G.G.); (N.M.)
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
- Robert and Martha Harden Chair in Mental and Neurological Diseases, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Amir Dori
- Department of Neurology, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan 5266202, Israel; (S.B.); (J.C.); (A.D.); (S.G.G.); (N.M.)
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
- Talpiot Medical Leadership Program, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan 6997801, Israel
| | - Shany Guly Gofrit
- Department of Neurology, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan 5266202, Israel; (S.B.); (J.C.); (A.D.); (S.G.G.); (N.M.)
| | - Nicola Maggio
- Department of Neurology, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan 5266202, Israel; (S.B.); (J.C.); (A.D.); (S.G.G.); (N.M.)
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
- Talpiot Medical Leadership Program, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan 6997801, Israel
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Efrat Shavit-Stein
- Department of Neurology, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan 5266202, Israel; (S.B.); (J.C.); (A.D.); (S.G.G.); (N.M.)
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +972-50-921-0400
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Molecular Changes on Maternal-Fetal Interface in Placental Abruption-A Systematic Review. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22126612. [PMID: 34205566 PMCID: PMC8235312 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Placental abruption is the separation of the placenta from the lining of the uterus before childbirth. It is an infrequent perinatal complication with serious after-effects and a marked risk of maternal and fetal mortality. Despite the fact that numerous placental abruption risk factors are known, the pathophysiology of this issue is multifactorial and not entirely clear. The aim of this review was to examine the current state of knowledge concerning the molecular changes on the maternal–fetal interface occurring in placental abruption. Only original research articles describing studies published in English until the 15 March 2021 were considered eligible. Reviews, book chapters, case studies, conference papers and opinions were excluded. The systematic literature search of PubMed/MEDLINE and Scopus databases identified 708 articles, 22 of which were analyzed. The available evidence indicates that the disruption of the immunological processes on the maternal–fetal interface plays a crucial role in the pathophysiology of placental abruption. The features of chronic non-infectious inflammation and augmented immunological cytotoxic response were found to be present in placental abruption samples in the reviewed studies. Various molecules participate in this process, with only a few being examined. More advanced research is needed to fully explain this complicated process.
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Chi Y, Liu X, Chai J. A narrative review of changes in microvascular permeability after burn. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2021; 9:719. [PMID: 33987417 PMCID: PMC8106041 DOI: 10.21037/atm-21-1267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Objective We aimed to review and discuss some of the latest research results related to post-burn pathophysiological changes and provide some clues for future study. Background Burns are one of the most common and serious traumas and consist of a series of pathophysiological changes of thermal injury. Accompanied by thermal damage to skin and soft tissues, inflammatory mediators are released in large quantities. Changes in histamine, bradykinin, and cytokines such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), metabolic factors such as adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and activated neutrophils all affect the body’s vascular permeability. Methods We searched articles with subject words “microvascular permeability”, “burn” “endothelium”, and “endothelial barrier” in PubMed in English published from the beginning of database to Dec, 2020. Conclusions The essence of burn shock is the rapid and extensive fluid transfer in burn and non-burn tissue. After severe burns, the local and systemic vascular permeability increase, causing intravascular fluid extravasation, leading to a progressive decrease in effective circulation volume, an increase in systemic vascular resistance, a decrease in cardiac output, peripheral tissue edema, multiple organ failure, and even death. There are many cells, tissues, mediators and structures involved in the pathophysiological process of the damage to vascular permeability. Ulinastatin is a promising agent for this problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunfei Chi
- Burn Institute, The Fourth Medical Center of the PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangyu Liu
- Burn Institute, The Fourth Medical Center of the PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jiake Chai
- Burn Institute, The Fourth Medical Center of the PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
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6
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Romantsik O, Bruschettini M, Ley D. Intraventricular Hemorrhage and White Matter Injury in Preclinical and Clinical Studies. Neoreviews 2020; 20:e636-e652. [PMID: 31676738 DOI: 10.1542/neo.20-11-e636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Germinal matrix-intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) occurs in nearly half of infants born at less than 26 weeks' gestation. Up to 50% of survivors with IVH develop cerebral palsy, cognitive deficits, behavioral disorders, posthemorrhagic ventricular dilatation, or a combination of these sequelae. After the initial bleeding and the primary brain injury, inflammation and secondary brain injury might lead to periventricular leukomalacia or diffuse white matter injury. Potential factors that are involved include microglia and astrocyte activation, degradation of blood components with release of "toxic" products, infiltration of the brain by systemic immune cells, death of neuronal and glial cells, and arrest of preoligodendrocyte maturation. In addition, impairment of the blood-brain barrier may play a major role in the pathophysiology. A wide range of animal models has been used to explore causes and mechanisms leading to IVH-induced brain injury. Preclinical studies have identified potential targets for enhancing brain repair. However, little has been elucidated about the effectiveness of potential interventions in clinical studies. A systematic review of available preclinical and clinical studies might help identify research gaps and which types of interventions may be prioritized. Future trials should report clinically robust and long-term outcomes after IVH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Romantsik
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Pediatrics, Lund University, Skane University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Matteo Bruschettini
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Pediatrics, Lund University, Skane University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - David Ley
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Pediatrics, Lund University, Skane University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
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7
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Krenzlin H, Gresser E, Jussen D, Riede N, Taylor L, Vogelaar CF, Ringel F, Kempski O, Alessandri B. The Cerebral Thrombin System Is Activated after Intracerebral Hemorrhage and Contributes to Secondary Lesion Growth and Poor Neurological Outcome in C57Bl/6 Mice. J Neurotrauma 2020; 37:1481-1490. [PMID: 31830857 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2019.6582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
With increasing evidence for the existence of a cerebral thrombin system, coagulation factor IIa (thrombin) is suspected to influence the pathogenesis of secondary injury progression after intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). We hypothesized that mechanisms associated with local volume expansion after ICH, rather than blood constituents, activate the cerebral thrombin system and are responsible for detrimental neurological outcome. To test this hypothesis, we examine the local thrombin expression after ICH in a C57BL/6N mouse model in the presence and absence of blood constituents. ICH was established using stereotaxic orthotopic injection of utologous blood (n = 10) or silicone oil as inert volume substance (n = 10) into the striatum. Intracranial pressure (ICP), cerebral blood flow (CBF), and mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) were monitored during and 30 min after the procedure. No significant differences between ICP, CBF, and MAP were found between both groups. Prothrombin messenger RNA expression was upregulated early after ICH. Immunohistochemistry showed an increase of perilesional thrombin in both groups (blood, 4.24-fold; silicone, 3.10-fold), whereas prothrombin fragment (F1.2) was elevated only in the absence of whole blood. Thrombin expression is colocalized with neuronal antigen expression. After 24 h, lesion size and neuronal loss were similar. Perihematomal thrombin correlated with increased neuronal loss and detrimental neurological outcome in vivo. In our study, we demonstrate, for the first time, that the local cerebral thrombin system is activated after ICH and that this activation is independent of the presence of whole-blood constituents. In our study, neuronal damage is driven by local thrombin expression and leads to an adverse clinical outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harald Krenzlin
- Institute of Neurosurgical Pathophysiology, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany.,Department of Neurosurgery, and Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Eva Gresser
- Institute of Neurosurgical Pathophysiology, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Daniel Jussen
- Institute of Neurosurgical Pathophysiology, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany.,Department of Neurosurgery, HELIOS Dr. Horst-Schmidt-Kliniken, Wiesbaden, Germany
| | - Nicole Riede
- Institute of Neurosurgical Pathophysiology, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Louise Taylor
- Institute of Neurosurgical Pathophysiology, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | | | - Florian Ringel
- Institute of Neurosurgical Pathophysiology, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany.,Department of Neurosurgery, and Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Oliver Kempski
- Institute of Neurosurgical Pathophysiology, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Beat Alessandri
- Institute of Neurosurgical Pathophysiology, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
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8
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Ghali GZ, Ghali MGZ. Nafamostat mesylate attenuates the pathophysiologic sequelae of neurovascular ischemia. Neural Regen Res 2020; 15:2217-2234. [PMID: 32594033 PMCID: PMC7749469 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.284981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nafamostat mesylate, an apparent soi-disant panacea of sorts, is widely used to anticoagulate patients undergoing hemodialysis or cardiopulmonary bypass, mitigate the inflammatory response in patients diagnosed with acute pancreatitis, and reverse the coagulopathy of patients experiencing the commonly preterminal disseminated intravascular coagulation in the Far East. The serine protease inhibitor nafamostat mesylate exhibits significant neuroprotective effects in the setting of neurovascular ischemia. Nafamostat mesylate generates neuroprotective effects by attenuating the enzymatic activity of serine proteases, neuroinflammatory signaling cascades, and the endoplasmic reticulum stress responses, downregulating excitotoxic transient receptor membrane channel subfamily 7 cationic currents, modulating the activity of intracellular signal transduction pathways, and supporting neuronal survival (brain-derived neurotrophic factor/TrkB/ERK1/2/CREB, nuclear factor kappa B. The effects collectively reduce neuronal necrosis and apoptosis and prevent ischemia mediated disruption of blood-brain barrier microarchitecture. Investigational clinical applications of these compounds may mitigate ischemic reperfusion injury in patients undergoing cardiac, hepatic, renal, or intestinal transplant, preventing allograft rejection, and treating solid organ malignancies. Neuroprotective effects mediated by nafamostat mesylate support the wise conduct of randomized prospective controlled trials in Western countries to evaluate the clinical utility of this compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Zaki Ghali
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Arlington, VA; Department of Toxicology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Michael George Zaki Ghali
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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9
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Mannuß S, Schuff-Werner P, Dreißiger K, Burstein C. Inhibition of agonist-induced platelet aggregation by magnesium sulfate warrants its use as an alternative in vitro anticoagulant in pseudothrombocytopenia. Platelets 2019; 31:680-684. [DOI: 10.1080/09537104.2019.1663804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Mannuß
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
- Medizinisch-Diagnostische Institute (MVZ), Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter Schuff-Werner
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
- Medizinisch-Diagnostische Institute (MVZ), Berlin, Germany
| | - Katrin Dreißiger
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Christine Burstein
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
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10
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Tsai CC, Kuo FT, Lee SB, Chang YT, Fu HW. Endocytosis-dependent lysosomal degradation of Src induced by protease-activated receptor 1. FEBS Lett 2019; 593:504-517. [PMID: 30758841 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Src plays a critical role in regulating cellular responses induced by protease-activated receptor 1 (PAR1). Here, we found that PAR1 activation induces lysosomal degradation of Src. Src is associated and trafficked together with activated PAR1 to early endosomes and then sorted to lysosomes for degradation. Blocking agonist-induced endocytosis of PAR1 by inhibition of dynamin activity suppresses PAR1-induced degradation of Src. However, Src activity is neither required for agonist-induced PAR1 internalization nor required for Src degradation upon PAR1 activation. We show that PAR1 activation triggers endocytosis-dependent lysosomal degradation of Src in both human embryonic kidney 293 and human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Our finding provides a new paradigm for how an irreversibly activated receptor regulates its downstream signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Che Tsai
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Fang-Ting Kuo
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Sung-Bau Lee
- Department of Life Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, Republic of China.,College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Yu-Ting Chang
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Hua-Wen Fu
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, Republic of China.,Department of Life Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, Republic of China
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11
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Krenzlin H, Lorenz V, Alessandri B. The involvement of thrombin in the pathogenesis of glioblastoma. J Neurosci Res 2017; 95:2080-2085. [DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2016] [Revised: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Harald Krenzlin
- Harvey Cushing Neuro-oncology Laboratories, Department of Neurosurgery; Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School; Boston MA 02115 USA
- Institute for Neurosurgical Pathophysiology; University Medicine Mainz; Langenbeckstr.1 Mainz 55101 Germany
| | - Viola Lorenz
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital; 300 Longwood Avenue Boston MA 02115 USA
| | - Beat Alessandri
- Institute for Neurosurgical Pathophysiology; University Medicine Mainz; Langenbeckstr.1 Mainz 55101 Germany
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12
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Uemura T, Green M, Warsh JJ. Chronic LiCl pretreatment suppresses thrombin-stimulated intracellular calcium mobilization through TRPC3 in astroglioma cells. Bipolar Disord 2016; 18:549-562. [PMID: 27870504 DOI: 10.1111/bdi.12447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Transient receptor potential canonical type 3 (TRPC3) channels are activated in B lymphoblast cell lines from patients with bipolar disorder (BD), and its expression is reduced by chronic lithium treatment, implicating TRPC3 in the intracellular calcium (Ca2+ ) dyshomeostasis of BD. Thrombin, via a protease-activated receptor, moderates Ca2+ signaling and TRPC3 in astrocytes, and also cell proliferation. We examined whether lithium pretreatment attenuates thrombin-stimulated TRPC3 expression and function in astrocytes, and levels of the calcium-binding peptide, S100B, which is expressed mainly in these cells. METHODS Human astroglioma, U-87MG, cells were pretreated with 1 mmol L-1 LiCl for 1 day (acute), 3 days (subacute), and 7 days (chronic). To examine the role of TRPC3, genetically stable knockdown TRPC3 cells (TRPC3Low cells) were constructed using U-87MG cells. Thrombin (2.0 U/mL)-stimulated Ca2+ mobilization was measured by ratiometric fluorimetry. Changes in TRPC3 and S100B expression levels were determined by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and immunoblotting, respectively. Cell proliferation was also measured using the WST-8 assay. RESULTS In this cell model, thrombin-stimulated Ca2+ mobilization, and both TRPC3 and S100B expression were suppressed by chronic LiCl pretreatment and the knockdown of TRPC3. Additionally, cell proliferation was attenuated in TRPC3Low cells, compared with the negative control vector-transfected cell. CONCLUSIONS The reduced Ca2+ mobilization and S100B expression levels following chronic LiCl pretreatment and in TRPC3Low cells support the notion that TRPC3 modulates S100B expression and is the target of the LiCl effect. Downregulation of TRPC3 may be an important mechanism by which lithium ameliorates pathophysiological intracellular Ca2+ disturbances as observed in BD, accounting, in part, for its mood-stabilizing effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuji Uemura
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Pathophysiology, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Neuropsychiatry, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Marty Green
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Pathophysiology, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jerry J Warsh
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Pathophysiology, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Program in Neuroscience, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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13
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Phillippe M, Wolff D, Saunders T, Thomas L, Chapa J. Intrauterine Expression of Prothrombin in the Sprague-Dawley Rat. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/107155760200900504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mark Phillippe
- Section of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Fletcher Allen Health Care, Burgess 202, 111 Colchester Avenue, Burlington, VT 05401
| | | | | | | | - Jeffrey Chapa
- Section of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
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14
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Cloning and Tissue expression of the Tissue Prothrombinase Fgl-2 in the Sprague-Dawley Rat. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/s1071-55760200252-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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15
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Nafamostat mesilate protects against acute cerebral ischemia via blood-brain barrier protection. Neuropharmacology 2016; 105:398-410. [PMID: 26861077 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2016.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Revised: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Serine proteases, such as thrombin, are contributors to the disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and exacerbate brain damage during ischemic stroke, for which the current clinical therapy remains unsatisfactory. However, the effect of nafamostat mesilate (NM), a synthetic serine protease inhibitor, on BBB disruption following cerebral ischemia is unknown. Here, we investigated the in vivo effect of NM on BBB integrity in rats subjected to transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) and explored the possible mechanism in an in vitro BBB model comprising rat brain microvascular endothelial cells and astrocytes after oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD) in the presence of thrombin. The results showed that NM treatment remarkably attenuated transient MCAO-induced brain infarcts, brain oedema and motor dysfunction in addition to BBB disruption, which might be related to changes in tight junction protein expression and localization. Meanwhile, NM preserved BBB integrity and alleviated the changes in tight junction protein expression and localization and cytoskeleton rearrangement in rat brain microvascular endothelial cells via thrombin inhibition. Our findings suggest that NM treatment can preserve BBB integrity through the inhibition of thrombin, which might be correlated with the regulation of PKCα/RhoA/MLC2 pathway components.
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The Importance of Thrombin in Cerebral Injury and Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17010084. [PMID: 26761005 PMCID: PMC4730327 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17010084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Revised: 12/28/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that prothrombin and its active derivative thrombin are expressed locally in the central nervous system. So far, little is known about the physiological and pathophysiological functions exerted by thrombin in the human brain. Extra-hepatic prothrombin expression has been identified in neuronal cells and astrocytes via mRNA measurement. The actual amount of brain derived prothrombin is expected to be 1% or less compared to that in the liver. The role in brain injury depends upon its concentration, as higher amounts cause neuroinflammation and apoptosis, while lower concentrations might even be cytoprotective. Its involvement in numerous diseases like Alzheimer’s, multiple sclerosis, cerebral ischemia and haemorrhage is becoming increasingly clear. This review focuses on elucidation of the cerebral thrombin expression, local generation and its role in injury and disease of the central nervous system.
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Kása A, Csortos C, Verin AD. Cytoskeletal mechanisms regulating vascular endothelial barrier function in response to acute lung injury. Tissue Barriers 2015; 3:e974448. [PMID: 25838980 DOI: 10.4161/21688370.2014.974448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Accepted: 10/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Endothelial cells (EC) form a semi-permeable barrier between the interior space of blood vessels and the underlying tissues. In acute lung injury (ALI) the EC barrier is weakened leading to increased vascular permeability. It is widely accepted that EC barrier integrity is critically dependent upon intact cytoskeletal structure and cell junctions. Edemagenic agonists, like thrombin or endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS), induced cytoskeletal rearrangement, and EC contractile responses leading to disruption of intercellular contacts and EC permeability increase. The highly clinically-relevant cytoskeletal mechanisms of EC barrier dysfunction are currently under intense investigation and will be described and discussed in the current review.
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Key Words
- AJ, adherens junction
- ALI, Acute Lung Injury
- ARDS, Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
- CPI-17, PKC potentiated inhibitory protein of 17 kDa
- CaD, caldesmon
- EC, endothelial cells
- GJ, gap junction
- HSP-27, small heat shock actin-capping protein of 27 kDa
- IL, interleukin
- LPS, lipopolysaccharide
- MLC, myosin light chain
- MLCK, Ca2+/calmodulin (CaM) dependent MLC kinase
- MLCP, myosin light chain phosphatase
- MT, microtubules
- MYPT1, myosin phosphatase targeting subunit 1
- PKA, protein kinase A
- PKC, protein kinase C
- SM, smooth muscle
- TJ, tight junction
- TLR4, toll-like receptor 4
- TNFα, tumor necrosis factor α
- acute lung injury
- barrier function
- cytoskeleton
- endothelial junctions
- pulmonary endothelium
- thrombin
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Kása
- Vascular Biology Center; Georgia Regents University ; Augusta, GA USA
| | - Csilla Csortos
- Department of Medical Chemistry; Faculty of Medicine; University of Debrecen ; Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Alexander D Verin
- Vascular Biology Center; Georgia Regents University ; Augusta, GA USA ; Division of Pulmonary; Medicine Medical College of Georgia; Georgia Regents University; Augusta, GA USA
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Spratte J, Schönborn M, Treder N, Bornkessel F, Zygmunt M, Fluhr H. Heparin modulates chemokines in human endometrial stromal cells by interaction with tumor necrosis factor α and thrombin. Fertil Steril 2015; 103:1363-9. [PMID: 25813285 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2015.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Revised: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the impact of heparins on chemokines in decidualized human endometrial stromal cells (ESCs) in vitro. DESIGN In vitro experiment. SETTING Research laboratory. PATIENT(S) Premenopausal women undergoing hysterectomy for benign reasons. INTERVENTION(S) ESCs were isolated from hysterectomy specimens, decidualized in vitro and incubated with unfractionated heparin and low-molecular-weight heparins (LMWHs) as well as tumor necrosis factor (TNF) α or thrombin with or without heparins. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Chemokines CXCL1, CXCL5, CXCL8, CCL2, and CCL5 were measured with the use of ELISA, and CXCL5, CXCL8, CCL2, and CCL5 were detected with the use of real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction. Cell viability was determined with the use of a fluorometric assay. RESULT(S) TNF-α and thrombin stimulated distinct patterns of chemokines in ESCs. Unfractionated heparin and LMWHs attenuated the TNF-α-mediated induction of CXCL8 and enhanced CXCL5, CCL2, and CCL5. The stimulating effect of thrombin on CXCL8 could be inhibited by heparin, whereas heparin had no impact on thrombin-induced CXCL1 and CCL2. Nuclear factor of transcription κB signaling mediated the effects of TNF-α. The effects of thrombin were mediated via extracellular signal-regulated protein kinases 1/2. CONCLUSION(S) Heparins have modulating effects on TNF-α- and thrombin-induced endometrial chemokines, which might have implications in the regulation of endometrial receptivity and early implantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Spratte
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Magdalena Schönborn
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Nora Treder
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Frauke Bornkessel
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Marek Zygmunt
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Herbert Fluhr
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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The catalytic triad of testes-specific protease 50 (TSP50) is essential for its function in cell proliferation. Cell Signal 2014; 26:2266-75. [PMID: 25049081 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2014.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Revised: 06/22/2014] [Accepted: 07/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Testes-specific protease 50 (TSP50) is a novelly identified pro-oncogene and it shares a similar enzymatic structure with many serine proteases. Our previous results suggested that TSP50 could promote tumorigenesis through degradation of IκBα protein and activating NF-κB signaling, and the threonine mutation in its catalytic triad could depress TSP50-mediated cell proliferation. However, whether the two other residues in the catalytic triad of TSP50 play a role in maintaining protease activity and tumorigenesis, and the mechanisms involved in this process remain unclear. Here, we constructed and characterized three catalytic triad mutants of TSP50 and found that all the mutants could significantly depress TSP50-induced cell proliferation and colony formation in vitro and tumor formation in vivo, and the aspartic acid at position 206 in the catalytic triad played a more crucial role than threonine and histidine in this process. Mechanistic studies revealed that the mutants in the catalytic triad abolished the enzyme activity of TSP50, but did not change the cellular localization. Furthermore, our data indicated that all the three mutants suppressed activation of NF-κB signal by preventing the interaction between TSP50 and the NF-κB:IκBα complex. Most importantly, we demonstrated that TSP50 could interact with IκBα protein and cleave it directly as a new protease in vitro.
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Chelliah MV, Eagen K, Guo Z, Chackalamannil S, Xia Y, Tsai H, Greenlee WJ, Ahn HS, Kurowski S, Boykow G, Hsieh Y, Chintala M. Himbacine-derived thrombin receptor antagonists: c7-spirocyclic analogues of vorapaxar. ACS Med Chem Lett 2014; 5:561-5. [PMID: 24900880 PMCID: PMC4027741 DOI: 10.1021/ml500008w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
We have synthesized several C7-spirocyclic analogues of vorapaxar and evaluated their in vitro activities against PAR-1 receptor. Some of these analogues showed activities and rat plasma levels comparable to vorapaxar. Compound 5c from this series showed excellent PAR-1 activity (K i = 5.1 nM). We also present a model of these spirocyclic compounds docked to the PAR-1 receptor based on the X-ray crystal structure of vorapaxar bound to PAR-1 receptor. This model explains some of the structure-activity relationships in this series.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariappan V. Chelliah
- Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033-1300, United States
| | - Keith Eagen
- Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033-1300, United States
| | - Zhuyan Guo
- Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033-1300, United States
| | | | | | - Hsingan Tsai
- Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033-1300, United States
| | | | - Ho-Sam Ahn
- Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033-1300, United States
| | - Stan Kurowski
- Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033-1300, United States
| | - George Boykow
- Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033-1300, United States
| | - Yunsheng Hsieh
- Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033-1300, United States
| | - Madhu Chintala
- Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033-1300, United States
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21
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Chelliah MV, Chackalamannil S, Xia Y, Greenlee WJ, Ahn HS, Kurowski S, Boykow G, Hsieh Y, Chintala M. Himbacine-derived thrombin receptor antagonists: c7-aminomethyl and c9a-hydroxy analogues of vorapaxar. ACS Med Chem Lett 2014; 5:183-7. [PMID: 24900795 DOI: 10.1021/ml400452v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2013] [Accepted: 12/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We have synthesized several C7-aminomethyl analogues of vorapaxar that are potent PAR-1 antagonists. Many of these analogues showed excellent in vitro binding affinity and pharmacokinetics profile in rats. Compound 6a from this series showed excellent PAR-1 activity (K i = 5 nM). We have also synthesized a C9a-hydroxy analogue of vorapaxar, which showed very good PAR-1 affinity (K i = 19.5 nM) along with excellent rat pharmacokinetic profile and ex vivo efficacy in the cynomolgus monkey.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariappan V. Chelliah
- Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033-1300, United States
| | - Samuel Chackalamannil
- Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033-1300, United States
| | - Yan Xia
- Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033-1300, United States
| | - William J. Greenlee
- Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033-1300, United States
| | - Ho-Sam Ahn
- Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033-1300, United States
| | - Stan Kurowski
- Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033-1300, United States
| | - George Boykow
- Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033-1300, United States
| | - Yunsheng Hsieh
- Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033-1300, United States
| | - Madhu Chintala
- Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033-1300, United States
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22
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Adyshev DM, Dudek SM, Moldobaeva N, Kim KM, Ma SF, Kasa A, Garcia JGN, Verin AD. Ezrin/radixin/moesin proteins differentially regulate endothelial hyperpermeability after thrombin. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2013; 305:L240-55. [PMID: 23729486 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00355.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Endothelial cell (EC) barrier disruption induced by inflammatory agonists such as thrombin leads to potentially lethal physiological dysfunction such as alveolar flooding, hypoxemia, and pulmonary edema. Thrombin stimulates paracellular gap and F-actin stress fiber formation, triggers actomyosin contraction, and alters EC permeability through multiple mechanisms that include protein kinase C (PKC) activation. We previously have shown that the ezrin, radixin, and moesin (ERM) actin-binding proteins differentially participate in sphingosine-1 phosphate-induced EC barrier enhancement. Phosphorylation of a conserved threonine residue in the COOH-terminus of ERM proteins causes conformational changes in ERM to unmask binding sites and is considered a hallmark of ERM activation. In the present study we test the hypothesis that ERM proteins are phosphorylated on this critical threonine residue by thrombin-induced signaling events and explore the role of the ERM family in modulating thrombin-induced cytoskeletal rearrangement and EC barrier function. Thrombin promotes ERM phosphorylation at this threonine residue (ezrin Thr567, radixin Thr564, moesin Thr558) in a PKC-dependent fashion and induces translocation of phosphorylated ERM to the EC periphery. Thrombin-induced ERM threonine phosphorylation is likely synergistically mediated by protease-activated receptors PAR1 and PAR2. Using the siRNA approach, depletion of either moesin alone or of all three ERM proteins significantly attenuates thrombin-induced increase in EC barrier permeability (transendothelial electrical resistance), cytoskeletal rearrangements, paracellular gap formation, and accumulation of phospho-myosin light chain. In contrast, radixin depletion exerts opposing effects on these indexes. These data suggest that ERM proteins play important differential roles in the thrombin-induced modulation of EC permeability, with moesin promoting barrier dysfunction and radixin opposing it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Djanybek M Adyshev
- Institute for Personalized Respiratory Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep, and Allergy, University of Illinois at Chicago, COMRB 3154, MC 719, 909 S. Wolcott Ave., Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
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23
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Thrombin induces release of proinflammatory chemokines interleukin-8 and interferon-γ-induced protein-10 from cultured human fetal astrocytes. Neuroreport 2013; 24:36-40. [DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0b013e32835c1de4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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25
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Lee H, Hamilton JR. Physiology, pharmacology, and therapeutic potential of protease-activated receptors in vascular disease. Pharmacol Ther 2012; 134:246-59. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2012.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2012] [Accepted: 01/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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26
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Chelliah MV, Chackalamannil S, Xia Y, Eagen K, Greenlee WJ, Ahn HS, Agans-Fantuzzi J, Boykow G, Hsieh Y, Bryant M, Chan TM, Chintala M. Discovery of nor-seco himbacine analogs as thrombin receptor antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:2544-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.01.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2011] [Accepted: 01/31/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Abstract
Chronic, subacute decidual hemorrhage (ie, abruptio placenta and retrochorionic hematoma formation) is an important contributor to preterm parturition. Such hemorrhage induces thrombin from decidual tissue factor, which plays a pivotal role in the development of preterm premature rupture of membranes and preterm delivery by acting through protease-activated receptors to promote the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and matrix-degrading metalloproteinases. Severe, acute abruption can lead to maternal and fetal mortality. Current management of abruption is individualized based on severity of disease, underlying etiology, and gestational age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina S Han
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520-8063, USA.
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28
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Villares GJ, Zigler M, Bar-Eli M. The emerging role of the thrombin receptor (PAR-1) in melanoma metastasis--a possible therapeutic target. Oncotarget 2011; 2:8-17. [PMID: 21378407 PMCID: PMC3248147 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanoma remains as the deadliest form of skin cancer with limited and inefficient treatment options available for patients with metastatic disease. Within the last decade, the thrombin receptor, Protease Activated Receptor-1, has been described as an essential gene involved in the progression of human melanoma. PAR-1 is known to activate adhesive, invasive and angiogenic factors to promote melanoma metastasis. It is overexpressed not only in metastatic melanoma cell lines but is also highly expressed in metastatic lesions as compared to primary nevi and normal skin. Recently, PAR-1 has been described to regulate the gap junction protein Connexin 43 and the tumor suppressor gene Maspin to promote the metastatic melanoma phenotype. Herein, we review the role of PAR-1 in the progression of melanoma as well as utilizing PAR-1-regulated genes as potential therapeutic targets for melanoma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel J Villares
- The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Unit 173 Houston, TX, USA
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29
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Wei XN, Han BC, Zhang JX, Liu XH, Tan CY, Jiang YY, Low BC, Tidor B, Chen YZ. An integrated mathematical model of thrombin-, histamine-and VEGF-mediated signalling in endothelial permeability. BMC SYSTEMS BIOLOGY 2011; 5:112. [PMID: 21756365 PMCID: PMC3149001 DOI: 10.1186/1752-0509-5-112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2011] [Accepted: 07/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endothelial permeability is involved in injury, inflammation, diabetes and cancer. It is partly regulated by the thrombin-, histamine-, and VEGF-mediated myosin-light-chain (MLC) activation pathways. While these pathways have been investigated, questions such as temporal effects and the dynamics of multi-mediator regulation remain to be fully studied. Mathematical modeling of these pathways facilitates such studies. Based on the published ordinary differential equation models of the pathway components, we developed an integrated model of thrombin-, histamine-, and VEGF-mediated MLC activation pathways. RESULTS Our model was validated against experimental data for calcium release and thrombin-, histamine-, and VEGF-mediated MLC activation. The simulated effects of PAR-1, Rho GTPase, ROCK, VEGF and VEGFR2 over-expression on MLC activation, and the collective modulation by thrombin and histamine are consistent with experimental findings. Our model was used to predict enhanced MLC activation by CPI-17 over-expression and by synergistic action of thrombin and VEGF at low mediator levels. These may have impact in endothelial permeability and metastasis in cancer patients with blood coagulation. CONCLUSION Our model was validated against a number of experimental findings and the observed synergistic effects of low concentrations of thrombin and histamine in mediating the activation of MLC. It can be used to predict the effects of altered pathway components, collective actions of multiple mediators and the potential impact to various diseases. Similar to the published models of other pathways, our model can potentially be used to identify important disease genes through sensitivity analysis of signalling components.
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Affiliation(s)
- X N Wei
- Computation and Systems Biology, Singapore-MIT Alliance, National University of Singapore, E4-04-10, 4 Engineering Drive 3, 117576, Singapore
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Machado A, Herrera AJ, Venero JL, Santiago M, de Pablos RM, Villarán RF, Espinosa-Oliva AM, Argüelles S, Sarmiento M, Delgado-Cortés MJ, Mauriño R, Cano J. Inflammatory Animal Model for Parkinson's Disease: The Intranigral Injection of LPS Induced the Inflammatory Process along with the Selective Degeneration of Nigrostriatal Dopaminergic Neurons. ISRN NEUROLOGY 2011; 2011:476158. [PMID: 22389821 PMCID: PMC3263561 DOI: 10.5402/2011/476158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2011] [Accepted: 03/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
We have developed an animal model of degeneration of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons, the neuronal system involved in Parkinson's disease (PD). The implication of neuroinflammation on this disease was originally established in 1988, when the presence of activated microglia in the substantia nigra (SN) of parkinsonians was reported by McGeer et al. Neuroinflammation could be involved in the progression of the disease or even has more direct implications. We injected 2 μg of the potent proinflammatory compound lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in different areas of the CNS, finding that SN displayed the highest inflammatory response and that dopaminergic (body) neurons showed a special and specific sensitivity to this process with the induction of selective dopaminergic degeneration. Neurodegeneration is induced by inflammation since it is prevented by anti-inflammatory compounds. The special sensitivity of dopaminergic neurons seems to be related to the endogenous dopaminergic content, since it is overcome by dopamine depletion. Compounds that activate microglia or induce inflammation have similar effects to LPS. This model suggest that inflammation is an important component of the degeneration of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system, probably also in PD. Anti-inflammatory treatments could be useful to prevent or slow down the rate of dopaminergic degeneration in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Machado
- - Departmento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
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Barry GD, Suen JY, Le GT, Cotterell A, Reid RC, Fairlie DP. Novel Agonists and Antagonists for Human Protease Activated Receptor 2. J Med Chem 2010; 53:7428-40. [DOI: 10.1021/jm100984y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Grant D. Barry
- Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane Qld 4072, Australia
| | - Jacky Y. Suen
- Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane Qld 4072, Australia
| | - Giang T. Le
- Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane Qld 4072, Australia
| | - Adam Cotterell
- Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane Qld 4072, Australia
| | - Robert C. Reid
- Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane Qld 4072, Australia
| | - David P. Fairlie
- Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane Qld 4072, Australia
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Bae JS, Kim IS, Rezaie AR. Thrombin down-regulates the TGF-beta-mediated synthesis of collagen and fibronectin by human proximal tubule epithelial cells through the EPCR-dependent activation of PAR-1. J Cell Physiol 2010; 225:233-9. [PMID: 20506163 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.22249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Human proximal tubule (HK-2) cells are commonly used as cellular models to understand the mechanism by which inflammatory mediators cause renal injury. It has been observed that thrombin stimulates the expression of TGF-beta, extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins and proinflammatory cytokines by HK-2 cells. These in vitro responses correlate well with the pathology of glomerular and tubular diseases observed in acute renal injury. HK-2 cells express PAR-1 and the thrombin activation of this receptor has been reported to up-regulate the TGF-beta-mediated expression of ECM proteins, suggesting a possible pathogenic role for PAR-1 signaling by thrombin in acute renal injury. On the other hand, several recent studies have indicated that activated protein C plays a renoprotective role, thus inhibiting the inflammatory responses and attenuating renal injury, presumably by activating the same cell surface receptor. In this study, we show that HK-2 cells express endothelial protein C receptor (EPCR) and that the occupancy of this receptor by protein C switches the signaling specificity of thrombin so that the activation of PAR-1 by thrombin inhibits the TNF-alpha-mediated synthesis of IL-6 and IL-8 and down-regulates the TGF-beta-mediated expression of ECM proteins. These results suggest a possible protective role for EPCR in acute kidney injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Sup Bae
- Department of Herbal Pharmaceutical Engineering, College of Herbal Bio-Industry, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea.
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Griffiths MR, Gasque P, Neal JW. The regulation of the CNS innate immune response is vital for the restoration of tissue homeostasis (repair) after acute brain injury: a brief review. Int J Inflam 2010; 2010:151097. [PMID: 21152121 PMCID: PMC2989866 DOI: 10.4061/2010/151097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2009] [Revised: 01/06/2010] [Accepted: 04/28/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurons and glia respond to acute injury by participating in the CNS innate immune response. This involves the recognition and clearance of "not self " pathogens and "altered self " apoptotic cells. Phagocytic receptors (CD14, CD36, TLR-4) clear "not self" pathogens; neurons and glia express "death signals" to initiate apoptosis in T cells.The complement opsonins C1q, C3, and iC3b facilitate the clearance of apoptotic cells by interacting with CR3 and CR4 receptors. Apoptotic cells are also cleared by the scavenger receptors CD14, Prs-R, TREM expressed by glia. Serpins also expressed by glia counter the neurotoxic effects of thrombin and other systemic proteins that gain entry to the CNS following injury. Complement pathway and T cell activation are both regulated by complement regulatory proteins expressed by glia and neurons. CD200 and CD47 are NIRegs expressed by neurons as "don't eat me" signals and they inhibit microglial activity preventing host cell attack. Neural stem cells regulate T cell activation, increase the Treg population, and suppress proinflammatory cytokine expression. Stem cells also interact with the chemoattractants C3a, C5a, SDF-1, and thrombin to promote stem cell migration into damaged tissue to support tissue homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. R. Griffiths
- Deptartment of Medical Biochemistry, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff University Medical School, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - P. Gasque
- Deptartment of Medical Biochemistry, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff University Medical School, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
- University Labo. Biochimie et Genetique Moleculaire, Facilities de Science et Technologies, Universite de La Reunion, 15 Avenue Rene Cassin Saint Denis, Ile de la Reunion, BP 7151, 97715, France
| | - J. W. Neal
- Deptartment of Histopathology, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff University Medical School, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
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Lin Z, Natesan V, Shi H, Dong F, Kawanami D, Mahabeleshwar GH, Atkins GB, Nayak L, Cui Y, Finigan JH, Jain MK. Kruppel-like factor 2 regulates endothelial barrier function. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2010; 30:1952-9. [PMID: 20651277 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.110.211474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A central function of the endothelium is to serve as a selective barrier that regulates fluid and solute exchange. Although perturbation of barrier function can contribute to numerous disease states, our understanding of the molecular mechanisms regulating this aspect of endothelial biology remains incompletely understood. Accumulating evidence implicates the Kruppel-like factor 2 (KLF2) as a key regulator of endothelial function. However, its role in vascular barrier function is unknown. METHODS AND RESULTS To assess the role of KLF2 in vascular barrier function in vivo, we measured the leakage of Evans blue dye into interstitial tissues of the mouse ear after treatment with mustard oil. By comparison with KLF2(+/+) mice, KLF2(+/-) mice exhibited a significantly higher degree of vascular leak. In accordance with our in vivo observation, adenoviral overexpression of KLF2 in human umbilical vein endothelial cells strongly attenuated the increase of endothelial leakage by thrombin and H(2)O(2) as measured by fluorescein isothiocyanate dextrans (FITC-dextran) passage. Conversely, KLF2 deficiency in human umbilical vein endothelial cells and primary endothelial cells derived from KLF2(+/-) mice exhibited a marked increase in thrombin and H(2)O(2)-induced permeability. Mechanistically, our studies indicate that KLF2 confers barrier-protection via differential effects on the expression of key junction protein occludin and modification of a signaling molecule (myosin light chain) that regulate endothelial barrier integrity. CONCLUSIONS These observations identify KLF2 as a novel transcriptional regulator of vascular barrier function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyong Lin
- University Hospitals Harrington-McLaughlin Heart and Vascular Institute and Case Cardiovascular Research Institute, Cleveland, OH 44106-7290, USA.
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Winkelmann BR, von Holt K, Unverdorben M. Smoking and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease: Part I: atherosclerotic disease process. Biomark Med 2010; 3:411-28. [PMID: 20477486 DOI: 10.2217/bmm.09.32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The normal endothelium inhibits platelet and leukocyte adhesion to the vascular surface maintaining a balance of profibrinolytic and prothrombotic activity. Endothelial function is assessed largely as endothelium-dependent vasomotion, partly based on the assumption that impaired endothelium-dependent vasodilation reflects the alteration of important endothelial functions. Atherosclerotic risk factors, such as hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, diabetes and smoking, are associated with endothelial dysfunction. In the diseased endothelium, the balance between pro- and antithrombotic, pro- and anti-inflammatory, pro- and antiadhesive or pro- and antioxidant effects shifts towards a proinflammatory, prothrombotic, pro-oxidative and proadhesive phenotype of the endothelium. A common mechanism underlying endothelial dysfunction is related to the increased vascular production of reactive oxygen species. Recent studies suggest that inflammation per se, and C-reactive protein in particular, may contribute directly to endothelial dysfunction. The loss of endothelial integrity is a hallmark of atherosclerosis and the causal possible link between each individual risk factor, the development of atherosclerosis and the subsequent clinical events, such as myocardial infarction or stroke.
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Grade S, Agasse F, Bernardino L, Silva CG, Cortes L, Malva JO. Functional identification of neural stem cell-derived oligodendrocytes by means of calcium transients elicited by thrombin. Rejuvenation Res 2010; 13:27-37. [PMID: 20230276 DOI: 10.1089/rej.2009.0889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Current immunosuppressive treatments for central nervous system demyelinating diseases fail to prevent long-term motor and cognitive decline in patients. Excitingly, glial cell transplantation arises as a promising complementary strategy to challenge oligodendrocytes loss occurring in myelination disorders. A potential source of new oligodendrocytes is the subventricular zone (SVZ) pool of multipotent neural stem cells. However, this approach has been handicapped by the lack of functional methods for identification and pharmacological analysis of differentiating oligodendrocytes, prior to transplantation. In this study, we questioned whether SVZ-derived oligodendrocytes could be functionally discriminated due to intracellular calcium level ([Ca(2+)](i)) variations following KCl, histamine, and thrombin stimulations. Previously, we have shown that SVZ-derived neurons and immature cells can be discriminated on the basis of their selective [Ca(2+)](i) rise upon KCl and histamine stimulation, respectively. Herein, we demonstrate that O4+ and proteolipid protein-positive (PLP+) oligodendrocytes do not respond to these stimuli, but display a robust [Ca(2+)](i) rise following thrombin stimulation, whereas other cell types are thrombin-insensitive. Thrombin-induced Ca(2+) increase in oligodendrocytes is mediated by protease-activated receptor-1 (PAR-1) activation and downstream signaling through G(q/11) and phospholipase C (PLC), resulting in Ca(2+) recruitment from intracellular compartments. This method allows the analysis of functional properties of oligodendrocytes in living SVZ cultures, which is of major interest for the development of effective grafting strategies in the demyelinated brain. Additionally, it opens new perspectives for the search of new pro-oligodendrogenic factors to be used prior grafting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Grade
- Neuroprotection and Neurogenesis in Brain Repair Group, Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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Abstract
Thrombin is a potent agonist of platelets. In the current article, the research on the interaction of thrombin with blood platelets is reviewed starting with the first studies demonstrating the direct action of thrombin on platelets and ending with an analysis of the importance of the protease-activated receptors (PARs) and the GpIb complex. The antithrombin activity of platelets is discussed in terms of the binding of thrombin to receptor(s) on the platelet surface. Evaluation of the PAR receptors and the GpIb supports a model where thrombin binds to the GpIb receptor prior to the proteolysis of the PAR receptor(s). Thus, the maximal hemostatic response requires both PAR receptors and the GpIb receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger L Lundblad
- Department of Pathology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27516-6695, USA.
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Molecular mechanisms of endothelial hyperpermeability: implications in inflammation. Expert Rev Mol Med 2009; 11:e19. [PMID: 19563700 DOI: 10.1017/s1462399409001112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 281] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial hyperpermeability is a significant problem in vascular inflammation associated with trauma, ischaemia-reperfusion injury, sepsis, adult respiratory distress syndrome, diabetes, thrombosis and cancer. An important mechanism underlying this process is increased paracellular leakage of plasma fluid and protein. Inflammatory stimuli such as histamine, thrombin, vascular endothelial growth factor and activated neutrophils can cause dissociation of cell-cell junctions between endothelial cells as well as cytoskeleton contraction, leading to a widened intercellular space that facilitates transendothelial flux. Such structural changes initiate with agonist-receptor binding, followed by activation of intracellular signalling molecules including calcium, protein kinase C, tyrosine kinases, myosin light chain kinase, and small Rho-GTPases; these kinases and GTPases then phosphorylate or alter the conformation of different subcellular components that control cell-cell adhesion, resulting in paracellular hypermeability. Targeting key signalling molecules that mediate endothelial-junction-cytoskeleton dissociation demonstrates a therapeutic potential to improve vascular barrier function during inflammatory injury.
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Rössler OG, Thiel G. Thrombin induces Egr-1 expression in fibroblasts involving elevation of the intracellular Ca2+ concentration, phosphorylation of ERK and activation of ternary complex factor. BMC Mol Biol 2009; 10:40. [PMID: 19432968 PMCID: PMC2686679 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2199-10-40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2008] [Accepted: 05/11/2009] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The serine protease thrombin catalyzes fibrin clot formation by converting fibrinogen into fibrin. Additionally, thrombin stimulation leads to an activation of stimulus-responsive transcription factors in different cell types, indicating that the gene expression pattern is changed in thrombin-stimulated cells. The objective of this study was to analyze the signaling cascade leading to the expression of the zinc finger transcription factor Egr-1 in thrombin-stimulated lung fibroblasts. Results Stimulation of 39M1-81 fibroblasts with thrombin induced a robust and transient biosynthesis of Egr-1. Reporter gene analysis revealed that the newly synthesized Egr-1 was biologically active. The signaling cascade connecting thrombin stimulation with Egr-1 gene expression required elevated levels of cytosolic Ca2+, the activation of diacylgycerol-dependent protein kinase C isoenzymes, and the activation of extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK). Stimulation of the cells with thrombin triggered the phosphorylation of the transcription factor Elk-1. Expression of a dominant-negative mutant of Elk-1 completely prevented Egr-1 expression in stimulated 39M1-81 cells, indicating that Elk-1 or related ternary complex factors connect the intracellular signaling cascade elicited by activation of protease-activated receptors with transcription of the Egr-1 gene. Lentiviral-mediated expression of MAP kinase phosphatase-1, a dual-specific phosphatase that dephosphorylates and inactivates ERK in the nucleus, prevented Elk-1 phosphorylation and Egr-1 biosynthesis in thrombin stimulated 39M1-81 cells, confirming the importance of nuclear ERK and Elk-1 for the upregulation of Egr-1 expression in thrombin-stimulated lung fibroblasts. 39M1-81 cells additionally express M1 muscarinic acetylcholine receptors. A comparison between the signaling cascades induced by thrombin or carbachol showed no differences, except that signal transduction via M1 muscarinic acetylcholine receptors required the transactivation of the EGF receptor, while thrombin signaling did not. Conclusion This study shows that stimulus-transcription coupling in thrombin-treated lung fibroblasts relies on the elevation of the intracellular Ca2+-concentration and the activation of PKC and ERK. In the nucleus, ternary complex factors function as key proteins linking the intracellular signaling cascade with enhanced transcription of the Egr-1 gene. This study further shows that the dominant-negative Elk-1 mutant is a valuable tool to study Elk-1-mediated gene transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver G Rössler
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Saarland Medical Center, Homburg, Germany
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Saito H, Kitamoto M, Kato K, Liu N, Kitamura H, Uemura K, Nogaki F, Takeda T, Mori N, Ono T. Tissue Factor and Factor V Involvement in Rat Peritoneal Fibrosis. Perit Dial Int 2009. [DOI: 10.1177/089686080902900320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Fibrin deposition on the peritoneum has been frequently observed in peritoneal fibrosis induced by long-term peritoneal dialysis. The present study was conducted to clarify the contribution of factor Xa through tissue factor and factor V expression in peritoneal fibrosis. Methods Wistar rats were intraperitoneally injected with chlorhexidine gluconate (CG) every day. For the interventional study, the factor Xa inhibitor fondaparinux was subcutaneously administered. After 28 days of CG injection, peritoneal specimens were examined by immunohistochemical analyses and in situ hybridization. Results The peritoneal submesothelial compact zone was observed to be markedly thicker in the CG-injected groups than in the normal group, and that thickness was dose dependent. Immunohistochemical study revealed massive fibrin, fibronectin, and type IV collagen depositions in the CG-injected groups, which was markedly higher than that in the normal group. Macrophage infiltration and staining for tissue factor, factor V, factor X, and protease-activated receptor-2 were intense in the CG-injected groups and negative/trace in the normal group. Tissue factor and factor V mRNAs were abundant in cells in the thickened peritoneum. A double-labeling experiment revealed that tissue factor was observed mainly in macrophages, and factor V was abundantly distributed in the fibrotic tissue together with macrophages. Fondaparinux treatment decreased the thickness of submesothelial fibrotic tissue, and size and number of CD31-positive vessels. Conclusion These results suggest that expression of tissue factor and factor V in infiltrated macrophages, together with factor X deposition, may progress angiogenesis and accumulation of extracellular matrix components, partly via profibrotic and procoagulant mechanisms in the peritoneum after inflammatory stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Saito
- Division of Molecular Medicine, University of Shizuoka School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
| | - Masayuki Kitamoto
- Division of Molecular Medicine, University of Shizuoka School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
| | - Kozue Kato
- Division of Molecular Medicine, University of Shizuoka School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
| | - Ning Liu
- Division of Molecular Medicine, University of Shizuoka School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
| | - Hisayo Kitamura
- Division of Molecular Medicine, University of Shizuoka School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
| | - Kazuhide Uemura
- Division of Molecular Medicine, University of Shizuoka School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
| | - Fumiaki Nogaki
- Division of Nephrology, Shimada Municipal Hospital, Shizuoka
| | | | - Noriko Mori
- Division of Nephrology, Shizuoka General Hospital, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Takahiko Ono
- Division of Molecular Medicine, University of Shizuoka School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
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Bae JS, Kim YU, Park MK, Rezaie AR. Concentration dependent dual effect of thrombin in endothelial cells via Par-1 and Pi3 Kinase. J Cell Physiol 2009; 219:744-51. [PMID: 19189342 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.21718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Disruption of endothelial barrier is a critical pathophysiological factor in inflammation. Thrombin exerts a variety of cellular effects including inflammation and apoptosis through activation of the protease activated receptors (PARs). The activation of PAR-1 by thrombin is known to have a bimodal effect in endothelial cell permeability with a low concentration (pM levels) eliciting a barrier protective and a high concentration (nM levels) eliciting a barrier disruptive response. It is not known whether this PAR-1-dependent activity of thrombin is a unique phenomenon specific for the in vitro assay or it is part of a general anti-inflammatory effect of low concentrations of thrombin that may have a physiological relevance. Here, we report that low concentrations of thrombin or of PAR-1 agonist peptide induced significant anti-inflammatory activities. However, relatively high concentration of thrombin or of PAR-1 agonist peptide showed pro-inflammatory activities. By using function-blocking anti-PAR-1 antibodies and PI3 kinase inhibitor, we show that the direct anti-inflammatory effects of low concentrations of thrombin are dependent on the activation of PAR-1 and PI3 kinase. These results suggest a role for cross communication between PAR-1 activation and PI3 kinase pathway in mediating the cytoprotective effects of low concentrations of thrombin in the cytokine-stimulated endothelial cells. J. Cell. Physiol. 219: 744-751, 2009. (c) 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Sup Bae
- Department of Herbal Pharmaceutical Engineering, College of Herbal Bio-Industry, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea.
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Lents NH, Irintcheva V, Goel R, Wheeler LW, Baldassare JJ. The rapid activation of N-Ras by alpha-thrombin in fibroblasts is mediated by the specific G-protein Galphai2-Gbeta1-Ggamma5 and occurs in lipid rafts. Cell Signal 2009; 21:1007-14. [PMID: 19250965 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2009.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2008] [Revised: 02/18/2009] [Accepted: 02/18/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
alpha-thrombin is a potent mitogen for fibroblasts and initiates a rapid signal transduction pathway leading to the activation of Ras and the stimulation of cell cycle progression. While the signaling events downstream of Ras have been studied in significant detail and appear well conserved across many species and cell types, the precise molecular events beginning with thrombin receptor activation and leading to the activation of Ras are not as well understood. In this study, we examined the immediate events in the rapid response to alpha-thrombin, in a single cell type, and found that an unexpected degree of specificity exists in the pathway linking alpha-thrombin to Ras activation. Specifically, although IIC9 cells express all three Ras isoforms, only N-Ras is rapidly activated by alpha-thrombin. Further, although several Galpha subunits associate with PAR1 and are released following stimulation, only Galpha(i2) couples to the rapid activation of Ras. Similarly, although IIC9 cells express many Gbeta and Ggamma subunits, only a subset associates with Galpha(i2), and of those, only a single Gbetagamma dimer, Gbeta(1)gamma(5), participates in the rapid activation of N-Ras. We then hypothesized that co-localization into membrane microdomains called lipid rafts, or caveolae, is at least partially responsible for this degree of specificity. Accordingly, we found that all components localize to lipid rafts and that disruption of caveolae abolishes the rapid activation of N-Ras by alpha-thrombin. We thus report the molecular elucidation of an extremely specific and rapid signal transduction pathway linking alpha-thrombin stimulation to the activation of Ras.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan H Lents
- Department of Sciences at John Jay College of Criminal Justice, City University of New York, New York, NY 10019, USA.
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Erez O, Romero R, Kim SS, Kim JS, Kim YM, Wildman DE, Than NG, Mazaki-Tovi S, Gotsch F, Pineles B, Kusanovic JP, Espinoza J, Mittal P, Mazor M, Hassan SS, Kim CJ. Over-expression of the thrombin receptor (PAR-1) in the placenta in preeclampsia: a mechanism for the intersection of coagulation and inflammation. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2008; 21:345-55. [PMID: 18570113 DOI: 10.1080/14767050802034859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Preeclampsia (PE) is characterized by excessive thrombin generation, which has been implicated in the multiple organ damage associated with the disease. The biological effects of thrombin on coagulation and inflammation are mediated by protease-activated receptor-1 (PAR-1), a G protein-coupled receptor. The aim of this study was to determine whether preterm PE is associated with changes in placental expression of PAR-1. STUDY DESIGN This cross-sectional study included two groups matched for gestational age at delivery: (1) patients with preterm PE (<37 weeks of gestation; n = 26) and (2) a control group of patients with preterm labor without intra-amniotic infection (n = 26). Placental tissue microarrays were immunostained for PAR-1. Immunoreactivity of PAR-1 in the villous trophoblasts was graded as negative, weak-positive, or strong-positive. RESULTS (1) The proportion of cases with strong PAR-1 immunoreactivity was significantly higher in placentas of patients with PE than in placentas from the control group (37.5% (9/24) vs. 8.7% (2/23); p = 0.036, respectively). (2) PAR-1 immunoreactivity was found in the cellular compartments of the placental villous tree, mainly in villous trophoblasts and stromal endothelial cells. (3) PAR-1 was detected in 92.3% (24/26) of the placentas of women with PE and in 88.5% (23/26) of the placentas from the control group. CONCLUSION Placentas from pregnancies complicated by preterm PE had a significantly higher frequency of strong PAR-1 expression than placentas from women with spontaneous preterm labor. This observation is consistent with a role for PAR-1 as a mediator of the effect of thrombin on coagulation and inflammation in PE. We propose that the effects of thrombin in PE are due to increased thrombin generation and higher expression of PAR-1, the major receptor for this enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Offer Erez
- Perinatology Research Branch, NICHD, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
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Chan B, Sukhatme VP. Receptor tyrosine kinase EphA2 mediates thrombin-induced upregulation of ICAM-1 in endothelial cells in vitro. Thromb Res 2008; 123:745-52. [PMID: 18768213 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2008.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2008] [Revised: 03/08/2008] [Accepted: 07/17/2008] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Thrombin potently induces endothelial inflammation. One of the responses is upregulation of adhesion molecules such as ICAM-1, resulting in enhanced leukocyte attachment to the endothelium. In this report, we examine the contribution of EphA2 in thrombin-induced expression of ICAM-1 in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). We showed that thrombin transiently induced tyrosine- phosphorylation of EphA2 in a Src-kinase dependent manner. This transactivation was mediated through PAR-1, because a PAR-1 specific agonistic peptide also transactivated EphA2. Expression knockdown of endogenous EphA2 by siRNAs blocked ICAM-1 upregulation and leukocyte/endothelium attachment induced by thrombin. Overexpression of exogenous mouse EphA2 rescued both ICAM-1 expression and leukocyte attachment induced by thrombin in endogenous EphA2-knockdown HUVECs. Mechanistically, we showed EphA2 knockdown suppressed thrombin-induced serine 536 phosphorylation of NFkappaB, an event critical of ICAM-1 transcriptional upregulation. Collectively, our results strongly suggest EphA2 is a necessary component for thrombin-induced ICAM-1 upregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barden Chan
- Division of Interdisciplinary Medicine and Biotechnology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, RW 563, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA.
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Thrombin-induced regulation of CD95(Fas) expression in the N9 microglial cell line: evidence for involvement of proteinase-activated receptor(1) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2. Neurochem Res 2008; 34:445-52. [PMID: 18686031 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-008-9803-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2008] [Accepted: 07/01/2008] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Microglia are the immune cells of the CNS. Brain injury triggers phenotypic changes in microglia including regulation of surface antigens. The serine proteinase alpha-thrombin can induce profound changes in neural cell physiology via cleavage of proteinase-activated receptors (PARs). We recently demonstrated that pharmaceutical-grade recombinant human alpha-thrombin (rh-thr) induces a restricted set of proteolysis-dependent changes in microglia. CD95(Fas) is a cell-death receptor that is up-regulated in microglia by inflammatory stimuli. Here we characterized the effect of rh-thr on CD95(Fas) expression in the N9 microglial cell line. Dose-response and time course studies demonstrated maximal effects at 100 U/ml and 24 h, respectively. Regulation of expression was seen at both the surface protein and steady-state mRNA levels. The rh-thr-induced effects were mimicked by PAR(1) agonist peptides and blocked by pharmacologic inhibitors selective for extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK 1/2). Rh-thr also induced a rapid and sustained phosphorylation of ERK 1/2. Thrombin-induced regulation of CD95(Fas) could modulate the neuroinflammatory response in a variety of neurological disorders.
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Furuhashi I, Abe K, Sato T, Inoue H. Thrombin-Stimulated Proliferation of Cultured Human Synovial Fibroblasts Through Proteolytic Activation of Proteinase-Activated Receptor-1. J Pharmacol Sci 2008; 108:104-11. [DOI: 10.1254/jphs.08126fp] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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Nagai T, Nabeshima T, Yamada K. Basic and Translational Research on Proteinase-Activated Receptors: Regulation of Nicotine Reward by the Tissue Plasminogen Activator (tPA) – Plasmin System via Proteinase-Activated Receptor 1. J Pharmacol Sci 2008; 108:408-14. [DOI: 10.1254/jphs.08r04fm] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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Wautier F, Wislet-Gendebien S, Chanas G, Rogister B, Leprince P. Regulation of nestin expression by thrombin and cell density in cultures of bone mesenchymal stem cells and radial glial cells. BMC Neurosci 2007; 8:104. [PMID: 18053121 PMCID: PMC2231362 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2202-8-104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2007] [Accepted: 11/30/2007] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bone marrow stromal cells and radial glia are two stem cell types with neural phenotypic plasticity. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells can differentiate into osteocytes, chondrocytes and adipocytes, but can also differentiate into non-mesenchymal cell, i.e. neural cells in appropriate in vivo and in vitro experimental conditions. Likewise, radial glial cells are the progenitors of many neurons in the developing cortex, but can also generate astrocytes. Both cell types express nestin, an intermediate filament protein which is the hallmark of neural precursors. RESULTS In this study, we demonstrate that thrombin, a multifunctional serine protease, stimulates the growth of radial glial cells (RG) and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in a dose-dependent manner. In RG, the mitogenic effect of thrombin is correlated with increased expression of nestin but in MSCs, this mitogenic effect is associated with nestin down-regulation. Both cell types express the PAR-1 type receptor for Thrombin and the effect of Thrombin on both cell types can be mimicked by its analogue TRAP-6 activating specifically this receptor subtype or by serum which contains various amount of thrombin. Moreover, we also demonstrate that serum deprivation-induced expression of nestin in MSCs is inhibited by high cell density (> 50,000 cells/cm2). CONCLUSION This work shows that thrombin stimulates the growth of both RG and MSCs and that nestin expression by MSCs and RG is regulated in opposite manner by thrombin in vitro. Thrombin effect is thus associated in both cell types with a proliferating, undifferentiated state but in RG this involves the induction of nestin expression, a marker of immaturity for neural progenitors. In MSCs however, nestin expression, as it corresponds to a progression from the mesenchymal "undifferentiated", proliferating phenotype toward acquisition of a neural fate, is inhibited by the mitogenic signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franz Wautier
- Center for Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology, University of Liège, CHU B36, Avenue de l'Hôpital, 1, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Sabine Wislet-Gendebien
- Center for Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology, University of Liège, CHU B36, Avenue de l'Hôpital, 1, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Grazyna Chanas
- Center for Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology, University of Liège, CHU B36, Avenue de l'Hôpital, 1, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Bernard Rogister
- Center for Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology, University of Liège, CHU B36, Avenue de l'Hôpital, 1, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
- Department of Neurology, University of Liège, CHU B35, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Physiology, University of Liège, CHU B35, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Pierre Leprince
- Center for Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology, University of Liège, CHU B36, Avenue de l'Hôpital, 1, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
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Hayakawa Y, Kurimoto M, Nagai S, Kurosaki K, Tsuboi Y, Hamada H, Hayashi N, Endo S. Thrombin-induced cell proliferation and platelet-derived growth factor-AB release from A172 human glioblastoma cells. J Thromb Haemost 2007; 5:2219-26. [PMID: 17958740 DOI: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2007.02739.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In a previous study, we found that thrombin induced proliferation of TM-1 and T98G human glioma cells and that the mitogenic effect was abolished by hirudin. OBJECTIVES We investigated thrombin's effects on the proliferation of A172 human glioblastoma cells and the induction of growth factors. Furthermore, we examined whether or not the expression of heparin cofactor II (HCII) in A172 cells using adenovirus vector could suppress thrombin's effects. METHODS The effect of thrombin on cell proliferation was assessed using a 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide assay. The amount of growth factors in the conditioned medium was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The level of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-B mRNA was assessed by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction analysis. RESULTS Thrombin-induced proliferation of A172 cells primarily depended on the enhanced secretion of PDGF-AB by thrombin. The action of thrombin depended on its proteolytic activity. However, thrombin-induced PDGF-AB secretion was not abolished by anti-protease-activated receptor (PAR) antibody. The PAR-1 agonist peptide had no effect on cell growth and PDGF-AB levels. Thrombin did not increase PDGF-B gene expression. Expression of HCII effectively suppressed thrombin-induced PDGF-AB release. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that thrombin may play an important role in the proliferation of A172 cells by inducing PDGF-AB secretion and that thrombin's action is mediated by its proteolytic activity. Inhibition of thrombin's proteolytic activity may be a new therapeutic method for gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Hayakawa
- Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
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