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Sukhanova MV, Abrakhi S, Joshi V, Pastre D, Kutuzov MM, Anarbaev RO, Curmi PA, Hamon L, Lavrik OI. Single molecule detection of PARP1 and PARP2 interaction with DNA strand breaks and their poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation using high-resolution AFM imaging. Nucleic Acids Res 2015; 44:e60. [PMID: 26673720 PMCID: PMC4824093 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkv1476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
PARP1 and PARP2 are implicated in the synthesis of poly(ADP-ribose) (PAR) after detection of DNA damage. The specificity of PARP1 and PARP2 interaction with long DNA fragments containing single- and/or double-strand breaks (SSBs and DSBs) have been studied using atomic force microscopy (AFM) imaging in combination with biochemical approaches. Our data show that PARP1 localizes mainly on DNA breaks and exhibits a slight preference for nicks over DSBs, although the protein has a moderately high affinity for undamaged DNA. In contrast to PARP1, PARP2 is mainly detected at a single DNA nick site, exhibiting a low level of binding to undamaged DNA and DSBs. The enhancement of binding affinity of PARP2 for DNA containing a single nick was also observed using fluorescence titration. AFM studies reveal that activation of both PARPs leads to the synthesis of highly branched PAR whose size depends strongly on the presence of SSBs and DSBs for PARP1 and of SSBs for PARP2. The initial affinity between the PARP1, PARP2 and the DNA damaged site appears to influence both the size of the PAR synthesized and the time of residence of PARylated PARP1 and PARP2 on DNA damages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria V Sukhanova
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation INSERM, U1204, Laboratoire Structure-Activité des Biomolécules Normales et Pathologiques, Université d'Evry-Val-d'Essonne, F-91025 Evry, France
| | - Sanae Abrakhi
- INSERM, U1204, Laboratoire Structure-Activité des Biomolécules Normales et Pathologiques, Université d'Evry-Val-d'Essonne, F-91025 Evry, France
| | - Vandana Joshi
- INSERM, U1204, Laboratoire Structure-Activité des Biomolécules Normales et Pathologiques, Université d'Evry-Val-d'Essonne, F-91025 Evry, France
| | - David Pastre
- INSERM, U1204, Laboratoire Structure-Activité des Biomolécules Normales et Pathologiques, Université d'Evry-Val-d'Essonne, F-91025 Evry, France
| | - Mikhail M Kutuzov
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
| | - Rashid O Anarbaev
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation Novosibirsk State University, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
| | - Patrick A Curmi
- INSERM, U1204, Laboratoire Structure-Activité des Biomolécules Normales et Pathologiques, Université d'Evry-Val-d'Essonne, F-91025 Evry, France
| | - Loic Hamon
- INSERM, U1204, Laboratoire Structure-Activité des Biomolécules Normales et Pathologiques, Université d'Evry-Val-d'Essonne, F-91025 Evry, France
| | - Olga I Lavrik
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation Novosibirsk State University, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
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Bosshard M, Markkanen E, van Loon B. Base excision repair in physiology and pathology of the central nervous system. Int J Mol Sci 2012. [PMID: 23203191 PMCID: PMC3546685 DOI: 10.3390/ijms131216172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Relatively low levels of antioxidant enzymes and high oxygen metabolism result in formation of numerous oxidized DNA lesions in the tissues of the central nervous system. Accumulation of damage in the DNA, due to continuous genotoxic stress, has been linked to both aging and the development of various neurodegenerative disorders. Different DNA repair pathways have evolved to successfully act on damaged DNA and prevent genomic instability. The predominant and essential DNA repair pathway for the removal of small DNA base lesions is base excision repair (BER). In this review we will discuss the current knowledge on the involvement of BER proteins in the maintenance of genetic stability in different brain regions and how changes in the levels of these proteins contribute to aging and the onset of neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Bosshard
- Institute for Veterinary Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Zürich-Irchel, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland.
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Kanagaraj R, Parasuraman P, Mihaljevic B, van Loon B, Burdova K, König C, Furrer A, Bohr VA, Hübscher U, Janscak P. Involvement of Werner syndrome protein in MUTYH-mediated repair of oxidative DNA damage. Nucleic Acids Res 2012; 40:8449-59. [PMID: 22753033 PMCID: PMC3458577 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gks648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species constantly generated as by-products of cellular metabolism readily attack genomic DNA creating mutagenic lesions such as 7,8-dihydro-8-oxo-guanine (8-oxo-G) that promote aging. 8-oxo-G:A mispairs arising during DNA replication are eliminated by base excision repair initiated by the MutY DNA glycosylase homologue (MUTYH). Here, by using formaldehyde crosslinking in mammalian cell extracts, we demonstrate that the WRN helicase/exonuclease defective in the premature aging disorder Werner syndrome (WS) is recruited to DNA duplex containing an 8-oxo-G:A mispair in a manner dependent on DNA polymerase λ (Polλ) that catalyzes accurate DNA synthesis over 8-oxo-G. Similarly, by immunofluorescence, we show that Polλ is required for accumulation of WRN at sites of 8-oxo-G lesions in human cells. Moreover, we show that nuclear focus formation of WRN and Polλ induced by oxidative stress is dependent on ongoing DNA replication and on the presence of MUTYH. Cell viability assays reveal that depletion of MUTYH suppresses the hypersensitivity of cells lacking WRN and/or Polλ to oxidative stress. Biochemical studies demonstrate that WRN binds to the catalytic domain of Polλ and specifically stimulates DNA gap filling by Polλ over 8-oxo-G followed by strand displacement synthesis. Our results suggest that WRN promotes long-patch DNA repair synthesis by Polλ during MUTYH-initiated repair of 8-oxo-G:A mispairs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radhakrishnan Kanagaraj
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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Jelezcova E, Trivedi RN, Wang XH, Tang JB, Brown AR, Goellner EM, Schamus S, Fornsaglio JL, Sobol RW. Parp1 activation in mouse embryonic fibroblasts promotes Pol beta-dependent cellular hypersensitivity to alkylation damage. Mutat Res 2010; 686:57-67. [PMID: 20096707 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2010.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2009] [Revised: 01/10/2010] [Accepted: 01/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Alkylating agents induce cell death in wild-type (WT) mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) by multiple mechanisms, including apoptosis, autophagy and necrosis. DNA polymerase beta (Pol beta) knockout (KO) MEFs are hypersensitive to the cytotoxic effect of alkylating agents, as compared to WT MEFs. To test the hypothesis that Parp1 is preferentially activated by methyl methanesulfonate (MMS) exposure of Pol beta KO MEFs, we have examined the relationship between Pol beta expression, Parp1 activation and cell survival following MMS exposure in a series of WT and Pol beta deficient MEF cell lines. Consistent with our hypothesis, we observed elevated Parp1 activation in Pol beta KO MEFs as compared to matched WT MEFs. Both the MMS-induced activation of Parp1 and the MMS-induced cytotoxicity of Pol beta KO MEFs are attenuated by pre-treatment with the Parp1/Parp2 inhibitor PJ34. Further, elevated Parp1 activation is observed following knockdown (KD) of endogenous Pol beta, as compared to WT cells. Pol beta KD MEFs are hypersensitive to MMS and both the MMS-induced hypersensitivity and Parp1 activation is prevented by pre-treatment with PJ34. In addition, the MMS-induced cellular sensitivity of Pol beta KO MEFs is reversed when Parp1 is also deleted (Pol beta/Parp1 double KO MEFs) and we observe no MMS sensitivity differential between Pol beta/Parp1 double KO MEFs and those that express recombinant mouse Pol beta. These studies suggest that Parp1 may function as a sensor of BER to initiate cell death when BER is aborted or fails. Parp1 may therefore function in BER as a tumor suppressor by initiating cell death and preventing the accumulation of cells with chromosomal damage due to a BER defect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Jelezcova
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine & University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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Abbotts R, Madhusudan S. Human AP endonuclease 1 (APE1): from mechanistic insights to druggable target in cancer. Cancer Treat Rev 2010; 36:425-35. [PMID: 20056333 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2009.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2009] [Revised: 12/02/2009] [Accepted: 12/07/2009] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
DNA base excision repair (BER) is critically involved in the processing of DNA base damage induced by alkylating agents. Pharmacological inhibition of BER (using PARP inhibitors), either alone or in combination with chemotherapy has recently shown promise in clinical trials. Human apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1(APE1) is an essential BER protein that is involved in the processing of potentially cytotoxic abasic sites that are obligatory intermediates in BER. Here we provide a summary of the basic mechanistic role of APE1 in DNA repair and redox regulation and highlight preclinical and clinical data that confirm APE1 as a valid anticancer drug target. Development of small molecule inhibitors of APE1 is an area of intense research and current evidence using APE1 inhibitors has demonstrated potentiation of cytotoxicity of alkylating agents in preclinical models implying translational applications in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Abbotts
- Translational DNA Repair Group, Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Academic Unit of Oncology, School of Molecular Medical Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
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An 8-oxo-guanine repair pathway coordinated by MUTYH glycosylase and DNA polymerase lambda. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009; 106:18201-6. [PMID: 19820168 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0907280106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) interact with DNA, frequently generating highly mutagenic 7,8-dihydro-8-oxoguanine (8-oxo-G) lesions. Replicative DNA polymerases (pols) often misincorporate adenine opposite 8-oxo-G. The subsequent repair mechanism allowing the removal of adenine and formation of C:8-oxo-G base pair is essential to prevent C:G to A:T transversion mutations. Here, we show by immunofluorescence experiments, in cells exposed to ROS, the involvement of MutY glycosylase homologue (MUTYH) and DNA pol lambda in the repair of A:8-oxo-G mispairs. We observe specific recruitment of MUTYH, DNA pol lambda, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), flap endonuclease 1 (FEN1) and DNA ligases I and III from human cell extracts to A:8-oxo-G DNA, but not to undamaged DNA. Using purified human proteins and a DNA template, we reconstitute the full pathway for the faithful repair of A:8-oxo-G mispairs involving MUTYH, DNA pol lambda, FEN1, and DNA ligase I. These results reveal a cellular response pathway to ROS, important to sustain genomic stability and modulate carcinogenesis.
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Chimeric adenoviral vector Ad5/F35-mediated APE1 siRNA enhances sensitivity of human colorectal cancer cells to radiotherapy in vitro and in vivo. Cancer Gene Ther 2008; 15:625-35. [DOI: 10.1038/cgt.2008.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Parsons JL, Dianova II, Boswell E, Weinfeld M, Dianov GL. End-damage-specific proteins facilitate recruitment or stability of X-ray cross-complementing protein 1 at the sites of DNA single-strand break repair. FEBS J 2005; 272:5753-63. [PMID: 16279940 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2005.04962.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Ionizing radiation, oxidative stress and endogenous DNA-damage processing can result in a variety of single-strand breaks with modified 5' and/or 3' ends. These are thought to be one of the most persistent forms of DNA damage and may threaten cell survival. This study addresses the mechanism involved in recognition and processing of DNA strand breaks containing modified 3' ends. Using a DNA-protein cross-linking assay, we followed the proteins involved in the repair of oligonucleotide duplexes containing strand breaks with a phosphate or phosphoglycolate group at the 3' end. We found that, in human whole cell extracts, end-damage-specific proteins (apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1 and polynucleotide kinase in the case of 3' ends containing phosphoglycolate and phosphate, respectively) which recognize and process 3'-end-modified DNA strand breaks are required for efficient recruitment of X-ray cross-complementing protein 1-DNA ligase IIIalpha heterodimer to the sites of DNA repair.
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Parsons JL, Dianova II, Allinson SL, Dianov GL. Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 protects excessive DNA strand breaks from deterioration during repair in human cell extracts. FEBS J 2005; 272:2012-21. [PMID: 15819892 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2005.04628.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Base excision repair (BER), a major pathway for the removal of simple lesions in DNA, requires the co-ordinated action of several repair and ancillary proteins, the impairment of which can lead to genetic instability. We here address the role of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) in BER. Using an in vitro cross-linking assay, we reveal that PARP-1 is always involved in repair of a uracil-containing oligonucleotide and that it binds to the damaged DNA during the early stages of repair. Inhibition of PARP-1 poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation by 3-aminobenzamide blocks dissociation of PARP-1 from damaged DNA and prevents further repair. We find that excessive poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation occurs when repair intermediates containing single-strand breaks are in excess of the repair capacity of the cell extract, suggesting that repeated binding of PARP-1 to the nicked DNA occurs. We also find increased sensitivity of repair intermediates to nuclease cleavage in PARP-deficient mouse fibroblasts and after depletion of PARP-1 from HeLa whole cell extracts. Our data support the model in which PARP-1 binding to DNA single-strand breaks or repair intermediates plays a protective role when repair is limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason L Parsons
- MRC Radiation and Genome Stability Unit, Harwell, Oxfordshire, UK
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