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Collier AM, Nemtsova Y, Kuber N, Banach-Petrosky W, Modak A, Sleat DE, Nanda V, Lobel P. Lysosomal protein thermal stability does not correlate with cellular half-life: global observations and a case study of tripeptidyl-peptidase 1. Biochem J 2020; 477:727-745. [PMID: 31957806 PMCID: PMC8442665 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20190874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Late-infantile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (LINCL) is a neurodegenerative lysosomal storage disorder caused by mutations in the gene encoding the protease tripeptidyl-peptidase 1 (TPP1). Progression of LINCL can be slowed or halted by enzyme replacement therapy, where recombinant human TPP1 is administered to patients. In this study, we utilized protein engineering techniques to increase the stability of recombinant TPP1 with the rationale that this may lengthen its lysosomal half-life, potentially increasing the potency of the therapeutic protein. Utilizing multiple structure-based methods that have been shown to increase the stability of other proteins, we have generated and evaluated over 70 TPP1 variants. The most effective mutation, R465G, increased the melting temperature of TPP1 from 55.6°C to 64.4°C and increased its enzymatic half-life at 60°C from 5.4 min to 21.9 min. However, the intracellular half-life of R465G and all other variants tested in cultured LINCL patient-derived lymphoblasts was similar to that of WT TPP1. These results provide structure/function insights into TPP1 and indicate that improving in vitro thermal stability alone is insufficient to generate TPP1 variants with improved physiological stability. This conclusion is supported by a proteome-wide analysis that indicates that lysosomal proteins have higher melting temperatures but also higher turnover rates than proteins of other organelles. These results have implications for similar efforts where protein engineering approaches, which are frequently evaluated in vitro, may be considered for improving the physiological properties of proteins, particularly those that function in the lysosomal environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron M. Collier
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Rutgers
University, Piscataway, NJ 08854
| | - Yuliya Nemtsova
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Rutgers
University, Piscataway, NJ 08854
| | - Narendra Kuber
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Rutgers
University, Piscataway, NJ 08854
| | | | - Anurag Modak
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Rutgers
University, Piscataway, NJ 08854
| | - David E. Sleat
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Rutgers
University, Piscataway, NJ 08854
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Rutgers
University, Piscataway, NJ 08854
| | - Vikas Nanda
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Rutgers
University, Piscataway, NJ 08854
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Rutgers
University, Piscataway, NJ 08854
| | - Peter Lobel
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Rutgers
University, Piscataway, NJ 08854
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Rutgers
University, Piscataway, NJ 08854
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Tang AX, Liu H, Liu YY, Li QY, Qing YM. Purification and Characterization of a Novel β-Cypermethrin-Degrading Aminopeptidase from Pseudomonas aeruginosa GF31. J Agric Food Chem 2017; 65:9412-9418. [PMID: 29035041 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b03288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a novel β-cypermethrin-degrading enzyme was isolated and purified by 32.8 fold from the extracellular cell-free filtrate of Pseudomonas aeruginosa GF31with the protein recovery of 26.6%. The molecular mass of the enzyme was determined to be 53 kDa. The optimum temperature for the activity was surprisingly 60 °C, and moreover, the purified enzyme showed a good pH stability, maintaining over 85% of its initial activity in the pH 5.0-9.0 range. Most of the common metal ions exhibited little influence on the activity except for Hg2+, Ag+, and Cu2+. After the complete gene sequence of the degrading enzyme was obtained by subcloning, sequence analyses as well as enzymatic properties demonstrated that the islolated enzyme should be an aminopeptidase. This is the first reported aminopeptidase for pyrethroid hydrolase, providing new potential enzyme resources for the degradation of this type of pesticide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai-Xing Tang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University , Nanning 530004, Guangxi, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Guangxi Biorefinery , Nanning 530003, Guangxi, PR China
| | - Hu Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University , Nanning 530004, Guangxi, PR China
| | - You-Yan Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University , Nanning 530004, Guangxi, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Guangxi Biorefinery , Nanning 530003, Guangxi, PR China
| | - Qing-Yun Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University , Nanning 530004, Guangxi, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Guangxi Biorefinery , Nanning 530003, Guangxi, PR China
| | - Yi-Ming Qing
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University , Nanning 530004, Guangxi, PR China
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Budič M, Cigić B, Šoštarič M, Sabotič J, Meglič V, Kos J, Kidrič M. The response of aminopeptidases of Phaseolus vulgaris to drought depends on the developmental stage of the leaves. Plant Physiol Biochem 2016; 109:326-336. [PMID: 27783982 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2016.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Revised: 10/09/2016] [Accepted: 10/09/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Aminopeptidases, together with other proteases, execute and regulate the total and specifically limited protein breakdown involved in plant physiology, raising the possibility of their involvement in response to drought. We have identified, in leaves of Phaseolus vulgaris L., five aminopeptidases (E.C.3.4.11) whose levels of activity changed when three week old plants were subjected to drought. First, second and third trifoliate leaves were investigated separately. The aminopeptidases were first identified then isolated using ion exchange chromatography of leaf extracts. Three, named PvAP1, PvAP2 and PvAP4, are metallo aminopeptidases with broad substrate specificity, active against substrates conjugated to alanine and lysine. Two others, PvAP3 and PvAP5, are apparently serine aminopeptidases, the former active against substrates conjugated to phenylalanine and leucine, and the latter characterised by narrow specificity against substrates conjugated to phenylalanine. Their apparent molecular weights range from ∼37 kDa to ∼80 kDa. Levels of activity of individual aminopeptidases in both watered and drought stressed plants are shown to depend on the age of leaves. In watered plants they were generally highest in young, and very low in older, trifoliate leaves, the latter with the exception of PvAP5. Drought initiated an almost general increase of their activities, although to different extents, with the exception of PvAP4 and PvAP5 in young trifoliate leaves. Thus, in such studies it is necessary to investigate the effects of drought separately in leaves of different ages in order to elucidate the different complex and probably specific roles of aminopeptidases in the response of common bean to drought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maruška Budič
- Department of Biotechnology, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Blaž Cigić
- Chair of Biochemistry and Food Chemistry, Department of Food Science and Technology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Maja Šoštarič
- Department of Biotechnology, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jerica Sabotič
- Department of Biotechnology, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Vladimir Meglič
- Crop and Seed Science Department, Agricultural Institute of Slovenia, Hacquetova ulica 17, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Janko Kos
- Department of Biotechnology, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva cesta 7, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Marjetka Kidrič
- Department of Biotechnology, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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Abstract
To elucidate the mechanisms involved in the increase in free amino acids during postmortem storage of meat, a novel aminopeptidase was purified from bovine skeletal muscle by ammonium sulfate fractionation and successive chromatographies such as DEAE-cellulose, Sephacryl S-200, Hydroxyapatite, Phenyl-Sepharose, and Hi-Trap affinity column chromatography. The molecular mass of the enzyme was found to be 58 kDa on SDS-PAGE. This enzyme had optimum pH at around 7.5, and preferably hydrolyzed Ala-beta-naphthylamide (-NA) in amino acid-NAs. The activity was strongly inhibited by phenylmethansulfonyl fluoride (PMSF) and bestatin, suggesting that it is to be classified as a serine protease. Moreover, the activity was enhanced by chloride and nitrate ions, which is the most remarkable property of this enzyme. The enzyme appeared to be involved in the increase in free amino acids during postmortem storage of meat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koshiro Migita
- Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, Japan
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Stressler T, Eisele T, Schlayer M, Lutz-Wahl S, Fischer L. Characterization of the recombinant exopeptidases PepX and PepN from Lactobacillus helveticus ATCC 12046 important for food protein hydrolysis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e70055. [PMID: 23894590 PMCID: PMC3716637 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2012] [Accepted: 06/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The proline-specific X-prolyl dipeptidyl aminopeptidase (PepX; EC 3.4.14.11) and the general aminopeptidase N (PepN; EC 3.4.11.2) from Lactobacillus helveticus ATCC 12046 were produced recombinantly in E. coli BL21(DE3) via bioreactor cultivation. The maximum enzymatic activity obtained for PepX was 800 µkat(H-Ala-Pro-pNA) L(-1), which is approx. 195-fold higher than values published previously. To the best of our knowledge, PepN was expressed in E. coli at high levels for the first time. The PepN activity reached 1,000 µkat(H-Ala-pNA) L(-1). After an automated chromatographic purification, both peptidases were biochemically and kinetically characterized in detail. Substrate inhibition of PepN and product inhibition of both PepX and PepN were discovered for the first time. An apo-enzyme of the Zn(2+)-dependent PepN was generated, which could be reactivated by several metal ions in the order of Co(2+)>Zn(2+)>Mn(2+)>Ca(2+)>Mg(2+). PepX and PepN exhibited a clear synergistic effect in casein hydrolysis studies. Here, the relative degree of hydrolysis (rDH) was increased by approx. 132%. Due to the remarkable temperature stability at 50°C and the complementary substrate specificities of both peptidases, a future application in food protein hydrolysis might be possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo Stressler
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Thomas Eisele
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Michael Schlayer
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Sabine Lutz-Wahl
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Lutz Fischer
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
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Oszywa B, Makowski M, Pawełczak M. Purification and partial characterization of aminopeptidase from barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) seeds. Plant Physiol Biochem 2013; 65:75-80. [PMID: 23434924 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2013.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2012] [Accepted: 01/28/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Aminopeptidases (EC 3.4.11) are proteolytic enzymes, which hydrolyze one amino acid from N-terminus of peptidic substrates. Inhibitors of plant aminopeptidases can find an application in agriculture as herbicides. Isolation and partial characterization of aminopeptidase from barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) seeds has been described. The enzyme was purified to molecular homogeneity using a six-step purification procedure (precipitation with (NH4)2SO4, followed by chromatography on Sephadex G-25, DEAE-Sepharose, Sephacryl HR 300, Macro-Prep Q and Phenyl-Sepharose HP columns). The enzyme was purified 365-fold with recovery above 18%. The molecular weight of the purified enzyme was determined by SDS-PAGE and gel filtration as 58 kDa, and was found to be a monomer. Its pH and temperature optima were 7.5 and 52 °C, respectively. The enzyme behaves as standard leucine aminopeptidase by preferring bulky amino acids at the N-terminus, with phenylalanine being of choice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartosz Oszywa
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Opole, Oleska 48, 45-052 Opole, Poland.
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Szawłowska U, Zdunek-Zastocka E, Bielawski W. Biochemical characterisation of prolyl aminopeptidase from shoots of triticale seedlings and its activity changes in response to suboptimal growth conditions. Plant Physiol Biochem 2011; 49:1342-1349. [PMID: 21689943 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2011.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2011] [Accepted: 05/17/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Prolyl aminopeptidase (PAP) was isolated from the shoots of three-day-old triticale seedlings and was purified using a five-step purification procedure (acid precipitation, gel filtration, anion-exchange chromatography, hydrophobic chromatography and rechromatography). The enzyme was purified 460-fold with a recovery of 6%. Prolyl aminopeptidase appears to be a tetramer consisting of four subunits, each with a molecular weight of approximately 54kDa. Its pH and temperature optimum are pH 7.5 and 37°C, respectively. The enzyme prefers substrates with Pro and Hyp at the N-terminus, but is also capable of hydrolysing β-naphthylamides (β-NA) of Ala, Phe, and Leu. The K(m) value of PAP against Pro-β-NA was the lowest among the substrates tested and it was 1.47×10(-5)M. The activity of PAP was not inhibited by EDTA, 1,10-phenantroline, or pepstatin A. The most effective inhibitors were DFP, Pefabloc, and PMSF, which are serine protease inhibitors. However, significant inhibition was also observed in the presence of E-64, which modifies sulfhydryl groups. A significant increase of the aminopeptidase activity against Pro-β-NA was observed in shoots of triticale plants grown under salinity, drought stress, and in the presence of cadmium and aluminium ions in the nutrient solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urszula Szawłowska
- Department of Biochemistry, Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
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Lomate PR, Hivrale VK. Changes and induction of aminopeptidase activities in response to pathogen infection during germination of pigeonpea (Cajanas cajan) seeds. J Plant Physiol 2011; 168:1735-1742. [PMID: 21640431 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2011.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2011] [Revised: 05/01/2011] [Accepted: 05/07/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Aminopeptidases play important role in the mobilization of storage proteins at the cotyledon during seed germination. It is often referred as inducible component of defense against herbivore attack. However the role of aminopeptidase in response to pathogen attack in germinating seeds is remained to be unknown. An attempt was made to analyze change in the aminopeptidase (EC 3.4.11.1) activity during germination of pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan L.) seeds by infecting the seeds with fungi. Two aminopeptidase activity bands (AP1 and AP2) were detected in control as well as infected pigeonpea seeds. During latter stages of germination in control seeds, AP1 activity was replaced by AP2 activity. However AP1 activity was significantly induced in germinating seeds infected with Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. ciceri and Aspergillus niger var. niger. The estimated molecular weights of AP1 and AP2 were ∼97 and 42.8kDa respectively. The induced enzyme was purified up to 30 fold by gel filtration chromatography. The purified enzyme was preferentially cleaved leucine p-nitroanilide than alanine p-nitroanilide. The enzyme was strongly inhibited by bestatin and 1,10-phenanthroline. Almost 50% of enzyme activity was inhibited by ethylene diamine tetra acetate. The purified enzyme showed broad pH optima ranging from pH 6.0 to 9.0 and optimum at pH 8.5. The induction of aminopeptidase activity during pigeonpea seed germination and in response to pathogen attack indicates significant involvement of these enzymes in primary as well as secondary metabolism of the seeds. These findings could be helpful to further dissect defensive role of aminopeptidases in seed germination which is an important event in plant's life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Purushottam R Lomate
- Department of Biochemistry, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University, Aurangabad 431004, Maharashtra, India
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Tsuji A, Fujisawa Y, Mino T, Yuasa K. Identification of a plant aminopeptidase with preference for aromatic amino acid residues as a novel member of the prolyl oligopeptidase family of serine proteases. J Biochem 2011; 150:525-34. [PMID: 21788307 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvr092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome analysis has indicated that plants, like animals, possess a variety of protease genes. However, bulk of putative proteases has not been characterized at the enzyme level. In this article, a novel enzyme that hydrolyses phenylalanyl-4-methylcoumaryl 7-amide (phenylalanyl-MCA) was purified from cotyledons of daikon radish by ammonium sulphate fractionation and successive chromatography with DEAE-cellulose, phenyl-Sepharose, Sephacryl S-200 and Mini-Q. The molecular mass of the enzyme was estimated to be 78 kDa by SDS-PAGE under reducing conditions and 74 kDa by gel filtration, indicating that the enzyme is a monomer. The deduced amino acid sequence from the cDNA nucleotide sequence indicated that the enzyme is an orthologue of Arabidopsis unidentified protein, acylpeptide hydrolase-like protein (AHLP; UniProt ID: Q9FG66) belonging to the prolyl oligopeptidase (POP) family of a serine-type peptidase predicted from genetic information. Good substrates identified for the enzyme include phenylalanyl-MCA, tyrosyl-MCA and enkephalin. Neither acylamino acid-releasing activity nor endopeptidase activity was detected. The enzyme cleaved enkephalin (YGGFM, YGGFL), whereas, BAM-12 P (YGGFMRRVGRPE) and dynorphin A (YGGFLRRIRPKLK) were not digested. These results suggested that the enzyme possesses strict size selectivity of substrate. We propose the name 'tyrosyl aminopeptidase' for the uncharacterized protein AHLP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiko Tsuji
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, Minamijosanjima, Tokushima, Japan.
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Asano M, Nakamura N, Kawai M, Miwa T, Nio N. Purification and characterization of an N-terminal acidic amino acid-specific aminopeptidase from soybean cotyledons (Glycine max). Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2010; 74:113-8. [PMID: 20057138 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.90617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A novel enzyme that catalyzes the efficient hydrolysis of Glu-Glu was isolated from soybean cotyledons by ammonium sulfate fractionation and successive column chromatographies of Q-sepharose, Phenyl sepharose, and Superdex 200. The apparent molecular mass of this enzyme was found to be 56 kDa and 510 kDa by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and Superdex 200 HR 10/30 column chromatography respectively. The enzyme had high activity against Glu-p-nitroanilide (pNA) and Asp-pNA, whereas Leu-pNA, Phe-pNA, Ala-pNA, and Pro-pNA were not hydrolyzed. The synthetic dipeptides Glu-Xxx and Asp-Xxx were hydrolyzed, but Xxx-Glu was not. The digestion of a Glu-rich oligopeptide, chromogranin A (Glu-Glu-Glu-Glu-Glu-Met-Ala-Val-Val-Pro-Gln-Gly-Leu-Phe-Arg-Gly-NH(2)) using this purified enzyme was also investigated. Glutamic acid residues were cleaved one by one from the N-terminus. These observations indicate that the enzyme removes glutamyl or aspartyl residues from N-terminal acidic amino acid-containing peptides. It is thought that it was an N-terminal acidic amino acid-specific aminopeptidase from a plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minao Asano
- Institute of Life Sciences, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., Kawasaki, Japan
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Tehler U, Nelson CH, Peterson LW, Provoda CJ, Hilfinger JM, Lee KD, McKenna CE, Amidon GL. Puromycin-sensitive aminopeptidase: an antiviral prodrug activating enzyme. Antiviral Res 2009; 85:482-9. [PMID: 19969024 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2009.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2009] [Revised: 11/25/2009] [Accepted: 12/01/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Cidofovir (HPMPC) is a broad-spectrum antiviral agent, currently used to treat AIDS-related human cytomegalovirus retinitis. Cidofovir has recognized therapeutic potential for orthopox virus infections, although its use is hampered by its inherent low oral bioavailability. Val-Ser-cyclic HPMPC (Val-Ser-cHPMPC) is a promising peptide prodrug which has previously been shown by us to improve the permeability and bioavailability of the parent compound in rodent models (Eriksson et al., 2008. Molecular Pharmaceutics 5, 598-609). Puromycin-sensitive aminopeptidase was partially purified from Caco-2 cell homogenates and identified as a prodrug activating enzyme for Val-Ser-cHPMPC. The prodrug activation process initially involves an enzymatic step where the l-Valine residue is removed by puromycin-sensitive aminopeptidase, a step that is bestatin-sensitive. Subsequent chemical hydrolysis results in the generation of cHPMPC. A recombinant puromycin-sensitive aminopeptidase was generated and its substrate specificity investigated. The k(cat) for Val-pNA was significantly lower than that for Ala-pNA, suggesting that some amino acids are preferred over others. Furthermore, the three-fold higher k(cat) for Val-Ser-cHPMPC as compared to Val-pNA suggests that the leaving group may play an important role in determining hydrolytic activity. In addition to its ability to hydrolyze a variety of substrates, these observations strongly suggest that puromycin-sensitive aminopeptidase is an important enzyme for activating Val-Ser-cHPMPC in vivo. Taken together, our data suggest that puromycin-sensitive aminopeptidase makes an attractive target for future prodrug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrika Tehler
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Center for Molecular Drug Targeting, College of Pharmacy, The University of Michigan, 428 Church St., Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1065, United States
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Roncari G, Zuber H. Thermophilic aminopeptidases from Bacillus stearothermophilus. I. Isolation, specificity, and general properties of the thermostable aminopeptidase I. Int J Protein Res 2009; 1:45-61. [PMID: 5001155 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3011.1969.tb01625.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Narayanan SS, Ramanujan A, Krishna S, Nampoothiri KM. Purification and biochemical characterization of methionine aminopeptidase (MetAP) from Mycobacterium smegmatis mc2155. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2008; 151:512-21. [PMID: 18594775 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-008-8227-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2007] [Accepted: 03/20/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The methionine aminopeptidase (MetAP) catalyzes the removal of amino terminal methionine from newly synthesized polypeptide. MetAP from Mycobacterium smegmatis mc(2) 155 was purified from the culture lysate in four sequential steps to obtain a final purification fold of 22. The purified enzyme exhibited a molecular weight of approximately 37 kDa on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Activity staining was performed to detect the methionine aminopeptidase activity on native polyacrylamide gel. The enzyme was characterized biochemically, using L-methionine p-nitroanilide as substrate. The enzyme was found to have a temperature and pH optimum of 50 degrees C and 8.5, respectively, and was found to be stable at 50 degrees C with half-life more than 8 h. The enzyme activity was enhanced by Mg(2+) and Co(2+) and was inhibited by Fe(2+) and Cu(2+). The enzyme activity inhibited by EDTA is restored in presence of Mg(2+) suggesting the possible role of Mg(2+) as metal cofactor of the enzyme in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai Shyam Narayanan
- Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Trivandrum, Kerala, India
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Angelucci C, Barrett-Wilt GA, Hunt DF, Akhurst RJ, East PD, Gordon KH, Campbell PM. Diversity of aminopeptidases, derived from four lepidopteran gene duplications, and polycalins expressed in the midgut of Helicoverpa armigera: identification of proteins binding the delta-endotoxin, Cry1Ac of Bacillus thuringiensis. Insect Biochem Mol Biol 2008; 38:685-96. [PMID: 18549954 PMCID: PMC2852237 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2008.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2007] [Revised: 03/28/2008] [Accepted: 03/31/2008] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Helicoverpa armigera midgut proteins that bind the Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) delta-endotoxin Cry1Ac were purified by affinity chromatography. SDS-PAGE showed that several proteins were eluted with N-acetylgalactosamine and no further proteins were detected after elution with urea. Tandem mass spectral data for tryptic peptides initially indicated that the proteins resembled aminopeptidases (APNs) from other lepidopterans and cDNA sequences for seven APNs were isolated from H. armigera through a combination of cloning with primers derived from predicted peptide sequences and established EST libraries. Phylogenetic analysis showed lepidopteran APN genes in nine clades of which five were part of a lepidopteran-specific radiation. The Cry1Ac-binding proteins were then identified with four of the seven HaAPN genes. Three of those four APNs are likely orthologs of APNs characterised as Cry1Ac-binding proteins in other lepidopterans. The fourth Cry1Ac-binding APN has orthologs not previously identified as Cry1Ac-binding partners. The HaAPN genes were expressed predominantly in the midgut through larval development. Each showed consistent expression along the length of the midgut but five of the genes were expressed at levels about two orders of magnitude greater than the remaining two. The remaining mass spectral data identified sequences encoding polycalin proteins with multiple lipocalin-like domains. A polycalin has only been previously reported in another lepidopteran, Bombyx mori, but polycalins in both species are now linked with binding of Bt Cry toxins. This is the first report of hybrid, lipocalin-like domains in shorter polycalin sequences that are not present in the longest sequence. We propose that these hybrid domains are generated by alternative splicing of the mRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Donald F. Hunt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
| | | | - Peter D. East
- CSIRO Entomology, PO Box 1700, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | | | - Peter M. Campbell
- CSIRO Entomology, PO Box 1700, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
- Corresponding author. Tel.: +612 62464394; fax: +612 62464173. (P.M. Campbell)
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18
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Rudenskaia IA, Aseev VV, Rudensaia GN. [Endocellular aminopeptidase from Astasia longa]. Bioorg Khim 2008; 34:333-336. [PMID: 18672681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
A new aminopeptidase was isolated from the biomass of the flagellate Astasia longa by precipitation with ammonium sulfate, gel filtration, and affinity chromatography on Arginine-Silochrome in 41% yield and with purification degree 490. The enzyme is irreversible inhibited by mercury chloride, EDTA, o-phenanthroline and, partially, bestatin and zinc chloride. It has an optimum pH 8.5 toward the hydrolysis of a synthetic chromogenic substrate Ala-pNA. The enzyme molecular mass is 45 kDa, isoelectric point 5.5, and temperature optimum 45 degrees C. The enzyme most effectively hydrolyzes p-nitroanilides of alanine, arginine, and leucine; it is classified as metalloaminopeptidase.
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19
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Budatha M, Meur G, Dutta-Gupta A. A novel aminopeptidase in the fat body of the moth Achaea janata as a receptor for Bacillus thuringiensis Cry toxins and its comparison with midgut aminopeptidase. Biochem J 2007; 405:287-97. [PMID: 17402938 PMCID: PMC1904524 DOI: 10.1042/bj20070054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Bacillus thuringiensis insecticidal crystal proteins bind to cell-surface receptors which represent a family of aminopeptidases [APN (aminopeptidase N)] present on the brush border membrane of insect midgut cells of susceptible insects leading to pore formation and death of the insect. We report here for the first time the presence of a novel APN in the fat body of the moth Achaea janata. Northern blotting detected at least one APN-specific transcript in the fat body, whereas two transcripts of different sizes were detected in the midgut. We have cloned two full-length APN cDNAs of 3015 bp and 2850 bp from fat body and midgut respectively, which encode proteins of 1004 and 950 amino acids. These two APNs share only 33% amino acid sequence identity, but both display the typical APN features, such as the N-terminal signal peptide, several putative glycosylation sites, C-terminal glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor signal, the APN-specific zinc-binding/gluzincin motif HEXXHX(18)E and gluzincin motif GAMENWG. The fat body APN manifested a variation in its expression with respect to tissue and developmental stage. In spite of the abundance of the APN transcript in the fat body, fairly low APN activity was detected in this tissue. The fat-body- and midgut-specific APNs showed differential interaction with various Cry1A toxins. Besides, the level of toxicity of different Cry subtypes varied enormously with mode/site of delivery, such as intrahaemocoelic injections and feeding bioassays. These data indicate that the fat body might be a potential alternative Cry toxin target site in the moth.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gargi Meur
- School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500046, India
| | - Aparna Dutta-Gupta
- School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500046, India
- To whom correspondence should be addressed (email )
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20
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Evdokimov AG, Pokross M, Walter RL, Mekel M, Barnett BL, Amburgey J, Seibel WL, Soper SJ, Djung JF, Fairweather N, Diven C, Rastogi V, Grinius L, Klanke C, Siehnel R, Twinem T, Andrews R, Curnow A. Serendipitous discovery of novel bacterial methionine aminopeptidase inhibitors. Proteins 2007; 66:538-46. [PMID: 17120228 DOI: 10.1002/prot.21207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In this article we describe the application of structural biology methods to the discovery of novel potent inhibitors of methionine aminopeptidases. These enzymes are employed by the cells to cleave the N-terminal methionine from nascent peptides and proteins. As this is one of the critical steps in protein maturation, it is very likely that inhibitors of these enzymes may prove useful as novel antibacterial agents. Involvement of crystallography at the very early stages of the inhibitor design process resulted in serendipitous discovery of a new inhibitor class, the pyrazole-diamines. Atomic-resolution structures of several inhibitors bound to the enzyme illuminate a new mode of inhibitor binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artem G Evdokimov
- Structural Biology Core Facility, The Procter & Gamble Pharmaceuticals, Mason, Ohio 45040, USA.
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21
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Cristofoletti PT, de Sousa FAM, Rahbé Y, Terra WR. Characterization of a membrane-bound aminopeptidase purified from Acyrthosiphon pisum midgut cells. A major binding site for toxic mannose lectins. FEBS J 2007; 273:5574-88. [PMID: 17212776 PMCID: PMC7164072 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2006.05547.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A single membrane-bound aminopeptidase N (APN) occurs in the pea aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum Harris) midgut, with a pH optimum of 7.0, pI of 8.1 and molecular mass of 130 kDa. This enzyme accounts for more than 15.6% of the total gut proteins. After being solubilized in detergent, APN was purified to homogeneity. The enzyme is a glycoprotein rich in mannose residues, which binds the entomotoxic lectins of the concanavalin family. The internal sequence of APN is homologous with a conservative domain in APNs, and degenerated primers of highly conserved APN motifs were used to screen a gut cDNA library. The complete sequence of APN has standard residues involved in zinc co-ordination and catalysis and a glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol anchor, as in APNs from Lepidoptera. APN has a broad specificity towards N-terminal amino acids, but does not hydrolyze acidic aminoacyl-peptides, thus resembling the mammalian enzyme (EC 3.4.11.2). The kcat/Km ratios for different di-, tri-, tetra-, and penta-peptides suggest a preference for tripeptides, and that subsites S1, S2' and S3' are pockets able to bind bulky aminoacyl residues. Bestatin and amastatin bound APN in a rapidly reversible mode, with Ki values of 1.8 microM and 0.6 microM, respectively. EDTA inactivates this APN (k(obs) 0.14 M(-1) x s(-1), reaction order of 0.44) at a rate that is reduced by competitive inhibitors. In addition to oligopeptide digestion, APN is proposed to be associated with amino-acid-absorption processes which, in contrast with aminopeptidase activity, may be hampered on lectin binding.
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Hernández-Montañez Z, Araujo-Osorio J, Noriega-Reyes Y, Chávez-Camarillo G, Villa-Tanaca L. The intracellular proteolytic system of Yarrowia lipolytica and characterization of an aminopeptidase. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2007; 268:178-86. [PMID: 17227470 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2006.00578.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracellular proteases of Yarrowia lipolytica have been scarcely studied. These enzymes may play an important role in nitrogen metabolism, posttranslational processing, nutritional stress, dimorphism, etc.; biochemical and genetic control of these enzymes can help in obtaining high-level expression of recombinant proteins in heterologous systems. In this study, we report the presence of three proteases: aminopeptidase yylAPE, carboxypeptidase yylCP and dipeptidyl aminopeptidase yylDAP, measured under several nutritional conditions. Yarrowia lipolytica produced the highest level of intracellular proteolytic enzymes, i.e. yylAPE, yylCP and yylDAP, in media with peptone during stationary growth phase. When soluble extracts were subjected to PAGE, and the three activities were revealed in gels with the corresponding substrates, only one band of activity was detected for each one. The three enzymes were affected by serine protease inhibitors. Chelating agents affected mainly APE activity. The aminopeptidase was purified by selective fractionation with ammonium sulfate and three chromatographic steps (anion exchange, hydrophobic interaction and gel filtration chromatography). The enzyme had a molecular mass of 97 kDa; optimal pH and temperature were 7.0 and 37 degrees C, respectively. The aminopeptidase showed a preference for lysine in the N-position. The K(m) value was 0.86 microM and V(max) value was 990.8 micromoL min(-1) mg(-1) for Lys-pNA.
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23
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Stano J, Micieta K, Tintemann H, Neubert K. Bioassay for the determination of the intra- and extracellular activity of aminopeptidases in immobilized tomato cells. Chem Biodivers 2006; 3:414-21. [PMID: 17193278 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.200690045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Permeabilized tomato cells were cross-linked with glutaraldehyde in the absence of a carrier. The immobilized cells demonstrated significantly lower aminopeptidase (AP) activities than untreated control cells. However, when immobilized with pectate and alginate gels, the tomato cells retained their AP activities. A new method for the determination of the activity of both extra- and intracellular AP was developed, based on enzyme-catalyzed hydrolysis of a series of synthetic beta-naphthylamides (betaNA) of the L-amino acids Ala, Arg, Leu, Pro, Tyr, or of the synthetic beta-methoxynaphthylamides (betaMNA) of Ala and Arg. Extracellular AP--produced by calli, cell-suspension culture, or seedlings of tomato cells grown on agar--hydrolyzed these peptidic substrates to the free naphthalene amines and amino acids. Staining with Fast Garnet GBC salt under formation of bright reddish azo dyes readily allowed the determination of AP activities. For the tomato-cell suspension, the intracellular activity accounted for 91.3-93.9% of the total activity, and the extracellular one for 6.1-8.7%, respectively. Our method permits the rapid, simple, and specific determination of plant aminopeptidases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ján Stano
- Garden of Medicinal Plants, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University, Odbojárov 10, SK-832 32 Bratislava, Slovakia
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24
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Akioka M, Nakano H, Horikiri A, Tsujimoto Y, Matsui H, Shimizu T, Nakatsu T, Kato H, Watanabe K. Overexpression, purification, crystallization and preliminary X-ray crystallographic studies of a proline-specific aminopeptidase from Aneurinibacillus sp. strain AM-1. Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun 2006; 62:1266-8. [PMID: 17142913 PMCID: PMC2225360 DOI: 10.1107/s1744309106047543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2006] [Accepted: 11/09/2006] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
To elucidate the structure and molecular mechanism of a characteristic proline-specific aminopeptidase produced by the thermophile Aneurinibacillus sp. strain AM-1, its gene was cloned and the recombinant protein was overexpressed in Escherichia coli, purified and crystallized using the hanging-drop vapour-diffusion method. X-ray diffraction data were collected to 1.8 A resolution from the recombinant aminopeptidase crystal. The crystals belong to the orthorhombic space group P2(1)2(1)2, with unit-cell parameters a = 93.62, b = 68.20, c = 76.84 A. A complete data set was also obtained from crystals of SeMet-substituted aminopeptidase. Data in the resolution range 20-2.1 A from the MAD data set from the SeMet-substituted crystal were used for phase determination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Akioka
- Department of Applied Biochemistry, Kyoto Prefectural University, Shimogamo, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8522, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Nakano
- Department of Structural Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, 46-29 Yoshida Shimoadachi-cho, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Aya Horikiri
- Department of Applied Biochemistry, Kyoto Prefectural University, Shimogamo, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8522, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Tsujimoto
- Department of Applied Biochemistry, Kyoto Prefectural University, Shimogamo, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8522, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Matsui
- Department of Applied Biochemistry, Kyoto Prefectural University, Shimogamo, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8522, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Shimizu
- Department of Structural Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, 46-29 Yoshida Shimoadachi-cho, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Toru Nakatsu
- Department of Structural Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, 46-29 Yoshida Shimoadachi-cho, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Kato
- Department of Structural Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, 46-29 Yoshida Shimoadachi-cho, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Kunihiko Watanabe
- Department of Applied Biochemistry, Kyoto Prefectural University, Shimogamo, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8522, Japan
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25
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Abstract
Aminopeptidase B (EC 3.4.11.6, ApB) specifically cleaves in vitro the N-terminal Arg or Lys residue from peptides and synthetic derivatives. Ap B was shown to have a consensus sequence found in the metallopeptidase family. We determined the putative zinc binding residues (His324, His328, and Glu347) and the essential Glu325 residue for the enzyme using site-directed mutagenesis (Fukasawa, K. M., et al. (1999) Biochem. J. 339, 497-502). To identify the residues binding to the amino-terminal basic amino acid of the substrate, rat cDNA encoding ApB was cloned into pGEX-4T-3 so that recombinant protein was expressed as a GST fusion protein. Twelve acidic amino acid residues (Glu or Asp) in ApB were replaced with a Gln or Asn using site-directed mutagenesis. These mutants were isolated to characterize the kinetic parameters of enzyme activity toward Arg-NA and compare them to those of the wild-type ApB. The catalytic efficiency (kcat/Km) of the mutant D405N was 1.7 x 10(4) M(-1) s(-1), markedly decreased compared with that of the wild-type ApB (6.2 x 10(5) M(-1) s(-1)). The replacement of Asp405 with an Asn residue resulted in the change of substrate specificity such that the specific activity of the mutant D405N toward Lys-NA was twice that toward Arg-NA (in the case of wild-type ApB; 0.4). Moreover, when Asp405 was replaced with an Ala residue, the kcat/Km ratio was 1000-fold lower than that of the wild-type ApB for hydrolysis of Arg-NA; in contrast, in the hydrolysis of Tyr-NA, the kcat/Km ratios of the wild-type (1.1 x 10(4) M(-1) s(-1)) and the mutated (8.2 x 10(3) M(-1) s(-1)) enzymes were similar. Furthermore, the replacement of Asp-405 with a Glu residue led to the reduction of the kcat/Km ratio for the hydrolysis of Arg-NA by a factor of 6 and an increase of that for the hydrolysis of Lys-NA. Then the kcat/Km ratio of the D405E mutant for the hydrolysis of Lys-NA was higher than that for the hydrolysis of Arg-NA as opposed to that of wild-type ApB. These data strongly suggest that the Asp 405 residue is involved in substrate binding via an interaction with the P1 amino group of the substrate's side chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayoko M Fukasawa
- Department of Hard Tissue Research, Graduate School of Oral Medicine, Matsumoto Dental University, School of Dentistry, Shiojiri, Nagano 399-0781, Japan.
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Santos K, Medrano FJ. Expression, purification, and characterization of an aminopeptidase (Xac2987) with broad specificity from Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri. Protein Expr Purif 2006; 52:117-22. [PMID: 17110128 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2006.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2006] [Revised: 09/28/2006] [Accepted: 10/03/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We report here, the cloning, expression, and purification of a broad specificity aminopeptidase from Xanthomonas campestris pv. citri in fusion with a hexa-histidine tag at the N-terminal portion of the protein to facilitate purification. The protein was expressed in the soluble fraction and could be purified in one step by IMAC, yielding approximately 50mg pure protein per liter of cells. We show that the protein is folded and presents aminopeptidase activity against synthetic substrates. Also, we present the characterization of its specificity, showing that the protein was, indeed, able to catalyze the removal of N-terminal residues from synthetic substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Santos
- Centro de Biologia Molecular Estrutural, Laboratório Nacional de Luz Síncrotron, Caixa Postal 6192, CEP 13084-971 Campinas, Brazil
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27
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Cortes L, Carvalho AL, Todo-Bom A, Faro C, Pires E, Veríssimo P. Purification of a novel aminopeptidase from the pollen of Parietaria judaica that alters epithelial integrity and degrades neuropeptides. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2006; 118:878-84. [PMID: 17030241 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2006.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2006] [Revised: 04/27/2006] [Accepted: 05/11/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parietaria judaica pollen is a common cause of pollinosis in the Mediterranean area. OBJECTIVE This study sought to purify and characterize the peptidase responsible for the majority of proteolytic activity present in the pollen extract of P judaica, and to investigate its contribution to the allergic response. METHODS A serial of chromatographic steps was applied to isolate the peptidase from P judaica's pollen, and its biochemical properties were determined. Bioactive peptides present in the airways were incubated with the peptidase, and their degradation was visualized by direct protein sequencing. In addition, we measured the cellular detachment, by methylene blue binding assay, of an airway-derived epithelial cell line (A549) in the presence of the peptidase, and visualized, by Western blot, the degradation of proteins from intercellular junctions. RESULTS We purified a 98-kDa peptidase from the pollen of P judaica that was classified as an aminopeptidase on the basis of its biochemical properties and internal amino acid sequence. The aminopeptidase was able to degrade bioactive peptides. Moreover, the aminopeptidase caused cellular detachment of A549 cell line and degradation of occludin and E-cadherin. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that the P judaica aminopeptidase can alter the integrity of the epithelium barrier by degrading occludin as well as E-cadherin. In addition, P judaica aminopeptidase can degrade bioactive peptides, which can exacerbate the overall bronchoconstrictive effect detected in asthmatic lungs. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS The novel aminopeptidase described here could constitute a relevant therapeutic target in the treatment of allergic disorders induced by the pollen of P judaica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luísa Cortes
- Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Portugal
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28
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Abstract
Neuropeptides are formed from sedentary precursors to smaller, active peptides by processing enzymes cleaving at paired basic residues. The process generates peptide intermediates with additional Lys or Arg residues at their NH(2) and COOH termini; the N-terminal basic amino acids are later removed by specific aminopeptidases. We report here a novel lysine-specific aminopeptidase (KAP) of ubiquitous distribution. The enzyme was resolved from puromycin-sensitive aminopeptidase (PSA), aminopeptidase B (APB), and neuron-specific aminopeptidase (NAP). It was purified by FPLC after (NH(4))(2)SO(4) precipitation. The purified KAP had a K(m) of 333 microM with a V(max) of 0.7 nmol Lys ssNA/min/mg protein. N-terminal basic amino acids, Lys in particular, were its favorable substrates. KAP was inhibited by chelating agents and by serine protease inhibitors. It was highly sensitive to aminopeptidase inhibitor bestatin, but insensitive to puromycin and amastatin, showing that KAP is distinct from PSA, NAP, and aminopeptidase A (APA). The 62,000-Da enzyme had a pH optimum at 7.5 and NaCl was its strongest activator. However, metals could not restore KAP's activity after it was dialyzed against EGTA. Our data indicated that rat KAP did not resemble any aminopeptidases as well as the microbial lysine aminopeptidases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Hui
- Peptide Research Laboratory, Neurochemistry Division, Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, 10962, USA
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29
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Huang LF, Su B, Jao SC, Liu KT, Li WS. Aminopeptidase p mediated detoxification of organophosphonate analogues of sarin: mechanistic and stereochemical study at the phosphorus atom of the substrate. Chembiochem 2006; 7:506-14. [PMID: 16470765 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200500412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The activity of the aminopeptidase P from Escherichia coli in hydrolyzing a series of organophosphonate sarin analogues (1-6) was evaluated. The enzymatic rates of hydrolysis for methylphosphonate 1 with a methoxy group attached to the phosphorus center were 7- to 15-fold higher than those for the corresponding analogues 2-6. Double mutant R153W/R370L was able to hydrolyze the S(p) enantiomer of racemic 1 at a considerable rate. This mutant allowed the preparation of the R(p) isomer of the sarin analogue 1. All the mutants, R370L, R153A, W88L, R153L/R370L, and R153W/R370L, preferred the formation of (S(p))-8 to that of the corresponding (R(p))-8 enantiomer and displayed a better enantiomeric excess of products, by 1.4- to 2-fold as compared to the wild-type enzyme. Enzymatic hydrolysis of O,O-diisopropyl-p-nitrophenyl phosphate (9) in H(2) (18)O led to the formation of the (18)O-labeled O,O-diisopropyl phosphate product and confirmed that the catalytic reaction starts with cleavage of the P--O bond. From chemical and kinetic studies, the utilization of an optically pure S(p) enantiomer of O-methyl-p-nitrophenyl methylphosphonothioate (S(p))-MNMPT, 7) has demonstrated that the enzymatic reaction proceeds through a displacement mechanism and generates a chiral product in situ with an inversion of stereochemical configuration at the phosphorus atom. The results also lead to the conclusion that alteration of the active site through site-directed mutagenesis can result in a preference for (S(p))-MNMPT (7) rather than the R(p) isomer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Fang Huang
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, 128 Academia Road Sec. 2, Taipei 115, Taiwan
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30
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Krstanović M, Brgles M, Halassy B, Frkanec R, Vrdoljak A, Branović K, Tomasić J, Benedetti F. Purification and Characterization ofL,(L/D)‐Aminopeptidase from Guinea Pig Serum. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2006; 36:175-95. [PMID: 16513561 DOI: 10.1080/10826060500534099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian sera contain enzymes that catalyze the hydrolytic degradation of peptidoglycans and molecules of related structure and are relevant for the metabolism of peptidoglycans. We now report on a novel L,(L/D)-aminopeptidase found in human and mammalian sera. The enzyme hydrolyses the pentapeptide L-Ala-D-iso-Gln-meso-DAP(omegaNH(2))-D-Ala-D-Ala yielding the free L-alanine and the respective tetrapeptide (K(M) 18 mM). L,(L/D)-aminopeptidase from guinea pig serum was highly purified in four chromatographic steps, up to 700-fold. Molecular weight of the enzyme was estimated by HPLC to be approximately 175,000. The configuration of alanine obtained by hydrolysis of the pentapeptide was determined by oxidation with L-amino acid oxidase. The amino acids sequence in the respective tetrapeptide was deduced from the results of mass spectrometry. The novel L,(L/D)-aminopeptidase also hydrolyzed alanine-4-nitroanilide (K(M)=0.6 mM) and several peptides comprising L-amino acids. Peptides containing D-amino acid at the amino end and L-Asp-L-Asp were not the substrates for this enzyme. The purified enzyme also exhibited enkephalin degrading activity, hydrolyzing enkephalins comprising L,L- and L,D-peptide bonds. The enzyme was inhibited strongly by metal chelating agents, bestatin and amastatin.
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Abstract
Our previous investigation demonstrated the expression in Eimeria tenella sporulated oocysts of an aminopeptidase (AP) with strong homology to AP N. To further understand the role of proteases during development, we investigated the molecular and biochemical properties of E. tenella AP. Greater than 95% AP activity was present in a soluble extract during sporulation of oocysts with highest activity in fully sporulated oocysts. The AP activity was inhibited by the AP inhibitors bestatin and 1,6-phenanthroline, but not by serine protease inhibitors. The AP had specificity for synthetic endopeptidase substrates that contain arginine, alanine, or glycine at the N terminus. Partial purification of the enzyme yielded a major protein band with an Mr of about 106 kDa and an isoelectric point (Ip) of 5.1. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction indicated that the gene for AP is expressed during sporulation, but expression is absent or greatly reduced in the sporozoites and merozoites. On the basis of the deduced gene structure, the predicted Mr is 110 kDa with a pI of 5.59. Database search indicates that the E. tenella AP shares significant homology with the AP from Apicomplexan taxa: Toxoplasma gondii, Cryptosporidium parvum, and Cryptosporidium hominis. Together, these results confirm the presence of a cytosolic AP related to AP N, which is expressed and active during sporulation of E. tenella oocysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- R H Fetterer
- Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Animal and Natural Resources Institute, United States Department of Agriculture, Henry A Wallace Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Maryland 20705, USA.
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32
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Abstract
Aspartyl aminopeptidase (EC 3.4.11.21) cleaves only unblocked N-terminal acidic amino-acid residues. To date, it has been found only in mammals. We report here that aspartyl aminopeptidase activity is present in yeast. Yeast aminopeptidase is encoded by an uncharacterized gene in chromosome VIII (YHR113W, Saccharomyces Genome Database). Yeast aspartyl aminopeptidase preferentially cleaved the unblocked N-terminal acidic amino-acid residue of peptides; the optimum pH for this activity was within the neutral range. The metalloproteases inhibitors EDTA and 1.10-phenanthroline both inhibited the activity of the enzyme, whereas bestatin, an inhibitor of most aminopeptidases, did not affect enzyme activity. Gel filtration chromatography revealed that the molecular mass of the native form of yeast aspartyl aminopeptidase is approximately 680,000. SDS/PAGE of purified yeast aspartyl aminopeptidase produced a single 56-kDa band, indicating that this enzyme comprises 12 identical subunits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Yokoyama
- Supramolecular Biology, International Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, Yokohama City University, Japan
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33
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Abstract
It has been reported that one of the hyperthermostable aminopeptidases from Pyrococcus horikoshii exhibits hydrolytic activity toward short peptides and acyl-peptides (deblocking activity). In the genome database of P. horikoshii, two new open reading frames homologous to the hyperthermostable aminopeptidase of P. horikoshii were found. The two new genes for the proteins were cloned, expressed using E. coli, and characterized. The purified proteins gave a single band on SDS-PAGE corresponding to molecular masses of 42 kDa and 41 kDa respectively, and exhibited aminopeptidase activity, including deblocking activity. These enzymes are likely to exist as oligomeric structures at neutral pH. The optimum pHs of the two enzyme activities were in the range of 7.0 to 7.5, and the optimum temperatures for the activities were around 100 degrees C. The enzymes exhibited low hydrolytic activity for peptide substrates longer than 10 residues. They were activated by cobalt and zinc ions. Their substrate specificities and activation factors are different. It was confirmed that P. horikoshii has three similar aminopeptidases with deblocking activity and that these enzymes appear to play important roles in hydrolyzing small peptides in P. horikoshii cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazushige Mori
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST Kansai), Ikeda, Osaka, Japan.
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34
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Parsons JL, Dianova II, Boswell E, Weinfeld M, Dianov GL. End-damage-specific proteins facilitate recruitment or stability of X-ray cross-complementing protein 1 at the sites of DNA single-strand break repair. FEBS J 2005; 272:5753-63. [PMID: 16279940 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2005.04962.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Ionizing radiation, oxidative stress and endogenous DNA-damage processing can result in a variety of single-strand breaks with modified 5' and/or 3' ends. These are thought to be one of the most persistent forms of DNA damage and may threaten cell survival. This study addresses the mechanism involved in recognition and processing of DNA strand breaks containing modified 3' ends. Using a DNA-protein cross-linking assay, we followed the proteins involved in the repair of oligonucleotide duplexes containing strand breaks with a phosphate or phosphoglycolate group at the 3' end. We found that, in human whole cell extracts, end-damage-specific proteins (apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1 and polynucleotide kinase in the case of 3' ends containing phosphoglycolate and phosphate, respectively) which recognize and process 3'-end-modified DNA strand breaks are required for efficient recruitment of X-ray cross-complementing protein 1-DNA ligase IIIalpha heterodimer to the sites of DNA repair.
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35
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Golich FC, Han M, Crowder MW. Over-expression, purification, and characterization of aminopeptidase N from Escherichia coli. Protein Expr Purif 2005; 47:634-9. [PMID: 16380266 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2005.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2005] [Accepted: 11/14/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The gene from Escherichia coli encoding aminopeptidase N (PepN) was subcloned into pET-26b, and PepN was over-expressed in BL21(DE3) E. coli and purified using Q-Sepharose chromatography. This protocol yielded over 17 mg of purified, recombinant PepN per liter of growth culture under optimum conditions. Gel filtration chromatography revealed that recombinant PepN exists as a monomer. MALDI-TOF mass spectra showed that the enzyme has a molecular mass of 98,750 Da, and steady-state kinetic studies revealed that as-isolated, recombinant PepN exhibits a k(cat) of 354 +/- 11s(-1) and a K(m) of 376 +/- 39 microM when using L-alanine-p-nitroanilide as the substrate. Metal analyses demonstrated that as-isolated, recombinant PepN binds 0.5 and <0.1 equivalents of iron and zinc, respectively. The addition of Zn(II) to recombinant PepN inhibits catalytic activity, while the addition of iron causes a slight decrease or no change in activity. Further metal binding studies revealed that recombinant PepN tightly binds 5 equivalents of iron and <0.1 equivalents of Zn(II). By using this over-expression and purification system, E. coli PepN can now be obtained in quantities necessary for structural characterization and possibly inhibitor design efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank C Golich
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 160 Hughes Hall, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056, USA
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36
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Liao C, Trowell SC, Akhurst R. Purification and Characterization of Cry1Ac Toxin Binding Proteins from the Brush Border Membrane of Helicoverpa armigera Midgut. Curr Microbiol 2005; 51:367-71. [PMID: 16252132 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-005-0051-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2005] [Accepted: 06/27/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Several Cry1Ac binding proteins from midgut of Helicoverpa armigera were purified using toxin-affinity chromatography. Enzyme assays showed that the purified proteins had strong aminopeptidase activity. The N-terminal sequences confidently identified a 124-kDa binding protein as an aminopeptidase N (APN), and some similarity suggests that a 162-kDa binding protein may also be an APN. Two minor binding proteins were not characterized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyan Liao
- CSIRO Entomology, GPO Box 1700, ACT 2601, Australia
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37
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Abstract
N-Formyl peptides are derived from proteolytic degradation/processing of bacterial and mitochondrial proteins and serve as potent chemoattractants for mammalian phagocytic leukocytes. A response to the chemotactic N-formyl peptides released by commensal bacteria in the gut region could be detrimental, leading to unwanted inflammation. Here, two enzymes that act sequentially to degrade N-formyl peptides were purified from the rat intestinal mucosal layer and biochemically characterized. The first enzyme cleaves chemotactic peptide f-MLF to release N-formylmethionine (f-Met) and dipeptide leucylphenylalanine, with a k(cat) value of 14 s(-)(1), a K(M) value of 0.60 mM, and a k(cat)/K(M) value of 22 500 M(-)(1) s(-)(1). In-gel tryptic digestion followed by mass spectral fingerprinting identified the protein as the alpha-N-acylpeptide hydrolase (or acylamino acid-releasing enzyme, EC 3.4.19.1). The second enzyme hydrolyzes N-formylmethionine into formate and methionine with a k(cat) value of 7.9 s(-)(1), a K(M) value of 3.1 mM, and a k(cat)/K(M) value of 2550 M(-)(1) s(-)(1). This protein was identified as the N-acylase IA (or N(alpha)-acyl-l-amino acid amidohydrolase, EC 3.5.1.14). Together, these two enzymes play a protective role in degrading bacterial and mitochondrial N-formylated peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiet T Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry and Ohio State Biochemistry Program, The Ohio State University, 100 West 18th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
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38
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Bzymek KP, Moulin A, Swierczek SI, Ringe D, Petsko GA, Bennett B, Holz RC. Kinetic, Spectroscopic, and X-ray Crystallographic Characterization of the Functional E151H Aminopeptidase from Aeromonas proteolytica,. Biochemistry 2005; 44:12030-40. [PMID: 16142900 DOI: 10.1021/bi0505823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Glutamate151 (E151) has been shown to be catalytically essential for the aminopeptidase from Vibrio proteolyticus (AAP). E151 acts as the general acid/base during the catalytic mechanism of peptide hydrolysis. However, a glutamate residue is not the only residue capable of functioning as a general acid/base during catalysis for dinuclear metallohydrolases. Recent crystallographic characterization of the D-aminopeptidase from Bacillus subtilis (DppA) revealed a histidine residue that resides in an identical position to E151 in AAP. Because the active-site ligands for DppA and AAP are identical, AAP has been used as a model enzyme to understand the mechanistic role of H115 in DppA. Substitution of E151 with histidine resulted in an active AAP enzyme exhibiting a kcat value of 2.0 min(-1), which is over 2000 times slower than r AAP (4380 min(-1)). ITC experiments revealed that ZnII binds 330 and 3 times more weakly to E151H-AAP compared to r-AAP. UV-vis and EPR spectra of CoII-loaded E151H-AAP indicated that the first metal ion resides in a hexacoordinate/pentacoordinate equilibrium environment, whereas the second metal ion is six-coordinate. pH dependence of the kinetic parameters kcat and K(m) for the hydrolysis of L-leucine p-nitroanilide (L-pNA) revealed a change in an ionization constant in the enzyme-substrate complex from 5.3 in r-AAP to 6.4 in E151H-AAP, consistent with E151 in AAP being the active-site general acid/base. Proton inventory studies at pH 8.50 indicate the transfer of one proton in the rate-limiting step of the reaction. Moreover, the X-ray crystal structure of [ZnZn(E151H-AAP)] has been solved to 1.9 A resolution, and alteration of E151 to histidine does not introduce any major conformational changes to the overall protein structure or the dinuclear ZnII active site. Therefore, a histidine residue can function as the general acid/base in hydrolysis reactions of peptides and, through analogy of the role of E151 in AAP, H115 in DppA likely shuttles a proton to the leaving group of the substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof P Bzymek
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322-0300, USA
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39
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Fundoiano-Hershcovitz Y, Rabinovitch L, Shulami S, Reiland V, Shoham G, Shoham Y. The ywad gene from Bacillus subtilis encodes a double-zinc aminopeptidase. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2005; 243:157-63. [PMID: 15668014 DOI: 10.1016/j.femsle.2004.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2004] [Revised: 11/30/2004] [Accepted: 12/01/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The yet uncharacterized ywad gene from Bacillus subtilis has been cloned and overexpressed in Escherichia coli. The gene product (BSAP) was purified and shown to be an aminopeptidase. The activity of BSAP was optimal at pH 8.4, the enzyme was stable for 20 min at 80 degrees C and its activity was not affected by serine protease and aspartic protease inhibitors, but was completely diminished by the Zn-chelator 1,10-phenanthroline. ZnCl2 was able to restore activity, and the binding stoichiometry of zinc to apo-BSAP indicated two Zn ions per protein molecule. BSAP exhibited high preference toward p-nitroanilide derived Arg, Lys, and Leu synthetic substrates resulting in kcat/Km values of 1-5 x 10(1) s(-1) mM(-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifat Fundoiano-Hershcovitz
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Engineering and Institute of Catalysis Science and Technology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
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40
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Bertin PB, Lozzi SP, Howell JK, Restrepo-Cadavid G, Neves D, Teixeira ARL, de Sousa MV, Norris SJ, Santana JM. The thermophilic, homohexameric aminopeptidase of Borrelia burgdorferi is a member of the M29 family of metallopeptidases. Infect Immun 2005; 73:2253-61. [PMID: 15784569 PMCID: PMC1087410 DOI: 10.1128/iai.73.4.2253-2261.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteases are implicated in several aspects of the physiology of microorganisms, as well as in host-pathogen interactions. Aminopeptidases are also emerging as novel drug targets in infectious agents. In this study, we have characterized an aminopeptidase from the spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi, the causative agent of Lyme disease. The aminopeptidolytic activity was identified in cell extracts from B. burgdorferi by using the substrate leucine-7-amido-4-methylcoumarin. A protein displaying this activity was purified from B. burgdorferi by a two-step chromatographic procedure, yielding a approximately 300-kDa homo-oligomeric enzyme formed by monomers of approximately 50 kDa. Gel enzymography experiments showed that enzymatic activity depends on the oligomeric structure of the protease but does not involve interchain disulfide bonds. The enzyme was identified by peptide mass fingerprinting as the putative aminopeptidase II of B. burgdorferi, encoded by the gene BB0069. It shares significant identity to members of the M29/T family of metallopeptidase, is sensitive to bestatin, has a neutral pH optimum, and displays maximal activity at 60 degrees C. Its activity is 1.75-fold higher at the temperature of the mammalian host than at that of the insect host of the pathogen. The activity of this thermophilic aminopeptidase of B. burgdorferi (TAP(Bb)) depends on Zn2+, and temperatures over 70 degrees C promoted its inactivation through a transition from the hexameric state to the monomeric state. Since B. burgdorferi is deficient in pathways for amino acid synthesis, TAP(Bb) could play a role in supplying required amino acids. Alternatively, the enzyme could be involved in peptide and/or protein processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia B Bertin
- Chagas' Disease Multidisciplinary Research Laboratory, Institute of Biology, The University of Brasília, 70.910-900 Brasília DF, Brazil
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41
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Abstract
There is evidence that enzymes from the genus Capnocytophaga play a role in dental calculus formation. Although most of the species in the genus produce aminopeptidases, there is a paucity of data on the purification and characterization of the enzyme, except in the case of Capnocytophaga gingivalis. The aim of this study was to purify aminopeptidase from culture supernatant of Capnocytophaga granulosa ATCC 51502, a new species of the genus. Purification was performed using ammonium sulfate fractionation and two chromatographic steps. The aminopeptidase was purified 158,433-fold with a yield of 12.0%. The enzyme appeared to be a trimer with a molecular mass of 270 kDa. The optimal pH of the aminopeptidase was 6.5 and its activity was completely inhibited by incubation at 50 degrees C for 10 min. The enzyme showed maximum specificity for basic amino acids (Arg and Lys) and also hydrolyzed noncharged amino acids (Met, Leu and Ala). Ca(2+), Zn(2+) and Fe(3+) activated the enzyme, while EDTA, Ag(+), Hg(+) and Cu(2+) inhibited it. These results suggest that aminopeptidase of C. granulosa is different from that of C. gingivalis but similar to aminopeptidase B.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Ohishi
- Department of Oral Health, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine and Dentistry, Okayama, Japan
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42
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Story SV, Shah C, Jenney FE, Adams MWW. Characterization of a novel zinc-containing, lysine-specific aminopeptidase from the hyperthermophilic archaeon Pyrococcus furiosus. J Bacteriol 2005; 187:2077-83. [PMID: 15743956 PMCID: PMC1064047 DOI: 10.1128/jb.187.6.2077-2083.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell extracts of the proteolytic, hyperthermophilic archaeon Pyrococcus furiosus contain high specific activity (11 U/mg) of lysine aminopeptidase (KAP), as measured by the hydrolysis of L-lysyl-p-nitroanilide (Lys-pNA). The enzyme was purified by multistep chromatography. KAP is a homotetramer (38.2 kDa per subunit) and, as purified, contains 2.0 +/- 0.48 zinc atoms per subunit. Surprisingly, its activity was stimulated fourfold by the addition of Co2+ ions (0.2 mM). Optimal KAP activity with Lys-pNA as the substrate occurred at pH 8.0 and a temperature of 100 degrees C. The enzyme had a narrow substrate specificity with di-, tri-, and tetrapeptides, and it hydrolyzed only basic N-terminal residues at high rates. Mass spectroscopy analysis of the purified enzyme was used to identify, in the P. furiosus genome database, a gene (PF1861) that encodes a product corresponding to 346 amino acids. The recombinant protein containing a polyhistidine tag at the N terminus was produced in Escherichia coli and purified using affinity chromatography. Its properties, including molecular mass, metal ion dependence, and pH and temperature optima for catalysis, were indistinguishable from those of the native form, although the thermostability of the recombinant form was dramatically lower than that of the native enzyme (half-life of approximately 6 h at 100 degrees C). Based on its amino acid sequence, KAP is part of the M18 family of peptidases and represents the first prokaryotic member of this family. KAP is also the first lysine-specific aminopeptidase to be purified from an archaeon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherry V Story
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602-7229, USA
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43
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Hosaka T, Brooks CC, Presman E, Kim SK, Zhang Z, Breen M, Gross DN, Sztul E, Pilch PF. p115 Interacts with the GLUT4 vesicle protein, IRAP, and plays a critical role in insulin-stimulated GLUT4 translocation. Mol Biol Cell 2005; 16:2882-90. [PMID: 15800058 PMCID: PMC1142432 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e05-01-0072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin-regulated aminopeptidase (IRAP) is an abundant cargo protein of Glut4 storage vesicles (GSVs) that traffics to and from the plasma membrane in response to insulin. We used the amino terminus cytoplasmic domain of IRAP, residues 1-109, as an affinity reagent to identify cytosolic proteins that might be involved in GSV trafficking. In this way, we identified p115, a peripheral membrane protein known to be involved in membrane trafficking. In murine adipocytes, we determined that p115 was localized to the perinuclear region by immunofluorescence and throughout the cell by fractionation. By immunofluorescence, p115 partially colocalizes with GLUT4 and IRAP in the perinuclear region of cultured fat cells. The amino terminus of p115 binds to IRAP and overexpression of a N-terminal construct results in its colocalization with GLUT4 throughout the cell. Insulin-stimulated GLUT4 translocation is completely inhibited under these conditions. Overexpression of p115 C-terminus has no significant effect on GLUT4 distribution and translocation. Finally, expression of the p115 N-terminus construct has no effect on the distribution and trafficking of GLUT1. These data suggest that p115 has an important and specific role in insulin-stimulated Glut4 translocation, probably by way of tethering insulin-sensitive Glut4 vesicles at an as yet unknown intracellular site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshio Hosaka
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
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44
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Hiwatashi K, Hori K, Takahashi K, Kagaya A, Inoue S, Sugiyama T, Takahashi S. Purification and characterization of a novel prolyl aminopeptidase from Maitake (Grifola frondosa). Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2005; 68:1395-7. [PMID: 15215614 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.68.1395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We have found a novel prolyl aminopeptidase in Grifola frondosa. The enzyme was purified by DEAE-Sepharose CL-6B, Butyl-Toyopearl, Sephacryl S-100, and Mono-Q column chromatographies. The purified enzyme exists as a dimer and gives high activity toward L-proline-p-nitroanilide. The enzyme was strongly inhibited by p-chloromercuribenzoic acid and iodoacetic acid and markedly inhibited by phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride and arphamenin A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuyuki Hiwatashi
- Department of Bioengineering, Akita Research Institute of Food and Brewing, Akita, Japan
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45
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Porciero S, Receveur-Bréchot V, Mori K, Franzetti B, Roussel A. Expression, purification, crystallization and preliminary crystallographic analysis of a deblocking aminopeptidase from Pyrococcus horikoshii. Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun 2005; 61:239-42. [PMID: 16511005 PMCID: PMC1952244 DOI: 10.1107/s1744309105001910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2004] [Accepted: 01/19/2005] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The deblocking aminopeptidase (DAP) of Pyrococcus horikoshii is a hyperthermophilic exoprotease that cleaves the N-terminal amino acid of peptide substrates with a putative deblocking activity for acylated peptides. DAP has been found to be homologous to a tetrahedral aminopeptidase from the halophilic Haloarcula marismortui. The latter enzyme is a dodecameric complex and has been revealed to be a self-compartmentalized protease whose central cavity harbouring the catalytic site is accessible through several channels of different size, unlike all other known proteolytic complexes. Three paralogues of DAP have been identified in P. horikoshii, with about 40% identity between them. Each of them has been overexpressed in Escherichia coli, purified and crystallized in the native and selenomethionine-substituted states. The results indicate that they form two kinds of assemblies, of 12 and of 24 subunits, with a molecular weight of approximately 400 and approximately 800 kDa, respectively. Crystals of the different variants of DAP and in their different oligomeric states diffract up to a resolution of 3 A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Porciero
- Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques, UMR 6098 CNRS, 31 Chemin Joseph Aiguier, 13402 Marseille CEDEX 20, France
| | - Véronique Receveur-Bréchot
- Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques, UMR 6098 CNRS, 31 Chemin Joseph Aiguier, 13402 Marseille CEDEX 20, France
| | - Kazushige Mori
- Research Institute of Cell Engineering, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST Kansai), 1-8-31 Midorigaoka, Ikeda, Osaka 563-8577, Japan
| | - Bruno Franzetti
- Laboratoire de Biophysique Moléculaire, Institut de Biologie Structurale J.-P. Ebel UMR 5075, CEA–CNRS–UJF, 41 Rue Jules Horowitz, 38027 Grenoble CEDEX 1, France
| | - Alain Roussel
- Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques, UMR 6098 CNRS, 31 Chemin Joseph Aiguier, 13402 Marseille CEDEX 20, France
- Correspondence e-mail:
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46
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Basten DEJW, Moers APHA, Ooyen AJJV, Schaap PJ. Characterisation of Aspergillus niger prolyl aminopeptidase. Mol Genet Genomics 2005; 272:673-9. [PMID: 15654623 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-004-1094-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2004] [Accepted: 11/16/2004] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
We have cloned a gene (papA) that encodes a prolyl aminopeptidase from Aspergillus niger. Homologous genes are present in the genomes of the Eurotiales A. nidulans, A. fumigatus and Talaromyces emersonii, but the gene is not present in the genome of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Cell extracts of strains overexpressing the gene under the control of its own promoter showed a fourfold to sixfold increase in prolyl aminopeptidase activity, but no change in phenylalanine or leucine aminopeptidase activity. The overexpressed enzyme was subsequently purified and characterised. The enzyme specifically removes N-terminal proline and hydroxyproline residues from peptides. It is the first enzyme of its kind from a eukaryotic organism that has been characterised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniëlle E J W Basten
- Section Fungal Genomics, Department of Microbiology, Wageningen University, Dreijenlaan 2, 6703 HA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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47
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Abstract
AIMS To study the properties and show the potential application of a glycine aminopeptidase from Actinomucor elegans. METHODS AND RESULTS The enzyme was estimated to have molecular mass of 320 kDa by gel filtration and the subunit size of 56.5 kDa by SDS-PAGE. It hydrolysed glycine from substrate more efficiently than other amino acids. The optimal temperature for this enzyme was 40 degrees C and at pH 8.0 it showed its highest activity. The Km and Kcat of the enzyme for glycine-beta-naphthylamine was 0.24 mm and 100.8 s(-1), respectively. Zinc, copper, cadmium and o-phenanthrolin suppressed almost all enzyme activities at the concentration of 1.0 mm. In the process of hydrolysing proteins, it could improve the protease activity considerably. CONCLUSIONS It was a hexamer metalloenzyme which was specific for the substrates with glycinse residue at the N-terminal and some metal cations were needed to maintain its activity. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This study demonstrates the properties of a novel aminopeptidase and shows its potential application in the process of the food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Ma
- Institute of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
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Sánchez-Morán E, Jones GH, Franklin FCH, Santos JL. A puromycin-sensitive aminopeptidase is essential for meiosis in Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant Cell 2004; 16:2895-909. [PMID: 15522847 PMCID: PMC527187 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.104.024992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2004] [Accepted: 08/17/2004] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Puromycin-sensitive aminopeptidases (PSAs) participate in a variety of proteolytic events essential for cell growth and viability, and in fertility in a broad range of organisms. We have identified and characterized an Arabidopsis thaliana mutant (mpa1) from a pool of T-DNA tagged lines that lacks PSA activity. This line exhibits reduced fertility, producing shorter siliques (fruits) bearing a lower number of seeds compared with wild-type plants. Cytogenetic characterization of meiosis in the mutant line reveals that both male and female meiosis are defective. In mpa1, early prophase I appears normal, but after pachytene most of the homologous chromosomes are desynaptic, thus, by metaphase I a high level of univalence is observed subsequently leading to abnormal chromosome segregation. Wild-type plants treated with specific inhibitors of PSA show a very similar desynaptic phenotype to that of the mutant line. A fluorescent PSA-specific bioprobe, DAMPAQ-22, reveals that the protein is maximally expressed in wild-type meiocytes during prophase I and is absent in mpa1. Immunolocalization of meiotic proteins showed that the meiotic recombination pathway is disrupted in mpa1. Chromosome pairing and early recombination appears normal, but progression to later stages of recombination and complete synapsis of homologous chromosomes are blocked.
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Huston AL, Methe B, Deming JW. Purification, characterization, and sequencing of an extracellular cold-active aminopeptidase produced by marine psychrophile Colwellia psychrerythraea strain 34H. Appl Environ Microbiol 2004; 70:3321-8. [PMID: 15184127 PMCID: PMC427748 DOI: 10.1128/aem.70.6.3321-3328.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The limited database on cold-active extracellular proteases from marine bacteria was expanded by successful purification and initial biochemical and structural characterization of a family M1 aminopeptidase (designated ColAP) produced by the marine psychrophile Colwellia psychrerythraea strain 34H. The 71-kDa enzyme displayed a low optimum temperature (19 degrees C) and narrow pH range (pH 6 to 8.5) for activity and greater thermolability than other extracellular proteases. Sequencing of the gene encoding ColAP revealed a predicted amino acid sequence with the highest levels of identity (45 to 55%) to M1 aminopeptidases from mesophilic members of the gamma subclass of the Proteobacteria and the next highest levels of identity (35 to 36%) to leukotriene A(4) hydrolases from mammalian sources. Compared to mesophilic homologs, ColAP had structural differences thought to increase the flexibility for activity in the cold; for example, it had fewer proline residues, fewer ion pairs, and a lower hydrophobic residue content. In addition to intrinsic properties that determine enzyme activity and stability, we also investigated effects of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) from spent culture medium of strain 34H on ColAP activity at an environmentally relevant temperature (0 degrees C) and at 45 degrees C (the maximum temperature for activity). In both cases, ColAP stability increased significantly in the presence of EPS, indicating the importance of considering environmentally relevant extrinsic factors when enzyme structure and function are investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrienne L Huston
- University of Washington School of Oceanography, Seattle, Washington 98195,USA.
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Mercado-Flores Y, Noriega-Reyes Y, Ramírez-Zavala B, Hernández-Rodríguez C, Villa-Tanaca L. Purification and characterization of aminopeptidase (pumAPE) from Ustilago maydis. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2004; 234:247-53. [PMID: 15135529 DOI: 10.1016/j.femsle.2004.03.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2004] [Revised: 03/15/2004] [Accepted: 03/22/2004] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The aminopeptidase pumAPE was purified from the haploid fungus Ustilago maydis FB1 strain. The purification procedure consisted of ammonium sulfate fractionation and three chromatographic steps, which included anion-exchange, hydrophobic interaction, and gel filtration chromatography, resulting in a 23% recovery. The molecular mass of the dimeric enzyme was estimated to be 110 kDa and 58 kDa by gel filtration chromatography and SDS-PAGE, respectively. Enzymatic activity was optimal at pH 7.0 and at 35 degrees C toward Lys-pNA and the pI was determined to be 5.1. The enzyme was inhibited by EDTA-Na2, 1,10- phenanthroline, bestantin, PMSF and several divalent cations (Cu2+, Hg2+ and Zn2+). The aminopeptidase showed a preference for lysine and arginine in the N-position. The K(m) value was 54.4 microM and the Vmax value was 408 micromolmin(-1)mg(-1) for Lys-pNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuridia Mercado-Flores
- Departamento de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politecnino Nacional (IPN), Centro Operativo Naranjo, Apartado Postal CON 174, Jaime Torres Bodet No. 142 Col Sta. Ma. la Ribera. CP 06401, Mexico, DF, Mexico
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