1
|
Balci B, O'Neill RD, Shepard EM, Pagnier A, Marlott A, Mock MT, Broderick WE, Broderick JB. Semisynthetic maturation of [FeFe]-hydrogenase using [Fe 2(μ-SH) 2(CN) 2(CO) 4] 2-: key roles for HydF and GTP. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023. [PMID: 37376915 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc02169f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Here we describe maturation of the [FeFe]-hydrogenase from its [4Fe-4S]-bound precursor state by using the synthetic complex [Fe2(μ-SH)2(CN)2(CO)4]2- together with HydF and components of the glycine cleavage system, but in the absence of the maturases HydE and HydG. This semisynthetic and fully-defined maturation provides new insights into the nature of H-cluster biosynthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Batuhan Balci
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA.
| | - Roark D O'Neill
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA.
| | - Eric M Shepard
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA.
| | - Adrien Pagnier
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA.
| | - Alexander Marlott
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA.
| | - Michael T Mock
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA.
| | - William E Broderick
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA.
| | - Joan B Broderick
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Pagnier A, Balci B, Shepard EM, Yang H, Warui DM, Impano S, Booker SJ, Hoffman BM, Broderick WE, Broderick JB. [FeFe]-Hydrogenase: Defined Lysate-Free Maturation Reveals a Key Role for Lipoyl-H-Protein in DTMA Ligand Biosynthesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202203413. [PMID: 35319808 PMCID: PMC9117470 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202203413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Maturation of [FeFe]-hydrogenase (HydA) involves synthesis of a CO, CN- , and dithiomethylamine (DTMA)-coordinated 2Fe subcluster that is inserted into HydA to make the active hydrogenase. This process requires three maturation enzymes: the radical S-adenosyl-l-methionine (SAM) enzymes HydE and HydG, and the GTPase HydF. In vitro maturation with purified maturation enzymes has been possible only when clarified cell lysate was added, with the lysate presumably providing essential components for DTMA synthesis and delivery. Here we report maturation of [FeFe]-hydrogenase using a fully defined system that includes components of the glycine cleavage system (GCS), but no cell lysate. Our results reveal for the first time an essential role for the aminomethyl-lipoyl-H-protein of the GCS in hydrogenase maturation and the synthesis of the DTMA ligand of the H-cluster. In addition, we show that ammonia is the source of the bridgehead nitrogen of DTMA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adrien Pagnier
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
| | - Batuhan Balci
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
| | - Eric M Shepard
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
| | - Hao Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Douglas M Warui
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Stella Impano
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
| | - Squire J Booker
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
| | - Brian M Hoffman
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - William E Broderick
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
| | - Joan B Broderick
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Pagnier A, Balci B, Shepard EM, Yang H, Warui DM, Impano S, Booker SJ, Hoffman BM, Broderick WE, Broderick JB. [FeFe]‐Hydrogenase: Defined Lysate‐Free Maturation Reveals a Key Role for Lipoyl‐H‐Protein in DTMA Ligand Biosynthesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202203413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adrien Pagnier
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry Montana State University Bozeman MT 59717 USA
| | - Batuhan Balci
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry Montana State University Bozeman MT 59717 USA
| | - Eric M. Shepard
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry Montana State University Bozeman MT 59717 USA
| | - Hao Yang
- Department of Chemistry Northwestern University Evanston IL 60208 USA
| | - Douglas M. Warui
- Department of Chemistry The Pennsylvania State University University Park PA 16802 USA
| | - Stella Impano
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry Montana State University Bozeman MT 59717 USA
| | - Squire J. Booker
- Department of Chemistry The Pennsylvania State University University Park PA 16802 USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute Chevy Chase MD 20815 USA
| | - Brian M. Hoffman
- Department of Chemistry Northwestern University Evanston IL 60208 USA
| | - William E. Broderick
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry Montana State University Bozeman MT 59717 USA
| | - Joan B. Broderick
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry Montana State University Bozeman MT 59717 USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Latest Expansions in Lipid Enhancement of Microalgae for Biodiesel Production: An Update. ENERGIES 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/en15041550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Research progress on sustainable and renewable biofuel has gained motion over the years, not just due to the rapid reduction of dwindling fossil fuel supplies but also due to environmental and potential energy security issues as well. Intense interest in microalgae (photosynthetic microbes) as a promising feedstock for third-generation biofuels has grown over recent years. Fuels derived from algae are now considered sustainable biofuels that are promising, renewable, and clean. Therefore, selecting the robust species of microalgae with substantial features for quality biodiesel production is the first step in the way of biofuel production. A contemporary investigation is more focused on several strategies and techniques to achieve higher biomass and triglycerides in microalgae. The improvement in lipid enhancement in microalgae species by genetic manipulation approaches, such as metabolic or genetic alteration, and the use of nanotechnology are the most recent ways of improving the production of biomass and lipids. Hence, the current review collects up-to-date approaches for microalgae lipid increase and biodiesel generation. The strategies for high biomass and high lipid yield are discussed. Additionally, various pretreatment procedures that may aid in lipid harvesting efficiency and improve lipid recovery rate are described.
Collapse
|
5
|
|
6
|
Petrova EV, Kukarskikh GP, Krendeleva TE, Antal TK. The Mechanisms and Role of Photosynthetic Hydrogen Production by Green Microalgae. Microbiology (Reading) 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026261720030169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
|
7
|
Ben-Zvi O, Dafni E, Feldman Y, Yacoby I. Re-routing photosynthetic energy for continuous hydrogen production in vivo. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2019; 12:266. [PMID: 31737095 PMCID: PMC6844042 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-019-1608-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hydrogen is considered a promising energy vector that can be produced from sustainable resources such as sunlight and water. In green algae, such as Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, photoproduction of hydrogen is catalyzed by the enzyme [FeFe]-hydrogenase (HydA). Although highly efficient, this process is transitory and thought to serve as a release valve for excess reducing power. Up to date, prolonged production of hydrogen was achieved by the deprivation of either nutrients or light, thus, hindering the full potential of photosynthetic hydrogen production. Previously we showed that the enzyme superoxide dismutase (SOD) can enhance HydA activity in vitro, specifically when tied together to a fusion protein. RESULTS In this work, we explored the in vivo hydrogen production phenotype of HydA-SOD fusion. We found a sustained hydrogen production, which is dependent on linear electron flow, although other pathways feed it as well. In addition, other characteristics such as slower growth and oxygen production were also observed in Hyd-SOD-expressing algae. CONCLUSIONS The Hyd-SOD fusion manages to outcompete the Calvin-Benson cycle, allowing sustained hydrogen production for up to 14 days in non-limiting conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oren Ben-Zvi
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv, 69978 Israel
| | - Eyal Dafni
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv, 69978 Israel
| | - Yael Feldman
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv, 69978 Israel
| | - Iftach Yacoby
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv, 69978 Israel
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Esselborn J, Kertess L, Apfel UP, Hofmann E, Happe T. Loss of Specific Active-Site Iron Atoms in Oxygen-Exposed [FeFe]-Hydrogenase Determined by Detailed X-ray Structure Analyses. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:17721-17728. [PMID: 31609603 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b07808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The [FeFe]-hydrogenases catalyze the uptake and evolution of hydrogen with unmatched speed at low overpotential. However, oxygen induces the degradation of the unique [6Fe-6S] cofactor within the active site, termed the H-cluster. We used X-ray structural analyses to determine possible modes of irreversible oxygen-driven inactivation. To this end, we exposed crystals of the [FeFe]-hydrogenase CpI from Clostridium pasteurianum to oxygen and quantitatively investigated the effects on the H-cluster structure over several time points using multiple data sets, while correlating it to decreases in enzyme activity. Our results reveal the loss of specific Fe atoms from both the diiron (2FeH) and the [4Fe-4S] subcluster (4FeH) of the H-cluster. Within the 2FeH, the Fe atom more distal to the 4FeH is strikingly more affected than the more proximal Fe atom. The 4FeH interconverts to a [2Fe-2S] cluster in parts of the population of active CpIADT, but not in crystals of the inactive apoCpI initially lacking the 2FeH. We thus propose two parallel processes: dissociation of the distal Fe atom and 4FeH interconversion. Both pathways appear to play major roles in the oxidative damage of [FeFe]-hydrogenases under electron-donor deprived conditions probed by our experimental setup.
Collapse
|
9
|
Abstract
The current fossil fuel reserves are not sufficient to meet the increasing demand and very soon will become exhausted. Pollution, global warming, and inflated oil prices have led the quest for renewable energy sources. Algal biofuels represent a potential source of renewable energy. Algae, as the third generation feedstock, are suitable for biodiesel and bioethanol production due to their quick growth, excellent biomass yield, and high lipid and carbohydrate contents. With their huge potential, algae are expected to surpass the first and second generation feedstocks. Only a few thousand algal species have been investigated as possible biofuel sources, and none of them was ideal. This review summarizes the current status of algal biofuels, important steps of algal biofuel production, and the major commercial production challenges.
Collapse
|
10
|
Ghirardi M, Subramanian V, Wecker M, Smolinski S, Antonio R, Xiong W, Gonzalez-Ballester D, Dubini A. Survey of the anaerobic metabolism of various laboratory wild-type Chlamydomonas reinhardtii strains. ALGAL RES 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2018.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
11
|
Plyusnina TY, Riznichenko GY, Rubin AB. An analysis of the distribution of key metabolic fluxes in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cells under the conditions of a sulfur deficit. Biophysics (Nagoya-shi) 2017. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006350917030162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
|
12
|
Koo J, Schnabel T, Liong S, Evitt NH, Swartz JR. High-Throughput Screening of Catalytic H2
Production. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 56:1012-1016. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201610260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jamin Koo
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Stanford University; Stanford CA 94305 USA
| | - Tim Schnabel
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Stanford University; Stanford CA 94305 USA
| | - Sylvie Liong
- Department of Bioengineering; Stanford University; Stanford CA 94305 USA
| | - Niklaus H. Evitt
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Stanford University; Stanford CA 94305 USA
| | - James R. Swartz
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Stanford University; Stanford CA 94305 USA
- Department of Bioengineering; Stanford University; Stanford CA 94305 USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Koo J, Schnabel T, Liong S, Evitt NH, Swartz JR. High-Throughput Screening of Catalytic H2
Production. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201610260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jamin Koo
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Stanford University; Stanford CA 94305 USA
| | - Tim Schnabel
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Stanford University; Stanford CA 94305 USA
| | - Sylvie Liong
- Department of Bioengineering; Stanford University; Stanford CA 94305 USA
| | - Niklaus H. Evitt
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Stanford University; Stanford CA 94305 USA
| | - James R. Swartz
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Stanford University; Stanford CA 94305 USA
- Department of Bioengineering; Stanford University; Stanford CA 94305 USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Plummer SM, Plummer MA, Merkel PA, Hagen M, Biddle JF, Waidner LA. Using directed evolution to improve hydrogen production in chimeric hydrogenases from Clostridia species. Enzyme Microb Technol 2016; 93-94:132-141. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2016.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Revised: 07/17/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
|
15
|
Birrell JA, Wrede K, Pawlak K, Rodriguez-Maciá P, Rüdiger O, Reijerse EJ, Lubitz W. Artificial Maturation of the Highly Active Heterodimeric [FeFe] Hydrogenase from Desulfovibrio desulfuricans
ATCC 7757. Isr J Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.201600035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James A. Birrell
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion; Stiftstraße 34-36 D-45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Germany
| | - Kathrin Wrede
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion; Stiftstraße 34-36 D-45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Germany
| | - Krzysztof Pawlak
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion; Stiftstraße 34-36 D-45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Germany
| | - Patricia Rodriguez-Maciá
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion; Stiftstraße 34-36 D-45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Germany
| | - Olaf Rüdiger
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion; Stiftstraße 34-36 D-45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Germany
| | - Edward J. Reijerse
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion; Stiftstraße 34-36 D-45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Germany
| | - Wolfgang Lubitz
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion; Stiftstraße 34-36 D-45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Germany
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Antal TK, Krendeleva TE, Tyystjärvi E. Multiple regulatory mechanisms in the chloroplast of green algae: relation to hydrogen production. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2015; 125:357-81. [PMID: 25986411 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-015-0157-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
A complex regulatory network in the chloroplast of green algae provides an efficient tool for maintenance of energy and redox balance in the cell under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. In this review, we discuss the structural and functional organizations of electron transport pathways in the chloroplast, and regulation of photosynthesis in the green microalga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. The focus is on the regulatory mechanisms induced in response to nutrient deficiency stress and anoxia and especially on the role of a hydrogenase-mediated reaction in adaptation to highly reducing conditions and ATP deficiency in the cell.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taras K Antal
- Faculty of Biology, Moscow State University, Vorobyevi Gory, Moscow, 119992, Russia,
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Cornish AJ, Green R, Gärtner K, Mason S, Hegg EL. Characterization of Hydrogen Metabolism in the Multicellular Green Alga Volvox carteri. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0125324. [PMID: 25927230 PMCID: PMC4416025 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0125324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Hydrogen gas functions as a key component in the metabolism of a wide variety of microorganisms, often acting as either a fermentative end-product or an energy source. The number of organisms reported to utilize hydrogen continues to grow, contributing to and expanding our knowledge of biological hydrogen processes. Here we demonstrate that Volvox carteri f. nagariensis, a multicellular green alga with differentiated cells, evolves H2 both when supplied with an abiotic electron donor and under physiological conditions. The genome of Volvox carteri contains two genes encoding putative [FeFe]-hydrogenases (HYDA1 and HYDA2), and the transcripts for these genes accumulate under anaerobic conditions. The HYDA1 and HYDA2 gene products were cloned, expressed, and purified, and both are functional [FeFe]-hydrogenases. Additionally, within the genome the HYDA1 and HYDA2 genes cluster with two putative genes which encode hydrogenase maturation proteins. This gene cluster resembles operon-like structures found within bacterial genomes and may provide further insight into evolutionary relationships between bacterial and algal [FeFe]-hydrogenase genes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adam J. Cornish
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center and the Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Robin Green
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center and the Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Katrin Gärtner
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center and the Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Saundra Mason
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center and the Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Eric L. Hegg
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center and the Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Dubini A, Ghirardi ML. Engineering photosynthetic organisms for the production of biohydrogen. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2015; 123:241-53. [PMID: 24671643 PMCID: PMC4331604 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-014-9991-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Oxygenic photosynthetic organisms such as green algae are capable of absorbing sunlight and converting the chemical energy into hydrogen gas. This process takes advantage of the photosynthetic apparatus of these organisms which links water oxidation to H2 production. Biological H2 has therefore the potential to be an alternative fuel of the future and shows great promise for generating large scale sustainable energy. Microalgae are able to produce H2 under light anoxic or dark anoxic condition by activating 3 different pathways that utilize the hydrogenases as catalysts. In this review, we highlight the principal barriers that prevent hydrogen production in green algae and how those limitations are being addressed, through metabolic and genetic engineering. We also discuss the major challenges and bottlenecks facing the development of future commercial algal photobiological systems for H2 production. Finally we provide suggestions for future strategies and potential new techniques to be developed towards an integrated system with optimized hydrogen production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Dubini
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Mail Box 3313, Golden, CO, 80401, USA,
| | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Broderick JB, Byer AS, Duschene KS, Duffus BR, Betz JN, Shepard EM, Peters JW. H-cluster assembly during maturation of the [FeFe]-hydrogenase. J Biol Inorg Chem 2014; 19:747-57. [PMID: 24972661 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-014-1168-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The organometallic H-cluster at the active site of the [FeFe]-hydrogenase serves as the site of reversible binding and reduction of protons to produce H2. The H-cluster is unique in biology, and consists of a 2Fe subcluster tethered to a typical [4Fe-4S] cluster by a single cysteine ligand. The remaining ligands to the 2Fe subcluster include three carbon monoxides, two cyanides, and a dithiomethylamine. This mini-review will focus on the significant advances in recent years in understanding the pathway for H-cluster biosynthesis, as well as the structures, roles, and mechanisms of the three enzymes directly involved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joan B Broderick
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, 59717, USA,
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Lubitz
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstr. 34-36, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Hideaki Ogata
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstr. 34-36, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Olaf Rüdiger
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstr. 34-36, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Edward Reijerse
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstr. 34-36, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Wecker MSA, Ghirardi ML. High-throughput biosensor discriminates between different algal H2 -photoproducing strains. Biotechnol Bioeng 2014; 111:1332-40. [PMID: 24578287 DOI: 10.1002/bit.25206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Revised: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A number of species of microalgae and cyanobacteria photosynthetically produce H2 gas by coupling water oxidation with the reduction of protons to molecular hydrogen, generating renewable energy from sunlight and water. Photosynthetic H2 production, however, is transitory, and there is considerable interest in increasing and extending it for commercial applications. Here we report a Petri-plate version of our previous, microplate-based assay that detects photosynthetic H2 production by algae. The assay consists of an agar overlay of H2 -sensing Rhodobacter capsulatus bacteria carrying a green fluorescent protein that responds to H2 produced by single algal colonies in the bottom agar layer. The assay distinguishes between algal strains that photoproduce H2 at different levels under high light intensities, and it does so in a simple, inexpensive, and high-throughput manner. The assay will be useful for screening both natural populations and mutant libraries for strains having increased H2 production, and useful for identifying various genetic factors that physiologically or genetically alter algal hydrogen production.
Collapse
|
22
|
D'Adamo S, Jinkerson RE, Boyd ES, Brown SL, Baxter BK, Peters JW, Posewitz MC. Evolutionary and biotechnological implications of robust hydrogenase activity in halophilic strains of Tetraselmis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e85812. [PMID: 24465722 PMCID: PMC3897525 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0085812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2013] [Accepted: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Although significant advances in H2 photoproduction have recently been realized in fresh water algae (e.g. Chlamydomonas reinhardtii), relatively few studies have focused on H2 production and hydrogenase adaptations in marine or halophilic algae. Salt water organisms likely offer several advantages for biotechnological H2 production due to the global abundance of salt water, decreased H2 and O2 solubility in saline and hypersaline systems, and the ability of extracellular NaCl levels to influence metabolism. We screened unialgal isolates obtained from hypersaline ecosystems in the southwest United States and identified two distinct halophilic strains of the genus Tetraselmis (GSL1 and QNM1) that exhibit both robust fermentative and photo H2-production activities. The influence of salinity (3.5%, 5.5% and 7.0% w/v NaCl) on H2 production was examined during anoxic acclimation, with the greatest in vivo H2-production rates observed at 7.0% NaCl. These Tetraselmis strains maintain robust hydrogenase activity even after 24 h of anoxic acclimation and show increased hydrogenase activity relative to C. reinhardtii after extended anoxia. Transcriptional analysis of Tetraselmis GSL1 enabled sequencing of the cDNA encoding the FeFe-hydrogenase structural enzyme (HYDA) and its maturation proteins (HYDE, HYDEF and HYDG). In contrast to freshwater Chlorophyceae, the halophilic Tetraselmis GSL1 strain likely encodes a single HYDA and two copies of HYDE, one of which is fused to HYDF. Phylogenetic analyses of HYDA and concatenated HYDA, HYDE, HYDF and HYDG in Tetraselmis GSL1 fill existing knowledge gaps in the evolution of algal hydrogenases and indicate that the algal hydrogenases sequenced to date are derived from a common ancestor. This is consistent with recent hypotheses that suggest fermentative metabolism in the majority of eukaryotes is derived from a common base set of enzymes that emerged early in eukaryotic evolution with subsequent losses in some organisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah D'Adamo
- Department of Chemistry and Geochemistry, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Robert E. Jinkerson
- Department of Chemistry and Geochemistry, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Eric S. Boyd
- Department of Microbiology and the Thermal Biology Institute, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, United States of America
| | - Susan L. Brown
- Center for Marine Microbial Ecology and Diversity, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America
| | - Bonnie K. Baxter
- Department of Biology and the Great Salt Lake Institute, Westminster College, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - John W. Peters
- Department of Microbiology and the Thermal Biology Institute, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, United States of America
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, United States of America
| | - Matthew C. Posewitz
- Department of Chemistry and Geochemistry, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Shen Y. Carbon dioxide bio-fixation and wastewater treatment via algae photochemical synthesis for biofuels production. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra06441k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Utilizing the energy, nutrients and CO2held within residual waste materials to provide all necessary inputs except for sunlight, the cultivation of algae becomes a closed-loop engineered ecosystem. Developing this green biotechnology is a tangible step towards a waste-free sustainable society.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yafei Shen
- Department of Environmental Science and Technology
- Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Science and Engineering
- Tokyo Institute of Technology
- Yokohama, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Korkhovoy VI, Blume YB. Biodiesel from microalgae: Ways for increasing the effectiveness of lipid accumulation by genetic engineering methods. CYTOL GENET+ 2013. [DOI: 10.3103/s0095452713060030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
25
|
Banti V, Giuntoli B, Gonzali S, Loreti E, Magneschi L, Novi G, Paparelli E, Parlanti S, Pucciariello C, Santaniello A, Perata P. Low oxygen response mechanisms in green organisms. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:4734-61. [PMID: 23446868 PMCID: PMC3634410 DOI: 10.3390/ijms14034734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2013] [Revised: 02/20/2013] [Accepted: 02/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Low oxygen stress often occurs during the life of green organisms, mostly due to the environmental conditions affecting oxygen availability. Both plants and algae respond to low oxygen by resetting their metabolism. The shift from mitochondrial respiration to fermentation is the hallmark of anaerobic metabolism in most organisms. This involves a modified carbohydrate metabolism coupled with glycolysis and fermentation. For a coordinated response to low oxygen, plants exploit various molecular mechanisms to sense when oxygen is either absent or in limited amounts. In Arabidopsis thaliana, a direct oxygen sensing system has recently been discovered, where a conserved N-terminal motif on some ethylene responsive factors (ERFs), targets the fate of the protein under normoxia/hypoxia. In Oryza sativa, this same group of ERFs drives physiological and anatomical modifications that vary in relation to the genotype studied. The microalga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii responses to low oxygen seem to have evolved independently of higher plants, posing questions on how the fermentative metabolism is modulated. In this review, we summarize the most recent findings related to these topics, highlighting promising developments for the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Banti
- PlantLab, Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, Via Mariscoglio 34, Pisa 56124, Italy; E-Mails: (V.B.); (B.G.); (S.G.); (G.N.); (E.P.); (S.P.); (C.P.); (A.S.)
| | - Beatrice Giuntoli
- PlantLab, Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, Via Mariscoglio 34, Pisa 56124, Italy; E-Mails: (V.B.); (B.G.); (S.G.); (G.N.); (E.P.); (S.P.); (C.P.); (A.S.)
| | - Silvia Gonzali
- PlantLab, Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, Via Mariscoglio 34, Pisa 56124, Italy; E-Mails: (V.B.); (B.G.); (S.G.); (G.N.); (E.P.); (S.P.); (C.P.); (A.S.)
| | - Elena Loreti
- Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology, National Research Council, Via Moruzzi 1, Pisa 56100, Italy; E-Mail:
| | - Leonardo Magneschi
- Institute of Plant Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Münster, Schlossplatz 8, Münster 48143, Germany; E-Mail:
| | - Giacomo Novi
- PlantLab, Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, Via Mariscoglio 34, Pisa 56124, Italy; E-Mails: (V.B.); (B.G.); (S.G.); (G.N.); (E.P.); (S.P.); (C.P.); (A.S.)
| | - Eleonora Paparelli
- PlantLab, Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, Via Mariscoglio 34, Pisa 56124, Italy; E-Mails: (V.B.); (B.G.); (S.G.); (G.N.); (E.P.); (S.P.); (C.P.); (A.S.)
| | - Sandro Parlanti
- PlantLab, Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, Via Mariscoglio 34, Pisa 56124, Italy; E-Mails: (V.B.); (B.G.); (S.G.); (G.N.); (E.P.); (S.P.); (C.P.); (A.S.)
| | - Chiara Pucciariello
- PlantLab, Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, Via Mariscoglio 34, Pisa 56124, Italy; E-Mails: (V.B.); (B.G.); (S.G.); (G.N.); (E.P.); (S.P.); (C.P.); (A.S.)
| | - Antonietta Santaniello
- PlantLab, Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, Via Mariscoglio 34, Pisa 56124, Italy; E-Mails: (V.B.); (B.G.); (S.G.); (G.N.); (E.P.); (S.P.); (C.P.); (A.S.)
| | - Pierdomenico Perata
- PlantLab, Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, Via Mariscoglio 34, Pisa 56124, Italy; E-Mails: (V.B.); (B.G.); (S.G.); (G.N.); (E.P.); (S.P.); (C.P.); (A.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Genome, functional gene annotation, and nuclear transformation of the heterokont oleaginous alga Nannochloropsis oceanica CCMP1779. PLoS Genet 2012; 8:e1003064. [PMID: 23166516 PMCID: PMC3499364 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1003064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 261] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2012] [Accepted: 08/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Unicellular marine algae have promise for providing sustainable and scalable biofuel feedstocks, although no single species has emerged as a preferred organism. Moreover, adequate molecular and genetic resources prerequisite for the rational engineering of marine algal feedstocks are lacking for most candidate species. Heterokonts of the genus Nannochloropsis naturally have high cellular oil content and are already in use for industrial production of high-value lipid products. First success in applying reverse genetics by targeted gene replacement makes Nannochloropsis oceanica an attractive model to investigate the cell and molecular biology and biochemistry of this fascinating organism group. Here we present the assembly of the 28.7 Mb genome of N. oceanica CCMP1779. RNA sequencing data from nitrogen-replete and nitrogen-depleted growth conditions support a total of 11,973 genes, of which in addition to automatic annotation some were manually inspected to predict the biochemical repertoire for this organism. Among others, more than 100 genes putatively related to lipid metabolism, 114 predicted transcription factors, and 109 transcriptional regulators were annotated. Comparison of the N. oceanica CCMP1779 gene repertoire with the recently published N. gaditana genome identified 2,649 genes likely specific to N. oceanica CCMP1779. Many of these N. oceanica-specific genes have putative orthologs in other species or are supported by transcriptional evidence. However, because similarity-based annotations are limited, functions of most of these species-specific genes remain unknown. Aside from the genome sequence and its analysis, protocols for the transformation of N. oceanica CCMP1779 are provided. The availability of genomic and transcriptomic data for Nannochloropsis oceanica CCMP1779, along with efficient transformation protocols, provides a blueprint for future detailed gene functional analysis and genetic engineering of Nannochloropsis species by a growing academic community focused on this genus.
Collapse
|
27
|
Wang B, Wang J, Zhang W, Meldrum DR. Application of synthetic biology in cyanobacteria and algae. Front Microbiol 2012; 3:344. [PMID: 23049529 PMCID: PMC3446811 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2012.00344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2012] [Accepted: 09/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyanobacteria and algae are becoming increasingly attractive cell factories for producing renewable biofuels and chemicals due to their ability to capture solar energy and CO2 and their relatively simple genetic background for genetic manipulation. Increasing research efforts from the synthetic biology approach have been made in recent years to modify cyanobacteria and algae for various biotechnological applications. In this article, we critically review recent progresses in developing genetic tools for characterizing or manipulating cyanobacteria and algae, the applications of genetically modified strains for synthesizing renewable products such as biofuels and chemicals. In addition, the emergent challenges in the development and application of synthetic biology for cyanobacteria and algae are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Wang
- Center for Biosignatures Discovery Automation, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University Tempe, AZ, USA ; Biological Design Graduate Program, Arizona State University Tempe, AZ, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Peters JW, Broderick JB. Emerging paradigms for complex iron-sulfur cofactor assembly and insertion. Annu Rev Biochem 2012; 81:429-50. [PMID: 22482905 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-biochem-052610-094911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
[FeFe]-hydrogenses and molybdenum (Mo)-nitrogenase are evolutionarily unrelated enzymes with unique complex iron-sulfur cofactors at their active sites. The H cluster of [FeFe]-hydrogenases and the FeMo cofactor of Mo-nitrogenase require specific maturation machinery for their proper synthesis and insertion into the structural enzymes. Recent insights reveal striking similarities in the biosynthetic pathways of these complex cofactors. For both systems, simple iron-sulfur cluster precursors are modified on assembly scaffolds by the activity of radical S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) enzymes. Radical SAM enzymes are responsible for the synthesis and insertion of the unique nonprotein ligands presumed to be key structural determinants for their respective catalytic activities. Maturation culminates in the transfer of the intact cluster assemblies to a cofactor-less structural protein recipient. Required roles for nucleotide binding and hydrolysis have been implicated in both systems, but the specific role for these requirements remain unclear. In this review, we highlight the progress on [FeFe]-hydrogenase H cluster and nitrogenase FeMo-cofactor assembly in the context of these emerging paradigms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John W Peters
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Astrobiology Biogeocatalysis Research Center, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Chang CH. Computational Chemical Analysis of [FeFe] Hydrogenase H-Cluster Analogues To Discern Catalytically Relevant Features of the Natural Diatomic Ligand Configuration. J Phys Chem A 2011; 115:8691-704. [DOI: 10.1021/jp112296d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher H. Chang
- Computational Science Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 1617 Cole Boulevard, MS 1608, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
A synthetic system links FeFe-hydrogenases to essential E. coli sulfur metabolism. J Biol Eng 2011; 5:7. [PMID: 21615937 PMCID: PMC3130634 DOI: 10.1186/1754-1611-5-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2011] [Accepted: 05/26/2011] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background FeFe-hydrogenases are the most active class of H2-producing enzymes known in nature and may have important applications in clean H2 energy production. Many potential uses are currently complicated by a crucial weakness: the active sites of all known FeFe-hydrogenases are irreversibly inactivated by O2. Results We have developed a synthetic metabolic pathway in E. coli that links FeFe-hydrogenase activity to the production of the essential amino acid cysteine. Our design includes a complementary host strain whose endogenous redox pool is insulated from the synthetic metabolic pathway. Host viability on a selective medium requires hydrogenase expression, and moderate O2 levels eliminate growth. This pathway forms the basis for a genetic selection for O2 tolerance. Genetically selected hydrogenases did not show improved stability in O2 and in many cases had lost H2 production activity. The isolated mutations cluster significantly on charged surface residues, suggesting the evolution of binding surfaces that may accelerate hydrogenase electron transfer. Conclusions Rational design can optimize a fully heterologous three-component pathway to provide an essential metabolic flux while remaining insulated from the endogenous redox pool. We have developed a number of convenient in vivo assays to aid in the engineering of synthetic H2 metabolism. Our results also indicate a H2-independent redox activity in three different FeFe-hydrogenases, with implications for the future directed evolution of H2-activating catalysts.
Collapse
|
31
|
Czech I, Stripp S, Sanganas O, Leidel N, Happe T, Haumann M. The [FeFe]-hydrogenase maturation protein HydF contains a H-cluster like [4Fe4S]-2Fe site. FEBS Lett 2010; 585:225-30. [PMID: 21130763 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2010.11.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2010] [Revised: 11/26/2010] [Accepted: 11/26/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Formation of the catalytic six-iron complex (H-cluster) of [FeFe]-hydrogenase (HydA) requires its interaction with a specific maturation protein, HydF. Comparison by X-ray absorption spectroscopy at the Fe K-edge of HydF from Clostridium acetobutylicum and HydA1 from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii revealed that the overall structure of the iron site in both proteins is highly similar, comprising a [4Fe4S] cluster (Fe-Fe distances of ∼2.7Å) and a di-iron unit (Fe-Fe distance of ∼2.5Å). Thus, a precursor of the whole H-cluster is assembled on HydF. Formation of the core structures of both the 4Fe and 2Fe units may require only the housekeeping [FeS] cluster assembly machinery of the cell. Presumably, only the 2Fe cluster is transferred from HydF to HydA1, thereby forming the active site.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ilka Czech
- Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Lehrstuhl für Biochemie der Pflanzen, AG Photobiotechnologie, Bochum, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Sawyeria marylandensis (Heterolobosea) has a hydrogenosome with novel metabolic properties. EUKARYOTIC CELL 2010; 9:1913-24. [PMID: 21037180 DOI: 10.1128/ec.00122-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Protists that live under low-oxygen conditions often lack conventional mitochondria and instead possess mitochondrion-related organelles (MROs) with distinct biochemical functions. Studies of mostly parasitic organisms have suggested that these organelles could be classified into two general types: hydrogenosomes and mitosomes. Hydrogenosomes, found in parabasalids, anaerobic chytrid fungi, and ciliates, metabolize pyruvate anaerobically to generate ATP, acetate, CO(2), and hydrogen gas, employing enzymes not typically associated with mitochondria. Mitosomes that have been studied have no apparent role in energy metabolism. Recent investigations of free-living anaerobic protists have revealed a diversity of MROs with a wider array of metabolic properties that defy a simple functional classification. Here we describe an expressed sequence tag (EST) survey and ultrastructural investigation of the anaerobic heteroloboseid amoeba Sawyeria marylandensis aimed at understanding the properties of its MROs. This organism expresses typical anaerobic energy metabolic enzymes, such as pyruvate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase, [FeFe]-hydrogenase, and associated hydrogenase maturases with apparent organelle-targeting peptides, indicating that its MRO likely functions as a hydrogenosome. We also identified 38 genes encoding canonical mitochondrial proteins in S. marylandensis, many of which possess putative targeting peptides and are phylogenetically related to putative mitochondrial proteins of its heteroloboseid relative Naegleria gruberi. Several of these proteins, such as a branched-chain alpha keto acid dehydrogenase, likely function in pathways that have not been previously associated with the well-studied hydrogenosomes of parabasalids. Finally, morphological reconstructions based on transmission electron microscopy indicate that the S. marylandensis MROs form novel cup-like structures within the cells. Overall, these data suggest that Sawyeria marylandensis possesses a hydrogenosome of mitochondrial origin with a novel combination of biochemical and structural properties.
Collapse
|
33
|
Antal TK, Krendeleva TE, Rubin AB. Acclimation of green algae to sulfur deficiency: underlying mechanisms and application for hydrogen production. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2010; 89:3-15. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-010-2879-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2010] [Revised: 09/02/2010] [Accepted: 09/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
34
|
Increased lipid accumulation in the Chlamydomonas reinhardtii sta7-10 starchless isoamylase mutant and increased carbohydrate synthesis in complemented strains. EUKARYOTIC CELL 2010; 9:1251-61. [PMID: 20562225 DOI: 10.1128/ec.00075-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The accumulation of bioenergy carriers was assessed in two starchless mutants of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (the sta6 [ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase] and sta7-10 [isoamylase] mutants), a control strain (CC124), and two complemented strains of the sta7-10 mutant. The results indicate that the genetic blockage of starch synthesis in the sta6 and sta7-10 mutants increases the accumulation of lipids on a cellular basis during nitrogen deprivation relative to that in the CC124 control as determined by conversion to fatty acid methyl esters. However, this increased level of lipid accumulation is energetically insufficient to completely offset the loss of cellular starch that is synthesized by CC124 during nitrogen deprivation. We therefore investigated acetate utilization and O(2) evolution to obtain further insights into the physiological adjustments utilized by the two starchless mutants in the absence of starch synthesis. The results demonstrate that both starchless mutants metabolize less acetate and have more severely attenuated levels of photosynthetic O(2) evolution than CC124, indicating that a decrease in overall anabolic processes is a significant physiological response in the starchless mutants during nitrogen deprivation. Interestingly, two independent sta7-10:STA7 complemented strains exhibited significantly greater quantities of cellular starch and lipid than CC124 during acclimation to nitrogen deprivation. Moreover, the complemented strains synthesized significant quantities of starch even when cultured in nutrient-replete medium.
Collapse
|
35
|
Sun J, Hopkins RC, Jenney FE, McTernan PM, Adams MWW. Heterologous expression and maturation of an NADP-dependent [NiFe]-hydrogenase: a key enzyme in biofuel production. PLoS One 2010; 5:e10526. [PMID: 20463892 PMCID: PMC2865534 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0010526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2010] [Accepted: 04/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrogen gas is a major biofuel and is metabolized by a wide range of microorganisms. Microbial hydrogen production is catalyzed by hydrogenase, an extremely complex, air-sensitive enzyme that utilizes a binuclear nickel-iron [NiFe] catalytic site. Production and engineering of recombinant [NiFe]-hydrogenases in a genetically-tractable organism, as with metalloprotein complexes in general, has met with limited success due to the elaborate maturation process that is required, primarily in the absence of oxygen, to assemble the catalytic center and functional enzyme. We report here the successful production in Escherichia coli of the recombinant form of a cytoplasmic, NADP-dependent hydrogenase from Pyrococcus furiosus, an anaerobic hyperthermophile. This was achieved using novel expression vectors for the co-expression of thirteen P. furiosus genes (four structural genes encoding the hydrogenase and nine encoding maturation proteins). Remarkably, the native E. coli maturation machinery will also generate a functional hydrogenase when provided with only the genes encoding the hydrogenase subunits and a single protease from P. furiosus. Another novel feature is that their expression was induced by anaerobic conditions, whereby E. coli was grown aerobically and production of recombinant hydrogenase was achieved by simply changing the gas feed from air to an inert gas (N2). The recombinant enzyme was purified and shown to be functionally similar to the native enzyme purified from P. furiosus. The methodology to generate this key hydrogen-producing enzyme has dramatic implications for the production of hydrogen and NADPH as vehicles for energy storage and transport, for engineering hydrogenase to optimize production and catalysis, as well as for the general production of complex, oxygen-sensitive metalloproteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junsong Sun
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Robert C. Hopkins
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Francis E. Jenney
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Patrick M. McTernan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Michael W. W. Adams
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Kruse O, Hankamer B. Microalgal hydrogen production. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2010; 21:238-43. [PMID: 20399635 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2010.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2009] [Revised: 03/12/2010] [Accepted: 03/15/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
A select group of unicellular green algae have evolved the ability to capture solar energy and to use it to split water to produce molecular oxygen (released into the atmosphere) as well as H(+) and e(-) that are combined to produce hydrogen. Theoretically this process therefore forms the basis for the development of sustainable solar powered hydrogen fuel production systems. This article reviews recent advances made and highlights key areas for further development as part of a strategy of establishing economically viable hydrogen production systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olaf Kruse
- Department of Biology/Center for Biotechnology (CeBiTec), Bielefeld University, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany.
| | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Radakovits R, Jinkerson RE, Darzins A, Posewitz MC. Genetic engineering of algae for enhanced biofuel production. EUKARYOTIC CELL 2010; 9:486-501. [PMID: 20139239 PMCID: PMC2863401 DOI: 10.1128/ec.00364-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 515] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
There are currently intensive global research efforts aimed at increasing and modifying the accumulation of lipids, alcohols, hydrocarbons, polysaccharides, and other energy storage compounds in photosynthetic organisms, yeast, and bacteria through genetic engineering. Many improvements have been realized, including increased lipid and carbohydrate production, improved H(2) yields, and the diversion of central metabolic intermediates into fungible biofuels. Photosynthetic microorganisms are attracting considerable interest within these efforts due to their relatively high photosynthetic conversion efficiencies, diverse metabolic capabilities, superior growth rates, and ability to store or secrete energy-rich hydrocarbons. Relative to cyanobacteria, eukaryotic microalgae possess several unique metabolic attributes of relevance to biofuel production, including the accumulation of significant quantities of triacylglycerol; the synthesis of storage starch (amylopectin and amylose), which is similar to that found in higher plants; and the ability to efficiently couple photosynthetic electron transport to H(2) production. Although the application of genetic engineering to improve energy production phenotypes in eukaryotic microalgae is in its infancy, significant advances in the development of genetic manipulation tools have recently been achieved with microalgal model systems and are being used to manipulate central carbon metabolism in these organisms. It is likely that many of these advances can be extended to industrially relevant organisms. This review is focused on potential avenues of genetic engineering that may be undertaken in order to improve microalgae as a biofuel platform for the production of biohydrogen, starch-derived alcohols, diesel fuel surrogates, and/or alkanes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Randor Radakovits
- Department of Chemistry and Geochemistry, Colorado School of Mines, 1500 Illinois St., Golden, Colorado 80401, and
| | - Robert E. Jinkerson
- Department of Chemistry and Geochemistry, Colorado School of Mines, 1500 Illinois St., Golden, Colorado 80401, and
| | - Al Darzins
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 1617 Cole Blvd., Golden, Colorado 80401
| | - Matthew C. Posewitz
- Department of Chemistry and Geochemistry, Colorado School of Mines, 1500 Illinois St., Golden, Colorado 80401, and
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Schwarz C, Poss Z, Hoffmann D, Appel J. Hydrogenases and Hydrogen Metabolism in Photosynthetic Prokaryotes. RECENT ADVANCES IN PHOTOTROPHIC PROKARYOTES 2010; 675:305-48. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-1528-3_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
|
39
|
Czech I, Silakov A, Lubitz W, Happe T. The [FeFe]-hydrogenase maturase HydF from Clostridium acetobutylicum contains a CO and CN- ligated iron cofactor. FEBS Lett 2009; 584:638-42. [PMID: 20018187 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2009.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2009] [Revised: 12/09/2009] [Accepted: 12/10/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Biosynthesis of the [FeFe] hydrogenases active site (H-cluster) requires three maturation factors whose respective roles are not understood yet. The clostridial maturation enzymes (CaHydE, CaHydF and CaHydG) were homologously overexpressed in their native host Clostridium acetobutylicum. CaHydF was able to activate Chlamydomonas reinhardtii [FeFe] hydrogenase apoprotein (CrHydA1(apo)) to almost 100% compared to the native specific hydrogen evolution activity. Based on electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy data the existence of a [4Fe4S] cluster and a CO and CN(-) ligand coordinated di-iron cluster is suggested. This study contains the first experimental evidence that the bi-nuclear part of the H-cluster is assembled in HydF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ilka Czech
- Lehrstuhl Biochemie der Pflanzen, AG Photobiotechnologie, Ruhr Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
From systems biology to fuel—Chlamydomonas reinhardtii as a model for a systems biology approach to improve biohydrogen production. J Biotechnol 2009; 142:10-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2009.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2008] [Revised: 02/03/2009] [Accepted: 02/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
41
|
Dubini A, Mus F, Seibert M, Grossman AR, Posewitz MC. Flexibility in anaerobic metabolism as revealed in a mutant of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii lacking hydrogenase activity. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:7201-13. [PMID: 19117946 PMCID: PMC2652310 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m803917200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2008] [Revised: 12/29/2008] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii has a network of fermentation pathways that become active when cells acclimate to anoxia. Hydrogenase activity is an important component of this metabolism, and we have compared metabolic and regulatory responses that accompany anaerobiosis in wild-type C. reinhardtii cells and a null mutant strain for the HYDEF gene (hydEF-1 mutant), which encodes an [FeFe] hydrogenase maturation protein. This mutant has no hydrogenase activity and exhibits elevated accumulation of succinate and diminished production of CO2 relative to the parental strain during dark, anaerobic metabolism. In the absence of hydrogenase activity, increased succinate accumulation suggests that the cells activate alternative pathways for pyruvate metabolism, which contribute to NAD(P)H reoxidation, and continued glycolysis and fermentation in the absence of O2. Fermentative succinate production potentially proceeds via the formation of malate, and increases in the abundance of mRNAs encoding two malate-forming enzymes, pyruvate carboxylase and malic enzyme, are observed in the mutant relative to the parental strain following transfer of cells from oxic to anoxic conditions. Although C. reinhardtii has a single gene encoding pyruvate carboxylase, it has six genes encoding putative malic enzymes. Only one of the malic enzyme genes, MME4, shows a dramatic increase in expression (mRNA abundance) in the hydEF-1 mutant during anaerobiosis. Furthermore, there are marked increases in transcripts encoding fumarase and fumarate reductase, enzymes putatively required to convert malate to succinate. These results illustrate the marked metabolic flexibility of C. reinhardtii and contribute to the development of an informed model of anaerobic metabolism in this and potentially other algae.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Dubini
- Environmental Science and Engineering Division, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Stripp ST, Happe T. How algae produce hydrogen—news from the photosynthetic hydrogenase. Dalton Trans 2009:9960-9. [DOI: 10.1039/b916246a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
43
|
Timmins M, Thomas-Hall SR, Darling A, Zhang E, Hankamer B, Marx UC, Schenk PM. Phylogenetic and molecular analysis of hydrogen-producing green algae. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2009; 60:1691-702. [PMID: 19342428 PMCID: PMC2671627 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erp052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
A select set of microalgae are reported to be able to catalyse photobiological H(2) production from water. Based on the model organism Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, a method was developed for the screening of naturally occurring H(2)-producing microalgae. By purging algal cultures with N(2) in the dark and subsequent illumination, it is possible to rapidly induce photobiological H(2) evolution. Using NMR spectroscopy for metabolic profiling in C. reinhardtii, acetate, formate, and ethanol were found to be key compounds contributing to metabolic variance during the assay. This procedure can be used to test algal species existing as axenic or mixed cultures for their ability to produce H(2). Using this system, five algal isolates capable of H(2) production were identified in various aquatic systems. A phylogenetic tree was constructed using ribosomal sequence data of green unicellular algae to determine if there were taxonomic patterns of H(2) production. H(2)-producing algal species were seen to be dispersed amongst most clades, indicating an H(2)-producing capacity preceded evolution of the phylum Chlorophyta.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Timmins
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Skye R. Thomas-Hall
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Aaron Darling
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Eugene Zhang
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Ben Hankamer
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Ute C. Marx
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
- SRC for Functional and Applied Genomics, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Peer M. Schenk
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
- To whom correspondence should be addressed: E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Hydrogen Fuel Production by Transgenic Microalgae. TRANSGENIC MICROALGAE AS GREEN CELL FACTORIES 2008; 616:110-21. [DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-75532-8_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
|
45
|
Chang CH, King PW, Ghirardi ML, Kim K. Atomic resolution modeling of the ferredoxin:[FeFe] hydrogenase complex from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Biophys J 2007; 93:3034-45. [PMID: 17660315 PMCID: PMC2025642 DOI: 10.1529/biophysj.107.108589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2007] [Accepted: 07/06/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The [FeFe] hydrogenases HydA1 and HydA2 in the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii catalyze the final reaction in a remarkable metabolic pathway allowing this photosynthetic organism to produce H(2) from water in the chloroplast. A [2Fe-2S] ferredoxin is a critical branch point in electron flow from Photosystem I toward a variety of metabolic fates, including proton reduction by hydrogenases. To better understand the binding determinants involved in ferredoxin:hydrogenase interactions, we have modeled Chlamydomonas PetF1 and HydA2 based on amino-acid sequence homology, and produced two promising electron-transfer model complexes by computational docking. To characterize these models, quantitative free energy calculations at atomic resolution were carried out, and detailed analysis of the interprotein interactions undertaken. The protein complex model we propose for ferredoxin:HydA2 interaction is energetically favored over the alternative candidate by 20 kcal/mol. This proposed model of the electron-transfer complex between PetF1 and HydA2 permits a more detailed view of the molecular events leading up to H(2) evolution, and suggests potential mutagenic strategies to modulate electron flow to HydA2.
Collapse
|
46
|
Fontecilla-Camps JC, Volbeda A, Cavazza C, Nicolet Y. Structure/function relationships of [NiFe]- and [FeFe]-hydrogenases. Chem Rev 2007; 107:4273-303. [PMID: 17850165 DOI: 10.1021/cr050195z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 998] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Juan C Fontecilla-Camps
- Laboratoire de Cristallographie et Cristallogenèse des Proteines, Institut de Biologie Structurale J. P. Ebel, CEA, CNRS, Universitè Joseph Fourier, 41 rue J. Horowitz, 38027 Grenoble Cedex 1, France.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Wang X, Hoefel D, Saint C, Monis P, Jin B. The isolation and microbial community analysis of hydrogen producing bacteria from activated sludge. J Appl Microbiol 2007; 103:1415-23. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2007.03370.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
48
|
Mus F, Dubini A, Seibert M, Posewitz MC, Grossman AR. Anaerobic acclimation in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii: anoxic gene expression, hydrogenase induction, and metabolic pathways. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:25475-86. [PMID: 17565990 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m701415200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic photosynthetic microbes experience conditions of anoxia, especially during the night when photosynthetic activity ceases. In Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, dark anoxia is characterized by the activation of an extensive set of fermentation pathways that act in concert to provide cellular energy, while limiting the accumulation of potentially toxic fermentative products. Metabolite analyses, quantitative PCR, and high density Chlamydomonas DNA microarrays were used to monitor changes in metabolite accumulation and gene expression during acclimation of the cells to anoxia. Elevated levels of transcripts encoding proteins associated with the production of H2, organic acids, and ethanol were observed in congruence with the accumulation of fermentation products. The levels of over 500 transcripts increased significantly during acclimation of the cells to anoxic conditions. Among these were transcripts encoding transcription/translation regulators, prolyl hydroxylases, hybrid cluster proteins, proteases, transhydrogenase, catalase, and several putative proteins of unknown function. Overall, this study uses metabolite, genomic, and transcriptome data to provide genome-wide insights into the regulation of the complex metabolic networks utilized by Chlamydomonas under the anaerobic conditions associated with H2 production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Florence Mus
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Ghirardi ML, Posewitz MC, Maness PC, Dubini A, Yu J, Seibert M. Hydrogenases and hydrogen photoproduction in oxygenic photosynthetic organisms. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2007; 58:71-91. [PMID: 17150028 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.arplant.58.032806.103848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The photobiological production of H2 gas, using water as the only electron donor, is a property of two types of photosynthetic microorganisms: green algae and cyanobacteria. In these organisms, photosynthetic water splitting is functionally linked to H(2) production by the activity of hydrogenase enzymes. Interestingly, each of these organisms contains only one of two major types of hydrogenases, [FeFe] or [NiFe] enzymes, which are phylogenetically distinct but perform the same catalytic reaction, suggesting convergent evolution. This idea is supported by the observation that each of the two classes of hydrogenases has a different metallo-cluster, is encoded by entirely different sets of genes (apparently under the control of different promoter elements), and exhibits different maturation pathways. The genetics, biosynthesis, structure, function, and O2 sensitivity of these enzymes have been the focus of extensive research in recent years. Some of this effort is clearly driven by the potential for using these enzymes in future biological or biohybrid systems to produce renewable fuel or in fuel cell applications.
Collapse
|
50
|
Nagy LE, Meuser JE, Plummer S, Seibert M, Ghirardi ML, King PW, Ahmann D, Posewitz MC. Application of gene-shuffling for the rapid generation of novel [FeFe]-hydrogenase libraries. Biotechnol Lett 2006; 29:421-30. [PMID: 17195059 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-006-9254-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2006] [Revised: 10/26/2006] [Accepted: 10/27/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A gene-shuffling technique was identified, optimized and used to generate diverse libraries of recombinant [FeFe]-hydrogenases. Six native [FeFe]-hydrogenase genes from species of Clostridia were first cloned and separately expressed in Escherichia coli concomitantly with the assembly proteins required for [FeFe]-hydrogenase maturation. All enzymes, with the exception of C. thermocellum HydA, exhibited significant activity when expressed. Single-stranded DNA fragments from genes encoding the two most active [FeFe]-hydrogenases were used to optimize a gene-shuffling protocol and generate recombinant enzyme libraries. Random sampling demonstrates that several shuffled products are active. This represents the first successful application of gene-shuffling using hydrogenases. Moreover, we demonstrate that a single set of [FeFe]-hydrogenase maturation proteins is sufficient for the heterologous assembly of the bioinorganic active site of several native and shuffled [FeFe]-hydrogenases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lauren E Nagy
- Environmental Science and Engineering Division, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO 80401, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|