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Dediu D, Jennings EM, Van't Ent D, Moisik SR, Di Pisa G, Schulze J, de Geus EJC, den Braber A, Dolan CV, Boomsma DI. The heritability of vocal tract structures estimated from structural MRI in a large cohort of Dutch twins. Hum Genet 2022; 141:1905-1923. [PMID: 35831475 PMCID: PMC9672028 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-022-02469-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
While language is expressed in multiple modalities, including sign, writing, or whistles, speech is arguably the most common. The human vocal tract is capable of producing the bewildering diversity of the 7000 or so currently spoken languages, but relatively little is known about its genetic bases, especially in what concerns normal variation. Here, we capitalize on five cohorts totaling 632 Dutch twins with structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data. Two raters placed clearly defined (semi)landmarks on each MRI scan, from which we derived 146 measures capturing the dimensions and shape of various vocal tract structures, but also aspects of the head and face. We used Genetic Covariance Structure Modeling to estimate the additive genetic, common environmental or non-additive genetic, and unique environmental components, while controlling for various confounds and for any systematic differences between the two raters. We found high heritability, h2, for aspects of the skull and face, the mandible, the anteroposterior (horizontal) dimension of the vocal tract, and the position of the hyoid bone. These findings extend the existing literature, and open new perspectives for understanding the complex interplay between genetics, environment, and culture that shape our vocal tracts, and which may help explain cross-linguistic differences in phonetics and phonology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Dediu
- Department of Catalan Philology and General Linguistics, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
- Universitat de Barcelona Institute of Complex Systems (UBICS), Barcelona, Spain.
- Catalan Institute for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Emily M Jennings
- Faculty of Linguistics, Philology and Phonetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dennis Van't Ent
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Scott R Moisik
- Linguistics and Multilingual Studies, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Grazia Di Pisa
- Department of Linguistics, Universität Konstanz, Constance, Germany
| | | | - Eco J C de Geus
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anouk den Braber
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Neurology, Alzheimer Center, Neuroscience Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Conor V Dolan
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dorret I Boomsma
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Park HM, Kim PJ, Sung J, Song YM, Kim HG, Kim YH, Baek SH. Differences in the heritability of craniofacial skeletal and dental characteristics between twin pairs with skeletal Class I and II malocclusions. Korean J Orthod 2021; 51:407-418. [PMID: 34803029 PMCID: PMC8607119 DOI: 10.4041/kjod.2021.51.6.407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To investigate differences in the heritability of skeletodental characteristics between twin pairs with skeletal Class I and Class II malocclusions. Methods Forty Korean adult twin pairs were divided into Class I (C-I) group (0° ≤ angle between point A, nasion, and point B [ANB]) ≤ 4°; mean age, 40.7 years) and Class II (C-II) group (ANB > 4°; mean age, 43.0 years). Each group comprised 14 monozygotic and 6 dizygotic twin pairs. Thirty-three cephalometric variables were measured using lateral cephalograms and were categorized as the anteroposterior, vertical, dental, mandible, and cranial base characteristics. The ACE model was used to calculate heritability (A > 0.7, high heritability). Thereafter, principal component analysis (PCA) was performed. Results Twin pairs in C-I group exhibited high heritability values in the facial anteroposterior characteristics, inclination of the maxillary and mandibular incisors, mandibular body length, and cranial base angles. Twin pairs in C-II group showed high heritability values in vertical facial height, ramus height, effective mandibular length, and cranial base length. PCA extracted eight components with 88.3% in the C-I group and seven components with 91.0% cumulative explanation in the C-II group. Conclusions Differences in the heritability of skeletodental characteristics between twin pairs with skeletal Class I and II malocclusions might provide valuable information for growth prediction and treatment planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heon-Mook Park
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Pil-Jong Kim
- Biomedical Knowledge Engineering Laboratory, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Joohon Sung
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yun-Mi Song
- Department of Family Medicine, Samsung Medical Center and Center for Clinical Research, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hong-Gee Kim
- Biomedical Knowledge Engineering Laboratory, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Ho Kim
- Department of Orthodontics, Institute of Oral Health Science, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Seung-Hak Baek
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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The Correlation between Impacted Third Molar and Blood Group. Int J Dent 2021; 2021:2775913. [PMID: 34777499 PMCID: PMC8589526 DOI: 10.1155/2021/2775913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Blood type is among the most important genetical characteristics of any individual and is shown to be correlated with the development of a variety of illnesses including dental diseases. Finding the association of ABO and Rh blood groups and impacted tooth is important in order to predict which population is more vulnerable to grow impacted third molars that could lead to making better intervention. The present investigation tried to take a small step in that regard, by evaluating the correlation between ABO and Rh blood groups and the most commonly impacted tooth, bony impacted third molars among Iranian individuals. Methods The investigation was done retrospectively on patients who were referred to the Department of Oral Radiology, Shiraz University of Medical Science, Shiraz, Iran. The patients were classified according to their blood groups, and 40 patients were randomly selected for each blood type. Therefore, the impaction of their third molars was evaluated, and statistical analyses were done in order to find any association. Results A total of 320 participants contributed to the study; 136 (42%) were males and 184 (57%) were females. The mean age was 29 ± 6 years. Among all participants, 205 (64%) had no impacted third molar, 26 (8%) had one impacted third molar, 43 (13%) had 2 impacted third molars, 5 (1%) had 3 impacted third molars, and 41 (12%) had 4 impacted molars. Conclusion According to the results of the present study, nearly one out of three individuals has at least an impacted third molar in the Iranian population, being more prevalent in individuals between 20 and 30 years old. The evaluation of the relationship between the blood group and impacted third molar revealed that blood groups have no association with the impacted third molars. However, more studies with higher and diversified participants should be done to find comprehensive results.
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Hersberger-Zurfluh MA, Papageorgiou SN, Motro M, Kantarci A, Will LA, Eliades T. Genetic and environmental components of vertical growth in mono- and dizygotic twins up to 15-18 years of age. Angle Orthod 2021; 91:384-390. [PMID: 33523142 DOI: 10.2319/060520-515.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine the additive genetic and environmental contributions to the vertical growth of craniofacial structures. MATERIALS AND METHODS The sample consisted of 64 untreated monozygotic (44 male, 20 female) and 61 untreated dizygotic twins (32 male, 29 female). Lateral cephalograms taken at 15 and 18 years of age were traced to analyze the sella-nasion-nasal line angle (SN-NL), nasal line-mandibular line angle (ML-NL), sella-nasion-mandibular line angle (SN-ML), sella-nasion-sella-gnathion angle (Y-axis), posterior face height/anterior face height (PFH/AFH), and lower anterior face height/anterior face height (LAFH/AFH). The genetic and environmental components of variance were analyzed with structural equation modeling for multilevel mixed effects. RESULTS At 15 years of age, strong dominant genetic control was seen for NL-ML (81%), LAFH/AFH (73%), and Y-axis (57%), whereas strong additive genetic components were found for PFH/AFH (78%), SN-NL (58%), and SN-ML (57%). Unique environmental factors accounted for 18-42% of observed variance, with SN-NL being affected the most (42%). At 18 years of age, only LAFH/AFH (86%) was under strong dominant genetic control, whereas the remainder were under additive genetic influence. The sole exception was SN-NL, which changed from additive to unique environmental influence. CONCLUSIONS Either additive or dominant genetic components were found at 15 or 18 years of age for most vertical variables. Environmental factors accounted for about 10-40%, with SN-NL being mostly affected.
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Neela PK, Atteeri A, Mamillapalli PK, Sesham VM, Keesara S, Chandra J, Monica U, Mohan V. Genetics of Dentofacial and Orthodontic Abnormalities. Glob Med Genet 2021; 7:95-100. [PMID: 33693441 PMCID: PMC7938796 DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1722303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of craniofacial complex and dental structures is a complex and delicate process guided by specific genetic mechanisms. Genetic and environmental factors can influence the execution of these mechanisms and result in abnormalities. An insight into the mechanisms and genes involved in the development of orofacial and dental structures has gradually gained by pedigree analysis of families and twin studies as well as experimental studies on vertebrate models. The development of novel treatment techniques depends on in-depth knowledge of the various molecular or cellular processes and genes involved in the development of the orofacial complex. This review article focuses on the role of genes in the development of nonsyndromic orofacial, dentofacial variations, malocclusions, excluding cleft lip palate, and the advancements in the field of molecular genetics and its application to obtain better treatment outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Praveen Kumar Neela
- Department of Orthodontics, Kamineni Institute of Dental Sciences, Narketpally, India
| | - Anjana Atteeri
- Department of Orthodontics, Kamineni Institute of Dental Sciences, Narketpally, India
| | | | - Vasu Murthy Sesham
- Department of Orthodontics, Kamineni Institute of Dental Sciences, Narketpally, India
| | - Sreekanth Keesara
- Department of Orthodontics, Kamineni Institute of Dental Sciences, Narketpally, India
| | - Jaya Chandra
- Department of Orthodontics, Kamineni Institute of Dental Sciences, Narketpally, India
| | - Udayini Monica
- Department of Orthodontics, Kamineni Institute of Dental Sciences, Narketpally, India
| | - Vasavi Mohan
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Vasavi Medical and Research Centre, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
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Kim JH, Kim YH, Kim SJ, Sung J, Song YM, Shin JW, Park JH, Chae HS. Twin study-genetic comparison of matrix versus intramatrix rotation in the mandible and three different occlusal planes. Prog Orthod 2020; 21:44. [PMID: 33283252 PMCID: PMC7719592 DOI: 10.1186/s40510-020-00344-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this study is to investigate the heritability of total rotation, matrix rotation, and intramatrix rotation of the mandible in Korean monozygotic (MZ) twins, dizygotic (DZ) twins, and their siblings. MATERIALS AND METHODS The samples consisted of 75 pairs of Korean twins (39.7 + 9.26 years; MZ group, 36 pairs; DZ group, 13 pairs; sibling group, 26 pairs). Lateral cephalograms were taken, and 13 variables related to internal and external mandible rotation were measured. Three types of occlusal planes (bisected occlusal plane, functional occlusal plane, and the MM bisector occlusal plane) were used to evaluate genetic influence on the occlusal plane. Heritability (h2) was calculated by using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and Falconer's method. RESULTS With regard to mandibular rotation, the MZ twin group showed significantly higher ICC values compared to the DZ twin and sibling groups. The ICC mean values for 13 cephalometric measurements were 0.85 (MZ), 0.62 (DZ), and 0.52 (siblings) respectively. The heritability of the total rotation (0.48) and matrix rotation (0.5) between the MZ and DZ groups was higher than that of the intramatrix rotation (- 0.14). All of the three types of occlusal plane showed high heritability, and among the three types, the functional occlusal plane showed the highest heritability (h2 = 0.76). CONCLUSION Based on these findings that showed a strong genetic effect on total rotation and matrix rotation, maintaining these rotations should be carefully considered in the orthodontic treatment plan, while the lower border of the mandible may be responsive to various treatments. Occlusal plane change, especially with regard to the functional occlusal plane, may not be stable due to strong genetic influences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Hyeong Kim
- Department of Orthodontics, Institute of Oral Health Science, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Young Ho Kim
- Department of Orthodontics, Institute of Oral Health Science, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Soo Jin Kim
- Department of Orthodontics, Institute of Oral Health Science, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Joohon Sung
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yun-Mi Song
- Department of Family Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jeong Won Shin
- Department of Orthodontics, Institute of Oral Health Science, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Jae Hyun Park
- Postgraduate Orthodontic Program, Arizona School of Dentistry & Oral Health, A.T. Still University, Mesa, AZ, USA
| | - Hwa Sung Chae
- Department of Orthodontics, Institute of Oral Health Science, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea.
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Santana LG, Flores-Mir C, Iglesias-Linares A, Pithon MM, Marques LS. Influence of heritability on occlusal traits: a systematic review of studies in twins. Prog Orthod 2020; 21:29. [PMID: 32864724 PMCID: PMC7456624 DOI: 10.1186/s40510-020-00330-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this systematic review was to identify, evaluate, and provide a current literature about the influence of heritability on the determination of occlusal traits. MATERIALS AND METHODS MEDLINE, SCOPUS, Web of Science, LILACS, and Google Scholar were searched without restrictions up to March 2020. Studies with twin method were considered and the risk of bias assessment was performed using quality of genetic association studies checklist (Q-Genie). The coefficient of heritability (h2), model-fitting approaches, and coefficient correlation were used to estimate the genetic/environmental influence on occlusal traits. The GRADE tool was used to assess the quality of the evidence. RESULTS Ten studies met the eligibility criteria. Three studies presented good quality, five moderate quality, and two poor quality. Most studies have found that the intra-arch traits, mainly the maxillary arch morphology, such as width (h2 16-100%), length (h2 42-100%), and shape (h2 42-90%), and the crowding, mainly for mandibular arch (h2 35-81%), are under potential heritability influence. The traits concerning the inter-arch relationship, as overjet, overbite, posterior crossbite, and sagittal molar relation, seem not to be genetically determined. The certainty of the evidence was graded as low for all outcomes. CONCLUSIONS Although weak, the available evidence show that the heritability factors are determinant for the intra-arch traits, namely, arch morphology and crowding. Possibly due they are functionally related, the occlusal traits concerning the maxillary and mandibular relationship seem to have environmental factors as determinants. In this scenario, early preventive approaches can offer a more effective and efficient orthodontic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Garcia Santana
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Carlos Flores-Mir
- Department of Orthodontics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | | | - Matheus Melo Pithon
- Department of Orthodontics, Southwest Bahia State University, Jequié, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Leandro Silva Marques
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Xu L, Keenan BT, Wiemken AS, Chi L, Staley B, Wang Z, Wang J, Benedikstdottir B, Juliusson S, Pack AI, Gislason T, Schwab RJ. Differences in three-dimensional upper airway anatomy between Asian and European patients with obstructive sleep apnea. Sleep 2020; 43:zsz273. [PMID: 31735957 PMCID: PMC7215269 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsz273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES This study evaluated differences in upper airway, soft tissues and craniofacial structures between Asians from China and Europeans from Iceland with OSA using three-dimensional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). METHODS Airway sizes, soft tissue volumes, and craniofacial dimensions were compared between Icelandic (N = 108) and Chinese (N = 57) patients with oxygen desaturation index (ODI) ≥ 10 events/h matched for age, gender, and ODI. Mixed effects models adjusting for height or BMI and residual differences in age and ODI were utilized. RESULTS In our matched sample, compared to Icelandic OSA patients, Chinese patients had smaller BMI (p < 0.0001) and neck circumference (p = 0.011). In covariate adjusted analyses, Chinese showed smaller retropalatal airway size (p ≤ 0.002), and smaller combined soft tissues, tongue, fat pads, and pterygoid (all p ≤ 0.0001), but male Chinese demonstrated a larger soft palate volume (p ≤ 0.001). For craniofacial dimensions, Chinese demonstrated bigger ANB angle (p ≤ 0.0196), differently shaped mandibles, including shorter corpus length (p < 0.0001) but longer ramus length (p < 0.0001), and a wider (p < 0.0001) and shallower (p ≤ 0.0001) maxilla. CONCLUSIONS Compared to Icelandic patients of similar age, gender and ODI, Chinese patients had smaller retropalatal airway and combined soft tissue, but bigger soft palate volume (in males), and differently shaped mandible and maxilla with more bony restrictions. Results support an ethnic difference in upper airway anatomy related to OSA, which may inform targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyue Xu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, China
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Brendan T Keenan
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Andrew S Wiemken
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Luqi Chi
- Sleep Medicine Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Bethany Staley
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Zhifang Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Datong, China
| | - Jianjun Wang
- Department of Radiology, Shanxi Tongcoal General Hospital, Datong, China
| | | | - Sigurdur Juliusson
- ENT Department, Landspitali – The National University Hospital of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Allan I Pack
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Thorarinn Gislason
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
- Department of Sleep, Landspitali – The National University Hospital of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Richard J Schwab
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
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Song J, Chae HS, Shin JW, Sung J, Song YM, Baek SH, Kim YH. Influence of heritability on craniofacial soft tissue characteristics of monozygotic twins, dizygotic twins, and their siblings using Falconer's method and principal components analysis. Korean J Orthod 2018; 49:3-11. [PMID: 30603620 PMCID: PMC6306317 DOI: 10.4041/kjod.2019.49.1.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of heritability on the craniofacial soft tissue cephalometric characteristics of monozygotic (MZ) twins, dizygotic (DZ) twins, and their siblings (SIB). Methods The samples comprised Korean adult twins and their siblings (mean age, 39.8 years; MZ group, n = 36 pairs; DZ group, n = 13 pairs of the same gender; and SIB group, n = 26 pairs of the same gender). Thirty cephalometric variables were measured to characterize facial profile, facial height, soft-tissue thickness, and projection of nose and lip. Falconer's method was used to calculate heritability (low heritability, h2 < 0.2; high heritability, h2 > 0.9). After principal components analysis (PCA) was performed to extract the models, we calculated the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) value and heritability of each component. Results The MZ group exhibited higher ICC values for all cephalometric variables than DZ and SIB groups. Among cephalometric variables, the highest h2(MZ-DZ) and h2(MZ-SIB) values were observed for the nasolabial angle (NLA, 1.544 and 2.036), chin angle (1.342 and 1.112), soft tissue chin thickness (2.872 and 1.226), and upper lip thickness ratio (1.592 and 1.026). PCA derived eight components with 84.5% of a cumulative explanation. The components that exhibited higher values of h2(MZ-DZ) and h2(MZ-SIB) were PCA2, which includes facial convexity, NLA, and nose projection (1.026 and 0.972), and PCA7, which includes chin angle and soft tissue chin thickness (2.107 and 1.169). Conclusions The nose and soft tissue chin were more influenced by genetic factors than other soft tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeongmin Song
- Department of Orthodontics, Institute of Oral Health Science, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Hwa Sung Chae
- Department of Orthodontics, Institute of Oral Health Science, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Jeong Won Shin
- Department of Orthodontics, Institute of Oral Health Science, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Joohon Sung
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yun-Mi Song
- Department of Family Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung-Hak Baek
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Ho Kim
- Department of Orthodontics, Institute of Oral Health Science, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
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Kim DK, Sung J, Song YM, Kim EM, Kim YH, Baek SH. Differences in heritability of craniofacial skeletal and dental characteristics between hypo- and hyper-divergent patterns using Falconer's method and principal component analysis. Angle Orthod 2018; 89:242-251. [PMID: 30516415 DOI: 10.2319/062518-475.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the difference in heritability of craniofacial skeletal and dental characteristics between hypodivergent and hyperdivergent patterns. MATERIALS AND METHODS 53 Korean adult monozygotic (MZ) and dizygotic (DZ) twins and their siblings were divided into a hypodivergent group (Group 1, SN-MP < 35°, 17 MZ pairs; 11 DZ and sibling [DS] pairs of the same gender) and hyper-divergent group (Group 2, SN-MP > 35°, 16 MZ pairs; 9 DS pairs of the same gender). A total of 56 cephalometric variables were measured using lateral cephalographs. Craniofacial structures were divided into anteroposterior, vertical, dental, mandible, and cranial base characteristics. Falconer's method was used to calculate heritability (h2 > 0.8, high). After principal component analysis (PCA), the mean h 2 value of each component was calculated. RESULTS Group 1 exhibited high heritability values in shape and position of the mandible, vertical angular/ratio variables, cranial base shape, and maxillary incisor inclination. Group 2 showed high heritability values in anteroposterior position of the maxilla, intermaxillary relationship, vertical angular variables, cranial base length, and mandibular incisor inclination. Occlusal plane inclination showed high heritability in both groups. Although vertical structure presented a high overall mean h 2 value in Group 1, there were no structures that exhibited a high overall mean h 2 value in Group 2. PCA derived 10 components with 91.2% and 92.7% of cumulative explanation in Groups 1 and 2, respectively. CONCLUSIONS It is necessary to estimate or predict growth according to vertical pattern for providing differential diagnosis and orthodontic/orthopedic treatment planning.
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Staka G, Asllani-Hoxha F, Bimbashi V. Facial Anthropometric Norms among Kosovo - Albanian Adults. Acta Stomatol Croat 2017; 51:195-206. [PMID: 29225360 PMCID: PMC5708327 DOI: 10.15644/asc51/3/3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The development of an anthropometric craniofacial database is a necessary multidisciplinary proposal. Aim The aim of this study was to establish facial anthropometric norms and to investigate into sexual dimorphism in facial variables among Kosovo Albanian adults. Materials and Methods The sample included 204 students of Dental School, Faculty of Medicine, University of Pristina. Using direct anthropometry, a series of 8 standard facial measurements was taken on each subject with digital caliper with an accuracy of 0.01 mm (Boss, Hamburg-Germany). The normative data and percentile rankings were calculated. Gender differences in facial variables were analyzed using t- test for independent samples (p<0.05). The index of sexual dimorphism (ISD) and percentage of sexual dimorphism were calculated for each facial measurement. Results: N ormative data for all facial anthropometric measurements in males were higher than in females. Male average norms compared with the female average norms differed significantly from each other (p>0.05).The highest index of sexual dimorphism (ISD) was found for the lower facial height 1.120, for which the highest percentage of sexual dimorphism, 12.01%., was also found. The lowest ISD was found for intercanthal width, 1.022, accompanied with the lowest percentage of sexual dimorphism, 2.23%. Conclusion The obtained results have established the facial anthropometric norms among Kosovo Albanian adults. Sexual dimorphism has been confirmed for each facial measurement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria Staka
- Department of Prosthodontics, Dental School, Faculty of Medicine, University of Pristina, and University Dentistry Clinical Center of Republic of Kosovo
| | - Flurije Asllani-Hoxha
- Department of Prosthodontics, Dental School, Faculty of Medicine, University of Pristina, and University Dentistry Clinical Center of Republic of Kosovo
| | - Venera Bimbashi
- Department of Prosthodontics, Dental School, Faculty of Medicine, University of Pristina, and University Dentistry Clinical Center of Republic of Kosovo
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Heritability maps of human face morphology through large-scale automated three-dimensional phenotyping. Sci Rep 2017; 7:45885. [PMID: 28422179 PMCID: PMC5395823 DOI: 10.1038/srep45885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The human face is a complex trait under strong genetic control, as evidenced by the striking visual similarity between twins. Nevertheless, heritability estimates of facial traits have often been surprisingly low or difficult to replicate. Furthermore, the construction of facial phenotypes that correspond to naturally perceived facial features remains largely a mystery. We present here a large-scale heritability study of face geometry that aims to address these issues. High-resolution, three-dimensional facial models have been acquired on a cohort of 952 twins recruited from the TwinsUK registry, and processed through a novel landmarking workflow, GESSA (Geodesic Ensemble Surface Sampling Algorithm). The algorithm places thousands of landmarks throughout the facial surface and automatically establishes point-wise correspondence across faces. These landmarks enabled us to intuitively characterize facial geometry at a fine level of detail through curvature measurements, yielding accurate heritability maps of the human face (www.heritabilitymaps.info).
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Othman SA, Majawit LP, Wan Hassan WN, Wey MC, Mohd Razi R. Anthropometric Study of Three-Dimensional Facial Morphology in Malay Adults. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0164180. [PMID: 27706220 PMCID: PMC5051712 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0164180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To establish the three-dimensional (3D) facial soft tissue morphology of adult Malaysian subjects of the Malay ethnic group; and to determine the morphological differences between the genders, using a non-invasive stereo-photogrammetry 3D camera. MATERIAL AND METHODS One hundred and nine subjects participated in this research, 54 Malay men and 55 Malay women, aged 20-30 years old with healthy BMI and with no adverse skeletal deviation. Twenty-three facial landmarks were identified on 3D facial images captured using a VECTRA M5-360 Head System (Canfield Scientific Inc, USA). Two angular, 3 ratio and 17 linear measurements were identified using Canfield Mirror imaging software. Intra- and inter-examiner reliability tests were carried out using 10 randomly selected images, analyzed using the intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC). Multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) was carried out to investigate morphologic differences between genders. RESULTS ICC scores were generally good for both intra-examiner (range 0.827-0.987) and inter-examiner reliability (range 0.700-0.983) tests. Generally, all facial measurements were larger in men than women, except the facial profile angle which was larger in women. Clinically significant gender dimorphisms existed in biocular width, nose height, nasal bridge length, face height and lower face height values (mean difference > 3mm). Clinical significance was set at 3mm. CONCLUSION Facial soft tissue morphological values can be gathered efficiently and measured effectively from images captured by a non-invasive stereo-photogrammetry 3D camera. Adult men in Malaysia when compared to women had a wider distance between the eyes, a longer and more prominent nose and a longer face.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siti Adibah Othman
- Department of Paediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Clinical Craniofacial Dentistry Research Group, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- * E-mail:
| | - Lynnora Patrick Majawit
- Department of Paediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Wan Nurazreena Wan Hassan
- Department of Paediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Clinical Craniofacial Dentistry Research Group, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mang Chek Wey
- Department of Paediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Clinical Craniofacial Dentistry Research Group, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Roziana Mohd Razi
- Department of Paediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Clinical Craniofacial Dentistry Research Group, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Djordjevic J, Zhurov AI, Richmond S. Genetic and Environmental Contributions to Facial Morphological Variation: A 3D Population-Based Twin Study. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0162250. [PMID: 27584156 PMCID: PMC5008732 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0162250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Facial phenotype is influenced by genes and environment; however, little is known about their relative contributions to normal facial morphology. The aim of this study was to assess the relative genetic and environmental contributions to facial morphological variation using a three-dimensional (3D) population-based approach and the classical twin study design. MATERIALS AND METHODS 3D facial images of 1380 female twins from the TwinsUK Registry database were used. All faces were landmarked, by manually placing 37 landmark points, and Procrustes registered. Three groups of traits were extracted and analysed: 19 principal components (uPC) and 23 principal components (sPC), derived from the unscaled and scaled landmark configurations respectively, and 1275 linear distances measured between 51 landmarks (37 manually identified and 14 automatically calculated). The intraclass correlation coefficients, rMZ and rDZ, broad-sense heritability (h2), common (c2) and unique (e2) environment contributions were calculated for all traits for the monozygotic (MZ) and dizygotic (DZ) twins. RESULTS Heritability of 13 uPC and 17 sPC reached statistical significance, with h2 ranging from 38.8% to 78.5% in the former and 30.5% to 84.8% in the latter group. Also, 1222 distances showed evidence of genetic control. Common environment contributed to one PC in both groups and 53 linear distances (4.3%). Unique environment contributed to 17 uPC and 20 sPC and 1245 distances. CONCLUSIONS Genetic factors can explain more than 70% of the phenotypic facial variation in facial size, nose (width, prominence and height), lips prominence and inter-ocular distance. A few traits have shown potential dominant genetic influence: the prominence and height of the nose, the lower lip prominence in relation to the chin and upper lip philtrum length. Environmental contribution to facial variation seems to be the greatest for the mandibular ramus height and horizontal facial asymmetry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Djordjevic
- Department of Applied Clinical Research and Public Health, School of Dentistry, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Alexei I. Zhurov
- Department of Applied Clinical Research and Public Health, School of Dentistry, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen Richmond
- Department of Applied Clinical Research and Public Health, School of Dentistry, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Visigen Consortium
- Department of Applied Clinical Research and Public Health, School of Dentistry, Cardiff, United Kingdom
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Chi L, Comyn FL, Keenan BT, Cater J, Maislin G, Pack AI, Schwab RJ. Heritability of craniofacial structures in normal subjects and patients with sleep apnea. Sleep 2014; 37:1689-98. [PMID: 25197806 PMCID: PMC4173925 DOI: 10.5665/sleep.4082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2013] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Accumulating evidence has shown that there is a genetic contribution to obstructive sleep apnea (OSA).The objectives were to use magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) cephalometry to (1) confirm heritability of craniofacial risk factors for OSA previously shown by cephalometrics; and (2) examine the heritability of new craniofacial structures that are measurable with MRI. DESIGN A sib pair "quad" design examining apneics, apneic siblings, controls, and control siblings. The study design used exact matching on ethnicity and sex, frequency matching on age, and statistical control for differences in age, sex, ethnicity, height, and weight. SETTING Academic medical center. PATIENTS We examined 55 apneic probands (apnea-hypopnea index [AHI]: 46.8 ± 33.5 events/h), 55 proband siblings (AHI: 11.1 ± 15.9 events/h), 55 controls (AHI: 2.2 ± 1.7 events/h), and 55 control siblings (AHI: 4.1 ± 4.0 events/h). INTERVENTIONS N/A. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS Five independent domains reflecting different aspects of the craniofacial structure were examined. We confirmed heritability of sella-nasion-subspinale (38%, P = 0.002), saddle angle (55%, P < 0.0001), mandibular length (24%, P = 0.02) and lower facial height (33%, P = 0.006) previously measured by cephalometry. In addition, the current study added new insights by demonstrating significant heritability of mandibular width (30%, P = 0.005), maxillary width (47%, P < 0.0001), distance from the hyoid bone to the retropogonion (36%, P = 0.0018) and size of the oropharyngeal space (31%, P = 0.004). Finally, our data indicate that heritability of the craniofacial structures is similar in normal patients and those with apnea. CONCLUSIONS The data support our a priori hypothesis that the craniofacial structures that have been associated with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) are heritable. We have demonstrated heritability for several intermediate craniofacial phenotypes for OSA. Thus, we believe that future studies should be able to identify genes associated with these intermediate craniofacial phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luqi Chi
- Center for Sleep and Circadian Neurobiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Francois-Louis Comyn
- Center for Sleep and Circadian Neurobiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Brendan T. Keenan
- Center for Sleep and Circadian Neurobiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Jacqueline Cater
- Center for Sleep and Circadian Neurobiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Greg Maislin
- Center for Sleep and Circadian Neurobiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Allan I. Pack
- Center for Sleep and Circadian Neurobiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Richard J. Schwab
- Center for Sleep and Circadian Neurobiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
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Weinberg SM, Parsons TE, Marazita ML, Maher BS. Heritability of Face Shape in Twins: A Preliminary Study using 3D Stereophotogrammetry and Geometric Morphometrics. DENTISTRY 3000 2013; 1. [PMID: 24501696 DOI: 10.5195/d3000.2013.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Previous research suggests that aspects of facial surface morphology are heritable. Traditionally, heritability studies have used a limited set of linear distances to quantify facial morphology and often employ statistical methods poorly designed to deal with biological shape. In this preliminary report, we use a combination of 3D photogrammetry and landmark-based morphometrics to explore which aspects of face shape show the strongest evidence of heritability in a sample of twins. METHODS 3D surface images were obtained from 21 twin pairs (10 monozygotic, 11 same-sex dizygotic). Thirteen 3D landmarks were collected from each facial surface and their coordinates subjected to geometric morphometric analysis. This involved superimposing the individual landmark configurations and then subjecting the resulting shape coordinates to a principal components analysis. The resulting PC scores were then used to calculate rough narrow-sense heritability estimates. RESULTS Three principal components displayed evidence of moderate to high heritability and were associated with variation in the breadth of orbital and nasal structures, upper lip height and projection, and the vertical and forward projection of the root of the nose due to variation in the position of nasion. CONCLUSIONS Aspects of facial shape, primarily related to variation in length and breadth of central midfacial structures, were shown to demonstrate evidence of strong heritability. An improved understanding of which facial features are under strong genetic control is an important step in the identification of specific genes that underlie normal facial variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seth M Weinberg
- Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Trish E Parsons
- Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Mary L Marazita
- Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Brion S Maher
- Department of Mental Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Laeng B, Vermeer O, Sulutvedt U. Is beauty in the face of the beholder? PLoS One 2013; 8:e68395. [PMID: 23874608 PMCID: PMC3707967 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0068395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2013] [Accepted: 05/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Opposing forces influence assortative mating so that one seeks a similar mate while at the same time avoiding inbreeding with close relatives. Thus, mate choice may be a balancing of phenotypic similarity and dissimilarity between partners. In the present study, we assessed the role of resemblance to Self's facial traits in judgments of physical attractiveness. Participants chose the most attractive face image of their romantic partner among several variants, where the faces were morphed so as to include only 22% of another face. Participants distinctly preferred a "Self-based morph" (i.e., their partner's face with a small amount of Self's face blended into it) to other morphed images. The Self-based morph was also preferred to the morph of their partner's face blended with the partner's same-sex "prototype", although the latter face was ("objectively") judged more attractive by other individuals. When ranking morphs differing in level of amalgamation (i.e., 11% vs. 22% vs. 33%) of another face, the 22% was chosen consistently as the preferred morph and, in particular, when Self was blended in the partner's face. A forced-choice signal-detection paradigm showed that the effect of self-resemblance operated at an unconscious level, since the same participants were unable to detect the presence of their own faces in the above morphs. We concluded that individuals, if given the opportunity, seek to promote "positive assortment" for Self's phenotype, especially when the level of similarity approaches an optimal point that is similar to Self without causing a conscious acknowledgment of the similarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Laeng
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Oddrun Vermeer
- Department of Psychology, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Unni Sulutvedt
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Liu F, van der Lijn F, Schurmann C, Zhu G, Chakravarty MM, Hysi PG, Wollstein A, Lao O, de Bruijne M, Ikram MA, van der Lugt A, Rivadeneira F, Uitterlinden AG, Hofman A, Niessen WJ, Homuth G, de Zubicaray G, McMahon KL, Thompson PM, Daboul A, Puls R, Hegenscheid K, Bevan L, Pausova Z, Medland SE, Montgomery GW, Wright MJ, Wicking C, Boehringer S, Spector TD, Paus T, Martin NG, Biffar R, Kayser M. A genome-wide association study identifies five loci influencing facial morphology in Europeans. PLoS Genet 2012; 8:e1002932. [PMID: 23028347 PMCID: PMC3441666 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1002932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2012] [Accepted: 07/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Inter-individual variation in facial shape is one of the most noticeable phenotypes in humans, and it is clearly under genetic regulation; however, almost nothing is known about the genetic basis of normal human facial morphology. We therefore conducted a genome-wide association study for facial shape phenotypes in multiple discovery and replication cohorts, considering almost ten thousand individuals of European descent from several countries. Phenotyping of facial shape features was based on landmark data obtained from three-dimensional head magnetic resonance images (MRIs) and two-dimensional portrait images. We identified five independent genetic loci associated with different facial phenotypes, suggesting the involvement of five candidate genes--PRDM16, PAX3, TP63, C5orf50, and COL17A1--in the determination of the human face. Three of them have been implicated previously in vertebrate craniofacial development and disease, and the remaining two genes potentially represent novel players in the molecular networks governing facial development. Our finding at PAX3 influencing the position of the nasion replicates a recent GWAS of facial features. In addition to the reported GWA findings, we established links between common DNA variants previously associated with NSCL/P at 2p21, 8q24, 13q31, and 17q22 and normal facial-shape variations based on a candidate gene approach. Overall our study implies that DNA variants in genes essential for craniofacial development contribute with relatively small effect size to the spectrum of normal variation in human facial morphology. This observation has important consequences for future studies aiming to identify more genes involved in the human facial morphology, as well as for potential applications of DNA prediction of facial shape such as in future forensic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Liu
- Department of Forensic Molecular Biology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Fedde van der Lijn
- Department of Forensic Molecular Biology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Medical Informatics, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Radiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Claudia Schurmann
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt University Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Gu Zhu
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia
| | - M. Mallar Chakravarty
- Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Pirro G. Hysi
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Andreas Wollstein
- Department of Forensic Molecular Biology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Oscar Lao
- Department of Forensic Molecular Biology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marleen de Bruijne
- Department of Medical Informatics, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Radiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M. Arfan Ikram
- Department of Radiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Aad van der Lugt
- Department of Radiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Fernando Rivadeneira
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - André G. Uitterlinden
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Albert Hofman
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wiro J. Niessen
- Department of Medical Informatics, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Radiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Imaging Science and Technology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Georg Homuth
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt University Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Greig de Zubicaray
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Katie L. McMahon
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Paul M. Thompson
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging, School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Amro Daboul
- Center of Oral Health, Department of Prosthodontics, Gerostomatology, and Dental Materials, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Ralf Puls
- Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Katrin Hegenscheid
- Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Liisa Bevan
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Zdenka Pausova
- The Hospital of Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Carol Wicking
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Stefan Boehringer
- Department of Medical Statistics and Bioinformatics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Timothy D. Spector
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Tomáš Paus
- Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Montréal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, Canada
| | | | - Reiner Biffar
- Center of Oral Health, Department of Prosthodontics, Gerostomatology, and Dental Materials, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Manfred Kayser
- Department of Forensic Molecular Biology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Abstract
Family and twin studies suggest that a substantial genetic component underlies individual differences in craniofacial morphology. In the current study, we quantified 444 craniofacial traits in 100 individuals from two inbred medaka (Oryzias latipes) strains, HNI and Hd-rR. Relative distances between defined landmarks were measured in digital images of the medaka head region. A total of 379 traits differed significantly between the two strains, indicating that many craniofacial traits are controlled by genetic factors. Of these, 89 traits were analyzed via interval mapping of 184 F(2) progeny from an intercross between HNI and Hd-rR. We identified quantitative trait loci for 66 craniofacial traits. The highest logarithm of the odds score was 6.2 for linkage group (LG) 9 and 11. Trait L33, which corresponds to the ratio of head length to head height at eye level, mapped to LG9; trait V15, which corresponds to the ratio of snout length to head width measured behind the eyes, mapped to LG11. Our initial results confirm the potential of the medaka as a model system for the genetic analysis of complex traits such as craniofacial morphology.
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