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Mohan K, Sivarajan S, Lau MN, Othman SA, Fayed MMS. Soft tissue changes with skeletal anchorage in comparison to conventional anchorage protocols in the treatment of bimaxillary proclination patients treated with premolar extraction : A systematic review. J Orofac Orthop 2024; 85:146-162. [PMID: 35829730 DOI: 10.1007/s00056-022-00411-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This review systematically evaluates the evidence related to comparisons between skeletal and conventional anchorage protocols in the treatment of bimaxillary proclination patients who underwent premolars extraction with respect to soft tissue profile changes, treatment duration and three-dimensional (3D) soft tissue changes. METHODS Electronic database search and hand search with no language limitations were conducted in the Cochrane Library, PubMed, Ovid, Web of Science, Scopus and ClinicalTrials.gov. The selection criteria were set to include studies with patients aged 13 years and above requiring extractions of upper and lower first premolars to treat bimaxillary proclination with high anchorage demand. Risk of bias assessment was undertaken with Cochrane's Risk Of Bias tool 2.0 (ROB 2.0) for randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and ROBINS‑I tool for nonrandomised prospective studies. The Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) approach was used for quality assessment. Results were summarised qualitatively; no meta-analysis was conducted. RESULTS Two RCTs and two nonrandomised prospective studies were included. According to the GRADE approach, there is low to very low quality of evidence that treatment using mini-implant anchorage may significantly change nasolabial angle, upper and lower lip procumbence, and facial convexity angle compared to treatment with conventional anchorage. Similarly, very low quality evidence exists showing no differences in treatment duration between treatments with skeletal or conventional anchorage. CONCLUSIONS The overall existing evidence regarding the effect of anchorage protocols on soft tissue changes in patients with bimaxillary protrusion and premolar extraction treatment plans is of low quality. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER PROSPERO CRD42020216684.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumeran Mohan
- Department of Paediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, 50603, Lembah Pantai, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Department of Orthodontics, Kulliyyah of Dentistry, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan, Malaysia
| | - Saritha Sivarajan
- Department of Paediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, 50603, Lembah Pantai, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - May Nak Lau
- Department of Paediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, 50603, Lembah Pantai, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Siti Adibah Othman
- Department of Paediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, 50603, Lembah Pantai, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mona M Salah Fayed
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
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Abd Rahman ANA, Othman SA, Marya A. Measuring tooth size discrepancies using Bolton analysis: a comparative cross-sectional study among major ethnicity in Malaysia. BMC Oral Health 2023; 23:534. [PMID: 37533057 PMCID: PMC10398995 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-023-03185-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Bolton analysis is one of the commonly used tooth size analysis or diagnostic tools in deriving a treatment plan for orthodontic patients. Many studies have indicated and concluded that normal measurements for one group should not be considered normal for other ethnic groups. The aims and objectives of this study were to investigate the applicability of Bolton's ratios in the orthodontic population of Malaysian main ethnics, Malay, Chinese, and Indians. Comparisons were made in terms of size and distribution of tooth size discrepancy in the Malaysian orthodontic population and the findings were converted in terms of millimeters. METHODS Hundred fifty pre-orthodontic study casts comprised of 52 Malay, 54 Chinese, and 44 Indian patients were selected. Digital calipers (Fowler Pro-Max) linked to Hamilton Tooth Arch Software were used to measure the tooth width and ratios. Statistical analysis was carried out to test for gender differences (independent t-test), to identify the effects of malocclusion and ethnic groups (Two-way ANOVA), and to compare the means of the current study with Bolton's standards (one sample t-test). RESULTS This study showed that there was no significant difference between the genders of the sample of each ethnicity. There was no correlation found between ethnic groups and malocclusion classes. There was a significant difference when comparing Bolton values with the Malay sample for both ratios. It was found that more Malay subjects presented with maxillary excess contrary to Chinese and Indians who presented more maxillary deficiency for the anterior and overall ratio. CONCLUSION There was a significant difference found between the TSD of the three major ethnicities in Malaysia. The Bolton standards can be applied to Malaysian Chinese and Indians but not to Malays orthodontic populations for both anterior and overall ratios. Subsequently, a specific standard should be used for the Malays orthodontic population. It was found that more Malay subjects presented with maxillary excess contrary to Chinese and Indians who presented more maxillary deficiency for the anterior and overall ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aida Nur Ashikin Abd Rahman
- Centre for Paediatric Dentistry and Orthodontic Studies, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Selangor Branch, Sungai Buloh Campus, Jalan Hospital, Sungai Buloh, Selangor, 47000, Malaysia.
| | - Siti Adibah Othman
- Department of Paediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 50603, Malaysia
| | - Anand Marya
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Puthisastra, No. 55, St. 180, Phnom Penh, 12211, Cambodia.
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Rahman ANAA, Othman SA, Marya A. Frequencies of Clinically Significance Tooth Size Discrepancies Among Different Ethnicity in Malaysia.. [DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-1911101/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Background: The Bolton analysis is one of the commonly used tooth size analysis or diagnostic tools in deriving a treatment plan for orthodontic patient. Many studies have indicated and concluded that normal measurements for one group should not be considered normal for other ethnic groups. The aims and objectives of this study were to investigate the applicability of Bolton’s ratios in orthodontic population of Malaysian main ethnics; Malay, Chinese and Indians. Comparisons were made in term of size and distribution of tooth size discrepancy in Malaysian orthodontic population and the findings were converted in terms of millimetres.
Methods: Hundred fifty pre-orthodontic study casts comprised of 52 Malay, 54 Chinese and 44 Indian patients were selected. Digital callipers (Fowler Pro-Max) link to Hamilton Tooth Arch Software were used to measure the tooth width and ratios. Statistical analysis was carried out to test for gender differences (independent t-test), to identify the effects of malocclusion and ethnic groups (Two-way ANOVA) and to compare the means of current study with Bolton’s standards (one sample t-test).
Results: This study showed that there was no significant difference between genders of sample of each ethnic. There was no correlation found between ethnic groups and malocclusion classes. There was a significant difference when comparing Bolton values with Malay sample for both ratios. It was found that more Malay subjects presented with maxillary excess contrary to Chinese and Indian which presented more maxillary deficiency for the anterior and overall ratio.
Conclusion: there were 20.7% of Malaysian sample fall beyond suggested 2SD of clinically significant for anterior ratio and 4.7% which fall in this definition for overall ratio. The Bolton standards can be applied to Malaysian Chinese and Indians but not to Malays ethnic group. Subsequently, a specific standard should be used for the Malays orthodontic population.
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Wan Hassan WN, Makhbul MZM, Othman SA, Yusof ZYM. Validation of the Simplified Malaysian Psychosocial Impact of Dental Aesthetics Questionnaire for the Sociodental Approach to Estimate the Orthodontic Treatment Need. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2022; 19:ijerph19148665. [PMID: 35886519 PMCID: PMC9324681 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19148665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
(1) This study aimed to generate a simplified form of the Malaysian psychosocial impact of dental aesthetics questionnaire (PIDAQ[M]) and validate its use in the sociodental approach for estimating orthodontic treatment need. (2) Two eight-item forms were derived: an impact simplified PIDAQ[M] (ISP8), comprising the most impactful items as rated by 35 participants, and a regression simplified PIDAQ[M] (RSP8), derived from regression analysis of 590 participants’ data from the PIDAQ[M] validation study. Their psychometric performances were assessed for internal consistency, validity (criterion and construct), reproducibility (reliability and agreement), and responsiveness to change. The sociodental estimates were based on 204 orthodontic patients’ data who were assessed for normative need, impact-related need, and propensity-related need. McNemar analysis compared the sociodental estimates when both simplified PIDAQ[M] forms and the original PIDAQ[M] were used to measure impact-related need. (3) Both simplified PIDAQ[M] forms were valid, reproducible, and responsive. The sociodental estimates when using the ISP8 (38.2%) were similar to when the PIDAQ[M] (35.8%) was used (p > 0.05) but overestimated by 3.4% (p < 0.05) when the RSP8 (39.2%) was used as the assessment tool. (4) The simplified PIDAQ[M] can replace the original PIDAQ[M] in the sociodental approach to estimate the orthodontic treatment needs of the Malaysian population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan Nurazreena Wan Hassan
- Department of Paediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia;
- Correspondence:
| | - Mohd Zambri Mohamed Makhbul
- Orthodontic Unit, Klinik Pergigian Cahaya Suria, Pudu Sentral, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 55100, Malaysia;
| | - Siti Adibah Othman
- Department of Paediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia;
| | - Zamros Yuzadi Mohd Yusof
- Department of Community Oral Health & Clinical Prevention, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia;
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Lau MN, Sivarajan S, Kamarudin Y, Othman SA, Wan Hassan WN, Soh EX, Zakaria NN, Wey MC, Bahar AD, M Razi R, Mohd Tahir NNZ, Naimie Z. Students' perception on flipped classroom in contrast to live demonstration for teaching orthodontic wire-bending skills: A focus group study. J Dent Educ 2022; 86:1477-1487. [PMID: 35650663 DOI: 10.1002/jdd.12954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to explore students' perceptions of flipped classroom (FC) compared to live demonstration (LD) in transferring skills of fabricating orthodontic wire components for orthodontic removable appliances. METHODS Forty third-year undergraduate dental students were randomly assigned to two groups: FC (n = 20) and LD (n = 20). Students in group FC attended FC, while students in group LD attended LD. Both groups underwent a series of standardized teaching sessions to acquire skills in fabricating six types of orthodontic wire components. Eight students (four high achievers and four low achievers) from each group were randomly selected to attend separate focus group discussion (FGD) sessions. Students' perceptions on the strengths, weaknesses, and suggestions for improvement on each teaching method were explored. Audio and video recordings of FGD were transcribed and thematically analyzed using NVivo version 12 software. RESULTS Promoting personalized learning, improvement in teaching efficacy, inaccuracy of three-dimensional demonstration from online video, and lack of standardization among instructors and video demonstration were among the themes identified. Similarly, lack of standardization among instructors was one of the themes identified for LD, in addition to other themes such as enabling immediate clarification and vantage point affected by seating arrangement and class size. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, FC outperformed LD in fostering personalized learning and improving the efficacy of physical class time. LD was more advantageous than FC in allowing immediate question and answer. However, seating arrangement and class size affected LD in contrast to FC.
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Affiliation(s)
- May Nak Lau
- Department of Paediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, University Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Saritha Sivarajan
- Department of Paediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, University Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Yasmin Kamarudin
- Department of Paediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, University Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Siti Adibah Othman
- Department of Paediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, University Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Wan Nurazreena Wan Hassan
- Department of Paediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, University Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Eunice Xinwei Soh
- Department of Paediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, University Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nor Nadia Zakaria
- Department of Paediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, University Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mang Chek Wey
- Department of Paediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, University Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Aufa Dahlia Bahar
- Department of Paediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, University Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Roziana M Razi
- Department of Paediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, University Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | | | - Zahra Naimie
- University Malaya, University Malaya Dental Education Enhancement and Development Unit (UMDEED), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Othman SA, Kamarudin Y, Sivarajan S, Soh EX, Lau MN, Zakaria NN, Wey MC, Wan Hassan WN, Bahar AD, Mohd Tahir NNZ, Razi RM, Naimie Z. Students' perception on flipped classroom with formative assessment: A focus group study. Eur J Dent Educ 2022. [PMID: 35579042 DOI: 10.1111/eje.12823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore students' perception on the implementation of flipped classroom (FC) combined with formative assessment during the undergraduate teaching of orthodontic wire-bending skills. METHODS Third-year undergraduate dental students were taught wire-bending skills via FC teaching method using a series of pre-recorded online video demonstrations. As part of the formative assessment, the students were given the results and assessment rubrics of their prior wire-bending assessment before every subsequent session. Purposive sampling method for focus group discussion was used to recruit eight students comprising four high achievers and four low achievers. Strengths, weaknesses and suggestions for improvement of the FC with formative assessment were explored. Data were transcribed and thematically analysed. RESULTS Students perceived that FC allowed for a more convenient and flexible learning experience with personalised learning and improved in-class teaching efficiency. The pre-recorded online videos were useful to aid in teaching wire-bending skills but lacked three-dimensional representation of the wire-bending process. Students suggested better standardisation of instructions and access to the marking rubric before and after assessment. CONCLUSIONS FC teaching with continuous formative assessment and constructive feedback as a form of personalised learning was viewed favourably by students. The implementation of periodic individual feedback can further enhance their learning experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siti Adibah Othman
- Department of Paediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Yasmin Kamarudin
- Department of Paediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Saritha Sivarajan
- Department of Paediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Eunice Xinwei Soh
- Department of Paediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - May Nak Lau
- Department of Paediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nor Nadia Zakaria
- Department of Paediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mang Chek Wey
- Department of Paediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Wan Nurazreena Wan Hassan
- Department of Paediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Aufa Dahlia Bahar
- Department of Paediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | | | - Roziana M Razi
- Department of Paediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Zahra Naimie
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, University Malaya Dental Education Enhancement and Development Unit (UMDEED), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Sivarajan S, Soh EX, Zakaria NN, Kamarudin Y, Lau MN, Bahar AD, Mohd Tahir N, Wan Hassan WN, Wey MC, Othman SA, M Razi R, Naimie Z. The effect of live demonstration and flipped classroom with continuous formative assessment on dental students' orthodontic wire-bending performance. BMC Med Educ 2021; 21:326. [PMID: 34098931 PMCID: PMC8182994 DOI: 10.1186/s12909-021-02717-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Wire-bending skills is commonly taught through live demonstrations (LD) though flipped classroom (FC) method has gained popularity. Continuous formative assessment promotes personalised learning via closely monitored progress, with the identification of students' strengths and weaknesses. This study aims to evaluate the effects of LD and FC teaching methods, supplemented with continuous formative assessment, on dental students' learning of wire-bending skills for six types of removable orthodontic appliance components. A deeper understanding of the relative effectiveness between LD and FC teaching methods can help identify the most appropriate method to achieve student learning objectives, which is especially important given the current Covid-19 pandemic. METHODS Forty third-year undergraduate dental students were randomly assigned into FC (n = 20) or LD (n = 20) cohort. Each student attended six teaching sessions, each to teach students' competency in fabricating one type of wire component, for a total competency in fabricating six wire components over the course of six teaching sessions. Either LD or FC teaching methods were used. After each session, wire assignments had to be submitted. Wire assignments were then evaluated using a blinded wire-bending assessment protocol. As part of their formative assessment, the assessment results were distributed to students, lecturers, and technicians before the next session. After the first session (T0) and at the end of all six sessions (T1), students completed a self-reported questionnaire. RESULTS The mean wire-bending scores for FC were significantly higher than LD for two of the six assignments, namely the Adams clasp (p < 0.01) and Z-spring (p = 0.03). Scores for both LD and FC increased significantly over time, which may be attributed to formative assessment. There was no statistically significant correlation between wire-bending scores and video usage. Students were satisfied with both teaching methods, according to T0 and T1 questionnaires. CONCLUSIONS Both LD and FC are equally effective in transferring practical orthodontic wire-bending skills and well-received by students. Continuous formative assessment may have enhanced students' learning of orthodontic wire-bending skills. Further studies with control group are recommended to investigate the effect of formative assessment on teaching practical dental skills.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saritha Sivarajan
- Department of Paediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, University Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Eunice Xinwei Soh
- Department of Paediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, University Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nor Nadia Zakaria
- Department of Paediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, University Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Yasmin Kamarudin
- Department of Paediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, University Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - May Nak Lau
- Department of Paediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, University Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Aufa D Bahar
- Department of Paediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, University Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Norhidayah Mohd Tahir
- Department of Paediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, University Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Wan Nurazreena Wan Hassan
- Department of Paediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, University Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mang Chek Wey
- Department of Paediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, University Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Siti Adibah Othman
- Department of Paediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, University Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Roziana M Razi
- Department of Paediatric Dentistry & Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, University Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Zahra Naimie
- Dean's Office Faculty of Dentistry, University Malaya Deputy Head for University Malaya Dental Education Enhancement and Development Unit (UMDEED), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Abu A, Ngo CG, Abu-Hassan NIA, Othman SA. Automated craniofacial landmarks detection on 3D image using geometry characteristics information. BMC Bioinformatics 2019; 19:548. [PMID: 30717658 PMCID: PMC7394333 DOI: 10.1186/s12859-018-2548-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Indirect anthropometry (IA) is one of the craniofacial anthropometry methods to perform the measurements on the digital facial images. In order to get the linear measurements, a few definable points on the structures of individual facial images have to be plotted as landmark points. Currently, most anthropometric studies use landmark points that are manually plotted on a 3D facial image by the examiner. This method is time-consuming and leads to human biases, which will vary from intra-examiners to inter-examiners when involving large data sets. Biased judgment also leads to a wider gap in measurement error. Thus, this work aims to automate the process of landmarks detection to help in enhancing the accuracy of measurement. In this work, automated craniofacial landmarks (ACL) on a 3D facial image system was developed using geometry characteristics information to identify the nasion (n), pronasale (prn), subnasale (sn), alare (al), labiale superius (ls), stomion (sto), labiale inferius (li), and chelion (ch). These landmarks were detected on the 3D facial image in .obj file format. The IA was also performed by manually plotting the craniofacial landmarks using Mirror software. In both methods, once all landmarks were detected, the eight linear measurements were then extracted. Paired t-test was performed to check the validity of ACL (i) between the subjects and (ii) between the two methods, by comparing the linear measurements extracted from both ACL and AI. The tests were performed on 60 subjects (30 males and 30 females). RESULTS The results on the validity of the ACL against IA between the subjects show accurate detection of n, sn, prn, sto, ls and li landmarks. The paired t-test showed that the seven linear measurements were statistically significant when p < 0.05. As for the results on the validity of the ACL against IA between the methods, ACL is more accurate when p ≈ 0.03. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, ACL has been validated with the eight landmarks and is suitable for automated facial recognition. ACL has proved its validity and demonstrated the practicability to be used as an alternative for IA, as it is time-saving and free from human biases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arpah Abu
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. .,Centre of Research for Computational Sciences and Informatics for Biology, Bioindustry, Environment, Agriculture and Healthcare, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Chee Guan Ngo
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nur Idayu Adira Abu-Hassan
- Department of Diagnostic & Allied Health Science, Faculty of Health & Life Sciences, Management & Science University, Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Siti Adibah Othman
- Department of Paediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics / Clinical Craniofacial Dentistry Research Group, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Ab Rahman N, Wey MC, Othman SA. Mandibular arch orthodontic treatment stability using passive self-ligating and conventional systems in adults: A randomized controlled trial. Korean J Orthod 2017; 47:11-20. [PMID: 28127535 PMCID: PMC5266126 DOI: 10.4041/kjod.2017.47.1.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Revised: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective This randomized controlled trial aimed to compare the stability of mandibular arch orthodontic treatment outcomes between passive self-ligating and conventional systems during 6 months of retention. Methods Fortyseven orthodontic patients with mild to moderate crowding malocclusions not requiring extraction were recruited based on inclusion criteria. Patients (mean age 21.58 ± 2.94 years) were randomized into two groups to receive either passive self-ligating (Damon® 3MX, n = 23) or conventional system (Gemini MBT, n = 24) orthodontic treatment. Direct measurements of the final sample comprising 20 study models per group were performed using a digital caliper at the debonding stage, and 1 month, 3 months, and 6 months after debonding. Paired t-test, independent t-test, and non-parametric test were used for statistical analysis. Results A significant increase (p < 0.01) in incisor irregularity was observed in both self-ligating and conventional system groups. A significant reduction (p < 0.01) in second interpremolar width was observed in both groups. Mandibular arch length decreased significantly (p = 0.001) in the conventional system group but not in the self-ligating system group. A similar pattern of stability was observed for intercanine width, first interpremolar width, intermolar width, and arch depth throughout the 6-month retention period after debonding. Comparison of incisor irregularity and arch dimension changes between self-ligating system and conventional system groups during the 6 months were non-significant. Conclusions The stability of treatment outcomes for mild to moderate crowding malocclusions was similar between the self-ligating system and conventional system during the first 6 months of retention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norma Ab Rahman
- Orthodontics Unit, School of Dental Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Mang Chek Wey
- Department of Paediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics and Clinical Craniofacial Dentistry Research Group, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Siti Adibah Othman
- Department of Paediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics and Clinical Craniofacial Dentistry Research Group, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Othman SA, Majawit LP, Wan Hassan WN, Wey MC, Mohd Razi R. Anthropometric Study of Three-Dimensional Facial Morphology in Malay Adults. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0164180. [PMID: 27706220 PMCID: PMC5051712 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0164180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To establish the three-dimensional (3D) facial soft tissue morphology of adult Malaysian subjects of the Malay ethnic group; and to determine the morphological differences between the genders, using a non-invasive stereo-photogrammetry 3D camera. MATERIAL AND METHODS One hundred and nine subjects participated in this research, 54 Malay men and 55 Malay women, aged 20-30 years old with healthy BMI and with no adverse skeletal deviation. Twenty-three facial landmarks were identified on 3D facial images captured using a VECTRA M5-360 Head System (Canfield Scientific Inc, USA). Two angular, 3 ratio and 17 linear measurements were identified using Canfield Mirror imaging software. Intra- and inter-examiner reliability tests were carried out using 10 randomly selected images, analyzed using the intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC). Multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) was carried out to investigate morphologic differences between genders. RESULTS ICC scores were generally good for both intra-examiner (range 0.827-0.987) and inter-examiner reliability (range 0.700-0.983) tests. Generally, all facial measurements were larger in men than women, except the facial profile angle which was larger in women. Clinically significant gender dimorphisms existed in biocular width, nose height, nasal bridge length, face height and lower face height values (mean difference > 3mm). Clinical significance was set at 3mm. CONCLUSION Facial soft tissue morphological values can be gathered efficiently and measured effectively from images captured by a non-invasive stereo-photogrammetry 3D camera. Adult men in Malaysia when compared to women had a wider distance between the eyes, a longer and more prominent nose and a longer face.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siti Adibah Othman
- Department of Paediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Clinical Craniofacial Dentistry Research Group, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- * E-mail:
| | - Lynnora Patrick Majawit
- Department of Paediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Wan Nurazreena Wan Hassan
- Department of Paediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Clinical Craniofacial Dentistry Research Group, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mang Chek Wey
- Department of Paediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Clinical Craniofacial Dentistry Research Group, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Roziana Mohd Razi
- Department of Paediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Clinical Craniofacial Dentistry Research Group, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES To review the literature on Bolton's tooth-size discrepancies (TSD) with specific attention to the prevalence of TSD, and the possible influence of different classes of malocclusion, gender and racial group. Also examined were the validity of the standard deviations from Bolton's samples as an indicator of significant TSD, methods of measurement of TSD and their reproducibility. Based on the review, suggestions are made as to how future work could be improved. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Studies have reported from 20 to 30% of people with significant tooth-size anterior discrepancies and 5-14% for overall TSD. Bolton's original sample was appropriate for indicating what ratio is most likely to be associated with an excellent occlusion, but was not suited to indicating the size or prevalence of significant TSD. Most studies use samples that are not likely to be representative of orthodontic patients in the UK or, indeed, elsewhere. Although some statistically significant differences have been reported, gender and racial group seem unlikely to have a clinically significant influence on Bolton's tooth-size ratios. Class III malocclusions may have larger average ratios. Computerized methods of measurement are significantly more rapid. Most studies performed or reported their error analysis poorly, obscuring the clinical usefulness of the results. Studies are needed to properly explore the reproducibility of measurement of TSD and to appropriately determine what magnitude of TSD is of clinical significance.
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Othman SA, Mansor N, Saub R. Randomized controlled clinical trial of oral health-related quality of life in patients wearing conventional and self-ligating brackets. Korean J Orthod 2014; 44:168-76. [PMID: 25133131 PMCID: PMC4130912 DOI: 10.4041/kjod.2014.44.4.168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2013] [Revised: 11/25/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this randomized controlled clinical trial was to compare oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) of patients treated with conventional, active self-ligating (ASL), and passive self-ligating (PSL) brackets in different therapeutic phases. METHODS Sixty patients (mean age 18.3 years; 29 males and 31 females) requiring orthodontic treatment were randomly and equally assigned to receive conventional (Victory Series), ASL (In-Ovation R), or PSL (Damon 3MX) brackets. OHRQoL was measured with a self-administered modified 16-item Malaysian version of the Oral Health Impact Profile for immediate (soon after the visit) and late (just before the subsequent visit) assessments of the bonding and activation phases. Data were analyzed with the Kruskal-Wallis and chi-square tests. RESULTS The PSL and ASL groups showed more immediate and late impacts in the bonding phase, respectively; the conventional group was affected in both the assessments. The first activation phase had similar impacts in the groups. After the second activation, the conventional group showed more immediate impacts, whereas the PSL and ASL groups had more late impacts. The commonly affected domains were "physical disability," "functional limitation," "physical pain," and "psychological discomfort." No significant differences in the prevalence and severity of immediate and late impacts on OHRQoL of the patients were noted in any therapeutic phase. CONCLUSIONS No bracket system seems to ensure superior OHRQoL. This information could be useful for explaining the therapeutic phases, especially the initial one, and selecting the optimal bracket system based on the patient's preference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siti Adibah Othman
- Department of Paediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. ; Clinical Craniofacial Dentistry Research Group, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Noorhanizar Mansor
- Department of Paediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Roslan Saub
- Department of Community Oral Health and Clinical Prevention, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. ; Community Oral Health Research Group, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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13
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Abstract
Objectives: The objective of this study was to assess changes in the oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) among patients wearing fixed orthodontic appliances 24 h after insertion. Materials and Methods: Sixty patients aged between 14 and 24 years (29 males and 31 females; mean age, 17.8 years; SD 3.1 years) were recruited from the Postgraduate Clinic, Department of Children's Dentistry and Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya. The oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) was measured before treatment and 24 h after insertion of the orthodontic appliance. The instrument used to measure OHRQoL was a modified self-administered short version of Malaysian Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP-16[M]) questionnaire. The higher the score, the poorer is the OHRQoL. Results: Overall score of OHRQoL increased significantly 24 h after insertion (mean 43.5±10.9) as compared to before insertion (mean 34.1±9.2) (P<0.001). Significant changes were found for the following items: Difficulties in chewing, bad breath, difficulties in pronunciation, discomfort in eating, ulcer, pain, avoidances of eating certain foods, difficulties in cleaning, embarrassment, avoid smiling, disturbed sleep, concentration affected, difficulty carrying out daily activities, and lack of self-confidence (P<0.05). Significant changes were also found in the mean difference of OHRQoL for gender (P<0.001). Conclusion: OHRQoL was found to deteriorate 24 h after insertion of fixed orthodontic appliances in almost all domains, with significant changes in gender. This information can be used as “informed consent”, which might increase patient's compliance as they are aware of what to expect from initial orthodontic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noorhanizar Mansor
- Department of Children's Dentistry and Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Roslan Saub
- Community Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia ; Community Oral Health Research Group, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Siti Adibah Othman
- Department of Children's Dentistry and Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia ; Clinical Craniofacial Dentistry Research Group, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Othman SA, Ahmad R, Asi SM, Ismail NH, Rahman ZAA. Three-dimensional quantitative evaluation of facial morphology in adults with unilateral cleft lip and palate, and patients without clefts. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2013; 52:208-13. [PMID: 24342372 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjoms.2013.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 11/15/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The aims of this study were to assess the quantitative values of measurements using proportion indices in the craniofacial region in patients with repaired, non-syndromic, complete unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP), and compare them with a control group who did not have clefts using the non-invasive systems of 3-dimensional technology. Three-dimensional measurements of the facial surfaces of 15 Malay patients who had UCLP repaired and 100 Malay control patients aged 18-25 years were analysed. The 3-dimensional images of the respondents' faces were captured using the VECTRA-3D Stereophotogrammetry System. Eleven craniofacial proportions were assessed using a combination of 18 linear measurements obtained from 21 anthropometric soft tissue landmarks. These measurements were used to produce proportion indices to find the differences in the morphological features between the groups, and assessed using the independent sample t test and z scores. There were significant differences between the groups in 7 out of 11 craniofacial proportion indices (p=0.001-0.044). Z scores of 2 indices were disproportionate. They were nasal index (which was severely supernormal) and upper lip index (which was moderately supernormal). Patients with UCLP had higher mean z scores, indicating that patients with UCLP tended to have larger faces than the control group. There were clinically important differences mainly in the nasolabial area, where the nose and the upper lip were wider, larger, or flatter in patients with UCLP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siti Adibah Othman
- Department of Paediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics/Clinical Craniofacial Dentistry Research Group, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Malaysia.
| | - Roshahida Ahmad
- Department of Paediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, University of Malaya, Malaysia
| | - Salina Mohd Asi
- Department of Oro-Maxillofacial Surgical and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Malaysia
| | - Nor Hidayah Ismail
- Department of Oro-Maxillofacial Surgical and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Malaysia
| | - Zainal Ariff Abdul Rahman
- Department of Oro-Maxillofacial Surgical and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Malaysia
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Othman SA, Ahmad R, Mericant AF, Jamaludin M. Reproducibility of facial soft tissue landmarks on facial images captured on a 3D camera. Aust Orthod J 2013; 29:58-65. [PMID: 23785939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Fast and non-invasive systems of the three-dimensional (3D) technology are a recent trend in orthodontics. The reproducibility of facial landmarks is important so that 3D facial measurements are accurate and may-be applied clinically. The aim of this study is to evaluate the reproducibility of facial soft tissue landmarks using a non-invasive stereo-photogrammetry 3D camera. MATERIAL AND METHODS Twenty-four soft tissue landmarks on 3D facial images captured using a VECTRA-3D dual module camera system for full face imaging (Canfield Scientific inc, Fairfield, NJ, USA) were viewed and analysed using Mirror software on 30 adult subjects (15 males and 15 females, in the age range of 20-25 years). The landmarks were identified, recorded and measured twice on each 3D facial image by one examiner after a 2-week interval. Intra-class correlations and paired t-test or Wilcoxon Rank test were performed for each landmark to assess intra-examiner reproducibility. RESULTS Intra-class correlation coefficients for all 24 landmarks ranged from 0.68 to 0.97, indicating moderate to high reliability and reproducibility of all facial soft tissue landmarks. Paired t-tests and Wilcoxon Rank test also revealed that there were no significant differences in all 24 facial soft tissue landmarks measurements (p = 0. 17 - 0.99). CONCLUSION The results indicated that the reproducibility of identification of landmarks by one operator on facial images captured using a VECTRA-3D camera was acceptable. This device may be useful in treatment planning and may provide accurate information in making clinical decisions. However, it is suggested that further studies on inter-examiner reproducibility should be undertaken.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siti Adibah Othman
- Department of Paediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, and Clinical Craniofacial Dentistry Research Group, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Malaysia.
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Othman SA, Xinwei ES, Lim SY, Jamaludin M, Mohamed NH, Yusof ZYM, Shoaib LA, Nik Hussein NN. Comparison of arch form between ethnic Malays and Malaysian Aborigines in Peninsular Malaysia. Korean J Orthod 2012; 42:47-54. [PMID: 23112931 PMCID: PMC3481960 DOI: 10.4041/kjod.2012.42.1.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2011] [Revised: 01/09/2012] [Accepted: 01/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To determine and compare the frequency distribution of various arch shapes in ethnic Malays and Malaysian Aborigines in Peninsular Malaysia and to investigate the morphological differences of arch form between these two ethnic groups. Methods We examined 120 ethnic Malay study models (60 maxillary, 60 mandibular) and 129 Malaysian Aboriginal study models (66 maxillary, 63 mandibular). We marked 18 buccal tips and incisor line angles on each model, and digitized them using 2-dimensional coordinate system. Dental arches were classified as square, ovoid, or tapered by printing the scanned images and superimposing Orthoform arch templates on them. Results The most common maxillary arch shape in both ethnic groups was ovoid, as was the most common mandibular arch shape among ethnic Malay females. The rarest arch shape was square. Chi-square tests, indicated that only the distribution of the mandibular arch shape was significantly different between groups (p = 0.040). However, when compared using independent t-tests, there was no difference in the mean value of arch width between groups. Arch shape distribution was not different between genders of either ethnic group, except for the mandibular arch of ethnic Malays. Conclusions Ethnic Malays and Malaysian Aborigines have similar dental arch dimensions and shapes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siti Adibah Othman
- Department of Children's Dentistry and Orthodontic, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Malaysia
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Ebin LE, Zam NMZ, Othman SA. Cephalometric analysis of Malay children with and without unilateral cleft lip and palate. Aust Orthod J 2010; 26:165-170. [PMID: 21175027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the craniofacial morphology of Malay children with repaired UCLP and compare the data with non-cleft Malay children. METHODS Twenty Malay children with repaired UCLP (12 boys, 8 girls; Mean age: 10.5 years) and 20 normal Malay children (8 boys, 12 girls; Mean age: 9.72 years) were recruited from the Combined Cleft Lip and Palate Clinic and the Department of Children's Dentistry and Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Malaysia. Lateral cephalometric radiographs were taken with the head orientated parallel to the floor. Thirty-one linear and angular variables were measured on the lateral cephalometric radiographs with Dolphin Imaging Software Version 10.0 (Dolphin Imaging, Chatsworth, CA, USA). The data were analysed with the Mann-Whitney U test and the level of significance was set at p < 0.05. RESULTS In the UCLP group, the girls had deeper overbites than the boys (p = 0.011), and in the Control group the girls had a significantly more acute cranial base angle (NSBa, p = 0.017) and a less protrusive lower lip (LL-E line, p = 0.21). The data for the boys and girls were combined. Subjects in the UCLP group had a more acute cranial base angle, shorter and more retruded maxillae and were more skeletal III than the subjects in the Control group. In the UCLP group, the upper and lower incisors were less proclined than in the Control group, the interincisal angle was more obtuse and the overjet reduced by 6 mm. There were no significant facial height differences. The nasolabial angle (Col-Sn-UL) was significantly more obtuse and the upper lip relative to the E line more retrusive in the UCLP group. There was no significant difference between the groups in facial heights or the maxillo-mandibular planes angle. CONCLUSION Malay children with repaired UCLP have small, retrusive maxillae. The mandible in this group of children was of normal size and position, relative to the cranial base. Pressure from the repaired upper lip may be responsible for the retruded maxillae, retroclined incisors and obtuse nasolabial angle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lillybia Emily Ebin
- Oral Health Division, Federal Government Administrative Centre, Putrajaya, Malaysia
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