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Foroutan Kalourazi A, Nazemi SA, Unniram Parambil AR, Muñoz-Tafalla R, Vidal P, Shahangian SS, Guallar V, Ferrer M, Shahgaldian P. Exploiting cyclodextrins as artificial chaperones to enhance enzyme protection through supramolecular engineering. NANOSCALE 2024; 16:5123-5129. [PMID: 38349359 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr06044f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
We report a method of enzyme stabilisation exploiting the artificial protein chaperone properties of β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) covalently embedded in an ultrathin organosilica layer. Putative interaction points of this artificial chaperone system with the surface of the selected enzyme were studied in silico using a protein energy landscape exploration simulation algorithm. We show that this enzyme shielding method allows for drastic enhancement of enzyme stability under thermal and chemical stress conditions, along with broadening the optimal temperature range of the biocatalyst. The presence of the β-CD macrocycle within the protective layer supports protein refolding after treatment with a surfactant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Foroutan Kalourazi
- School of Life Science, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, Hofackerstrasse 30, Muttenz CH-4132, Switzerland.
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran.
| | - Seyed Amirabbas Nazemi
- School of Life Science, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, Hofackerstrasse 30, Muttenz CH-4132, Switzerland.
| | - Ajmal Roshan Unniram Parambil
- School of Life Science, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, Hofackerstrasse 30, Muttenz CH-4132, Switzerland.
- Swiss Nanoscience Institute, Klingelbergstrasse 82, Basel CH-4056, Switzerland
| | - Ruben Muñoz-Tafalla
- Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC), 08034 Barcelona, Spain
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), 08007 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Paula Vidal
- Instituto de Catalisis y Petroleoquimica (ICP), CSIC, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - S Shirin Shahangian
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran.
| | - Victor Guallar
- Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC), 08034 Barcelona, Spain
- Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Manuel Ferrer
- Instituto de Catalisis y Petroleoquimica (ICP), CSIC, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Patrick Shahgaldian
- School of Life Science, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, Hofackerstrasse 30, Muttenz CH-4132, Switzerland.
- Swiss Nanoscience Institute, Klingelbergstrasse 82, Basel CH-4056, Switzerland
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Manissorn J, Tonsomboon K, Wangkanont K, Thongnuek P. Effects of Chemical Additives in Refolding Buffer on Recombinant Human BMP-2 Dimerization and the Bioactivity on SaOS-2 Osteoblasts. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:2065-2076. [PMID: 36687022 PMCID: PMC9850730 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c05802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) is a promising osteogenic agent in tissue engineering. BMP-2 is usually expressed in Escherichia coli owing to the high yield and low cost, but the protein is expressed as inclusion bodies. Thus, the bottleneck for BMP-2 production in E. coli is the refolding process. Here, we explored the effects of the refolding buffer composition on BMP-2 refolding. The BMP-2 inclusion body was solubilized in urea and subjected to refolding by the dilution method. Various additives were investigated to improve the BMP-2 refolding yield. Nonreducing SDS-PAGE showed that BMP-2 dimers, the presumably biologically active form, were detected at approximately 25 kDa. The highest yield of the BMP-2 dimers was observed in the refolding buffer that contained ionic detergents (sarkosyl and cetylpyridinium chloride) followed by zwitterionic and nonionic detergents (NDSB-195, NP-40, and Tween 80). In addition, sugars (glucose, sorbitol, and sucrose) in combination with anionic detergents (sodium dodecyl sulfate and sarkosyl) reduced BMP-2 oligomers and increased the BMP-2 dimer yield. Subsequently, the refolded BMP-2s were tested for their bioactivity using the alkaline phosphatase assay in osteogenic cells (SaOS-2), as well as the luciferase reporter assay and the calcium assays. The refolded BMP-2 showed the activities in the calcium deposition assay and the luciferase reporter assay but not in the alkaline phosphatase activity assay or the intracellular calcium assay even though the dimers were clearly detected. Therefore, the detection of the disulfide-linked dimeric BMP-2 in nonreducing SDS-PAGE is an inadequate proxy for the bioactivity of BMP-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juthatip Manissorn
- Biomedical
Engineering Research Center (BMERC), Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Biomaterial
Engineering for Medical and Health Research Unit (BEMHRU), Faculty
of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Khaow Tonsomboon
- National
Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency
(NSTDA), Klong
Luang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - Kittikhun Wangkanont
- Center
of Excellence for Molecular Biology and Genomics of Shrimp, and Molecular
Crop Research Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Center
of Excellence for Molecular Crop, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty
of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Peerapat Thongnuek
- Biomedical
Engineering Research Center (BMERC), Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Biomaterial
Engineering for Medical and Health Research Unit (BEMHRU), Faculty
of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Biomedical
Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
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Gull N, Khan JM, Rukhsana, Khan RH. Spectroscopic studies on the gemini surfactant mediated refolding of human serum albumin. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 102:331-335. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.03.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Revised: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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4
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Gull N, Ishtikhar M, Alam MS, Sabah Andrabi SN, Khan RH. Spectroscopic studies on the comparative refolding of guanidinium hydrochloride denatured hen egg-white lysozyme and Rhizopus niveus lipase assisted by cationic single-chain/gemini surfactants via artificial chaperone protocol. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra21528a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Referred to as second generation surfactants, the gemini surfactants have shown promise in various potential areas of surfactant application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuzhat Gull
- Department of Chemistry
- Govt. Degree College for Women
- Srinagar-190001
- India
| | - Mohd Ishtikhar
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Bombay
- Mumbai
- India
- Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit
| | | | | | - Rizwan Hasan Khan
- Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit
- Aligarh Muslim University
- Aligarh-202002
- India
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Bañares-Hidalgo Á, Pérez-Gil J, Estrada P. Conformational Stability of the NH2-Terminal Propeptide of the Precursor of Pulmonary Surfactant Protein SP-B. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0158430. [PMID: 27380171 PMCID: PMC4933373 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0158430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Assembly of pulmonary surfactant lipid-protein complexes depends on conformational changes coupled with proteolytic maturation of proSP-B, the precursor of pulmonary surfactant protein B (SP-B), along the surfactant biogenesis pathway in pneumocytes. Conformational destabilization of the N-terminal propeptide of proSP-B (SP-BN) triggers exposure of the mature SP-B domain for insertion into surfactant lipids. We have studied the conformational stability during GdmCl- or urea-promoted unfolding of SP-BN with trp fluorescence and circular dichroism spectroscopies. Binding of the intermediate states to bis-ANS suggests their molten globule-like character. ΔG0H2O was ~ 12.7 kJ·mol-1 either with urea or GdmCl. None of the thermal transitions of SP-BN detected by CD correspond to protein unfolding. Differential scanning calorimetry of SP-BN evidenced two endothermic peaks involved in oligomer dissociation as confirmed with 2 M urea. Ionic strength was relevant since at 150 mM NaCl, the process originating the endotherm at the highest temperature was irreversible (Tm2 = 108.5°C) with an activation energy of 703.8 kJ·mol-1. At 500 mM NaCl the process became reversible (Tm2 = 114.4°C) and data were fitted to the Non-two States model with two subpeaks. No free thiols in the propeptide could be titrated by DTNB with or without 5.7 M GdmCl, indicating disulfide bonds establishment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ángeles Bañares-Hidalgo
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular I, Facultad de Biología, Universidad Complutense, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Pérez-Gil
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular I, Facultad de Biología, Universidad Complutense, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040, Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail:
| | - Pilar Estrada
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular I, Facultad de Biología, Universidad Complutense, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040, Madrid, Spain
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Yang Z, Brouillette CG. A Guide to Differential Scanning Calorimetry of Membrane and Soluble Proteins in Detergents. Methods Enzymol 2016; 567:319-58. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2015.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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7
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Singh A, Upadhyay V, Upadhyay AK, Singh SM, Panda AK. Protein recovery from inclusion bodies of Escherichia coli using mild solubilization process. Microb Cell Fact 2015; 14:41. [PMID: 25889252 PMCID: PMC4379949 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-015-0222-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 286] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Formation of inclusion bodies in bacterial hosts poses a major challenge for large scale recovery of bioactive proteins. The process of obtaining bioactive protein from inclusion bodies is labor intensive and the yields of recombinant protein are often low. Here we review the developments in the field that are targeted at improving the yield, as well as quality of the recombinant protein by optimizing the individual steps of the process, especially solubilization of the inclusion bodies and refolding of the solubilized protein. Mild solubilization methods have been discussed which are based on the understanding of the fact that protein molecules in inclusion body aggregates have native-like structure. These methods solubilize the inclusion body aggregates while preserving the native-like protein structure. Subsequent protein refolding and purification results in high recovery of bioactive protein. Other parameters which influence the overall recovery of bioactive protein from inclusion bodies have also been discussed. A schematic model describing the utility of mild solubilization methods for high throughput recovery of bioactive protein has also been presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anupam Singh
- Product Development Cell, National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India.
| | - Vaibhav Upadhyay
- Product Development Cell, National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India.
| | - Arun Kumar Upadhyay
- Product Development Cell, National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India.
| | - Surinder Mohan Singh
- Product Development Cell, National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India.
| | - Amulya Kumar Panda
- Product Development Cell, National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India.
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8
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Beneficial effect of sugar osmolytes on the refolding of guanidine hydrochloride-denatured trehalose-6-phosphate hydrolase from Bacillus licheniformis. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:806847. [PMID: 25667926 PMCID: PMC4309298 DOI: 10.1155/2015/806847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The influence of three sugar osmolytes on the refolding of guanidine hydrochloride- (GdnHCl-) denatured trehalose-6-phosphate hydrolase of Bacillus licheniformis (BlTreA) was studied by circular dichroism (CD) spectra, fluorescence emission spectra, and the recovery of enzymatic activity. These experimental results clearly indicated that sorbitol, sucrose, and trehalose at a concentration of 0.75 M improved the refolding yields of GdnHCl-denatured BlTreA, probably due to the fact that these sugars favored the formation of tertiary architectures. Far-UV CD measurements demonstrated the ability of sugar osmolytes to shift the secondary structure of GdnHCl-denatured enzyme towards near-native conformations. ANS fluorescence intensity measurements revealed a reduction of exposed hydrophobic surfaces upon the treatment of denatured enzyme with sugar osmolytes. These observations suggest that sugar osmolytes possibly play a chaperone role in the refolding of chemically denatured BlTreA.
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9
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Yang Z, Wang C, Zhou Q, An J, Hildebrandt E, Aleksandrov LA, Kappes JC, DeLucas LJ, Riordan JR, Urbatsch IL, Hunt JF, Brouillette CG. Membrane protein stability can be compromised by detergent interactions with the extramembranous soluble domains. Protein Sci 2014; 23:769-89. [PMID: 24652590 PMCID: PMC4093953 DOI: 10.1002/pro.2460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Revised: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Detergent interaction with extramembranous soluble domains (ESDs) is not commonly considered an important determinant of integral membrane protein (IMP) behavior during purification and crystallization, even though ESDs contribute to the stability of many IMPs. Here we demonstrate that some generally nondenaturing detergents critically destabilize a model ESD, the first nucleotide-binding domain (NBD1) from the human cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR), a model IMP. Notably, the detergents show equivalent trends in their influence on the stability of isolated NBD1 and full-length CFTR. We used differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy to monitor changes in NBD1 stability and secondary structure, respectively, during titration with a series of detergents. Their effective harshness in these assays mirrors that widely accepted for their interaction with IMPs, i.e., anionic > zwitterionic > nonionic. It is noteworthy that including lipids or nonionic detergents is shown to mitigate detergent harshness, as will limiting contact time. We infer three thermodynamic mechanisms from the observed thermal destabilization by monomer or micelle: (i) binding to the unfolded state with no change in the native structure (all detergent classes); (ii) native state binding that alters thermodynamic properties and perhaps conformation (nonionic detergents); and (iii) detergent binding that directly leads to denaturation of the native state (anionic and zwitterionic). These results demonstrate that the accepted model for the harshness of detergents applies to their interaction with an ESD. It is concluded that destabilization of extramembranous soluble domains by specific detergents will influence the stability of some IMPs during purification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengrong Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alabama at BirminghamBirmingham, Alabama
- Center for Structural Biology, University of Alabama at BirminghamBirmingham, Alabama
| | - Chi Wang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia UniversityNew York, New York
| | - Qingxian Zhou
- Center for Structural Biology, University of Alabama at BirminghamBirmingham, Alabama
| | - Jianli An
- Center for Structural Biology, University of Alabama at BirminghamBirmingham, Alabama
| | - Ellen Hildebrandt
- Department of Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences CenterLubbock, Texas
| | - Luba A Aleksandrov
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, The University of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel Hill, North Carolina
- Cystic Fibrosis Treatment and Research Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - John C Kappes
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at BirminghamBirmingham, Alabama
- Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Research ServiceBirmingham, Alabama
| | - Lawrence J DeLucas
- Center for Structural Biology, University of Alabama at BirminghamBirmingham, Alabama
- Department of Optometry, University of Alabama at BirminghamBirmingham, Alabama
| | - John R Riordan
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, The University of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel Hill, North Carolina
- Cystic Fibrosis Treatment and Research Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Ina L Urbatsch
- Department of Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences CenterLubbock, Texas
- Center for Membrane Protein Research, Texas Tech University Health Sciences CenterLubbock, TX
| | - John F Hunt
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia UniversityNew York, New York
| | - Christie G Brouillette
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alabama at BirminghamBirmingham, Alabama
- Center for Structural Biology, University of Alabama at BirminghamBirmingham, Alabama
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10
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Fan YQ, Lee J, Oh S, Liu HJ, Li C, Luan YS, Yang JM, Zhou HM, Lü ZR, Wang YL. Effects of osmolytes on human brain-type creatine kinase folding in dilute solutions and crowding systems. Int J Biol Macromol 2012; 51:845-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2012.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2012] [Revised: 07/26/2012] [Accepted: 07/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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11
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Yamaguchi S, Yamamoto E, Mannen T, Nagamune T, Nagamune T. Protein refolding using chemical refolding additives. Biotechnol J 2012; 8:17-31. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.201200025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2012] [Revised: 07/13/2012] [Accepted: 07/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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12
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Guo J, Yang XQ, Gu W, Yuan DB, Wang JM, Wu NN. Inhibition of glycinin thermal aggregation by an artificial chaperone sodium dodecyl sulphate. Int J Food Sci Technol 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2621.2011.02891.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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13
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Otzen D. Protein–surfactant interactions: A tale of many states. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2011; 1814:562-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2011.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 362] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2010] [Revised: 02/23/2011] [Accepted: 03/04/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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14
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López G, Bañares-Hidalgo A, Estrada P. Xylanase II from Trichoderma reesei QM 9414: conformational and catalytic stability to Chaotropes, Trifluoroethanol, and pH changes. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2010; 38:113-25. [DOI: 10.1007/s10295-010-0836-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2010] [Accepted: 07/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Yamamoto E, Yamaguchi S, Sasaki N, Kim HB, Kitamori T, Nagamune T. Artificial chaperone-assisted refolding in a microchannel. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2010; 33:171-7. [PMID: 19727834 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-009-0374-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2009] [Accepted: 08/10/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Protein refolding using a simple dilution method in a microchannel often led to the formation of protein aggregates, which bound to the microchannel wall, resulting in low refolding yields. To inhibit aggregation and improve refolding yields, an artificial chaperone-assisted (ACA) refolding, which employed detergents and beta-cyclodextrin was used. Model proteins, hen egg white lysozyme and yeast alpha-glucosidase, were successfully refolded in a microchannel. The microscopic observation showed that the ACA method suppressed protein aggregation and facilitated the refolding of lysozyme, whereas significant aggregation was observed when a simple dilution method was employed. The ACA method increased the lysozyme refolding yield by 40% over the simple dilution approach. Similarly, for a-glucosidase, the refolding yield using the ACA method (ca. 50%) was approximately three times compared with the simple dilution method. The ACA refolding method is a suitable approach to use in the refolding of proteins using a microfluidic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etsushi Yamamoto
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
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In vitro renaturation of alkaline family G/11 xylanase via a folding intermediate: alpha-crystallin facilitates refolding in an ATP-independent manner. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2009; 162:1238-48. [PMID: 20703955 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-009-8854-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2009] [Accepted: 11/03/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
In this study, alkaliphilic family G/11 xylanase from alkali-tolerant filamentous fungi Penicillium citrinum MTCC 6489 was used as a model system to gain insight into the molecular aspects of unfolding/refolding of alkaliphilic glycosyl hydrolase protein family. The intrinsic protein fluorescence suggested a putative intermediate state of protein in presence of 2 M guanidium hydrochloride (GdmCl) with an emission maximum of 353 nm. Here we studied the refolding of GdmCl-denatured alkaline xylanase in the presence and the absence of a multimeric chaperone protein alpha-crystallin to elucidate the molecular mechanism of intramolecular interactions of the alkaliphilic xylanase protein that dictates its extremophilic character. Our results, based on intrinsic tryptophan fluorescence and hydrophobic fluorophore 8-anilino-1- naphthalene sulfonate-binding studies, suggest that alpha-crystallin formed a complex with a putative molten globule-like intermediate in the refolding pathway of xylanase in an ATP-independent manner. A 2 M GdmCl is sufficient to denature alkaline xylanase completely. The hydrodynamic radius (R(H)) of a native alkaline xylanase is 4.0, which becomes 5.0 in the presence of 2 M GdmCl whereas in presence of the higher concentration of GdmCl R(H) value was shifted to 100, indicating the aggregation of denatured xylanase. The alpha-crystallin.xylanase complex exhibited the recovery of functional activity with the extent of approximately 43%. Addition of ATP to the complex did not show any significant effect on activity recovery of the denatured protein.
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17
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Ge X, Guan YX, Chen J, Yao Z, Cao K, Yao SJ. Refolding of lysozymein vitroassisted by colloidal thermosensitive poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) brushes grafted onto the surface of uniform polystyrene cores. J Appl Polym Sci 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/app.30545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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18
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Gull N, Sen P, Khan RH. Interaction of bovine (BSA), rabbit (RSA), and porcine (PSA) serum albumins with cationic single-chain/gemini surfactants: a comparative study. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2009; 25:11686-11691. [PMID: 19788221 DOI: 10.1021/la901639h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The interactions among bovine, rabbit, and porcine serum albumins and single-chain cationic surfactant cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) versus its gemini counterpart (designated as G4) have been studied. The studies were carried out in an aqueous medium at pH 7.0 using UV, intrinsic and extrinsic fluorescence spectroscopy, and far-UV circular dichroism techniques. The results indicate that compared to CTAB, G4 interacts strongly with the serum albumins, resulting in a significantly larger unfolding or decrease in alpha-helical content as reflected by the significantly larger decrease in ellipticity in the far-UV range. Unlike CTAB, a remarkable increase in the alpha-helical content of BSA at 625 microM G4 and at 250 microM G4 for RSA and PSA is observed. The appearance of conformational changes and saturation points in the proteins occurs at considerably lower [G4] compared to [CTAB]. The results obtained from the multi-technique approach are ascribed to the stronger forces in G4 owing to the presence of two charged headgroups and two hydrocarbon tails. Keeping the results in view, it is suggested that the gemini surfactants may be effectively used in the renaturation of proteins produced in genetically engineered cells via the artificial chaperone protocol and may also prove useful in drug delivery as solubilizing agents to recover proteins from insoluble inclusion bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuzhat Gull
- Department of Chemistry, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
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19
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Immobilized Triton X-100-assisted refolding of Green Fluorescent Protein-Tobacco Etch Virus protease fusion protein using β-cyclodextrin as the eluent. Process Biochem 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2008.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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20
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Gull N, Sen P, Khan RH, Kabir-ud-Din. Spectroscopic Studies on the Comparative Interaction of Cationic Single-Chain and Gemini Surfactants with Human Serum Albumin. J Biochem 2008; 145:67-77. [DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvn141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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21
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Deocaris CC, Takano S, Priyandoko D, Kaul Z, Yaguchi T, Kraft DC, Yamasaki K, Kaul SC, Wadhwa R. Glycerol stimulates innate chaperoning, proteasomal and stress-resistance functions: implications for geronto-manipulation. Biogerontology 2008; 9:269-82. [DOI: 10.1007/s10522-008-9136-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2007] [Accepted: 02/27/2008] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Toda M, Itoh H, Kondo Y, Hamada F. HSP90-like artificial chaperone activity based on indole β-cyclodextrin. Bioorg Med Chem 2007; 15:1983-8. [PMID: 17234420 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2006.12.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2006] [Revised: 12/23/2006] [Accepted: 12/29/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Indole beta-cyclodextrin (beta-1) was found to be able to prevent aggregation of citrate synthase (CS) on heating condition. As a result, beta-1 showed anti-CS aggregation in this system by regulating in early stage. The depression mechanism of beta-1 for aggregation of CS is as follows: the beta-1 formed a complex with hydrophobic parts of the beta-sheet structure of CS. From CD spectra, CS was changed own conformation was changed by beta-1 addition. So, it was concluded that beta-1 works as beta-sheet inducer in thermal condition. On the other hand, native beta-cyclodextrin (beta-CyD) shows small suppression capability for CS aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaya Toda
- Department of Material-Process Engineering and Applied Chemistry for Environments, Faculty of Engineering and Resource Science, Akita University, Tegata, Akita 010-8502, Japan
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23
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Yazdanparast R, Esmaeili MA, Khodagholi F. Control of aggregation in protein refolding: Cooperative effects of artificial chaperone and cold temperature. Int J Biol Macromol 2007; 40:126-33. [PMID: 16875728 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2006.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2006] [Revised: 06/21/2006] [Accepted: 06/25/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Refolding of GuHCl-denatured recombinant-human growth hormone (r-hGH) was investigated in both dilution additive and artificial chaperone assisted modes. In both techniques, it was found that CTAB is a better additive (in dilution mode) or a capturing agent (in artificial chaperone method). Neither of the two techniques was capable of complete inhibition of aggregates formed during refolding process. In dilution, using CTAB or alpha-cyclodextrin (alpha-CD) as two different additives, the aggregation was inhibited by almost 55%. However, the extent of inhibition raised to almost 82% in artificial chaperone assisted mode using CTAB as the capturing and alpha-CD as the stripping agents. Maximum inhibition of aggregation (up to 97%) was obtained when the entire process of refolding was done at 4 degrees C. However, under this temperature program, the far-UV CD and intrinsic fluorescence spectra of the refolded samples were not superimposable on their respective native spectra. The spectra superimposibilities were obtained when the refolding process was achieved under a well worked out temperature program: incubation of the sample for 3 min at 4 degrees C after initiation of the stripping step followed by overnight incubation at 22 degrees C. Based on these data, it is expected that higher activity recovery yields of recombinant proteins, particularly at relatively higher protein concentrations, could be achieved by getting a better molecular understanding of major factors responsive for aggregation and refolding pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Razieh Yazdanparast
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, The University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
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24
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Yazdanparast R, Esmaeili MA, Khodarahmi R. Protein refolding assisted by molecular tube based α-cyclodextrin as an artificial chaperone. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2006; 71:1298-306. [PMID: 17223780 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297906120029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we evaluated, for the first time, the application of molecular tube based alpha-cyclodextrin for improving the refolding yields of two different enzymes: carbonic anhydrase and alkaline phosphatase. Our results indicate that under the optimal developed refolding environments, the denatured carbonic anhydrase and alkaline phosphatase were refolded with a yield of 51 and 61% using 15 and 5 mg/ml of the molecular tube, respectively. Regardless of lower refolding yields compared with liquid-phase artificial chaperone assisted approach, the new technique (solid-phase artificial chaperone assisted refolding) benefits from easier and faster separation of the refolded product from the refolding environment, recycling of the stripping agent, and finally, significantly less environmental effect at the industrial levels. However, further improvements in solid-phase artificial chaperone assisted technique are needed either through synthesizing better stripping agents or by optimizing and defining better refolding environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Razieh Yazdanparast
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, The University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
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25
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Oganesyan N, Kim SH, Kim R. On-column protein refolding for crystallization. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 6:177-82. [PMID: 16211516 DOI: 10.1007/s10969-005-2827-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2004] [Accepted: 02/15/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
One major bottleneck in protein production in Escherichia coli for structural genomics projects is the formation of insoluble protein aggregates (inclusion bodies). The efficient refolding of proteins from inclusion bodies is becoming an important tool that can provide soluble native proteins for structural and functional studies. Here we report an on-column refolding method established at the Berkeley Structural Genomics Center (BSGC). Our method is a combination of an 'artificial chaperone-assisted refolding' method previously proposed and affinity chromatography to take advantage of a chromatographic step: less time-consuming, no filtration or concentration, with the additional benefit of protein purification. It can be easily automated and formatted for high-throughput process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Oganesyan
- Berkeley Structural Genomics Center, Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, California 94720, USA
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26
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Swietnicki W. Folding aggregated proteins into functionally active forms. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2006; 17:367-72. [PMID: 16740384 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2006.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2006] [Revised: 05/01/2006] [Accepted: 05/19/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The successful expression and purification of proteins in an active form is essential for structural and biochemical studies. With rapid advances in genome sequencing and high-throughput structural biology, an increasing number of proteins are being identified as potential drug targets but are difficult to obtain in a form suitable for structural or biochemical studies. Although prokaryotic recombinant expression systems are often used, proteins obtained in this way are typically found to be insoluble. Several experimental approaches have therefore been developed to refold these aggregated proteins into a biologically active form, often suitable for structural studies. The major refolding strategies adopt one of two approaches - chromatographic methods or refolding in free solution - and both routes have been successfully used to refold a range of proteins. Future advances are likely to involve the development of automated approaches for protein refolding and purification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wieslaw Swietnicki
- Integrated Toxicology Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA.
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27
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Desai A, Lee C, Sharma L, Sharma A. Lysozyme refolding with cyclodextrins: structure-activity relationship. Biochimie 2006; 88:1435-45. [PMID: 16737767 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2006.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2006] [Accepted: 05/09/2006] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Cyclodextrins (CDs), in the presence or absence of detergents, have been reported to suppress aggregate formation during the refolding of a number of proteins. A structure-activity relationship study between CD chemistry and refolding of lysozyme was performed and compared to carbonic anhydrase, in order to better understand the mechanism of CD-assisted protein refolding and to identify CDs that could function as good protein folding agents. Among the natural CDs, which have only hydroxyl groups, alpha-CD, with a smaller cavity size was more effective than the oligosaccharide with a larger cavity, gamma-CD. Replacement of the hydroxyls with other functional groups did not improve, but could seriously interfere, with the lysozyme refolding ability of alpha-CD. In case of gamma-CD, substitution of its hydroxyls with other groups either enhanced or diminished its refolding capability towards lysozyme. In general, neutral CDs were better refolding agents than the charged sugars. The presence of anionic substituents like carboxyl and phosphate groups actually promoted aggregate formation and completely abolished the sugar's refolding ability. This effect was more pronounced with lysozyme than with carbonic anhydrase. CDs with cationic functional groups did not show any significant effects on lysozyme refolding. The presence of both anionic and cationic substituents on the same CD molecule was found to partially restore its renaturation ability. Electrophoresis data indicate that CDs, which promoted lysozyme refolding, arrested aggregation at the stage of smaller soluble aggregates. Interestingly, the structure-activity relationship observed with lysozyme was quite similar to that reported for a non-disulfide protein, carbonic anhydrase. These results suggest that the effects of CDs on protein refolding are attributed to their ability to suppress aggregation of proteins. CDs may show properties similar to chaotropic agents, which may help explain their anti-aggregation and protein refolding ability. Besides alpha-CD, a number of other neutral CDs were found to be effective protein folding aids.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Desai
- Department of Chemistry, Central Michigan University, Dow 346, Mt. Pleasant, MI 48859, USA
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28
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Leung MYK, Ho WKK. Substitution of Serine for Non-disulphide-bond-forming Cysteine in Grass Carp (Ctenopharygodon Idellus) Growth Hormone Improves In Vitro Oxidative Renaturation. BMB Rep 2006; 39:150-7. [PMID: 16584629 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2006.39.2.150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Native grass carp (Ctenopharygodon idellus) growth hormone, has 5 cysteine amino acid residues, forms two disulphide bridges in its mature form. Recombinant grass carp growth hormone, when over-expressed in E. coli, forms inclusion bodies. In vitro oxidative renaturation of guanidine-hydrochloride dissolved recombinant grass carp growth hormone was achieved by sequential dilution and stepwise dialysis at pH 8.5. The redox potential of the refolding cocktail was maintained by glutathione disulphide/glutathione couple. The oxidative refolded protein is heterogeneous, and contains multimers, oligomers and monomers. The presence of non-disulphide-bond-forming cysteine in recombinant grass carp growth hormone enhances intermolecular disulphide bond formation and also nonnative intramolecular disulphide bond formation during protein folding. The non-disulphide-bond-forming cysteine was converted to serine by PCR-mediated site-directed mutagenesis. The resulting 4-cysteine grass carp growth hormone has improved in vitro oxidative refolding properties when studied by gel filtration and reverse phase chromatography. The refolded 4-cysteine form has less hydrophobic aggregate and has only one monomeric isoform. Both refolded 4-cysteine and 5-cysteine forms are active in radioreceptor binding assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Yiu-Kwong Leung
- Department of Biochemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
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29
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Lu D, Liu Z, Zhang M, Wang X, Liu Z. Dextran-grafted-PNIPAAm as an artificial chaperone for protein refolding. Biochem Eng J 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2005.08.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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30
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Chiku H, Kawai A, Ishibashi T, Takehara M, Yanai T, Mizukami F, Sakaguchi K. A novel protein refolding method using a zeolite. Anal Biochem 2006; 348:307-14. [PMID: 16316618 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2005.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2005] [Revised: 10/14/2005] [Accepted: 10/17/2005] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
We have succeeded in developing a simple and effective protein refolding method using the inorganic catalyst, beta-zeolite. The method involves the adsorption of proteins solubilized with 6M guanidine hydrochloride from inclusion body (IB) preparations onto the zeolite. The denaturant is then removed, and the proteins in the IBs are released from the zeolite with polyoxyethylene detergent and salt. All of the IBs tested (11 different species) were successfully refolded under these conditions. The refolded proteins are biochemically active, and NMR analysis of one of the proteins (replication protein A 8) supports the conclusion that correct refolding does occur. Based on these results, we discuss the refolding mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Chiku
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Noda-shi, Chiba-ken 278-8510, Japan
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31
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Burapatana V, Prokop A, Tanner RD. A Comparison of the Activity Reduction Occurring in Two Detergent‐Assisted Protein (Cellulase and Lysozyme) Foam Fractionation Processes. SEP SCI TECHNOL 2005. [DOI: 10.1080/01496390500267475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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32
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Lu D, Zhang K, Liu Z. Protein refolding assisted by an artificial chaperone using temperature stimuli responsive polymer as the stripper. Biochem Eng J 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2005.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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33
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Wang J, Lu D, Lin Y, Liu Z. How CTAB assists the refolding of native and recombinant lysozyme. Biochem Eng J 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2005.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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34
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Yazdanparast R, Khodagholi F, Khodarahmi R. Artificial chaperone-assisted refolding of chemically denatured alpha-amylase. Int J Biol Macromol 2005; 35:257-63. [PMID: 15862864 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2005.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2004] [Revised: 02/23/2005] [Accepted: 02/25/2005] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
It is now well established that alpha-cyclodextrin (alpha-CD) is a valuable folding agent in refolding processes of several denatured enzyme solutions. The refolding of Gu-HCl denatured alpha-amylase in the dilution-additive mode revealed that alpha-CD enhanced the refolding yield by 20-30% depending upon alpha-CD concentration. However, the refolding efficiency of the Gu-HCl denatured alpha-amylase through the artificial chaperone-assisted method indicated that alpha-CD enhanced the activity recovery of denatured alpha-amylase by almost 50% and also increased the reactivation rate constant relative to the unassisted control sample. The higher refolding efficiency should be due to different mechanism played by alpha-CD in this technique. In addition, our data indicated that higher refolding yields are obtained when the residual Gu-HCl concentration is low in the refolding environment and when the capture agent is removed not in a stepwise manner from the protein-detergent complexes in the stripping step of the whole process. Collectively, the results of this investigation expand the range of procedural variations used to refold different denatured proteins through artificial chaperone-assisted method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Razieh Yazdanparast
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, P.O. Box 13145-1384, the University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
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35
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Burapatana V, Booth EA, Prokop A, Tanner RD. Effect of Buffer and pH on Detergent-Assisted Foam Fractionation of Cellulase. Ind Eng Chem Res 2005. [DOI: 10.1021/ie049156o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vorakan Burapatana
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Box 1604, Station B, Nashville, Tennessee 37235
| | - Elizabeth A. Booth
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Box 1604, Station B, Nashville, Tennessee 37235
| | - Ales Prokop
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Box 1604, Station B, Nashville, Tennessee 37235
| | - Robert D. Tanner
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Box 1604, Station B, Nashville, Tennessee 37235
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36
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Vallejo LF, Rinas U. Strategies for the recovery of active proteins through refolding of bacterial inclusion body proteins. Microb Cell Fact 2004; 3:11. [PMID: 15345063 PMCID: PMC517725 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2859-3-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 247] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2004] [Accepted: 09/02/2004] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in generating active proteins through refolding of bacterial inclusion body proteins are summarized in conjunction with a short overview on inclusion body isolation and solubilization procedures. In particular, the pros and cons of well-established robust refolding techniques such as direct dilution as well as less common ones such as diafiltration or chromatographic processes including size exclusion chromatography, matrix- or affinity-based techniques and hydrophobic interaction chromatography are discussed. Moreover, the effect of physical variables (temperature and pressure) as well as the presence of buffer additives on the refolding process is elucidated. In particular, the impact of protein stabilizing or destabilizing low- and high-molecular weight additives as well as micellar and liposomal systems on protein refolding is illustrated. Also, techniques mimicking the principles encountered during in vivo folding such as processes based on natural and artificial chaperones and propeptide-assisted protein refolding are presented. Moreover, the special requirements for the generation of disulfide bonded proteins and the specific problems and solutions, which arise during process integration are discussed. Finally, the different strategies are examined regarding their applicability for large-scale production processes or high-throughput screening procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Felipe Vallejo
- Biochemical Engineering Division, GBF German Research Center for Biotechnology, Mascheroder Weg 1, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Ursula Rinas
- Biochemical Engineering Division, GBF German Research Center for Biotechnology, Mascheroder Weg 1, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
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37
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Poon DKY, Webster P, Withers SG, McIntosh LP. Characterizing the pH-dependent stability and catalytic mechanism of the family 11 xylanase from the alkalophilic Bacillus agaradhaerens. Carbohydr Res 2003; 338:415-21. [PMID: 12559743 DOI: 10.1016/s0008-6215(02)00486-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The xylanase, BadX, from the alkalophilic Bacillus agaradhaerens was cloned, expressed and studied in comparison to a related family 11 xylanase, BcX, from B. circulans. Despite the alkaline versus neutral conditions under which these bacteria grow, BadX and BcX both exhibit optimal activity near pH 5.6 using the substrate o-nitrophenyl beta-xylobioside. Analysis of the bell-shaped activity profile of BadX yielded apparent pK(a) values of 4.2 and 7.1, assignable to its nucleophile Glu94 and general acid Glu184, respectively. In addition to having an approximately 10-fold higher k(cat)/K(m) value with this substrate at pH 6 and 40 degrees C, BadX has significantly higher thermal stability than BcX under neutral and alkaline conditions. This enhanced stability, rather than a shift in its pH-optimum, may allow BadX to hydrolyze xylan under conditions of elevated temperature and pH.
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Affiliation(s)
- David K Y Poon
- The Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, BC, V6T 1Z1, Vancouver, Canada
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