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Quetglas-Llabrés MM, Quispe C, Herrera-Bravo J, Catarino MD, Pereira OR, Cardoso SM, Dua K, Chellappan DK, Pabreja K, Satija S, Mehta M, Sureda A, Martorell M, Satmbekova D, Yeskaliyeva B, Sharifi-Rad J, Rasool N, Butnariu M, Bagiu IC, Bagiu RV, Calina D, Cho WC. Pharmacological Properties of Bergapten: Mechanistic and Therapeutic Aspects. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:8615242. [PMID: 35509838 PMCID: PMC9060977 DOI: 10.1155/2022/8615242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Bergapten (BP) or 5-methoxypsoralen (5-MOP) is a furocoumarin compound mainly found in bergamot essential oil but also in other citrus essential oils and grapefruit juice. This compound presents antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, hypolipemic, and anticancer effects and is successfully used as a photosensitizing agent. The present review focuses on the research evidence related to the therapeutic properties of bergapten collected in recent years. Many preclinical and in vitro studies have been evidenced the therapeutic action of BP; however, few clinical trials have been carried out to evaluate its efficacy. These clinical trials with BP are mainly focused on patients suffering from skin disorders such as psoriasis or vitiligo. In these trials, the administration of BP (oral or topical) combined with UV irradiation induces relevant lesion clearance rates. In addition, beneficial effects of bergamot extract were also observed in patients with altered serum lipid profiles and in people with nonalcoholic fatty liver. On the contrary, there are no clinical trials that investigate the possible effects on cancer. Although the bioavailability of BP is lower than that of its 8-methoxypsoralen (8-MOP) isomer, it has fewer side effects allowing higher concentrations to be administered. In conclusion, although the use of BP has therapeutic applications on skin disorders as a sensitizing agent and as components of bergamot extract as hypolipemic therapy, more trials are necessary to define the doses and treatment guidelines and its usefulness against other pathologies such as cancer or bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Magdalena Quetglas-Llabrés
- Research Group in Community Nutrition and Oxidative Stress, University of the Balearic Islands and Health Research Institute of Balearic Islands (IdISBa), 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Cristina Quispe
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Arturo Prat, Avda. Arturo Prat 2120, Iquique 1110939, Chile
| | - Jesús Herrera-Bravo
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Santo Tomas, Chile
- Center of Molecular Biology and Pharmacogenetics, Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4811230, Chile
| | - Marcelo D. Catarino
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Olívia R. Pereira
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
| | - Susana M. Cardoso
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Kamal Dua
- Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Dinesh Kumar Chellappan
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia
| | - Kavita Pabreja
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar, Delhi G.T. Road (NH-1), Phagwara, 144411 Punjab, India
| | - Saurabh Satija
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar, Delhi G.T. Road (NH-1), Phagwara, 144411 Punjab, India
| | - Meenu Mehta
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar, Delhi G.T. Road (NH-1), Phagwara, 144411 Punjab, India
| | - Antoni Sureda
- Research Group in Community Nutrition and Oxidative Stress, University of the Balearic Islands and Health Research Institute of Balearic Islands (IdISBa), 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
- CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Miquel Martorell
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Pharmacy, And Centre for Healthy Living, University of Concepción, 4070386 Concepción, Chile
| | - Dinara Satmbekova
- High School of Medicine, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Balakyz Yeskaliyeva
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | | | - Naeem Rasool
- Department Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary and Animals Science, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Monica Butnariu
- Banat's University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine “King Michael I of Romania” from Timisoara, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Iulia Cristina Bagiu
- Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Timisoara Department of Microbiology, Timisoara, Romania
- Multidisciplinary Research Center on Antimicrobial Resistance, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Radu Vasile Bagiu
- Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Timisoara Department of Microbiology, Timisoara, Romania
- Preventive Medicine Study Center, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Daniela Calina
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania
| | - William C. Cho
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Kowloon, Hong Kong
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Manevski N, Swart P, Balavenkatraman KK, Bertschi B, Camenisch G, Kretz O, Schiller H, Walles M, Ling B, Wettstein R, Schaefer DJ, Itin P, Ashton-Chess J, Pognan F, Wolf A, Litherland K. Phase II metabolism in human skin: skin explants show full coverage for glucuronidation, sulfation, N-acetylation, catechol methylation, and glutathione conjugation. Drug Metab Dispos 2014; 43:126-39. [PMID: 25339109 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.114.060350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Although skin is the largest organ of the human body, cutaneous drug metabolism is often overlooked, and existing experimental models are insufficiently validated. This proof-of-concept study investigated phase II biotransformation of 11 test substrates in fresh full-thickness human skin explants, a model containing all skin cell types. Results show that skin explants have significant capacity for glucuronidation, sulfation, N-acetylation, catechol methylation, and glutathione conjugation. Novel skin metabolites were identified, including acyl glucuronides of indomethacin and diclofenac, glucuronides of 17β-estradiol, N-acetylprocainamide, and methoxy derivatives of 4-nitrocatechol and 2,3-dihydroxynaphthalene. Measured activities for 10 μM substrate incubations spanned a 1000-fold: from the highest 4.758 pmol·mg skin(-1)·h(-1) for p-toluidine N-acetylation to the lowest 0.006 pmol·mg skin(-1)·h(-1) for 17β-estradiol 17-glucuronidation. Interindividual variability was 1.4- to 13.0-fold, the highest being 4-methylumbelliferone and diclofenac glucuronidation. Reaction rates were generally linear up to 4 hours, although 24-hour incubations enabled detection of metabolites in trace amounts. All reactions were unaffected by the inclusion of cosubstrates, and freezing of the fresh skin led to loss of glucuronidation activity. The predicted whole-skin intrinsic metabolic clearances were significantly lower compared with corresponding whole-liver intrinsic clearances, suggesting a relatively limited contribution of the skin to the body's total systemic phase II enzyme-mediated metabolic clearance. Nevertheless, the fresh full-thickness skin explants represent a suitable model to study cutaneous phase II metabolism not only in drug elimination but also in toxicity, as formation of acyl glucuronides and sulfate conjugates could play a role in skin adverse reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nenad Manevski
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (N.M., P.S., G.C., O.K., H.S., M.W., K.L.), Pre-clinical Safety (K.K.B., B.B., F.P., A.W.), and Clinical Sciences and Innovation Translational Medicine (J.A.-C.), Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma, Basel, Switzerland; and Department of Plastic, Reconstructive, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery (B.L., R.W., D.J.S.), and Department of Dermatology (P.I.), University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Piet Swart
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (N.M., P.S., G.C., O.K., H.S., M.W., K.L.), Pre-clinical Safety (K.K.B., B.B., F.P., A.W.), and Clinical Sciences and Innovation Translational Medicine (J.A.-C.), Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma, Basel, Switzerland; and Department of Plastic, Reconstructive, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery (B.L., R.W., D.J.S.), and Department of Dermatology (P.I.), University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Kamal Kumar Balavenkatraman
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (N.M., P.S., G.C., O.K., H.S., M.W., K.L.), Pre-clinical Safety (K.K.B., B.B., F.P., A.W.), and Clinical Sciences and Innovation Translational Medicine (J.A.-C.), Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma, Basel, Switzerland; and Department of Plastic, Reconstructive, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery (B.L., R.W., D.J.S.), and Department of Dermatology (P.I.), University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Barbara Bertschi
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (N.M., P.S., G.C., O.K., H.S., M.W., K.L.), Pre-clinical Safety (K.K.B., B.B., F.P., A.W.), and Clinical Sciences and Innovation Translational Medicine (J.A.-C.), Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma, Basel, Switzerland; and Department of Plastic, Reconstructive, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery (B.L., R.W., D.J.S.), and Department of Dermatology (P.I.), University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Gian Camenisch
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (N.M., P.S., G.C., O.K., H.S., M.W., K.L.), Pre-clinical Safety (K.K.B., B.B., F.P., A.W.), and Clinical Sciences and Innovation Translational Medicine (J.A.-C.), Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma, Basel, Switzerland; and Department of Plastic, Reconstructive, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery (B.L., R.W., D.J.S.), and Department of Dermatology (P.I.), University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Kretz
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (N.M., P.S., G.C., O.K., H.S., M.W., K.L.), Pre-clinical Safety (K.K.B., B.B., F.P., A.W.), and Clinical Sciences and Innovation Translational Medicine (J.A.-C.), Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma, Basel, Switzerland; and Department of Plastic, Reconstructive, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery (B.L., R.W., D.J.S.), and Department of Dermatology (P.I.), University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Hilmar Schiller
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (N.M., P.S., G.C., O.K., H.S., M.W., K.L.), Pre-clinical Safety (K.K.B., B.B., F.P., A.W.), and Clinical Sciences and Innovation Translational Medicine (J.A.-C.), Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma, Basel, Switzerland; and Department of Plastic, Reconstructive, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery (B.L., R.W., D.J.S.), and Department of Dermatology (P.I.), University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Markus Walles
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (N.M., P.S., G.C., O.K., H.S., M.W., K.L.), Pre-clinical Safety (K.K.B., B.B., F.P., A.W.), and Clinical Sciences and Innovation Translational Medicine (J.A.-C.), Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma, Basel, Switzerland; and Department of Plastic, Reconstructive, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery (B.L., R.W., D.J.S.), and Department of Dermatology (P.I.), University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Barbara Ling
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (N.M., P.S., G.C., O.K., H.S., M.W., K.L.), Pre-clinical Safety (K.K.B., B.B., F.P., A.W.), and Clinical Sciences and Innovation Translational Medicine (J.A.-C.), Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma, Basel, Switzerland; and Department of Plastic, Reconstructive, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery (B.L., R.W., D.J.S.), and Department of Dermatology (P.I.), University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Reto Wettstein
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (N.M., P.S., G.C., O.K., H.S., M.W., K.L.), Pre-clinical Safety (K.K.B., B.B., F.P., A.W.), and Clinical Sciences and Innovation Translational Medicine (J.A.-C.), Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma, Basel, Switzerland; and Department of Plastic, Reconstructive, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery (B.L., R.W., D.J.S.), and Department of Dermatology (P.I.), University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Dirk J Schaefer
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (N.M., P.S., G.C., O.K., H.S., M.W., K.L.), Pre-clinical Safety (K.K.B., B.B., F.P., A.W.), and Clinical Sciences and Innovation Translational Medicine (J.A.-C.), Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma, Basel, Switzerland; and Department of Plastic, Reconstructive, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery (B.L., R.W., D.J.S.), and Department of Dermatology (P.I.), University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Peter Itin
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (N.M., P.S., G.C., O.K., H.S., M.W., K.L.), Pre-clinical Safety (K.K.B., B.B., F.P., A.W.), and Clinical Sciences and Innovation Translational Medicine (J.A.-C.), Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma, Basel, Switzerland; and Department of Plastic, Reconstructive, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery (B.L., R.W., D.J.S.), and Department of Dermatology (P.I.), University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Joanna Ashton-Chess
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (N.M., P.S., G.C., O.K., H.S., M.W., K.L.), Pre-clinical Safety (K.K.B., B.B., F.P., A.W.), and Clinical Sciences and Innovation Translational Medicine (J.A.-C.), Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma, Basel, Switzerland; and Department of Plastic, Reconstructive, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery (B.L., R.W., D.J.S.), and Department of Dermatology (P.I.), University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Francois Pognan
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (N.M., P.S., G.C., O.K., H.S., M.W., K.L.), Pre-clinical Safety (K.K.B., B.B., F.P., A.W.), and Clinical Sciences and Innovation Translational Medicine (J.A.-C.), Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma, Basel, Switzerland; and Department of Plastic, Reconstructive, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery (B.L., R.W., D.J.S.), and Department of Dermatology (P.I.), University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Armin Wolf
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (N.M., P.S., G.C., O.K., H.S., M.W., K.L.), Pre-clinical Safety (K.K.B., B.B., F.P., A.W.), and Clinical Sciences and Innovation Translational Medicine (J.A.-C.), Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma, Basel, Switzerland; and Department of Plastic, Reconstructive, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery (B.L., R.W., D.J.S.), and Department of Dermatology (P.I.), University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Karine Litherland
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (N.M., P.S., G.C., O.K., H.S., M.W., K.L.), Pre-clinical Safety (K.K.B., B.B., F.P., A.W.), and Clinical Sciences and Innovation Translational Medicine (J.A.-C.), Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma, Basel, Switzerland; and Department of Plastic, Reconstructive, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery (B.L., R.W., D.J.S.), and Department of Dermatology (P.I.), University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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