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Chetboul V, Poissonnier C, Foulex P, Alvarado MP, Trehiou-Sechi É, Saponaro V, Passavin P, Desquilbet L. Volumetric quantification identifies some left atrial dilations undetected by left atrium:aorta ratio measurements: A prospective echocardiographic study in 155 Cavalier King Charles Spaniels with and without degenerative mitral valve disease. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0300827. [PMID: 38547236 PMCID: PMC10977888 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0300827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Degenerative mitral valve disease (DMVD) is the most common canine heart disease with a high predisposition in Cavalier King Charles Spaniels (CKCSs). Mitral regurgitation related to DMVD can lead to left atrial (LA) dilation, which is associated with survival time. Left-atrial-to-aortic (LA:Ao) ratio assessed by two-dimensional echocardiography is commonly used to evaluate LA size. The objectives of this prospective observational study were therefore 1) to compare different echocardiographic methods (i.e., monoplane and biplane Simpson's methods of discs (SMOD) and area-length methods (ALM)) in evaluating LA volume (LAvol) in CKCSs, 2) to assess LA volumes according to DMVD severity and, 3) compare the ability of LAvol and LA:Ao ratio to identify LA enlargement in CKCSs with subclinical DMVD (i.e., American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine (ACVIM) stage B). MATERIALS AND METHODS 155 CKCSs, either healthy or affected by DMVD, were recruited. Variability and concordance between volumetric methods were evaluated. Values were analyzed according to 2019 ACVIM stages. RESULTS All Lin's concordance correlation coefficients regarding intra- and inter-observer variability were considered as very good to excellent. Monoplane methods and ALM produced higher values of LAvol than biplane methods and SMOD, respectively. The upper limit of normal end-systolic LAvol/body weight (LASvol/BW) was defined as 0.90 mL/kg. Left atrial volumes significantly increased with ACVIM stages. Additionally, 37% of stage B1 CKCSs demonstrated LA enlargement using LASvol/BW assessment, with significantly lower LASvol/BW values in dogs with regurgitation fraction ≤30% than in others (p<0.01). CONCLUSION In CKCSs, LAvol methods are not interchangeable. In ACVIM stage B CKCSs, LAvol quantification is more effective to detect LA enlargement than LA linear measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Chetboul
- École Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, CHUVA, Unité de Cardiologie d’Alfort (UCA), Maisons-Alfort, France
- INSERM, IMRB, Univ Paris Est Créteil, Créteil, France
| | - Camille Poissonnier
- École Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, CHUVA, Unité de Cardiologie d’Alfort (UCA), Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Pierre Foulex
- École Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, CHUVA, Unité de Cardiologie d’Alfort (UCA), Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Maria Paz Alvarado
- École Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, CHUVA, Unité de Cardiologie d’Alfort (UCA), Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Émilie Trehiou-Sechi
- École Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, CHUVA, Unité de Cardiologie d’Alfort (UCA), Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Vittorio Saponaro
- École Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, CHUVA, Unité de Cardiologie d’Alfort (UCA), Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Peggy Passavin
- École Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, CHUVA, Unité de Cardiologie d’Alfort (UCA), Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Loïc Desquilbet
- INSERM, IMRB, Univ Paris Est Créteil, Créteil, France
- Department of Biostatistics and Clinical Epidemiology, École Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, Maisons-Alfort, France
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Kuo MYW, Häggström J, Gordon SG, Höglund K, Côté E, Lu TL, Dirven M, Rishniw M, Hung YW, Ljungvall I. Veterinary echocardiographers' preferences for left atrial size assessment in dogs: the BENEFIT project. J Vet Cardiol 2023; 51:157-171. [PMID: 38128421 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2023.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION/OBJECTIVES Veterinary echocardiographers' preferences for left atrial (LA) size assessment in dogs have never been systematically investigated. The primary aim of this international survey study was to investigate echocardiographers' preferences for LA size assessment in dogs. The secondary aim was to investigate echocardiographers' preferences for assessing LA size in subgroups based on geographic, demographic, and professional profiles. ANIMALS, MATERIALS, AND METHODS An online survey instrument was designed, verified, and distributed globally to the veterinary echocardiographers. RESULTS A total of 670 echocardiographers from 54 countries on six continents completed the survey. Most echocardiographers (n = 621) used linear two-dimensional (2D)-based methods to assess LA size, 379 used subjective assessment, and 151 used M-mode-based methods. Most commonly, echocardiographers combined linear 2D-based methods with subjective assessment (n = 222), whereas 191 used linear 2D-based methods alone. Most echocardiographers (n = 436) using linear 2D-based methods preferred the right parasternal short-axis view and indexed the LA to the aorta. Approximately 30% (n = 191) of the echocardiographers who performed linear measurements from 2D echocardiograms shared the same preferences regarding dog position, acquisition view, indexing method, and identification of the time-point used for the measurement. The responses were comparably homogeneous across geographic location, training level, years of performing echocardiography, and type of practice. DISCUSSION/CONCLUSION Most veterinary echocardiographers assessed LA size in dogs using linear 2D echocardiography from a right parasternal short-axis view, and by indexing the LA to the aorta. The respondents' preferences were similar across geographic, demographic, and professional backgrounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Y-W Kuo
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - J Häggström
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - S G Gordon
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - K Höglund
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - E Côté
- Department of Companion Animals, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Prince Edward Island, Canada
| | - T-L Lu
- Chuan Animal Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - M Dirven
- Evidensia Södra Animal Hospital, Kungens Kurva, Sweden
| | - M Rishniw
- Veterinary Information Network, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Y-W Hung
- Cardiospecial Veterinary Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - I Ljungvall
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
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Bagardi M, Locatelli C, Ghilardi S, Creta F, Pasquinelli B, Brambilla PG, Romussi S. Does the Cambridge classification alone predict the possibility to perform echocardiographic examination in lateral recumbency in dogs affected by brachycephalic obstructive airways syndrome? PLoS One 2023; 18:e0286914. [PMID: 37285377 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0286914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate if the functional grading system (Cambridge classification) of brachycephalic obstructive airways syndrome (BOAS) and the temperament score can be useful tools in predicting the feasibility of echocardiographic examination in lateral recumbency. The hypothesis is that the temperament of the dog, rather than the severity of BOAS alone, can exacerbate respiratory symptoms (dyspnea, stertor, stridor and/or cyanosis) during lateral containment. METHODS Prospective cross-sectional study. Twenty-nine French Bulldogs were included and classified according to the Cambridge classification for the BOAS and to the Maddern score for the temperament. Receiver operating characteristic analysis was used to evaluate the sensitivity (Se) and specificity (Sp) of the Cambridge classification, of the temperament score and their sum to predict the feasibility of the echocardiography in lateral recumbency without dyspnea/cyanosis. RESULTS 8 females (27.59%) and 21 (72.41%) males French Bulldogs of 3 years (IQR25-75 1-4), and 12.45 kg (IQR25-7511.5-13.25) were included. The Cambridge classification alone was not predictive for the possibility of performing the echocardiography in lateral recumbency, unlike temperament score and the sum of the two classification indices. The diagnostic accuracy of Cambridge classification (AUC 0.81, Se 50%, Sp 100%), temperament score (AUC 0.73, Se 75%, Sp 69%), and their sum (AUC 0.83, Se 75%, Sp 85%) cut-offs was moderate for each score. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE The dog's temperament, and therefore its susceptibility to stress, rather than the severity of BOAS (Cambridge classification) alone, is a good predictor of the possibility of performing the echocardiographic examination in standing instead of lateral recumbency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mara Bagardi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences - DIVAS, University of Milan, Lodi (LO), Italy
| | - Chiara Locatelli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences - DIVAS, University of Milan, Lodi (LO), Italy
| | - Sara Ghilardi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences - DIVAS, University of Milan, Lodi (LO), Italy
| | - Federica Creta
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences - DIVAS, University of Milan, Lodi (LO), Italy
| | - Beatrice Pasquinelli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences - DIVAS, University of Milan, Lodi (LO), Italy
| | - Paola G Brambilla
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences - DIVAS, University of Milan, Lodi (LO), Italy
| | - Stefano Romussi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences - DIVAS, University of Milan, Lodi (LO), Italy
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Terukina H, Morita T, Yamasaki M. The repeatability, reproducibility, and influencing factors of intrarenal Doppler ultrasonography in dogs without heart disease. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2023; 64:337-344. [PMID: 36447301 DOI: 10.1111/vru.13194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Renal impairment is concurrent with adverse outcomes such as heart disease in humans and dogs. Intrarenal Doppler ultrasonography (IRD) is used to assess intrarenal hemodynamics, and resistance index (RI) and venous impedance index (VII) are used to evaluate intrarenal hemodynamics in humans with heart failure. However, only a few studies have assessed the efficacy of IRD, especially VII, in dogs, and the methods differ between studies. Additionally, repeatability, reproducibility, and factors influencing IRD values have not been validated in dogs. This prospective, analytical study aimed to assess repeatability and reproducibility of IRD, and to clarify influencing factors of IRD in dogs without heart disease. We enrolled 78 dogs without heart disease. The RI and VII were highly reproducible, and the reference intervals for VII were 0.13-0.37. Differences in transducer (sector and convex) and posture (right lateral and supine decubitus position) had no effect on the IRD values. In contrast, RI and VII were higher in the renal vessels than in interlobar vessels. Age affected RI values (r = 0.39, P < 0.001), but there was no correlation between age, body weight, and VII. In conclusion, IRD is a repeatable and reproducible method to assess intrarenal hemodynamics in dogs. The findings also suggest that age should be considered while interpreting RI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Terukina
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka, Japan
| | - Tomoya Morita
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka, Japan
| | - Masahiro Yamasaki
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka, Japan
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Sugimoto K, Mochizuki Y, Akashi N, Kanda T, Hoshi F. Effects of Intravenous Pimobendan on Cardiovascular Parameters in Healthy Sedated Cats. Top Companion Anim Med 2023; 53-54:100769. [PMID: 36813230 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcam.2023.100769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 12/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effects of intravenous pimobendan on cardiovascular function and to determine the appropriate dose for clinical usage in cats. Six purpose-bred cats received one of the following treatments: intravenous pimobendan at a single dose of 0.075 mg/kg (low dose [LD] group), 0.15 mg/kg (middle dose [MD] group), 0.3 mg/kg (high dose [HD] group), or saline at 0.1 mL/kg (placebo group). Echocardiography and blood pressure measurements were performed before and 5, 15, 30, 45, and 60 minute after drug administration for each treatment. In the MD and HD groups, the fractional shortening, peak systolic velocity, cardiac output, and heart rate increased significantly. There were no significant differences in blood pressure among the groups. Intravenous pimobendan at 0.15-0.3 mg/kg increased the fractional shortening, peak systolic velocity, cardiac output in healthy cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Sugimoto
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Okayama University of Science, Ehime, Japan
| | - Yohei Mochizuki
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Okayama University of Science, Ehime, Japan.
| | - Natsuki Akashi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Okayama University of Science, Ehime, Japan
| | - Teppei Kanda
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Okayama University of Science, Ehime, Japan
| | - Fumio Hoshi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Okayama University of Science, Ehime, Japan
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Hertzer J, Gordon S, Wesselowski S. Effects of recording device, body position, electrode placement, and sedation on electrocardiogram intervals in dogs. Vet J 2022; 288:105885. [PMID: 36028186 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2022.105885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/21/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Selected electrocardiograph (ECG) intervals may be useful when incorporated into prediction models for cardiac risk assessment in dogs. Standard recommendations for ECG acquisition may not be adhered to in practice. Study objectives were to compare duration of P, PR, QRS, QT, and R wave peak time intervals in: (1) lead II ECGs vs. single lead precordial ECGs in conscious dogs; (2) lead II ECGs with electrodes placed in proximal limb (PL) vs. distal limb (DL) positions with dogs in right lateral (RL) recumbency, left lateral (LL) recumbency and standing positions; (3) single lead precordial ECGs from dogs in RL, LL and standing positions; and (4) before and after sedation with butorphanol in lead II ECGs obtained in RL recumbency. All intervals could be measured in all dogs (conscious and sedated) from a RL lead II ECG with both PL and DL electrode positioning. This was reduced to 98% for lead II ECGs with dogs in LL and standing positions. Intervals that were not different regardless of recording device, dog position, electrode limb position or sedation included P, QRS and P+QRS, suggesting that these intervals have the greatest clinical utility across a variety of recording conditions. The main impact of positioning in healthy dogs was the lack of ability to consistently measure all intervals in standing dogs, particularly P wave duration. Further investigation is needed to determine if this is applicable to dogs with cardiac disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Hertzer
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, 4474 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843-4474 USA.
| | - S Gordon
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, 4474 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843-4474 USA
| | - S Wesselowski
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, 4474 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843-4474 USA
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Kim S, Park HB, Jeon J, Arsanjani R, Heo R, Lee SE, Moon I, Yoo SK, Chang HJ. Fully automated quantification of cardiac chamber and function assessment in 2-D echocardiography: clinical feasibility of deep learning-based algorithms. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging 2022; 38:1047-1059. [PMID: 35152371 PMCID: PMC11143010 DOI: 10.1007/s10554-021-02482-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
We aimed to compare the segmentation performance of the current prominent deep learning (DL) algorithms with ground-truth segmentations and to validate the reproducibility of the manually created 2D echocardiographic four cardiac chamber ground-truth annotation. Recently emerged DL based fully-automated chamber segmentation and function assessment methods have shown great potential for future application in aiding image acquisition, quantification, and suggestion for diagnosis. However, the performance of current DL algorithms have not previously been compared with each other. In addition, the reproducibility of ground-truth annotations which are the basis of these algorithms have not yet been fully validated. We retrospectively enrolled 500 consecutive patients who underwent transthoracic echocardiogram (TTE) from December 2019 to December 2020. Simple U-net, Res-U-net, and Dense-U-net algorithms were compared for the segmentation performances and clinical indices such as left atrial volume (LAV), left ventricular end diastolic volume (LVEDV), left ventricular end systolic volume (LVESV), LV mass, and ejection fraction (EF) were evaluated. The inter- and intra-observer variability analysis was performed by two expert sonographers for a randomly selected echocardiographic view in 100 patients (apical 2-chamber, apical 4-chamber, and parasternal short axis views). The overall performance of all DL methods was excellent [average dice similarity coefficient (DSC) 0.91 to 0.95 and average Intersection over union (IOU) 0.83 to 0.90], with the exception of LV wall area on PSAX view (average DSC of 0.83, IOU 0.72). In addition, there were no significant difference in clinical indices between ground truth and automated DL measurements. For inter- and intra-observer variability analysis, the overall intra observer reproducibility was excellent: LAV (ICC = 0.995), LVEDV (ICC = 0.996), LVESV (ICC = 0.997), LV mass (ICC = 0.991) and EF (ICC = 0.984). The inter-observer reproducibility was slightly lower as compared to intraobserver agreement: LAV (ICC = 0.976), LVEDV (ICC = 0.982), LVESV (ICC = 0.970), LV mass (ICC = 0.971), and EF (ICC = 0.899). The three current prominent DL-based fully automated methods are able to reliably perform four-chamber segmentation and quantification of clinical indices. Furthermore, we were able to validate the four cardiac chamber ground-truth annotation and demonstrate an overall excellent reproducibility, but still with some degree of inter-observer variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sekeun Kim
- CONNECT-AI Research Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Graduate Program of Biomedical Engineering, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyung-Bok Park
- CONNECT-AI Research Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Cardiology, Catholic Kwandong University International St. Mary's Hospital, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Jaeik Jeon
- CONNECT-AI Research Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Reza Arsanjani
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Ran Heo
- CONNECT-AI Research Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Cardiology, Hanyang University Seoul Hospital, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sang-Eun Lee
- CONNECT-AI Research Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Cardiology, Ewha Womans University Seoul Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Inki Moon
- CONNECT-AI Research Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunghyang University Bucheon Hospital, Bucheon, South Korea
| | - Sun Kook Yoo
- Department of Medical Engineering, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, South Korea.
| | - Hyuk-Jae Chang
- CONNECT-AI Research Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Severance Cardiovascular Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Yonsei University Health System, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, South Korea.
- Ontact Health Co., Ltd., Seoul, South Korea.
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Schober KE, Fox PR, Abbott J, Côté E, Luis‐Fuentes V, Matos JN, Stern JA, Visser L, Scollan KF, Chetboul V, Schrope D, Glaus T, Santilli R, Pariaut R, Stepien R, Arqued‐Soubeyran V, Toaldo MB, Estrada A, MacDonald K, Karlin ET, Rush J. Retrospective evaluation of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in 68 dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2022; 36:865-876. [PMID: 35322461 PMCID: PMC9151492 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a lack of clinical data on hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) in dogs. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES To investigate signalment, clinical signs, diagnostic findings, and survival in dogs with HCM. ANIMALS Sixty-eight client-owned dogs. METHODS Retrospective multicenter study. Medical records were searched between 2003 and 2015. The diagnosis of left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy was made by echocardiographic examination. RESULTS Three hundred and forty-five dogs with LV hypertrophy were identified, of which 277 were excluded. The remaining 68 dogs were 0.3 to 14 years old and predominantly <10 kg (85%), and without a sex predilection. Twenty-four % were Shih Tzu and 24% terrier breeds. Most (80%) had a systolic heart murmur. Owner-determined exercise intolerance (37%) and syncope (18%) were most commonly reported signs. The majority (84%) of dogs had symmetrical LV hypertrophy, whereas asymmetrical septal and LV free wall hypertrophy was observed in 9% and 6% of dogs, respectively. Isolated basal interventricular septal hypertrophy was not observed. Commonly recorded were systolic anterior motion of the mitral valve (60%) and LV diastolic dysfunction (89% of dogs where diastolic function was evaluated). Six dogs died unexpectedly, and 3 developed congestive heart failure. Known survival times were between 1 day and 114 months after diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in dogs should be considered as a differential diagnosis if LV hypertrophy is identified. Small breed dogs are overrepresented, and it is uncommon for dogs with HCM to develop CHF although sudden death can occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karsten E. Schober
- Department of Veterinary Clinical SciencesThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOhioUSA
| | - Phillip R. Fox
- Department of CardiologyThe Animal Medical CenterNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Jonathan Abbott
- Department of Small Animal Clinical SciencesUniversity of TennesseeKnoxvilleTennesseeUSA
| | - Etienne Côté
- Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Unite de Cardiologie d'Alfort (UCA)Université Paris‐EstMaisons‐AlfortFrance
| | | | - Jose Novo Matos
- Clinical Sciences and ServicesRoyal Veterinary CollegeLondonUK
- Clinic for Small Animal Internal MedicineUniversity of ZürichZürichSwitzerland
| | - Joshua A. Stern
- Department of Medicine and EpidemiologyUniversity of CaliforniaDavisCaliforniaUSA
| | - Lance Visser
- Department of Medicine and EpidemiologyUniversity of CaliforniaDavisCaliforniaUSA
| | | | - Valerie Chetboul
- Atlantic Veterinary CollegeUniversity of Prince Edward IslandPrince Edward IslandCanada
| | - Donald Schrope
- Department of CardiologyOradell Animal HospitalParamusNew JerseyUSA
| | - Tony Glaus
- Clinic for Small Animal Internal MedicineUniversity of ZürichZürichSwitzerland
| | | | - Romain Pariaut
- Department of Clinical SciencesCornell College of Veterinary MedicineIthacaNew YorkUSA
| | - Rebecca Stepien
- Department of Medical SciencesUniversity of Wisconsin School of Veterinary MedicineMadisonWisconsinUSA
| | - Vanessa Arqued‐Soubeyran
- Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Unite de Cardiologie d'Alfort (UCA)Université Paris‐EstMaisons‐AlfortFrance
| | - Marco Baron Toaldo
- Clinic for Small Animal Internal MedicineUniversity of ZürichZürichSwitzerland
| | - Amara Estrada
- Department of Small Animal Clinical SciencesUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFloridaUSA
| | | | - Emily T. Karlin
- Cummings School of Veterinary MedicineTufts UniversityNorth GraftonMassachusettsUSA
| | - John Rush
- Cummings School of Veterinary MedicineTufts UniversityNorth GraftonMassachusettsUSA
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Repeated-Dose Pharmacodynamics of Pimobendan in Healthy Cats. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12080981. [PMID: 35454228 PMCID: PMC9026419 DOI: 10.3390/ani12080981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The dosing of pimobendan in cats is determined with reference to the effects of a single dose, although pimobendan is normally administered in repeated doses. In this study, the pharmacodynamics of repeated and multiple-dose pimobendan in healthy cats was investigated. Data were collected from five cats. Cardiac systolic function increased after repeated-dose pimobendan administration and correlated well with plasma concentrations of the drug. The results of this study suggest that a higher dose of pimobendan is effective. Abstract The aims of this study were to investigate the effects of repeated and multiple-dose pimobendan on cardiac systolic function and the correlations between changes in cardiac systolic function and plasma concentrations of pimobendan and O-desmethylpimobendan (ODMP). Five clinically healthy cats were subjected to four different medication protocols for 14 days, with a washout period of at least 1 month between each protocol. The protocols were pimobendan 0.5 mg/kg q12h (high dosage [HD] group); pimobendan 0.25 mg/kg q12h (standard dosage [SD] group); pimobendan 0.125 mg/kg q12h (low dosage group); and Biofermin R, one tablet q12h (placebo group). Echocardiography and measurement of plasma concentrations of pimobendan and ODMP were performed prior to medication administration (baseline) and 20, 40, 60, 120, 240, 360, and 480 min after administration, and the correlation between the changes in cardiac systolic function and plasma concentration of pimobendan, ODMP, or the sum of both were examined. The cardiac systolic function increased in the HD and SD groups, and there were significant correlations between the lateral peak systolic myocardial velocity (S′) changes and plasma pimobendan, plasma ODMP, and the sum of both. Repeated doses of pimobendan in healthy cats increased cardiac systolic function, and there were significant correlations between cardiac function and plasma concentrations of pimobendan and ODMP. The results of this study highlight the effectiveness of a higher dose of pimobendan.
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Chetboul V, Concordet D, Tissier R, Vonfeld I, Poissonnier C, Alvarado MP, Passavin P, Gluntz M, Lefort S, Bourgeois A, Duby D, Hano C, Chai N. CardiOvascular examination in awake Orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus): Low-stress Echocardiography including Speckle Tracking imaging (the COOLEST method). PLoS One 2022; 17:e0254306. [PMID: 35073314 PMCID: PMC8786155 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0254306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Cardiovascular diseases have been identified as a major cause of mortality and morbidity in Borneo orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus). Transthoracic echocardiography is usually performed under anesthesia in great apes, which may be stressful and increase risks of peri-anesthetic complications in case of cardiac alteration. The aim of the present pilot study was hence to develop a quick and non-stressful echocardiographic method (i.e., the COOLEST method) in awake Borneo orangutans (CardiOvascular examination in awake Orangutans: Low-stress Echocardiography including Speckle Tracking imaging) and assess the variability of corresponding variables. Materials and methods Four adult Borneo orangutans trained to present their chest to the trainers were involved. A total of 96 TTE examinations were performed on 4 different days by a trained observer examining each orangutan 6 times per day. Each examination included four two-dimensional views, with offline assessment of 28 variables (i.e., two-dimensional (n = 12), M-mode and anatomic M-mode (n = 6), Doppler (n = 7), and speckle tracking imaging (n = 3)), representing a total of 2,688 measurements. A general linear model was used to determine the within-day and between-day coefficients of variation. Results Mean±SD (minimum-maximum) images acquisition duration was 3.8±1.6 minutes (1.3–6.3). All within-day and between-day coefficients of variation but one (n = 55/56, 98%) were <15%, and most (51/56, 91%) were <10% including those of speckle tracking systolic strain variables (2.7% to 5.4%). Discussion Heart morphology as well as global and regional myocardial function can be assessed in awake orangutans with good to excellent repeatability and reproducibility. Conclusions This non-stressful method may be used for longitudinal cardiac follow-up in awake orangutans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Chetboul
- École nationale vétérinaire d’Alfort, CHUVA, Unité de Cardiologie d’Alfort (UCA), Maisons-Alfort, France
- Univ Paris Est Créteil, INSERM, IMRB, Créteil, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Didier Concordet
- Intheres, Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, Toulouse Cedex 3, France
| | | | - Irène Vonfeld
- École nationale vétérinaire d’Alfort, CHUVA, Unité de Cardiologie d’Alfort (UCA), Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Camille Poissonnier
- École nationale vétérinaire d’Alfort, CHUVA, Unité de Cardiologie d’Alfort (UCA), Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Maria Paz Alvarado
- École nationale vétérinaire d’Alfort, CHUVA, Unité de Cardiologie d’Alfort (UCA), Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Peggy Passavin
- École nationale vétérinaire d’Alfort, CHUVA, Unité de Cardiologie d’Alfort (UCA), Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Mathilde Gluntz
- École nationale vétérinaire d’Alfort, CHUVA, Unité de Cardiologie d’Alfort (UCA), Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Solène Lefort
- École nationale vétérinaire d’Alfort, CHUVA, Unité de Cardiologie d’Alfort (UCA), Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Aude Bourgeois
- Ménagerie, le Zoo du Jardin des Plantes, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
| | - Dylan Duby
- Ménagerie, le Zoo du Jardin des Plantes, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
| | - Christelle Hano
- Ménagerie, le Zoo du Jardin des Plantes, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
| | - Norin Chai
- Ménagerie, le Zoo du Jardin des Plantes, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
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Passavin P, Chetboul V, Poissonnier C, Saponaro V, Trehiou-Sechi E, Alvarado MP, Tissier R, Lagrange I, Deshuillers P. Red blood cell abnormalities occur in dogs with congenital ventricular outflow tract obstruction. Am J Vet Res 2021; 83:198-204. [PMID: 34936577 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.21.11.0188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To document RBC abnormalities in dogs with congenital ventricular outflow tract obstruction. ANIMALS 62 dogs with pulmonic stenosis (PS) or aortic stenosis (AS) and 20 control dogs were recruited. PROCEDURES The proportions of RBCs that were schistocytes, acanthocytes, and keratocytes were assessed. Complete blood cell counts were performed. Tested variables included hemoglobin concentration, hematocrit, and erythrocyte count. RESULTS Median (interquartile range [IQR]) peak systolic Doppler-derived trans-stenotic pressure gradient (∆P) values were 161 mm Hg (108 to 215 mm Hg) and 134 mm Hg (125 to 165 mm Hg) for dogs with PS and AS, respectively. Hematologic abnormalities were detected in most dogs with AS or PS (54/62 [87%]) versus 8/20 [40%] in control dogs, with schistocytes found in 40 of 62 (65%; median, 0.1% RBCs; IQR, 0% to 0.3%), acanthocytes in 29 of 62 (47%; median, 0.3% RBCs; IQR, 0% to 0.9%), keratocytes in 39 of 62 (63%; median, 0% RBCs; IQR, 0% to 0.2%), and hemolytic anemia in 4 dogs with PS. No significant association was identified between these abnormalities and ∆P. However, 3 of 4 dogs with anemia had a ∆P > 200 mm Hg (range, 242 to 340 mm Hg). The dog with the highest ∆P value also had the most severe anemia and schistocytosis, and both resolved after balloon valvuloplasty. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Poikilocytosis is common in dogs with congenital ventricular outflow tract obstruction, with anemia only observed in few dogs with high ∆P values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peggy Passavin
- Unité de Cardiologie d'Alfort, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vétérinaire d'Alfort (CHUVA), École Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Valérie Chetboul
- Unité de Cardiologie d'Alfort, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vétérinaire d'Alfort (CHUVA), École Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France.,Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale, U955 Inserm, École Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, UPEC, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Camille Poissonnier
- Unité de Cardiologie d'Alfort, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vétérinaire d'Alfort (CHUVA), École Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Vittorio Saponaro
- Unité de Cardiologie d'Alfort, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vétérinaire d'Alfort (CHUVA), École Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Emilie Trehiou-Sechi
- Unité de Cardiologie d'Alfort, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vétérinaire d'Alfort (CHUVA), École Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Maria-Paz Alvarado
- Unité de Cardiologie d'Alfort, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vétérinaire d'Alfort (CHUVA), École Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Renaud Tissier
- Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale, U955 Inserm, École Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, UPEC, Maisons-Alfort, France.,Unité de Pharmacie-Toxicologie, École Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Isabelle Lagrange
- Unité de Biochimie et Biologie Clinique/Laboratoire BioPôle, École Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Pierre Deshuillers
- Unité de Biochimie et Biologie Clinique/Laboratoire BioPôle, École Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France.,UMR Biologie Moléculaire et Immunologie Parasitaires, École Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
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12
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Echocardiographic reference intervals in healthy UK deerhounds and prevalence of preclinical dilated cardiomyopathy: a prospective, longitudinal study. J Vet Cardiol 2021; 40:142-155. [PMID: 34052149 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2021.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sighthounds have high echocardiographic (ECHO) left ventricular volumes. Establishing robust breed-specific ECHO reference intervals (RI) for screening is important. End-diastolic volume index (EDVI), end-systolic volume index (ESVI) and ejection fraction (EF) reference ranges derived by Simpson's method of discs are not available for deerhounds. The influence of sex or body weight (BW) on left ventricular diameter during diastole (LVDd) and systole (LVDs) has never been reported. OBJECTIVES Prospectively determine ECHO RI and assess prevalence of dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) in healthy UK deerhounds. ANIMALS Ninety-nine deerhounds. METHODS Deerhounds scored on ECHO and ECG variables then classified as normal (NORM), equivocal (EQUIV) or affected (AFF) with DCM. Fifty-nine NORM deerhounds used to determine ECHO RI. RESULTS Prevalence of DCM was 21.6%. There were significant differences in BW (p<0.001), LVDd (p<0.001) and LVDs (p<0.05) between female and male deerhounds. Cut-off values for EDVI (≥140.2 mL/m2: 79% sensitivity/97% specificity), ESVI (≥71.9 mL/m2: 94.7% sensitivity/94.2% specificity) and EF (≤42.1%: 84.2% sensitivity/92.8% specificity) were proposed to help diagnose DCM. The most reliable ECHO variables to identify AFF dogs were LVDs indexed to BW by allometric scaling and ESVI; one of the least reliable was sphericity index. Ventricular arrhythmias (VA) were identified in 13.6% of the population, with the highest prevalence in AFF deerhounds (42%). CONCLUSIONS Preclinical DCM in deerhounds is common and VA may be associated with DCM. Healthy deerhounds have higher LVDd, LVDs and EDVI compared with other breeds. This study provides ECHO RIs for deerhounds; sex or BW RIs should be used when screening.
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Morita T, Nakamura K, Osuga T, Takiguchi M. Repeatability, reproducibility, and reference intervals for indices of right atrial longitudinal strain derived from speckle-tracking echocardiography in healthy dogs. Am J Vet Res 2021; 82:274-279. [PMID: 33764827 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.82.4.274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine repeatability, reproducibility, and reference intervals of indices of right atrial longitudinal strain (RALS) derived from speckle-tracking echocardiography (STE) in dogs without heart disease. ANIMALS 110 client-owned dogs and 10 laboratory Beagles. PROCEDURES To determine intraobserver within-day (repeatability) and interobserver (reproducibility) coefficients of variation, RALS during ventricular systole (ϵS), ventricular early diastole (ϵE), and atrial systole (ϵA), as derived with STE, were obtained by 2 investigators for 5 randomly selected client-owned dogs and analyzed by linear regression. Reference intervals were estimated from the results of all dogs. Correlations between RALS indices (ϵS, ϵE, and ϵA) and sex, age, body weight, heart rate, and blood pressure were determined. RESULTS RALS derived from STE showed good intraobserver within-day repeatability and interobserver reproducibility, with coefficients of variation of < 20%. Both ϵS and ϵE were significantly negatively correlated with age, but ϵA was not correlated with age. Indices were not correlated with sex, body weight, or blood pressure. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE RALS indices derived from STE were repeatable and reproducible and were affected by the age of dogs without heart disease. Age should be considered in the interpretation of RALS indices in clinical settings. Further studies are needed to apply RALS indices for assessing dogs with heart disease.
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14
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Wilshaw J, Rosenthal SL, Wess G, Dickson D, Bevilacqua L, Dutton E, Deinert M, Abrantes R, Schneider I, Oyama MA, Gordon SG, Elliott J, Xia D, Boswood A. Accuracy of history, physical examination, cardiac biomarkers, and biochemical variables in identifying dogs with stage B2 degenerative mitral valve disease. J Vet Intern Med 2021; 35:755-770. [PMID: 33645846 PMCID: PMC7995403 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Treatment is indicated in dogs with preclinical degenerative mitral valve disease (DMVD) and cardiomegaly (stage B2). This is best diagnosed using echocardiography; however, relying upon this limits access to accurate diagnosis. Objectives To evaluate whether cardiac biomarker concentrations can be used alongside other clinical data to identify stage B2 dogs. Animals Client‐owned dogs (n = 1887) with preclinical DMVD prospectively sampled in Germany, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Methods Dogs that met inclusion criteria and were not receiving pimobendan (n = 1245) were used for model development. Explanatory (multivariable logistic regression) and predictive models were developed using clinical observations, biochemistry, and cardiac biomarker concentrations, with echocardiographically confirmed stage B2 disease as the outcome. Receiver operating characteristic curves assessed the ability to identify stage B2 dogs. Results Age, appetite, serum alanine aminotransferase activity, body condition, serum creatinine concentration, murmur intensity, and plasma N‐terminal propeptide of B‐type natriuretic peptide (NT‐proBNP) concentration were independently associated with the likelihood of being stage B2. The discriminatory ability of this explanatory model (area under curve [AUC], 0.84; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.82‐0.87) was superior to NT‐proBNP (AUC, 0.77; 95% CI, 0.74‐0.80) or the vertebral heart score alone (AUC, 0.76; 95% CI, 0.69‐0.83). A predictive logistic regression model could identify the probability of being stage B2 (AUC test set, 0.86; 95% CI, 0.81‐0.91). Conclusion and Clinical Importance Our findings indicate accessible measurements could be used to screen dogs with preclinical DMVD. Encouraging at‐risk dogs to seek further evaluation could result in a greater proportion of cases being appropriately managed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Wilshaw
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, UK
| | | | - Gerhard Wess
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Mark A Oyama
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Sonya G Gordon
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Jonathan Elliott
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Science, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, UK
| | - Dong Xia
- Research Support Office, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, UK
| | - Adrian Boswood
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, UK
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15
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Osuga T, Morita T, Sasaki N, Morishita K, Ohta H, Takiguchi M. Echocardiographic estimation of left ventricular-arterial coupling in dogs with myxomatous mitral valve disease. J Vet Intern Med 2021; 35:78-87. [PMID: 33442907 PMCID: PMC7848320 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The effective arterial elastance (Ea) to left ventricular (LV) end‐systolic elastance (Ees) ratio (Ea/Ees) is an index of the interaction between LV and systemic arterial systems, left ventricular‐arterial coupling (VAC). The Ea is an index of total arterial load of the LV, whereas Ees is an index of LV systolic function. In humans, inappropriate VAC based on increased Ea/Ees estimated using echocardiography is associated with more advanced heart disease severity. Hypothesis Left ventricular‐arterial coupling assessed by echocardiographic estimation of Ea/Ees is associated with disease severity in dogs with myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD). Animals Ninety MMVD dogs and 61 healthy dogs. Methods Prospective cross‐sectional study. The MMVD dogs were classified into stages B1, B2, or C according to American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine guidelines. Effective arterial elastance was echocardiographically estimated using the formula: mean blood pressure/(forward stroke volume/body weight). End‐systolic elastance was echocardiographically estimated using the formula: mean blood pressure/(LV end‐systolic volume/body weight). The ratio Ea/Ees was calculated. Results The ratio Ea/Ees was higher in stage B2 dogs than in healthy dogs and dogs stage B1 (both P < .0001), and higher in stage C dogs than in healthy dogs and dogs in the other 2 stages (healthy vs C and B1 vs C, P < .0001; B2 vs C, P = .0005). Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that Ea/Ees and the peak velocity of early diastolic transmitral flow to isovolumic relaxation time ratio were independent predictors of stage C among echocardiographic indices in MMVD dogs. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Inappropriate VAC assessed by echocardiographically estimated Ea/Ees is associated with advanced disease severity in dogs with MMVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuyuki Osuga
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Tomoya Morita
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Noboru Sasaki
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Keitaro Morishita
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ohta
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Mitsuyoshi Takiguchi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
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Sugimoto K, Aoki T, Fujii Y. Longitudinal evaluation of cardiovascular function in six healthy cats aged 1-8 years. J Feline Med Surg 2020; 23:98-104. [PMID: 32552525 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x20932255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of ageing on the cardiovascular system of healthy adult cats. METHODS Six experimental cats were used. Echocardiography and measurements of systolic blood pressure (SBP) were performed every year for 8 years (from 1 year of age to 8 years of age) in all cats. Age-related changes to left ventricular (LV) structures, LV systolic and diastolic function, and SBP were assessed. RESULTS There were no significant changes in LV structures and SBP. Peak longitudinal strain rate during systole was decreased at 8 years of age, and peak longitudinal strain rate during diastole was decreased from 6 years of age. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE This study revealed that some measures of cardiac function recorded in six healthy cats from 1 to 8 years of age were affected as the cats got older; however, there were no structural changes or changes in measurements that are routinely assessed in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Sugimoto
- Laboratory of Small Animal Surgery, Azabu University, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Takuma Aoki
- Laboratory of Small Animal Surgery, Azabu University, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yoko Fujii
- Laboratory of Small Animal Surgery, Azabu University, Kanagawa, Japan
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17
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Epidemiological, clinical, and echocardiographic features, and outcome of dogs with Ebstein's anomaly: 32 cases (2002-2016). J Vet Cardiol 2020; 29:11-21. [PMID: 32348933 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2020.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2019] [Revised: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION/OBJECTIVES Ebstein's anomaly (EA) is a congenital heart disease characterized by apical displacement of the tricuspid valve leaflets in the right ventricle. The objective of this retrospective study was to investigate the signalment, clinical features, echocardiographic findings, and outcome of dogs with EA. ANIMALS, MATERIALS AND METHODS Medical records of 40 dogs with EA were reviewed. Echocardiographic variables used to assess EA severity in human pediatrics were also evaluated (e.g. displacement index, Celermajer index, Carpentier class, and apex-mitral annulus:apex-tricuspid annulus distance ratio). RESULTS Labrador retriever was the most commonly recruited breed (24 of the 40 dogs, 60%). Eight of the 40 dogs with EA had hemodynamically compromising concurrent heart (n = 7) or respiratory diseases (n = 1). A right apical systolic heart murmur (median grade = 5/6) was detected in the remaining 32 dogs, without any other clinical sign related to EA in 19 of the 32 dogs (59%). Median (interquartile range) values of the displacement index and Celermajer index were 17.4 mm/m2 (12.0-21.9) and 100% (50-130), respectively. Median time to all-cause death was 74 months, and 72% dogs (95% confidence interval, 50-86%) had not succumbed to cardiac death (CD) 160 months after diagnosis. Univariate analyses showed that the time from diagnosis to CD was associated with the presence of clinical signs, ascites, severe right atrial dilation, palpable thrill, and a Celermajer index ≥100%. DISCUSSION Right atrial enlargement is significantly associated with decreased survival time of dogs with EA although most may live for years and may not die from CD. CONCLUSIONS These results support medium to long-term survival for most dogs with EA.
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Sugimoto K, Aoki T, Fujii Y. Effects of atenolol on left atrial and left ventricular function in healthy cats and in cats with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Vet Med Sci 2020; 82:546-552. [PMID: 32188801 PMCID: PMC7273588 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.19-0670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to assess the effects of atenolol on left ventricular (LV) and left atrial (LA) function in healthy cats and investigate the relationship between atenolol administration
and LA enlargement (LAE) in cats with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). In study 1, nine experimental cats were used to assess the effects of atenolol in healthy subjects. Cats were
administered one of three medication protocols for 7 days: atenolol 6.25 mg/cat twice daily, 12.5 mg/cat twice daily, or placebo (biofermin) 1 tab/cat twice daily. In study 2, cats with HCM
were retrospectively recruited and divided into four groups according to atenolol administration [(control group (Cont) or atenolol administration group (Ate)] and the presence or absence of
LAE as follows: Cont LAE (−) group (n=42), Cont LAE (+) group (n=20), Ate LAE (−) group (n=17), and Ate LAE (+) group (n=12). LV and LA functions were compared in both studies. LV and LA
functions were decreased by atenolol administration in study 1. In study 2, the peak myocardial velocity during early diastole (E’) was significantly decreased in the Cont LAE (+), Ate LAE
(−), and Ate LAE (+) groups compared to that in the Cont LAE (−) group, but there were no significant differences between LAE (+) groups. Multivariate logistic analysis revealed that
atenolol administration was not associated with LAE. Diastolic dysfunction may be associated with LAE; however, atenolol administration did not affect LAE in cats with HCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Sugimoto
- Laboratory of Small Animal Surgery, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara-shi, Kanagawa 252-5201, Japan
| | - Takuma Aoki
- Laboratory of Small Animal Surgery, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara-shi, Kanagawa 252-5201, Japan
| | - Yoko Fujii
- Laboratory of Small Animal Surgery, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara-shi, Kanagawa 252-5201, Japan
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Darnis E, Merveille AC, Desquilbet L, Boysen S, Gommeren K. Interobserver agreement between non‐cardiologist veterinarians and a cardiologist after a 6‐hour training course for echographic evaluation of basic echocardiographic parameters and caudal vena cava diameter in 15 healthy Beagles. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2019; 29:495-504. [DOI: 10.1111/vec.12883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2017] [Revised: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elodie Darnis
- Faculty of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of Liège Liège Belgium
| | | | | | - Soren Boysen
- Department of Clinical and Diagnostic ScienceUniversity of Calgary Calgary Alberta Canada
| | - Kris Gommeren
- Department of Internal MedicineUniversity of Liège Liège Belgium
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Dermlim A, Nakamura K, Morita T, Osuga T, Nisa K, Sasaoka K, Leela-Arporn R, Sasaki N, Ohta H, Takiguchi M. The Repeatability and Left Atrial Strain Analysis Obtained via Speckle Tracking Echocardiography in healthy Dogs. J Vet Cardiol 2019; 23:69-80. [PMID: 31174731 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2019.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In left atrial (LA) strain-derived two-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography, the reference intervals in healthy dogs can provide useful information to evaluate the LA function in dogs with heart disease. ANIMALS Six laboratory beagles and 120 privately owned dogs without cardiac diseases were recruited. MATERIALS AND METHODS The LA strain and strain rate (SR) and echocardiographic indices were obtained in dogs who underwent standard echocardiography and offline analysis for LA strain and SR measurement by speckle tracking echocardiography. RESULTS The intra-observer within-day variations of strain variables showed adequate repeatability (coefficient of variation <20%). The mean values of strain were 25.37 for the LA reservoir function, 11.06 for the LA conduit function, and 14.17 for the LA booster-pump function; the strain was significantly correlated with the LA fractional volume change at each phasic function. The left atrial longitudinal strain during early ventricular diastole showed moderate correlation with the peak velocity of early diastolic transmitral flow (r = 0.5560) and ratio of peak velocity of early diastolic transmitral flow to peak velocity of late transmitral flow (r = 0.5515). In multiple regression analysis, only age was significantly related to the strain/SR and volumetric change indices, indicating conduit function. CONCLUSIONS Left atrial speckle tracking echocardiographic analysis provided useful information to assess the LA function in healthy dogs. The influencing factors on strain and SR variables including the age, body weight, and heart rate should be considered in interpretation of these parameters in a clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Dermlim
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, N18 W9, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - K Nakamura
- Laboratory of Internal Medicine, Organization for Promotion of Tenure Track, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuenkibanadai-nishi, Miyazaki, Japan.
| | - T Morita
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, N18 W9, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - T Osuga
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, N18 W9, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - K Nisa
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, N18 W9, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - K Sasaoka
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, N18 W9, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - R Leela-Arporn
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, N18 W9, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - N Sasaki
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, N18 W9, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - H Ohta
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, N18 W9, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - M Takiguchi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, N18 W9, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
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Fries RC, Gordon SG, Saunders AB, Miller MW, Hariu CD, Schaeffer DJ. Quantitative assessment of two- and three-dimensional transthoracic and two-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging in normal canine hearts. J Vet Cardiol 2018; 21:79-92. [PMID: 30797448 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2018.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Revised: 09/08/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The objective of the study was to evaluate the accuracy of two- and three-dimensional (2D, 3D) transthoracic echocardiography (TTE), 2D transesophageal echocardiography, and computed tomography angiography (CTA) compared with cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR) in normal dogs and to assess repeatability of 2D and 3D TTE for the assessment of left ventricular (LV) and left atrial (LA) dimensions. ANIMALS The study was performed on six healthy dogs. MATERIALS AND METHODS Transthoracic echocardiography, transesophageal echocardiography, CTA, and CMR were performed on each dog. Right ventricular (RV) and LV volumes (in systole and diastole), ejection fraction (EF), and LA and right atrial (RA) volumes were assessed. Repeatability and intrarater and interrater measurements of variability were quantified by average coefficient of variation (CV) for 2D and 3D TTE. RESULTS No clinically relevant differences in LV volume were detected between CMR and all modalities. Importantly, 3D TTE had the lowest CV (6.45%), correlated with (rs = 0.62, p = 0.01), and had the highest overlap in distribution with CMR (OVL >80%). Left ventricular EF and LA size via CTA compared best with CMR and RV and RA volumes were best estimated by 3D TTE. Assessment of LV and LA volumes via 3D TTE had moderate repeatability (15-21%) compared with LV M-mode measurements and 2D LA-to-aortic ratio (<10%), respectively. For LV size, interrater CV for 3D TTE (19.4%) was lower than 2D TTE (23.1%). CONCLUSIONS Measurements of LV, RV, and RA volumes via 3D TTE and LA volume and LV EF assessed by CTA compared best with CMR. Three-dimensional echocardiography had lower interrater and intrarater CV compared with 2D TTE.
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Affiliation(s)
- R C Fries
- Texas A&M University College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, 4474 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843-4474, USA.
| | - S G Gordon
- Texas A&M University College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, 4474 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843-4474, USA
| | - A B Saunders
- Texas A&M University College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, 4474 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843-4474, USA
| | - M W Miller
- Texas A&M University College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, 4474 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843-4474, USA
| | - C D Hariu
- Texas A&M University College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, 4474 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843-4474, USA
| | - D J Schaeffer
- University of Illinois College of Veterinary Medicine, 1008 West Hazelwood Drive, Urbana, IL 61802, USA
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22
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Chetboul V, Damoiseaux C, Poissonnier C, Lavennes M, Bertrand S, Borenstein N, Behr L, Pouchelon JL, Gouni V, Desquilbet L. Specific features and survival of French bulldogs with congenital pulmonic stenosis: a prospective cohort study of 66 cases. J Vet Cardiol 2018; 20:405-414. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2018.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Revised: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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23
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Chetboul V, Damoiseaux C, Lefebvre HP, Concordet D, Desquilbet L, Gouni V, Poissonnier C, Pouchelon JL, Tissier R. Quantitative assessment of systolic and diastolic right ventricular function by echocardiography and speckle-tracking imaging: a prospective study in 104 dogs. J Vet Sci 2018; 19:683-692. [PMID: 30041288 PMCID: PMC6167344 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2018.19.5.683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 06/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Our aim was (1) to determine the within-day and between-day variability of several indices of systolic and diastolic right ventricular (RV) function by using conventional echocardiography and speckle-tracking echocardiography (STE) (Study 1), (2) to quantify these variables in a large healthy canine population (n = 104) with Doppler-derived estimated systolic pulmonary arterial pressure (SPAP) and left ventricular (LV) function, and (3) to establish the corresponding reference intervals (Study 2). For both studies, RV variables included tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE), right fractional area change (RFAC), STE longitudinal systolic strain (StS) of the RV free wall (RVFW) and of the entire RV (i.e., global RV StS), STE longitudinal systolic RVFW strain rate (SRS), and the diastolic early:late strain rate ratio. All but one within- and between-day coefficients of variation (13/14) were < 15%, the lowest being observed for TAPSE (3.6–9.8%), global RV StS (3.8–9.9%), and RVFW StS (3.7–7.3%). SPAP was weakly and negatively correlated with the TAPSE:body weight ratio (rs = −0.26, p = 0.01) and RVFW SRS (rs = −0.23, p < 0.05). Reference intervals (lower and upper limits with 90% confidence intervals) were provided for all variables. STE provides a non-invasive evaluation of RV function that may be used for clinical investigations in canine cardiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Chetboul
- Alfort Cardiology Unit (UCA), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vétérinaire d'Alfort (CHUVA), National Veterinary School of Alfort, Paris-Est University, Maisons-Alfort, 94704 Cedex, France.,Inserm U955, Team 03, Créteil, 94010 Cedex, France
| | - Cécile Damoiseaux
- Alfort Cardiology Unit (UCA), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vétérinaire d'Alfort (CHUVA), National Veterinary School of Alfort, Paris-Est University, Maisons-Alfort, 94704 Cedex, France
| | - Hervé P Lefebvre
- Research Clinic Unit, National Veterinary School of Toulouse, Toulouse University, Toulouse, F-31076 Cedex 03, France
| | - Didier Concordet
- TOXALIM, National Veterinary School of Toulouse, INRA, Toulouse University, Toulouse, F-31076 Cedex 03, France
| | - Loic Desquilbet
- Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics Unit, National Veterinary School of Alfort, Paris-Est University, Maisons-Alfort, 94704 Cedex, France
| | - Vassiliki Gouni
- Alfort Cardiology Unit (UCA), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vétérinaire d'Alfort (CHUVA), National Veterinary School of Alfort, Paris-Est University, Maisons-Alfort, 94704 Cedex, France.,Inserm U955, Team 03, Créteil, 94010 Cedex, France
| | - Camille Poissonnier
- Alfort Cardiology Unit (UCA), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vétérinaire d'Alfort (CHUVA), National Veterinary School of Alfort, Paris-Est University, Maisons-Alfort, 94704 Cedex, France
| | - Jean-Louis Pouchelon
- Alfort Cardiology Unit (UCA), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vétérinaire d'Alfort (CHUVA), National Veterinary School of Alfort, Paris-Est University, Maisons-Alfort, 94704 Cedex, France.,Inserm U955, Team 03, Créteil, 94010 Cedex, France
| | - Renaud Tissier
- Inserm U955, Team 03, Créteil, 94010 Cedex, France.,Pharmacology-Toxicology Unit, National Veterinary School of Alfort, Paris-Est University, Maisons-Alfort, 94704 Cedex, France
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Sasaoka K, Nakamura K, Osuga T, Morita T, Yokoyama N, Morishita K, Sasaki N, Ohta H, Takiguchi M. Transcranial Doppler Ultrasound Examination in Dogs with Suspected Intracranial Hypertension Caused by Neurologic Diseases. J Vet Intern Med 2017; 32:314-323. [PMID: 29265506 PMCID: PMC5787153 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.14900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Revised: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Transcranial Doppler ultrasound examination (TCD) is a rapid, noninvasive technique used to evaluate cerebral blood flow and is useful for the detection of intracranial hypertension in humans. However, the clinical usefulness of TCD in diagnosing intracranial hypertension has not been demonstrated for intracranial diseases in dogs. Objectives To determine the association between the TCD variables and intracranial hypertension in dogs with intracranial diseases. Animals Fifty client‐owned dogs with neurologic signs. Methods Cross‐sectional study. All dogs underwent TCD of the basilar artery under isoflurane anesthesia after magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Dogs were classified into 3 groups based on MRI findings: no structural diseases (group I), structural disease without MRI evidence of intracranial hypertension (group II), and structural disease with MRI evidence of intracranial hypertension (group III). The TCD vascular resistance variables (resistive index [RI], pulsatility index [PI], and the ratio of systolic to diastolic mean velocity [Sm/Dm]) were measured. Results Fifteen, 22, and 13 dogs were classified into groups I, II, and III, respectively. Dogs in group III had significantly higher Sm/Dm (median, 1.78; range, 1.44–2.58) than those in group I (median, 1.63; range, 1.43–1.75) and group II (median, 1.62; range, 1.27–2.10). No significant differences in RI and PI were identified among groups. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Our findings suggest that increased Sm/Dm is associated with MRI findings of suspected intracranial hypertension in dogs with intracranial diseases and that TCD could be a useful tool to help to diagnose intracranial hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Sasaoka
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - K Nakamura
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - T Osuga
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - T Morita
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - N Yokoyama
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - K Morishita
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - N Sasaki
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - H Ohta
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - M Takiguchi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
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Abbott JA, Gentile-Solomon JM. Measurement Variation and Repeatability of Echocardiographic Variables Used to Estimate Pulmonary Artery Pressure in Dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2017; 31:1622-1628. [PMID: 29031025 PMCID: PMC5697183 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.14846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Revised: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is an important clinical entity in dogs. Pulmonary hypertension is generally identified based on echocardiographic findings, but measurement variation of the variables most often used in this context has not been reported. Objective To define measurement variation of echocardiographic variables that are used to estimate pulmonary artery pressure. Animals Four dogs with subclinical tricuspid valve regurgitation were selected from a hospital population. Methods Prospective descriptive study ‐ dogs were subject to repeated echocardiographic examination by 2 operators. Each dog was echocardiographically examined 12 times, once by each operator during mornings and afternoons of 3 nonconsecutive days. Measurement variation was defined by coefficients of variation and by mean square errors (MSE) from ANOVA models. Repeatability coefficients (RC) were calculated from MSE. Results Of 50 within‐day, between‐day, and interoperator coefficients of variation (CVs), 37 were less than 10% and 46 were less than 15%. The range of peak velocity of tricuspid valve regurgitation (VTR) VTR was 1.87–3.34 m/s. Analysis of variance revealed a significant effect (P < 0.05) of operator for 7 of 10 measurements. Within‐operator/between‐day/within‐subject and between‐operator/between‐day/within‐subject RCs of VTR were, respectively, 0.3 and 0.6 m/s. Conclusions and Clinical Importance With regard to repeatability, VTR is superior to other methods used for echocardiographic estimation of systolic pulmonary artery pressure. When TR is absent, the acceleration time of pulmonary ejection and the acceleration‐to‐ejection time ratio are alternative measures. A change in VTR exceeding 0.3 m/s might be outside the range of expected within‐operator variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Abbott
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA
| | - J M Gentile-Solomon
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA
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The repeatability and characteristics of right ventricular longitudinal strain imaging by speckle-tracking echocardiography in healthy dogs. J Vet Cardiol 2017; 19:351-362. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2017.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Revised: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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27
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Chetboul V, Pitsch I, Tissier R, Gouni V, Misbach C, Trehiou-Sechi E, Petit AM, Damoiseaux C, Pouchelon JL, Desquilbet L, Bomassi E. Epidemiological, clinical, and echocardiographic features and survival times of dogs and cats with tetralogy of Fallot: 31 cases (2003–2014). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2016; 249:909-917. [DOI: 10.2460/javma.249.8.909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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28
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Sugimoto K, Fujii Y, Ogura Y, Sunahara H, Aoki T. Influence of alterations in heart rate on left ventricular echocardiographic measurements in healthy cats. J Feline Med Surg 2016; 19:841-845. [PMID: 27502088 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x16661374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Objectives The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of sudden alterations in heart rate (HR) on left ventricular (LV) wall thickness and dimensions determined by echocardiography in healthy cats. Methods Six experimental cats were used. All cats were anaesthetised and HR was controlled with right atrial pacing. The interventricular septum and left ventricular free wall thickness at end diastole (IVSd and LVFWd, respectively), left ventricular end-diastolic and end-systolic diameter (LVIDd and LVIDs, respectively) and shortening fraction (FS) of each cat were assessed using echocardiography at pacing rates of 120, 130, 140, 150, 160, 170 and 180 ppm. Results There were significant relationships between HR and IVSd, LVFWd, LVIDd, LVIDs and FS. As the HR increased, LV wall thickness increased and chamber dimensions got smaller in a linear fashion. The maximum and minimum differences in wall thickness between 120 ppm and 180 ppm were 2.0 mm and 0.7 mm in single measurements, respectively. Conclusions and relevance LV wall thickness and dimensions were significantly influenced by alterations in HR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Sugimoto
- Laboratory of Surgery 1, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yoko Fujii
- Laboratory of Surgery 1, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yuto Ogura
- Laboratory of Surgery 1, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Sunahara
- Laboratory of Surgery 1, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Takuma Aoki
- Laboratory of Surgery 1, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, Kanagawa, Japan
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Morita T, Nakamura K, Osuga T, Lim SY, Yokoyama N, Morishita K, Ohta H, Takiguchi M. Repeatability and reproducibility of right ventricular Tei index valves derived from three echocardiographic methods for evaluation of cardiac function in dogs. Am J Vet Res 2016; 77:715-20. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.77.7.715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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30
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Bomassi E, Misbach C, Tissier R, Gouni V, Trehiou-Sechi E, Petit AM, Desmyter A, Damoiseaux C, Pouchelon JL, Chetboul V. Signalment, clinical features, echocardiographic findings, and outcome of dogs and cats with ventricular septal defects: 109 cases (1992–2013). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2015; 247:166-75. [DOI: 10.2460/javma.247.2.166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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31
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Yata M, McLachlan AJ, Foster DJR, Page SW, Beijerink NJ. Pharmacokinetics and cardiovascular effects following a single oral administration of a nonaqueous pimobendan solution in healthy dogs. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2015; 39:45-53. [PMID: 25997373 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Pimobendan is an inodilator used in the treatment of canine congestive heart failure (CHF). The aim of this study was to investigate the pharmacokinetics and cardiovascular effects of a nonaqueous oral solution of pimobendan using a single-dose, operator-blinded, parallel-dose study design. Eight healthy dogs were divided into two treatment groups consisting of water (negative control) and pimobendan solution. Plasma samples and noninvasive measures of cardiovascular function were obtained over a 24-h period following dosing. Pimobendan and its active metabolite were quantified using an ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometer (UHPLC-MS) assay. The oral pimobendan solution was rapidly absorbed [time taken to reach maximum concentration (Tmax ) 1.1 h] and readily converted to the active metabolite (metabolite Tmax 1.3 h). The elimination half-life was short for both pimobendan and its active metabolite (0.9 and 1.6 h, respectively). Maximal cardiovascular effects occurred at 2-4 h after a single oral dose, with measurable effects occurring primarily in echocardiographic indices of systolic function. Significant effects persisted for <8 h. The pimobendan nonaqueous oral solution was well tolerated by study dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Yata
- University Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - A J McLachlan
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - D J R Foster
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - S W Page
- Luoda Pharma, Caringbah, NSW, Australia
| | - N J Beijerink
- University Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Royer-Boutin P, Cortés PA, Milbergue M, Petit M, Vézina F. Estimation of Muscle Mass by Ultrasonography Differs between Observers and Life States of Models in Small Birds. Physiol Biochem Zool 2015; 88:336-44. [PMID: 25860831 DOI: 10.1086/680016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Royer-Boutin
- Département de Biologie, Chimie, et Géographie, Université du Québec à Rimouski, Rimouski, Québec G5L 3A1, Canada; 2Centre d'Études Nordiques, Québec, Québec G1V 0A6, Canada; 3Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y Evolutivas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Campus Isla Teja, Valdivia 567, Chile; 4Centre de la Science de la Biodiversité du Québec, Montréal, Québec H3A 1B1, Canada
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Sugimoto K, Fujii Y, Sunahara H, Aoki T. Assessment of left ventricular longitudinal function in cats with subclinical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy using tissue Doppler imaging and speckle tracking echocardiography. J Vet Med Sci 2015; 77:1101-8. [PMID: 25877405 PMCID: PMC4591151 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.14-0354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) in cats is characterized by concentric left
ventricular (LV) hypertrophy and both diastolic and systolic dysfunction. Although
impaired cardiac function detected by tissue Doppler imaging (TDI) in cats with HCM was
previously reported, reference ranges of TDI in normal cats and cats with HCM have been
reported as widely variable. Two-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography (STE) was
useful for assessment of cardiac function in human patients with HCM, but clinical utility
was not known in cats. The aim of this study was to assess global and segmental LV
myocardial function using STE in cats with HCM whose TDI variables were within the
reference range. A total of 35 cats of different breeds were enrolled in this study. The
HCM group (n=22) was cats diagnosed as HCM without left atrial enlargement and with normal
TDI measurements. HCM cats were further divided into a segmental hypertrophy (S-HCM) group
and a diffuse hypertrophy (D-HCM) group. The control group consisted of 13 clinically
healthy cats. No cats in any group showed any clinical symptoms. Conventional
echocardiography, TDI, and global and segmental STE indices were evaluated and compared
between groups. Only the longitudinal strain rate during early diastole was significantly
decreased in both HCM groups, even in all segments including those without hypertrophy in
S-HCM group. This study suggests that STE parameters are the more sensitive variables
compared with conventional TDI parameters to detect early myocardial diastolic dysfunction
in cats with HCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Sugimoto
- Laboratory of Surgery 1, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara-shi, Kanagawa 252-5201, Japan
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Echocardiographic and radiographic findings in a cohort of healthy adult green iguanas (Iguana iguana). J Vet Cardiol 2014; 16:185-96. [PMID: 25127666 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2014.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Revised: 05/26/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To describe characteristics of echocardiography and cranial coelomic radiography in a cohort of iguanas. ANIMALS Twenty apparently healthy adult green iguanas (Iguana iguana) from a reptile sanctuary. METHODS Physical examination, radiography, two-dimensional and color Doppler echocardiography were performed to assess cardiac structures and function, and any related normal or abnormal findings were recorded. RESULTS Echocardiographic examination was possible without sedation and allowed visualization of the great vessels, atria, and ventricle. Some structures could not be evaluated in a minority of the iguanas due to individual differences in bony conformation and imaging quality. Suspected abnormal echocardiographic findings in 3 iguanas included pericardial effusion (n = 1) and enlarged caudal vena cava and/or sinus venosus (n = 2). Objective measurements were repeatable as assessed by within-subject coefficient of variation, and reliable as assessed by intra-observer intraclass correlation coefficient. Left atrial and ventricular measurements were significantly correlated with body weight. Valve regurgitation was common, with atrioventricular valve regurgitation present in 53% (9/17) and aortic or pulmonic valve regurgitation in 71% (12/17) of otherwise normal iguanas. A heart murmur was not appreciated during examination of any of the iguanas. Heart size cannot be measured radiographically due to superimposition and silhouetting of other coelomic structures. Echocardiographic or radiographic findings consistent with mineralization of the great vessels were present in 76% of iguanas (13/17). CONCLUSIONS Echocardiography in iguanas is well tolerated without sedation and allowed both subjective evaluation and structural measurements. Valve regurgitation and great vessel mineralization were commonly observed in this cohort of apparently healthy adult iguanas.
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Gouni V, Tissier R, Misbach C, Balouka D, Bueno H, Pouchelon JL, Lefebvre HP, Chetboul V. Influence of the observer’s level of experience on systolic and diastolic arterial blood pressure measurements using Doppler ultrasonography in healthy conscious cats. J Feline Med Surg 2014; 17:94-100. [DOI: 10.1177/1098612x14532087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the influence of the observer’s level of experience on within- and between-day variability, and the percentage of successful systolic (SAP) and diastolic arterial blood pressure (DAP) measurements obtained by Doppler ultrasonography (DU) in awake cats. For this purpose, six healthy conscious cats were used and four observers with different levels of training performed 144 SAP and DAP measurements on 4 days using DU. Measurements were recorded five consecutive times, and mean values were used for statistical analysis. Only the two most skilled observers – a PhD student in cardiology and a Dipl ECVIM-CA (cardiology) – had within- and between-day coefficients of variation (CVs) for SAP ⩽16% (13–16%). Conversely, the two less experienced observers – a fifth-year student and an assistant – had high between-day CVs (61% and 73%). For DAP, only the most experienced observer (Dipl ECVIM-CA) succeeded in 100% of the attempts, with within- and between-day CVs of 11% and 4%, respectively. Conversely, DAP could not be measured by the other three observers in 8%, 19% and 56% of attempts (from the highest to the lowest level of experience); therefore, the corresponding CV values could not be calculated. In conclusion, SAP may be assessed using DU in healthy awake cats with good repeatability and reproducibility by a well-trained observer. Measurement of DAP is more difficult than of SAP, and needs a longer training period, which represents one of the limitations of DU in cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vassiliki Gouni
- Alfort Cardiology Unit (UCA), Central University Veterinary Hospital of Alfort (CHUVA), National Veterinary School of Alfort, Paris-Est University, Maisons-Alfort, France
- INSERM U955, Equipe 3, Créteil, France
| | - Renaud Tissier
- INSERM U955, Equipe 3, Créteil, France
- Unit of Pharmatoxicology, National Veterinary School of Alfort, Paris-Est University, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Charlotte Misbach
- Alfort Cardiology Unit (UCA), Central University Veterinary Hospital of Alfort (CHUVA), National Veterinary School of Alfort, Paris-Est University, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - David Balouka
- Alfort Cardiology Unit (UCA), Central University Veterinary Hospital of Alfort (CHUVA), National Veterinary School of Alfort, Paris-Est University, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Hanna Bueno
- Alfort Cardiology Unit (UCA), Central University Veterinary Hospital of Alfort (CHUVA), National Veterinary School of Alfort, Paris-Est University, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Jean-Louis Pouchelon
- Alfort Cardiology Unit (UCA), Central University Veterinary Hospital of Alfort (CHUVA), National Veterinary School of Alfort, Paris-Est University, Maisons-Alfort, France
- INSERM U955, Equipe 3, Créteil, France
| | - Hervé P Lefebvre
- Clinical Research Unit, National Veterinary School of Toulouse, University of Toulouse, INP, Toulouse, France
| | - Valérie Chetboul
- Alfort Cardiology Unit (UCA), Central University Veterinary Hospital of Alfort (CHUVA), National Veterinary School of Alfort, Paris-Est University, Maisons-Alfort, France
- INSERM U955, Equipe 3, Créteil, France
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Echocardiography and conventional Doppler examination in clinically healthy adult Cavalier King Charles Spaniels: effect of body weight, age, and gender, and establishment of reference intervals. J Vet Cardiol 2014; 16:91-100. [PMID: 24834861 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2014.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2013] [Revised: 03/16/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The objectives of this study were (1) to assess the potential effect of body weight (BW), age, and gender on the most commonly used echocardiographic and conventional Doppler variables in a large population of healthy Cavalier King Charles Spaniels (CKCS), and (2) to establish the corresponding reference intervals (RI). ANIMALS 134 healthy adult CKCS. METHODS Ultrasound examinations were performed by trained observers in awake dogs. M-mode variables included left ventricular (LV) end-diastolic and end-systolic diameters, LV free wall and interventricular septal thicknesses at end-diastole and end-systole, and LV fractional shortening (FS%). The left atrium (LA) and aortic (Ao) diameters were measured using a 2D method, and the LA/Ao was calculated. Pulsed-wave Doppler variables included peak systolic aortic and pulmonary flow velocities, mitral E and A waves, and E/A ratio. Effects of BW, age, and gender on these 15 variables were tested using a general linear model, and RIs were determined by applying the statistical procedures recommended by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. RESULTS A significant BW effect was observed for all variables, except LA/Ao, FS%, and mitral E/A ratio. A significant but negligible effect of gender and age was also observed for 5/15 and 4/15 of the tested variables, respectively. Only the BW effect on M-mode variables was considered as clinically relevant and the corresponding regression-based RIs were calculated. CONCLUSIONS Body weight should be taken into account when interpreting echocardiographic values in CKCS, except for LA/Ao, FS%, and mitral E/A ratio.
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Streitberger A, Hocke V, Modler P. Measurement of pulmonary transit time in healthy cats by use of ultrasound contrast media "Sonovue®": feasibility, reproducibility, and values in 42 cats. J Vet Cardiol 2013; 15:181-7. [PMID: 23933477 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2013.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2012] [Revised: 05/01/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the feasibility of measuring pulmonary transit time (PTT) in healthy cats by transthoracic echocardiography using the ultrasound contrast agent Sonovue(®). To determine normalized PTT (nPTT) values in 42 healthy cats and to estimate the interobserver variability and the within-day repeatability of nPTT measurements. ANIMALS Forty-two privately owned healthy cats of different breeds, gender and age presented for cardiac examination. METHODS A bolus injection of contrast agent (Sonovue(®)) was administered intravenously. The right parasternal short axis echocardiographic view was used to record the contrast agent's transit time from the pulmonary artery to the left atrium. Pulmonary transit time and nPTT were determined independently by three examiners with different levels of experience. RESULTS Normalized PTT was 4.12 ± 1.0 (mean ± SD) in our population. The median interobserver variability across our population was 6.8%, the median within-day variability for the three observers were 13.1%, 12.7% and 13%. No effect of the observer's experience on nPTT measurement was identified. Age, sex and body weight did not significantly influence nPTT. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that nPTT measurement is feasible in cats using ultrasound and the blood pool contrast media Sonovue(®). Measurements of nPTT can be performed in a clinical setting. Normalized PTT values in healthy cats are comparable with those reported in healthy dogs.
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Misbach C, Chetboul V, Concordet D, Gruet P, Speranza C, Hoffmann AC, Rocha A, Balouka D, Petit AMP, Trehiou-Sechi E, Pouchelon JL, Lefebvre HP. Basal plasma concentrations of N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide in clinically healthy adult small size dogs: effect of body weight, age, gender and breed, and reference intervals. Res Vet Sci 2013; 95:879-85. [PMID: 23993661 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2013.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Revised: 07/23/2013] [Accepted: 07/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Plasma NT-proBNP has previously been evaluated in dogs with degenerative mitral valve disease (DMVD). However, reference intervals (RI) established according to the Clinical Laboratory and Standards Institute (CLSI) recommendations have never been provided. The objectives of this prospective study were to assess effects of breed, body weight, age, and sex on plasma NT-proBNP, and to establish RI according to CLSI for this biomarker in a large population of dogs predisposed to DMVD. 183 Healthy small-sized dogs from 7 breeds were included. Assays were performed by ELISA. Effects of covariates were tested using a general linear model. Although a sex effect was demonstrated (P=0.01), no significant effect of breed, body weight or age was shown. The proposed RI was 157-2842 pmol/L. 7% of dogs had plasma NT-proBNP >2617 pmol/L, and were considered as outliers despite normal cardiovascular examination. In conclusion, plasma NT-proBNP may be high in a few healthy small-sized dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Misbach
- Université Paris-Est, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Unité de Cardiologie d'Alfort (UCA), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vétérinaire d'Alfort (CHUVA), 7 avenue du général de Gaulle, 94704 Maisons-Alfort cedex, France.
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Systolic arterial blood pressure in small-breed dogs with degenerative mitral valve disease: a prospective study of 103 cases (2007-2012). Vet J 2013; 197:830-5. [PMID: 23838208 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2013.05.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2013] [Revised: 04/23/2013] [Accepted: 05/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this prospective observational study was to assess systolic arterial blood pressure (SABP) in small-breed dogs with degenerative mitral valve disease (MVD) from different International Small Animal Cardiac Health Council (ISACHC) heart failure classes. For this purpose, 103 client-owned dogs weighing <20 kg (mean ± standard deviation, 8.5 ± 3.0 kg; aged 9.8 ± 2.9 years) and presenting with MVD diagnosed by echo-Doppler examination were enrolled. Nineteen healthy dogs (9.9 ± 2.3 years; 8.7 ± 4.2 kg) were concurrently recruited as controls. SABP was measured in unsedated dogs using the Doppler method according to the recommendations in the American College of Veterinary Medicine consensus statement. SABP was significantly increased in dogs in ISACHC class 1 (n=53; median, interquartile range 140 mmHg, 130-150 mmHg) and class 2 (n=21; 140 mmHg, 130-150 mmHg), compared to the control group (n=19; 130 mmHg, 120-140 mmHg; P<0.01 and P<0.05, respectively), but remained within the reference interval (≤ 160 mmHg). Conversely, dogs in ISACHC class 3 showed a significantly lower SABP (n=29, 120 mmHg, 110-130 mmHg) than those from all other ISACHC classes (P<0.001) and the controls (P<0.05). Additionally, SABP<120 mmHg was recorded in 13/103 dogs (13%). The 13 dogs were all ISACHC class 3 (3a or 3b) and were under medical treatment for heart failure. In conclusion, MVD was often associated with SABP values that were within the reference interval, but at its upper end. However, a significant decrease in SABP was observed in dogs with ISACHC heart failure class 3. Whether such low SABP values resulted from an MVD-related decrease in cardiac output, an afterload reduction owing to cardiac treatment, or both, remains to be determined.
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Chetboul V, Lichtenberger J, Mellin M, Mercera B, Hoffmann AC, Chaix G, Trehiou-Sechi E, Misbach C, Petit A, Lefebvre HP, Gaide N, Tissier R, Delfour F. Within-day and between-day variability of transthoracic anatomic M-mode echocardiography in the awake bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus). J Vet Cardiol 2012; 14:511-8. [PMID: 23102806 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2012.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2012] [Revised: 05/30/2012] [Accepted: 07/04/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The use of transthoracic echocardiography in dolphins has been limited so far owing to technical and anatomical specificities. Anatomic M-mode (AMM) is a postprocessing echocardiographic technique generating M-mode studies from two-dimensional (2D) cineloops independently of the ultrasound beam orientation. The aim of the present study was to determine the within-day (repeatability) and between-day (reproducibility) variability of AMM echocardiography in awake healthy bottlenose dolphins (BN, Tursiops truncatus). Four adult BN trained to lie in left recumbency at the water surface were involved in the protocol. A total of 96 echocardiographic examinations were performed on 4 different days by a trained observer examining each BN 6 times per day. Video clips of 2D left parasternal long-axis views showing the left ventricle (LV) ventrally and the aortic root dorsally were recorded at each examination and analyzed for AMM measurements in a random order. A general linear model was used to determine the within-day and between-day coefficients of variation (CV). All examinations were interpretable allowing calculation of 10 AMM variables (i.e., end-diastolic and end-systolic ventral and dorsal LV myocardial wall thicknesses as well as LV and aortic diameters, mean aortic diameter, and LV shortening fraction). Most within- and between-day CV values (18/20) were <15%, the lowest being observed for the end-diastolic LV diameter (1.6%). In conclusion, AMM provides a simple non-invasive evaluation of heart morphology and function in the awake BN with good repeatability and reproducibility of the measurements. Further studies are required to determine the corresponding reference intervals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Chetboul
- Université Paris-Est, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Unité de Cardiologie d'Alfort (UCA), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vétérinaire d'Alfort (CHUVA), 7 avenue du Général de Gaulle, 94704 Maisons-Alfort cedex, France.
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Beaufrère H, Pariaut R, Rodriguez D, Nevarez JG, Tully TN. Comparison of transcoelomic, contrast transcoelomic, and transesophageal echocardiography in anesthetized red-tailed hawks (Buteo jamaicensis). Am J Vet Res 2012; 73:1560-8. [PMID: 23013181 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.73.10.1560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the agreement and reliability of cardiac measurements obtained with 3 echocardiographic techniques in anesthetized red-tailed hawks (Buteo jamaicensis). ANIMALS 10 red-tailed hawks. PROCEDURES Transcoelomic, contrast transcoelomic, and transesophageal echocardiographic evaluations of the hawks were performed, and cineloops of imaging planes were recorded. Three observers performed echocardiographic measurements of cardiac variables 3 times on 3 days. The order in which hawks were assessed and echocardiographic techniques were used was randomized. Results were analyzed with linear mixed modeling, agreement was assessed with intraclass correlation coefficients, and variation was estimated with coefficients of variation. RESULTS Significant differences were evident among the 3 echocardiographic methods for most measurements, and the agreement among findings was generally low. Interobserver agreement was generally low to medium. Intraobserver agreement was generally medium to high. Overall, better agreement was achieved for the left ventricular measurements and for the transesophageal approach than for other measurements and techniques. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Echocardiographic measurements in hawks were not reliable, except when the left ventricle was measured by the same observer. Furthermore, cardiac morphometric measurements may not be clinically important. When measurements are required, one needs to consider that follow-up measurements should be performed by the same echocardiographer and should show at least a 20% difference from initial measurements to be confident that any difference is genuine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugues Beaufrère
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA.
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Chetboul V, Tissier R. Echocardiographic assessment of canine degenerative mitral valve disease. J Vet Cardiol 2012; 14:127-48. [PMID: 22366573 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2011.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2011] [Revised: 10/30/2011] [Accepted: 11/01/2011] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Degenerative mitral valve disease (MVD), the most common acquired heart disease in small-sized dogs, is characterized by valvular degeneration resulting in systolic mitral valve regurgitation (MR). Worsening of MR leads to several combined complications including cardiac remodeling, increased left ventricular filling pressure, pulmonary arterial hypertension, and myocardial dysfunction. Conventional two-dimensional, M-mode, and Doppler examination plays a critical role in the initial and longitudinal assessment of dogs affected by MVD, providing information on mitral valve anatomy, MR severity, left ventricular (LV) size and function, as well as cardiac and vascular pressures. Several standard echocardiographic variables have been shown to be related to clinical outcome. Some of these markers (e.g., left atrium to aorta ratio, regurgitation fraction, pulmonary arterial pressure) may also help in identifying asymptomatic MVD dogs at higher risk of early decompensation, which remains a major issue in practice. However, both afterload and preload are altered during the disease course. This represents a limitation of conventional techniques to accurately assess myocardial function, as most corresponding variables are load-dependent. Recent ultrasound techniques including tissue Doppler imaging, strain and strain rate imaging, and speckle tracking echocardiography, provide new parameters to assess regional and global myocardial performance (e.g., myocardial velocities and gradients, deformation and rate of deformation, and mechanical synchrony). As illustration, the authors present new data obtained from a population of 91 dogs (74 MVD dogs, 17 age-matched controls) using strain imaging, and showing a significant longitudinal systolic alteration at the latest MVD heart failure stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Chetboul
- Université Paris-Est, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Unité de Cardiologie d'Alfort (UCA), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vétérinaire d'Alfort (CHUVA), 7 avenue du général de Gaulle, 94704 Maisons-Alfort cedex, France.
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Leroux AA, Moonen ML, Farnir F, Sandersen CF, Deleuze S, Salciccia A, Amory H. Two-dimensional and M-mode echocardiographic reference values in healthy adult Saanen goats. Vet Rec 2012; 170:154. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.100192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. A. Leroux
- Equine Clinic; Department of Companion Animals and Equids; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Liege; Boulevard de Colonster 20, Bât B41 4000 Liege - Sart Tilman Belgium
| | - M. L. Moonen
- Department of Cardiology; University Hospital of Liege; Medicine Faculty; University of Liege; avenue de l'Hôpital 13, Bât B35 4000 Liege - Sart Tilman Belgium
| | - F. Farnir
- Biostatistics, Bioinformatics and Animal Selection; Department of Animal Production; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Liege; Boulevard de Colonster 20, Bât B43 4000 Liege - Sart Tilman Belgium
| | - C. F. Sandersen
- Equine Clinic; Department of Companion Animals and Equids; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Liege; Boulevard de Colonster 20, Bât B41 4000 Liege - Sart Tilman Belgium
| | - S. Deleuze
- Equine Clinic; Department of Companion Animals and Equids; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Liege; Boulevard de Colonster 20, Bât B41 4000 Liege - Sart Tilman Belgium
| | - A. Salciccia
- Equine Clinic; Department of Companion Animals and Equids; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Liege; Boulevard de Colonster 20, Bât B41 4000 Liege - Sart Tilman Belgium
| | - H. Amory
- Equine Clinic; Department of Companion Animals and Equids; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Liege; Boulevard de Colonster 20, Bât B41 4000 Liege - Sart Tilman Belgium
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Martens A, Gruh I, Dimitroulis D, Rojas SV, Schmidt-Richter I, Rathert C, Khaladj N, Gawol A, Chikobava MG, Martin U, Haverich A, Kutschka I. Rhesus monkey cardiosphere-derived cells for myocardial restoration. Cytotherapy 2012; 13:864-72. [PMID: 21843109 DOI: 10.3109/14653249.2011.571247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AIMS Cardiosphere-derived cells (CDC) have been proposed as a promising myocardial stem cell source for cardiac repair. They have been isolated from human, porcine and rodent cardiac biopsies. However, their usefulness for myocardial restoration remains controversial. We aimed to determine the survival, differentiation and functional effects of Rhesus monkey CDC (RhCDC) in a mouse model of myocardial infarction. METHODS RhCDC were isolated and characterized by flow cytometry and reverse transcriptase (RT)-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and compared with human CDC. They were injected intramyocardially into severe combined immune deficiency (SCID) beige mice after ligature of the left anterior descending artery (LAD). Phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) served as placebo. Medium treatment alone was used to distinguish between cellular and non-cellular effects. Animals were divided into a non-infarcted control group (n = 7), infarct control groups (n = 24), medium-treated infarct groups (n = 35) and RhCDC-treated infarct groups (n = 33). Follow-up was either 1 or 4 weeks. LV function was assessed by pressure-volume loop analysis. Differentiation was analyzed by immunhistochemical profiling and RT-PCR. RESULTS Proliferating RhCDC grafts were detected after transplantation in an acute infarct model. RhCDC as well as medium treatment protected myocardium within the infarct area and improved LV function. RhCDC had a superior regenerative effect than medium alone. CONCLUSIONS For the first time, RhCDC have been used for the restoration of infarcted myocardium. RhCDC proliferated in vivo and positively influenced myocardial remodeling. This effect could be mimicked by treatment with unconditioned medium alone, emphasizing a non-cellular paracrine therapeutic mechanism. However, as a robust cardiac stem cell source, CDC might be useful to evoke prolonged paracrine actions in cardiac stem cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Martens
- Department of Cardiothoracic, Transplantation and Vascular Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
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Chetboul V, Daste T, Gouni V, Concordet D, Trehiou-Sechi E, Serres F, Pouchelon J, Germain C, Layssol-Lamour C, Lefebvre H. Renal Resistive Index in 55 Dogs with Degenerative Mitral Valve Disease. J Vet Intern Med 2011; 26:101-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2011.00840.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2011] [Revised: 09/23/2011] [Accepted: 10/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - V. Gouni
- Unité de Cardiologie d'Alfort and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vétérinaire d'Alfort; Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort; Maisons-Alfort
| | - D. Concordet
- Université de Toulouse; INPT; Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse; F-31076 Toulouse & INRA; Toulouse
| | - E. Trehiou-Sechi
- Unité de Cardiologie d'Alfort and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vétérinaire d'Alfort; Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort; Maisons-Alfort
| | - F. Serres
- Unité de Cardiologie d'Alfort and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vétérinaire d'Alfort; Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort; Maisons-Alfort
| | - J.L. Pouchelon
- UMR INSERM U955; Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort; Maisons-Alfort
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Echoguided closed commissurotomy for mitral valve stenosis in a dog. J Vet Cardiol 2011; 13:219-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2011.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2010] [Revised: 04/13/2011] [Accepted: 04/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Locatelli C, Santini A, Bonometti GA, Palermo V, Scarpa P, Sala E, Brambilla PG. Echocardiographic values in clinically healthy adult dogue de Bordeaux dogs. J Small Anim Pract 2011; 52:246-53. [PMID: 21539569 DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-5827.2011.01055.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess the influence of body surface area, age and gender on echocardiographic parameters and to establish echocardiographic reference values for dogue de Bordeaux dogs. METHODS Thirty-nine healthy dogue de Bordeaux dogs of both sexes, older than one year, were recruited and 31 of these were included in the study. The classic linear regression model proved to be the best way to analyse the data. The reference limits of the echocardiographic measurements were calculated using the regression equations. The difference between the mean values of body surface area in both gender groups was evaluated by using one-way ANOVA. RESULTS A significant correlation was seen between several echocardiographic parameters and body surface area or body surface area and age, and high coefficients of determination (R2) were found. No effect of gender was detected on echocardiographic variables, except for the thickness of the left ventricular posterior wall at end diastole. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE The echocardiographic parameters related to body surface area, in the absence of correlation with other independent variables (gender and age) should be interpreted with caution because their variation could be significant for the presence of heart disease. The proposed statistical model allows estimation of echocardiographic parameters in dogue de Bordeaux dogs with different body surface areas and ages.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Locatelli
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, University of Milan, Italy
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Simak J, Keller L, Killich M, Hartmann K, Wess G. Color-coded longitudinal interventricular septal tissue velocity imaging, strain and strain rate in healthy Doberman Pinschers. J Vet Cardiol 2011; 13:1-11. [PMID: 21315672 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2010.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2009] [Revised: 10/15/2010] [Accepted: 10/18/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine reference values for septal longitudinal tissue Doppler imaging (TDI) in Doberman Pinschers. BACKGROUND TDI includes several new techniques, such as tissue velocity imaging (TVI), strain, and strain rate that might be used to detect early myocardial dysfunction. However, before these techniques can be used, breed specific reference ranges need to be established. ANIMALS, MATERIALS AND METHODS One-hundred healthy Doberman Pinschers ≥ 4 years of age were prospectively evaluated using electrocardiography, Holter recording, and echocardiography. Systolic, early and late diastolic parameters of septal longitudinal color-coded TVI, strain, and strain rate were analyzed in three myocardial segments (basal, middle, and apical). RESULTS TDI was feasible in all Doberman Pinschers. Reference values were established for every myocardial segment. There was a significant velocity gradient from the basal to the apical segment for all TVI parameters. No differences between the three segments were found for systolic strain and strain rate. Several diastolic strain rate values were significantly different between myocardial segments. Influence of age, weight, and gender was not clinically relevant. CONCLUSIONS This study provides reference values for TVI, strain, and strain rate in Doberman Pinschers. The parameters established here can be used for a supportive diagnostic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Simak
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, LMU University, Veterinaerstr. 13, 80539 Munich, Germany.
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Chetboul V, Tissier R, Gouni V, de Almeida V, Lefebvre HP, Concordet D, Jamet N, Sampedrano CC, Serres F, Pouchelon JL. Comparison of Doppler ultrasonography and high-definition oscillometry for blood pressure measurements in healthy awake dogs. Am J Vet Res 2010; 71:766-72. [PMID: 20594078 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.71.7.766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the intra- and interobserver variability of systolic arterial pressure (SAP) and diastolic arterial pressure (DAP) measurements obtained with 2 indirect methods in awake dogs and percentage of successful measurements. ANIMALS 6 healthy conscious adult dogs. PROCEDURES 4 observers with different levels of training measured SAP and DAP on 4 days by use of Doppler ultrasonography (DU) and high-definition oscillometry (HDO). The examinations were randomized. Measurements for each technique were recorded 5 consecutive times, and mean values (total, 720 measurements) were used for statistical analysis. RESULTS All within- and between-day coefficients of variation (CVs) for SAP were < 15% irrespective of the observer or method (HDO, 3.6% to 14.1%; DU, 4.1% to 12.4%). Conversely, half the CVs for DAP were > 15% with the highest within- and between-day CVs obtained by the least experienced observer by use of DU (19.5% and 25.9%, respectively). All attempts with HDO were successful, whereas DAP could not be measured by use of DU by the least experienced observer in 17% of attempts. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE SAP may be assessed in healthy dogs by use of DU and HDO with good repeatability and reproducibility after a short period of training. Conversely, the variability of DAP is higher and longer training is required to assess DAP via DU than via HDO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Chetboul
- Unité de Cardiologie d'Alfort, Unité Mixte de Recherche INSERM U955, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, 94 704 Maisons-Alfort cedex, France.
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Rattez EP, Reynolds BS, Concordet D, Layssol-Lamour CJ, Segalen MM, Chetboul V, Lefebvre HP. Within-day and between-day variability of blood pressure measurement in healthy conscious Beagle dogs using a new oscillometric device. J Vet Cardiol 2010; 12:35-40. [PMID: 20185378 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2009.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2008] [Revised: 08/19/2009] [Accepted: 09/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The main objective of this study was to determine the within- and between-day variability of blood pressure measurement in dogs using an oscillometric device, pet-MAP. ANIMALS, MATERIALS AND METHODS Five healthy conscious adult Beagle dogs were used. The dogs were presented in a random order for examinations and the investigators were blinded to the dogs. Blood pressure was measured using a standardized procedure. Three investigators with the same level of experience, trained for 1 h with pet-MAP the day before starting the study, performed 480 blood pressure measurements in 5 healthy conscious dogs on two different days. RESULTS The within- and between-day CVs for systolic blood pressure were 9.0-10.1% and 12.8-16.4%, respectively. The corresponding SD values were 14.7-16.6 mm Hg and 21.0-27.1 mm Hg respectively. For diastolic blood pressure, the within- and between-day CVs were 10.3-14.4% and 14.2-24.9% respectively. The corresponding SD values were 9.7-13.9 mm Hg and 13.0-24.0 mm Hg. CONCLUSIONS The within- and between-day CVs for systolic blood pressure, measured with pet-MAP by investigators with a minimal period of training, seem to be acceptable in Beagle dogs without hypertension or hypotension. This study suggests that, using this device, one investigator can be replaced by another under the described circumstances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise P Rattez
- Department of Clinical Sciences, National Veterinary School of Toulouse, 23 Chemin des Capelles, BP 87614, 31076 Toulouse Cedex 03, France
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