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Chromosomal localization of Wolbachia inserts in the genomes of two subspecies of Chorthippus parallelus forming a Pyrenean hybrid zone. Chromosome Res 2017; 25:215-225. [PMID: 28477267 DOI: 10.1007/s10577-017-9557-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Revised: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Wolbachia are endosymbiotic bacteria of arthropods and nematodes that can manipulate the reproduction of various host organisms to facilitate their own maternal transmission. Moreover, Wolbachia's presence in host germ cells may contribute to the many cases of lateral gene transfer from Wolbachia to host genomes that have been described. A previous study in Chorthippus parallelus, a well-known orthopteroid forming a hybrid zone in the Pyrenees, identified Wolbachia sequences from two major supergroups in the genomes of infected and uninfected Chorthippus parallelus parallelus (Cpp) and Chorthippus parallelus erythropus (Cpe) subspecies. In this study, we map the Wolbachia genomic inserts to specific regions on the chromosomes of Cpp and Cpe by fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) using tyramides to increase the accuracy and detection of these insertions. Additionally, we consider some of the possible roles that these bacterial inserts play in the organization and function of the grasshopper genome, as well as how they can serve as markers for phylogenetic relationships of these organisms.
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Aguilar-Velasco RG, Poteaux C, Meza-Lázaro R, Lachaud JP, Dubovikoff D, Zaldívar-Riverón A. Uncovering species boundaries in the Neotropical ant complexEctatomma ruidum(Ectatomminae) under the presence of nuclear mitochondrial paralogues. Zool J Linn Soc 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Reina Gabriela Aguilar-Velasco
- Colección Nacional de Insectos; Instituto de Biología; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; 3er. circuito exterior s/n, Cd. Universitaria Copilco Coyoacán A. P. 70-233, C. P. 04510 Ciudad de México México
| | - Chantal Poteaux
- Laboratoire d’Éthologie Expérimentale et Comparée; EA 4443, Sorbonne Paris Cité 99 avenue J.-B. Clément 93430 Villetaneuse France
| | - Rubi Meza-Lázaro
- Colección Nacional de Insectos; Instituto de Biología; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; 3er. circuito exterior s/n, Cd. Universitaria Copilco Coyoacán A. P. 70-233, C. P. 04510 Ciudad de México México
| | - Jean-Paul Lachaud
- Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition Animale; CNRS-UMR 5169; Université de Toulouse UPS; Bât. IVR3, 118 route de Narbonne 31062 Toulouse Cedex 09 France
- Depto. de Conservación de la Biodiversidad; El Colegio de la Frontera Sur; Avenida Centenario Km. 5.5, AP 424 77074 Chetumal Quintana Roo México
| | - Dmitry Dubovikoff
- Department of Applied Ecology; Faculty of Biology; Saint Petersburg State University; 16th line of Vasilievsky Island, 29 St. Petersburg 199178 Russia
| | - Alejandro Zaldívar-Riverón
- Colección Nacional de Insectos; Instituto de Biología; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; 3er. circuito exterior s/n, Cd. Universitaria Copilco Coyoacán A. P. 70-233, C. P. 04510 Ciudad de México México
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Zabal-Aguirre M, Arroyo F, García-Hurtado J, de la Torre J, Hewitt GM, Bella JL. Wolbachia effects in natural populations of Chorthippus parallelus from the Pyrenean hybrid zone. J Evol Biol 2014; 27:1136-48. [PMID: 24819964 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Revised: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 03/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
We evaluate for the first time the effect of Wolbachia infection, involving two different supergroups, on the structure and dynamics of the hybrid zone between two subspecies of Chorthippus parallelus (Orthoptera) in the Pyrenees. Wolbachia infection showed no effects on female fecundity or a slight increment in females infected by F supergroup, although in the last case it has to be well established. Cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI) is confirmed in crosses carried out in the field between individuals from a natural hybrid population. This CI, registered as the relative reduction in embryo production (sh ), was of sh = 0.355 and sh = 0.286 in unidirectional crosses involving B and F supergroups, respectively. CI also occurred in bidirectional crosses (sh = 0.147) but with a weaker intensity. The transmission rates of the two Wolbachia strains (B and F) were estimated by the optimization of a theoretical model to reach the infection frequencies observed in certain population. To fit this scenario, both supergroups should present transmission rates close to 1. Further, we have simulated the infection dynamics, and hence, the capacity of Wolbachia to structure the population of the host insects and to affect to reproduction and genetic introgression in the hybrid zone. This represents a first example of the influence of Wolbachia in an insect natural hybrid zone.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Zabal-Aguirre
- Departamento de Biología (Genética), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Garrick RC, Sunnucks P, Dyer RJ. Nuclear gene phylogeography using PHASE: dealing with unresolved genotypes, lost alleles, and systematic bias in parameter estimation. BMC Evol Biol 2010; 10:118. [PMID: 20429950 PMCID: PMC2880299 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-10-118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2010] [Accepted: 04/30/2010] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background A widely-used approach for screening nuclear DNA markers is to obtain sequence data and use bioinformatic algorithms to estimate which two alleles are present in heterozygous individuals. It is common practice to omit unresolved genotypes from downstream analyses, but the implications of this have not been investigated. We evaluated the haplotype reconstruction method implemented by PHASE in the context of phylogeographic applications. Empirical sequence datasets from five non-coding nuclear loci with gametic phase ascribed by molecular approaches were coupled with simulated datasets to investigate three key issues: (1) haplotype reconstruction error rates and the nature of inference errors, (2) dataset features and genotypic configurations that drive haplotype reconstruction uncertainty, and (3) impacts of omitting unresolved genotypes on levels of observed phylogenetic diversity and the accuracy of downstream phylogeographic analyses. Results We found that PHASE usually had very low false-positives (i.e., a low rate of confidently inferring haplotype pairs that were incorrect). The majority of genotypes that could not be resolved with high confidence included an allele occurring only once in a dataset, and genotypic configurations involving two low-frequency alleles were disproportionately represented in the pool of unresolved genotypes. The standard practice of omitting unresolved genotypes from downstream analyses can lead to considerable reductions in overall phylogenetic diversity that is skewed towards the loss of alleles with larger-than-average pairwise sequence divergences, and in turn, this causes systematic bias in estimates of important population genetic parameters. Conclusions A combination of experimental and computational approaches for resolving phase of segregating sites in phylogeographic applications is essential. We outline practical approaches to mitigating potential impacts of computational haplotype reconstruction on phylogeographic inferences. With targeted application of laboratory procedures that enable unambiguous phase determination via physical isolation of alleles from diploid PCR products, relatively little investment of time and effort is needed to overcome the observed biases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan C Garrick
- Department of Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, 23284, USA.
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Zabal-Aguirre M, Arroyo F, Bella JL. Distribution of Wolbachia infection in Chorthippus parallelus populations within and beyond a Pyrenean hybrid zone. Heredity (Edinb) 2009; 104:174-84. [PMID: 19738635 DOI: 10.1038/hdy.2009.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Two subspecies of the meadow grasshopper Chorthippus parallelus meet in a secondary hybrid zone in the Pyrenees. We have recently detected Wolbachia infection in this extensively studied species. C. p. parallelus (Cpp) and C. p. erythropus (Cpe) harbour bacteria from the B and F supergroups, but they differ noticeably in the incidence and type of infection present in their populations. We can distinguish different regional infection patterns that are associated with the distribution of pure and hybrid C. parallelus individuals. The northern pattern of low-level infection characterizes Cpp populations, whereas the southern pattern of high-level infection affects Cpe locations. These patterns converge in the hybrid zone and generate a third infection pattern featuring an extremely high degree of co-infection with the two Wolbachia types in hybrids. The distribution of Wolbachia among the studied populations encourages us to consider the possibility that this bacterium has a significant influence on the origin, maintenance and dynamics of this hybrid zone, given the reproductive alterations that are often associated with Wolbachia.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Zabal-Aguirre
- Departamento de Biología (Genética), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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EYTAN RONI, HAYES MARSHALL, ARBOUR-REILY PATRICIA, MILLER MARGARET, HELLBERG MICHAELE. Nuclear sequences reveal mid-range isolation of an imperilled deep-water coral population. Mol Ecol 2009; 18:2375-89. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2009.04202.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Bella JL, Serrano L, Orellana J, Mason PL. The origin of the Chorthippus parallelus hybrid zone: chromosomal evidence of multiple refugia for Iberian populations. J Evol Biol 2007; 20:568-76. [PMID: 17305823 DOI: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2006.01254.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A study of the variation in pattern and frequency of constitutive heterochromatin and nucleolar organizing regions of the X chromosomes of male Chorthippus parallelus grasshoppers in 25 populations within the Iberian peninsula requires us to revise our interpretation of the biogeography and evolutionary history of this species. Hybridization between the subspecies Cp erythropus and Cp parallelus, previously only known from populations in the Pyrenean cols, is shown to extend at least 400 km further into north-west Spain. A novel X-chromosome variant is described that appears to be close to fixation in 18 populations, mainly from the centre and south of Spain. Our findings indicate a possible independent origin for each of three distinct, nonderivative X variants present in Spain: the northern Cp erythropus and Cp parallelus variants, and a central-southern Cp erythropus variant. The first two are distinguished by interstitial and distal C bands, respectively, whereas the central-southern form has neither. This central-southern form is probably the current representative of the ancestral Iberian X variant. The pattern of variation supports the hypotheses of multiple refugia for Iberian populations and that more hybrid zones exist between these chromosomal variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Bella
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
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Godinho R, Mendonça B, Crespo EG, Ferrand N. Genealogy of the nuclear β-fibrinogen locus in a highly structured lizard species: comparison with mtDNA and evidence for intragenic recombination in the hybrid zone. Heredity (Edinb) 2006; 96:454-63. [PMID: 16598190 DOI: 10.1038/sj.hdy.6800823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The study of nuclear genealogies in natural populations of nonmodel organisms is expected to provide novel insights into the evolutionary history of populations, especially when developed in the framework of well-established mtDNA phylogeographical scenarios. In the Iberian Peninsula, the endemic Schreiber's green lizard Lacerta schreiberi exhibits two highly divergent and allopatric mtDNA lineages that started to split during the late Pliocene. In this work, we performed a fine-scale analysis of the putative mtDNA contact zone together with a global analysis of the patterns of variation observed at the nuclear beta-fibrinogen intron 7 (beta-fibint7). Using a combination of DNA sequencing with single-strand conformational polymorphism (SSCP) analysis, we show that the observed genealogy at the beta-fibint7 locus reveals extensive admixture between two formerly isolated lizard populations while the two mtDNA lineages remain essentially allopatric. In addition, a private beta-fibint7 haplotype detected in the single population where both mtDNA lineages were found in sympatry is probably the result of intragenic recombination between the two more common and divergent beta-fibint7 haplotypes. Our results suggest that the progressive incorporation of nuclear genealogies in investigating the ancient demography and admixture dynamics of divergent genomes will be necessary to obtain a more comprehensive picture of the evolutionary history of organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Godinho
- CIBIO - Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, Campus Agrário de Vairão, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal.
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Garrick RC, Sunnucks P. Development and application of three-tiered nuclear genetic markers for basal Hexapods using single-stranded conformation polymorphism coupled with targeted DNA sequencing. BMC Genet 2006; 7:11. [PMID: 16504057 PMCID: PMC1435927 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2156-7-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2005] [Accepted: 02/22/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Molecular genetic approaches have much to offer population biology. Despite recent advances, convenient techniques to develop and screen highly-resolving markers can be limiting for some applications and taxa. We describe an improved PCR-based, cloning-free, nuclear marker development procedure, in which single-stranded conformation polymorphism (SSCP) plays a central role. Sequence-variable alleles at putative nuclear loci are simultaneously identified and isolated from diploid tissues. Based on a multiple allele alignment, locus-specific primers are designed in conserved regions, minimizing 'null' alleles. Using two undescribed endemic Australian Collembola as exemplars, we outline a comprehensive approach to generating and validating suites of codominant, sequence-yielding nuclear loci for previously unstudied invertebrates. Results Six markers per species were developed without any baseline genetic information. After evaluating the characteristics of each new locus via SSCP pre-screening, population samples were genotyped on the basis of either DNA sequence, restriction site, or insertion/deletion variation, depending on which assay was deemed most appropriate. Polymorphism was generally high (mean of nine alleles per locus), and the markers were capable of resolving population structuring over very fine spatial scales (<100 km). SSCP coupled with targeted DNA sequencing was used to obtain genotypic, genic and genealogical information from six loci (three per species). Phylogeographic analysis identified introns as being most informative. Conclusion The comprehensive approach presented here feasibly overcomes technical hurdles of (i) developing suitably polymorphic nuclear loci for non-model organisms, (ii) physically isolating nuclear allele haplotypes from diploid tissues without cloning, and (iii) genotyping population samples on the basis of nuclear DNA sequence variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan C Garrick
- Department of Genetics, Biological Sciences Building 1, La Trobe University, Plenty Road, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Paul Sunnucks
- Australian Centre for Biodiversity Analysis, Policy & Management, School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
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Abstract
Most of the phenotypic diversity that we perceive in the natural world is directly attributable to the peculiar structure of the eukaryotic gene, which harbors numerous embellishments relative to the situation in prokaryotes. The most profound changes include introns that must be spliced out of precursor mRNAs, transcribed but untranslated leader and trailer sequences (untranslated regions), modular regulatory elements that drive patterns of gene expression, and expansive intergenic regions that harbor additional diffuse control mechanisms. Explaining the origins of these features is difficult because they each impose an intrinsic disadvantage by increasing the genic mutation rate to defective alleles. To address these issues, a general hypothesis for the emergence of eukaryotic gene structure is provided here. Extensive information on absolute population sizes, recombination rates, and mutation rates strongly supports the view that eukaryotes have reduced genetic effective population sizes relative to prokaryotes, with especially extreme reductions being the rule in multicellular lineages. The resultant increase in the power of random genetic drift appears to be sufficient to overwhelm the weak mutational disadvantages associated with most novel aspects of the eukaryotic gene, supporting the idea that most such changes are simple outcomes of semi-neutral processes rather than direct products of natural selection. However, by establishing an essentially permanent change in the population-genetic environment permissive to the genome-wide repatterning of gene structure, the eukaryotic condition also promoted a reliable resource from which natural selection could secondarily build novel forms of organismal complexity. Under this hypothesis, arguments based on molecular, cellular, and/or physiological constraints are insufficient to explain the disparities in gene, genomic, and phenotypic complexity between prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Lynch
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, USA.
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Garrick RC, Sands CJ, Rowell DM, Tait NN, Greenslade P, Sunnucks P. Phylogeography recapitulates topography: very fine-scale local endemism of a saproxylic ‘giant’ springtail at Tallaganda in the Great Dividing Range of south-east Australia. Mol Ecol 2004; 13:3329-44. [PMID: 15487993 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2004.02340.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Comparative phylogeography can reveal processes and historical events that shape the biodiversity of species and communities. As part of a comparative research program, the phylogeography of a new, endemic Australian genus and species of log-dependent (saproxylic) collembola was investigated using mitochondrial sequences, allozymes and anonymous single-copy nuclear markers. We found the genetic structure of the species corresponds with five a priori microbiogeographical regions, with population subdivision at various depths owing to palaeoclimatic influences. Closely related mtDNA haplotypes are codistributed within a single region or occur in adjacent regions, nuclear allele frequencies are more similar among more proximate populations, and interpopulation migration is rare. Based on mtDNA divergence, a late Miocene-late Pliocene coalescence is likely. The present-day distribution of genetic diversity seems to have been impacted by three major climatic events: Pliocene cooling and drying (2.5-7 million years before present, Mybp), early Pleistocene wet-dry oscillations (c. 1.2 Mybp) and the more recent glacial-interglacial cycles that have characterized the latter part of the Quaternary (<0.4 Mybp).
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Affiliation(s)
- R C Garrick
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, Biological Sciences Building 1, La Trobe University, Plenty Road, Bundoora, VIC 3806, Australia.
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Ciplak B. Systematics, phylogeny and biogeography of Anterastes (Orthoptera, Tettigoniidae, Tettigoniinae): evolution within a refugium. ZOOL SCR 2004. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-6409.2004.00131.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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