Dissociation between force and [Ca2+]i during extra systoles in guinea-pig ventricular muscle microinjected with fura-2

Delayed activation of the plasma membrane calcium pump by a sudden increase in Ca2+: fast pumps reside in fast cells

There are four genes encoding isoforms of the plasma membrane Ca(2+) pump (PMCA). PMCA variability is increased by the presence of two splicing sites. Functional differences between the variants of PMCA have been described, but little is known about the adaptive advantages of this great diversity of pumps. In this paper we studied how the different isoforms respond to a sudden increase in Ca(2+) concentration. We found that different PMCAs are activated by Ca(2+) at different rates, PMCA 3f and 2a being the fastest, and 4b the slowest. The rate of activation by Ca(2+) depends both on the rate of calmodulin binding and the magnitude of the activation by calmodulin. We found that 2a is located in heart and the stereocilia of inner ear hair cells, 3f in skeletal muscle and 4b was identified in Jurkat cells. Both cardiac and skeletal muscle, and stereocilia recover very rapidly after a cytoplasmic Ca(2+)peak, while in Jurkat cells the recovery takes up to a minute. In stereocilia, 2a is the only method for export of Ca(2+), making the analysis of them unusually straightforward. This indicates that these rates of PMCA activation by Ca(2+) are correlated with the speed of Ca(2+) concentration decay after a Ca2 spike in the cells in which these variants of PMCA are expressed. The results suggest that the type of PMCA expressed will correspond with the speed of Ca(2+) signals in the cell.