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Brummer C, Pukrop T, Wiskemann J, Bruss C, Ugele I, Renner K. Can Exercise Enhance the Efficacy of Checkpoint Inhibition by Modulating Anti-Tumor Immunity? Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:4668. [PMID: 37760634 PMCID: PMC10526963 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15184668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibition (ICI) has revolutionized cancer therapy. However, response to ICI is often limited to selected subsets of patients or not durable. Tumors that are non-responsive to checkpoint inhibition are characterized by low anti-tumoral immune cell infiltration and a highly immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. Exercise is known to promote immune cell circulation and improve immunosurveillance. Results of recent studies indicate that physical activity can induce mobilization and redistribution of immune cells towards the tumor microenvironment (TME) and therefore enhance anti-tumor immunity. This suggests a favorable impact of exercise on the efficacy of ICI. Our review delivers insight into possible molecular mechanisms of the crosstalk between muscle, tumor, and immune cells. It summarizes current data on exercise-induced effects on anti-tumor immunity and ICI in mice and men. We consider preclinical and clinical study design challenges and discuss the role of cancer type, exercise frequency, intensity, time, and type (FITT) and immune sensitivity as critical factors for exercise-induced impact on cancer immunosurveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Brummer
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany;
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Ostbayern (CCCO), 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Pukrop
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany;
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Ostbayern (CCCO), 93053 Regensburg, Germany
- Bavarian Cancer Research Center (BZKF), 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Joachim Wiskemann
- National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Heidelberg University Hospital, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany;
| | - Christina Bruss
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Medical Center Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany;
| | - Ines Ugele
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; (I.U.); (K.R.)
| | - Kathrin Renner
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Ostbayern (CCCO), 93053 Regensburg, Germany
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; (I.U.); (K.R.)
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Baker C, Hunt J, Piasecki J, Hough J. Lymphocyte and dendritic cell response to a period of intensified training in young healthy humans and rodents: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Physiol 2022; 13:998925. [PMID: 36439269 PMCID: PMC9691956 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.998925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Intensified training coupled with sufficient recovery is required to improve athletic performance. A stress-recovery imbalance can lead to negative states of overtraining. Hormonal alterations associated with intensified training, such as blunted cortisol, may impair the immune response. Cortisol promotes the maturation and migration of dendritic cells which subsequently stimulate the T cell response. However, there are currently no clear reliable biomarkers to highlight the overtraining syndrome. This systematic review and meta-analysis examined the effect of intensified training on immune cells. Outcomes from this could provide insight into whether these markers may be used as an indicator of negative states of overtraining. Methods: SPORTDiscus, PUBMED, Academic Search Complete, Scopus and Web of Science were searched until June 2022. Included articles reported on immune biomarkers relating to lymphocytes, dendritic cells, and cytokines before and after a period of intensified training, in humans and rodents, at rest and in response to exercise. Results: 164 full texts were screened for eligibility. Across 57 eligible studies, 16 immune biomarkers were assessed. 7 were assessed at rest and in response to a bout of exercise, and 9 assessed at rest only. Included lymphocyte markers were CD3+, CD4+ and CD8+ T cell count, NK cell count, NK Cytolytic activity, lymphocyte proliferation and CD4/CD8 ratio. Dendritic cell markers examined were CD80, CD86, and MHC II expression. Cytokines included IL-1β, IL-2, IL-10, TNF-α and IFN-γ. A period of intensified training significantly decreased resting total lymphocyte (d= -0.57, 95% CI -0.30) and CD8+ T cell counts (d= -0.37, 95% CI -0.04), and unstimulated plasma IL-1β levels (d= -0.63, 95% CI -0.17). Resting dendritic cell CD86 expression significantly increased (d = 2.18, 95% CI 4.07). All other biomarkers remained unchanged. Conclusion: Although some biomarkers alter after a period of intensified training, definitive immune biomarkers are limited. Specifically, due to low study numbers, further investigation into the dendritic cell response in human models is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Baker
- SHAPE Research Centre, Department of Sport Science, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom,*Correspondence: Carla Baker,
| | - John Hunt
- Medical Technologies Innovation Facility, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Jessica Piasecki
- SHAPE Research Centre, Department of Sport Science, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - John Hough
- SHAPE Research Centre, Department of Sport Science, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom
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Yu Y, Niu R, Zhao F, Zhao Y, Wang J, Wang J, Cao Q, Fu R, Nateghahmadi MH, Sun Z. Moderate exercise relieves fluoride-induced liver and kidney inflammatory responses through the IKKβ/NFκB pathway. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:78429-78443. [PMID: 35688983 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-21360-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
With the intensification of environmental pollution, the content of fluoride is increasing in human and animal living environments. Long-term fluoride exposure can cause damage to the liver and kidney, which are the main sites for fluoride metabolism, storage and removal. Moreover, exercise often accompanies the entire process of fluoride exposure in humans and animals. However, the mechanism of exercise on fluoride-induced liver and kidney injury remains unclear. Hence, we established a fluoride exposure and/or exercise mouse model to explore the influence of exercise on fluoride-induced liver and kidney inflammation and the potential mechanism. The results showed that fluoride caused obvious structural and functional damage and the notable recruitment of immunocytes in the liver and kidney. In addition, fluoride increased the levels of IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12, IL-13, IL-21, TNF-α, and TGF-β but decreased the ratio of IFN-γ/IL-4 and IL-2/IL-10, which indicated that fluoride disturbed the inflammatory balance and caused hepatonephritis. In addition, the expression levels of IKKβ and NFκB were increased, and the expression of IκBα was decreased after fluoride exposure, indicating that fluoride activated the IKKβ/NFκB pathway. In summary, long-term moderate treadmill exercise relieved fluoride-induced liver and kidney inflammatory responses through the IKKβ/NFκB pathway, and exercise can be used to prevent fluoride-induced liver and kidney damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanghuan Yu
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Ecological Animal Science and Environmental Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicne, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, 030801, Shanxi, China
| | - Ruiyan Niu
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Ecological Animal Science and Environmental Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicne, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, 030801, Shanxi, China
| | - Fangye Zhao
- Department of Sport, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, 030801, Shanxi, China
| | - Yangfei Zhao
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Ecological Animal Science and Environmental Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicne, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, 030801, Shanxi, China
| | - Jinglu Wang
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Ecological Animal Science and Environmental Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicne, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, 030801, Shanxi, China
| | - Jixiang Wang
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Ecological Animal Science and Environmental Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicne, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, 030801, Shanxi, China
| | - Qiqi Cao
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Ecological Animal Science and Environmental Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicne, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, 030801, Shanxi, China
| | - Rong Fu
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Ecological Animal Science and Environmental Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicne, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, 030801, Shanxi, China
| | - Mohammad Hassan Nateghahmadi
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Ecological Animal Science and Environmental Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicne, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, 030801, Shanxi, China
| | - Zilong Sun
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Ecological Animal Science and Environmental Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicne, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, 030801, Shanxi, China.
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Lamkin DM, Bradshaw KP, Chang J, Epstein M, Gomberg J, Prajapati KP, Soliman VH, Sylviana T, Wong Y, Morizono K, Sloan EK, Cole SW. Physical activity modulates mononuclear phagocytes in mammary tissue and inhibits tumor growth in mice. PeerJ 2021; 9:e10725. [PMID: 33552733 PMCID: PMC7821756 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.10725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The risk for breast cancer is significantly reduced in persons who engage in greater amounts of physical activity, and greater physical activity before or after diagnosis associates with reduced disease-specific mortality. Previous mechanistic studies indicate that components of innate immunity can mediate an inhibitory effect of physical activity on several types of tumor. However, in breast cancer specifically, the myeloid compartment of innate immunity is thought to exhibit high propensity for an immunosuppressive role that obstructs anti-tumor immunity. Thus, we tested the notion that greater physical activity alters mononuclear phagocytes in mammary tissue when inhibiting nascent tumor in a murine model of breast cancer. To model greater physical activity, we placed an angled running wheel in each mouse's home cage for two weeks before tumor engraftment with EO771 mammary cancer cells that express luciferase for bioluminescent detection. Fully immunocompetent mice and mice with compromised adaptive immunity showed significantly less mammary tumor signal when given access to running wheels, although the effect size was smaller in this latter group. To investigate the role of the myeloid compartment, mononuclear phagocytes were ablated by systemic injection of clodronate liposomes at 24 h before tumor engraftment and again at the time of tumor engraftment, and this treatment reversed the inhibition in wheel running mice. However, clodronate also inhibited mammary tumor signal in sedentary mice, in conjunction with an expected decrease in gene and protein expression of the myeloid antigen, F4/80 (Adgre1), in mammary tissue. Whole transcriptome digital cytometry with CIBERSORTx was used to analyze myeloid cell populations in mammary tissue following voluntary wheel running and clodronate treatment, and this approach found significant changes in macrophage and monocyte populations. In exploratory analyses, whole transcriptome composite scores for monocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cell (M-MDSC), macrophage lactate timer, and inflammation resolution gene expression programs were significantly altered. Altogether, the results support the hypothesis that physical activity inhibits nascent mammary tumor growth by enhancing the anti-tumor potential of mononuclear phagocytes in mammary tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald M. Lamkin
- Norman Cousins Center for PNI, Semel Institute for Neuroscience, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Karen P. Bradshaw
- Norman Cousins Center for PNI, Semel Institute for Neuroscience, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
- Department of Neuroscience, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States of America
| | - Janice Chang
- Norman Cousins Center for PNI, Semel Institute for Neuroscience, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Ma’ayan Epstein
- Norman Cousins Center for PNI, Semel Institute for Neuroscience, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Jack Gomberg
- Norman Cousins Center for PNI, Semel Institute for Neuroscience, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Krupa P. Prajapati
- Norman Cousins Center for PNI, Semel Institute for Neuroscience, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Veronica H. Soliman
- Norman Cousins Center for PNI, Semel Institute for Neuroscience, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Thezia Sylviana
- Norman Cousins Center for PNI, Semel Institute for Neuroscience, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Yinnie Wong
- Norman Cousins Center for PNI, Semel Institute for Neuroscience, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Kouki Morizono
- Divison of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
- UCLA AIDS Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Erica K. Sloan
- Norman Cousins Center for PNI, Semel Institute for Neuroscience, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Division of Cancer Surgery, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre-Victorian Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Austalia
| | - Steve W. Cole
- Norman Cousins Center for PNI, Semel Institute for Neuroscience, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
- Divison of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
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5
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Wang J, Liu S, Li G, Xiao J. Exercise Regulates the Immune System. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1228:395-408. [PMID: 32342473 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-1792-1_27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The profound effect of exercise on the normal functioning of the immune system has been well-known. Exercise and immune regulation are interrelated and affect each other. Exercise changes immune regulation by affecting leucocytes, red blood cells, and cytokines, etc. Regular exercise could reduce the risk of chronic metabolic and cardiorespiratory diseases, partially by the anti-inflammatory effects of exercise. However, these effects are also likely to be responsible for the suppressed immunity that make our bodies more susceptible to infections. Here we summarize the known mechanisms by which exercise-both acute and chronic-exerts its immune regulation effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- Cardiac Regeneration and Ageing Lab, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Life Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuqin Liu
- Cardiac Regeneration and Ageing Lab, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Life Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guoping Li
- Cardiovascular Division of the Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Junjie Xiao
- Cardiac Regeneration and Ageing Lab, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Life Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China.
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Sloan RP, Shapiro PA, McKinley PS, Bartels M, Shimbo D, Lauriola V, Karmally W, Pavlicova M, Choi CJ, Choo T, Scodes JM, Flood P, Tracey KJ. Aerobic Exercise Training and Inducible Inflammation: Results of a Randomized Controlled Trial in Healthy, Young Adults. J Am Heart Assoc 2018; 7:e010201. [PMID: 30371169 PMCID: PMC6201415 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.118.010201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Background Consensus panels regularly recommend aerobic exercise for its health-promoting properties, due in part to presumed anti-inflammatory effects, but many studies show no such effect, possibly related to study differences in participants, interventions, inflammatory markers, and statistical approaches. This variability makes an unequivocal determination of the anti-inflammatory effects of aerobic training elusive. Methods and Results We conducted a randomized controlled trial of 12 weeks of aerobic exercise training or a wait list control condition followed by 4 weeks of sedentary deconditioning on lipopolysaccharide (0, 0.1, and 1.0 ng/mL)-inducible tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6), and on toll-like receptor 4 in 119 healthy, sedentary young adults. Aerobic capacity by cardiopulmonary exercise testing was measured at study entry (T1) and after training (T2) and deconditioning (T3). Despite a 15% increase in maximal oxygen consumption, there were no changes in inflammatory markers. Additional analyses revealed a differential longitudinal aerobic exercise training effect by lipopolysaccharide level in inducible TNF -α ( P=0.08) and IL-6 ( P=0.011), showing T1 to T2 increases rather than decreases in inducible (lipopolysaccharide 0.1, 1.0 versus 0.0 ng/mL) TNF- α (51% increase, P=0.041) and IL-6 (42% increase, P=0.11), and significant T2 to T3 decreases in inducible TNF- α (54% decrease, P=0.007) and IL-6 (55% decrease, P<0.001). There were no significant changes in either group at the 0.0 ng/mL lipopolysaccharide level for TNF- α or IL-6. Conclusions The failure to support the primary hypotheses and the unexpected post hoc findings of an exercise-training-induced proinflammatory response raise questions about whether and under what conditions exercise training has anti-inflammatory effects. Clinical Trial Registration URL : http://www.clinicaltrials.gov . Unique identifier: NCT 01335737.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard P. Sloan
- Division of Behavioral MedicineDepartment of PsychiatryColumbia University Medical CenterNew YorkNY
- New York State Psychiatric InstituteNew YorkNY
| | - Peter A. Shapiro
- Division of Consultation/Liaison PsychiatryDepartment of PsychiatryColumbia University Medical CenterNew YorkNY
| | - Paula S. McKinley
- Division of Behavioral MedicineDepartment of PsychiatryColumbia University Medical CenterNew YorkNY
| | - Matthew Bartels
- Department of Rehabilitation MedicineColumbia University Medical CenterNew YorkNY
| | - Daichi Shimbo
- Department of MedicineColumbia University Medical CenterNew YorkNY
| | - Vincenzo Lauriola
- Division of Behavioral MedicineDepartment of PsychiatryColumbia University Medical CenterNew YorkNY
| | - Wahida Karmally
- Irving Institute for Clinical and Translational ResearchColumbia University Medical CenterNew YorkNY
| | - Martina Pavlicova
- Department of BiostatisticsMailman School of Public HealthColumbia University Medical CenterNew YorkNY
| | | | | | | | - Pamela Flood
- Department of AnesthesiologyColumbia University Medical CenterNew YorkNY
| | - Kevin J. Tracey
- The Feinstein Institute for Medical ResearchNorthwell HealthManhassettNY
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7
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Kartiko BH, Siswanto FM. Overtraining elevates serum protease level, increases renal p16INK4α gene expression and induces apoptosis in rat kidney. SPORT SCIENCES FOR HEALTH 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11332-018-0433-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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8
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Koelwyn GJ, Quail DF, Zhang X, White RM, Jones LW. Exercise-dependent regulation of the tumour microenvironment. Nat Rev Cancer 2017; 17:620-632. [PMID: 28943640 DOI: 10.1038/nrc.2017.78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The integrity and composition of the tumour microenvironment (TME) is highly plastic, undergoing constant remodelling in response to instructive signals derived from alterations in the availability and nature of systemic host factors. This 'systemic milieu' is directly modulated by host exposure to modifiable lifestyle factors such as exercise. Host exposure to regular exercise markedly reduces the risk of the primary development of several cancers and might improve clinical outcomes following a diagnosis of a primary disease. However, the molecular mechanisms that underpin the apparent antitumour effects of exercise are poorly understood. In this Opinion article, we explore the putative effects of exercise in reprogramming the interaction between the host and the TME. Specifically, we speculate on the possible effects of exercise on reprogramming 'distant' tissue microenvironments (those not directly involved in the exercise response) by analysing how alterations in the systemic milieu might modulate key TME components to influence cancer hallmarks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graeme J Koelwyn
- NYU Langone Medical Center, Marc and Ruti Bell Vascular Biology and Disease Program, Leon H. Charney Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, New York, New York 10016, USA
| | - Daniela F Quail
- Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University; and at the Department of Physiology, McGill University, 1160 Pine Avenue West, Montreal, Quebec H3A 1A3, Canada
| | - Xiang Zhang
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine; and at the Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Richard M White
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Lee W Jones
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, USA; and at the Weil Cornell Medical Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, USA
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9
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Regular Voluntary Exercise Potentiates Interleukin-1 β and Interleukin-18 Secretion by Increasing Caspase-1 Expression in Murine Macrophages. Mediators Inflamm 2017; 2017:9290416. [PMID: 28133422 PMCID: PMC5241476 DOI: 10.1155/2017/9290416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Revised: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Moderate-intensity regular exercise improves proinflammatory responses of lipopolysaccharide- (LPS-) stimulated macrophages. However, intracellular events that mediate the beneficial effects of exercise were unclear. This study aimed to clarify the mechanism by which regular voluntary exercise (VE) improves proinflammatory cytokine production by macrophages challenged with LPS. Peritoneal macrophages from VE mice secreted considerably higher amounts of interleukin- (IL-) 1β and IL-18 than did cells from sedentary control (SC) mice in the presence and absence of LPS, although tumor necrosis factor-α and IL-10 secretion were comparable between both groups. The mRNA levels of these cytokines increased significantly in response to LPS; similar levels were noted in macrophages from both SC and VE mice. Moreover, LPS evoked similar levels of degradation of inhibitor of κB (IκB) α and phosphorylation of IκB kinase β, c-Jun N-terminal kinase, and p38 in macrophages from SC and VE mice. These results indicate that the increased IL-1β and IL-18 secretion in VE mice are regulated posttranscriptionally. On the other hand, macrophages from VE mice showed higher amounts of caspase-1 protein than did cells from SC mice. These results suggest that regular VE potentiates IL-1β and IL-18 secretion in LPS-challenged macrophages by increasing caspase-1 levels.
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10
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Goh J, Ladiges WC. Exercise enhances wound healing and prevents cancer progression during aging by targeting macrophage polarity. Mech Ageing Dev 2014; 139:41-8. [PMID: 24932991 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2014.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2013] [Revised: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Physical activity, which can include regular and repetitive exercise training, has been shown to decrease the incidence of age-related diseases. Aging is characterized by aberrant immune responses, including impaired wound healing and increased cancer risk. The behavior and polarized phenotype of tissue macrophages are distinct between young and old organisms. The balance of M1 and M2 macrophages is altered in the aged tissue microenvironment, with a tilt towards an M2-dominant macrophage population, as well as its associated signaling pathways. These M2-type responses may result in unresolved inflammation and create an environment that impairs wound healing and is favorable for cancer growth. We discuss the concept that exercise training can improve the regulation of macrophage polarization and normalize the inflammatory process, and thereby exert anticancer effects and enhance wound healing in older humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorming Goh
- Interdisciplinary Program in Nutritional Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Warren C Ladiges
- Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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11
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Gleeson M, Bishop N, Oliveira M, Tauler P. Influence of training load on upper respiratory tract infection incidence and antigen-stimulated cytokine production. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2011; 23:451-7. [PMID: 22151281 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0838.2011.01422.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/01/2011] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
This study examined the effect of training load on upper respiratory tract infection (URTI) incidence in men and women engaged in endurance-based physical activity during winter and sought to establish if there are training-associated differences in immune function related to patterns of illness. Seventy-five individuals provided resting blood and saliva samples for determination of markers of systemic immunity. Weekly training and illness logs were kept for the following 4 months. Comparisons were made between subjects (n = 25) who reported that they exercised 3-6 h/week (LOW), 7-10 h/week (MED) or ≥ 11 h/week (HIGH). The HIGH and MED groups had more URTI episodes than the LOW group (2.4 ± 2.8 and 2.6 ± 2.2 vs 1.0 ± 1.6, respectively: P < 0.05). The HIGH group had approximately threefold higher interleukin (IL)-2, IL-4 and IL-10 production (all P < 0.05) by antigen-stimulated whole blood culture than the LOW group and the MED group had twofold higher IL-10 production than the LOW group (P < 0.05). Other immune variables were not influenced by training load. It is concluded that high levels of physical activity are associated with increased risk of URTI and this may be related to an elevated anti-inflammatory cytokine response to antigen challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Gleeson
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
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12
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Lira FS, Yamashita AS, Rosa JC, Tavares FL, Caperuto E, Carnevali LC, Pimentel GD, Santos RV, Batista ML, Laviano A, Rossi-Fanelli F, Seelaender M. Hypothalamic inflammation is reversed by endurance training in anorectic-cachectic rats. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2011; 8:60. [PMID: 21861927 PMCID: PMC3257200 DOI: 10.1186/1743-7075-8-60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2011] [Accepted: 08/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim We tested the effects of a cancer cachexia-anorexia sydrome upon the balance of anti and pro-inflammatory cytokines in the hypothalamus of sedentary or trained tumour-bearing (Walker-256 carcinosarcoma) rats. Methods Animals were randomly assigned to a sedentary control (SC), sedentary tumour-bearing (ST), and sedentary pair-fed (SPF) groups or, exercised control (EC), exercised tumour-bearing (ET) and exercised pair-fed (EPF) groups. Trained rats ran on a treadmill (60%VO2max) for 60 min/d, 5 days/wk, for 8 wks. We evaluated food intake, leptin and cytokine (TNF-α, IL1β) levels in the hypothalamus. Results The cumulative food intake and serum leptin concentration were reduced in ST compared to SC. Leptin gene expression in the retroperitoneal adipose tissue (RPAT) was increased in SPF in comparison with SC and ST, and in the mesenteric adipose tissue (MEAT) the same parameter was decreased in ST in relation to SC. Leptin levels in RPAT and MEAT were decreased in ST, when compared with SC. Exercise training was also able to reduce tumour weight when compared to ST group. In the hypothalamus, IL-1β and IL-10 gene expression was higher in ST than in SC and SPF. Cytokine concentration in hypothalamus was higher in ST (TNF-α and IL-1β, p < 0.05), compared with SC and SPF. These pro-inflammatory cytokines concentrations were restored to control values (p < 0.05), when the animals were submitted to endurance training. Conclusion Cancer-induced anorexia leads towards a pro-inflammatory state in the hypothalamus, which is prevented by endurance training which induces an anti-inflammatory state, with concomitant decrease of tumour weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fábio S Lira
- Cancer Metabolism Research Group, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP - Brazil.
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Crespilho DM, de Almeida Leme JAC, de Mello MAR, Luciano E. Effects of physical training on the immune system in diabetic rats. Int J Diabetes Dev Ctries 2010; 30:33-7. [PMID: 20431804 PMCID: PMC2859282 DOI: 10.4103/0973-3930.60010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2008] [Accepted: 12/23/2009] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS This study aims to investigate the influence of physical training on the immune system of diabetic rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS Adult male Wistar rats were distributed into Sedentary Control (SC), Trained Control (TC), Sedentary Diabetic (SD) and Trained Diabetic (TD) groups were used. Diabetes was induced by alloxan (32 mg/bw-i.v.). Training protocol consisted of swimming, at 32 +/- 1 degrees C, one hour/day, five days/week, supporting an overload equivalent to 5% of the body weight, during four weeks. At the end of the experiment the rats were sacrificed by decapitation and blood samples were collected for glucose, insulin, albumin, hematocrit determinations, total and differential leukocyte counting. Additionally, liver samples for glycogen analyses were obtained. RESULTS The results were analyzed by one way at a significance level of 5%. Diabetes reduced blood insulin, liver glycogen stores and increased blood glucose and neutrophil count. Physical training restored glycemia, liver glycogen levels, neutrophils and lymphocytes count in diabetic rats. CONCLUSIONS In summary, physical training was able to improve metabolic and immunological aspects in the experimental diabetic rats.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Eliete Luciano
- Department of Physical Education, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rio Claro-SP, Brazil
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Schebeleski-Soares C, Occhi-Soares RC, Franzói-de-Moraes SM, de Oliveira Dalálio MM, Almeida FN, de Ornelas Toledo MJ, de Araújo SM. Preinfection aerobic treadmill training improves resistance against Trypanosoma cruzi infection in mice. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2009; 34:659-65. [PMID: 19767801 DOI: 10.1139/h09-053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Exercise performed before infections has been linked to improvement of the immune response against infections. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of preinfection moderate-intensity treadmill training on acute Trypanosoma cruzi infection in mice. Ninety-nine female BALB/c mice were divided into 4 groups, as follows: training + infection (T+I) (n = 41); no training + infection (NT+I) (n = 38); training + no infection (T+NI) (n = 10); and no training + no infection (NT+NI) (n = 10). The exercise program for trained groups was carried out on a motorized treadmill for 8 weeks. Infected groups were inoculated with the Y strain of T. cruzi. Infectivity, prepatent period, patent period, parasitemia peak, mortality, survival time, weight, food intake, tumor necrosis factor-alpha serum levels, and peritoneal macrophage hydrogen peroxide production were evaluated. We found that preinfection training induced statistically significant reductions in parasitemia peak (p < 0.03) and weight loss (p < 0.04). However, no statistically significant differences were found for the other parameters evaluated when trained and nontrained infected groups were compared. We conclude that preinfection aerobic training induces some improvement in the immune response to T. cruzi infection in female BALB/c mice.
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Batista ML, Santos RVT, Lopes RD, Lopes AC, Costa Rosa LFBP, Seelaender MCL. Endurance training modulates lymphocyte function in rats with post-MI CHF. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2008; 40:549-56. [PMID: 18379220 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0b013e31815ed6d2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Exercise training restores innate immune system cell function in post-myocardial infarction (post-MI) rats. However, studies of the involvement of lymphocyte (Ly) in the setting of the congestive heart failure (CHF) are few. To address this issue, we investigated the function of Ly obtained from cervical lymph nodes from post-MI CHF rats submitted to treadmill running training. METHODS Twenty-five male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to the following groups: rats submitted to ligation of the left coronary artery, which were sedentary (MI-S, N = 7, only limited activity) or trained (MI-T, N = 6, on a treadmill (0% grade at 13-20 m.m) for 60 min.d, 5 d.wk, for 8-10 wk); or sham-operated rats, which were sedentary (sham-S, N = 6) or trained (sham-T, N = 6). The incorporation of [2-C]-thymidine by Ly cultivated in the presence of concanavalin A (Con A) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS), cytokine production by Ly cultivated in the presence of phytohemagglutinin (PHA), and plasma concentration of glutamine were assessed in all groups, 48 h after the last exercise session. RESULTS Proliferative capacity was increased, following incubation with Con-A in the MI groups, when compared with the sham counterparts. When incubated in the presence of PHA, MI-S produced more IL-4 (96%) than sham-S (P < 0.001). The training protocol induced a 2.2-fold increase in the production of interleukin-2 (P < 0.001) of the cells obtained from the cervical lymph nodes of MI-T, compared with MI-S. CONCLUSION The moderate endurance training protocol caused an increase in IL-2 production, and a trend toward the reversion of the Th1/Th2 imbalance associated with IL-4 production increased in the post-MI CHF animal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Luiz Batista
- Molecular Biology of the Cell Group, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
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16
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Wu CA, Wu JJ, Tsai MJ, Chen RY. Immunomodulatory effects of a traditional Chinese medicine, Chi-Shie-Shuang-Bu-An-Shen-Tang, on BALB/c mice. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2007; 113:300-5. [PMID: 17681444 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2007.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2006] [Revised: 06/12/2007] [Accepted: 06/22/2007] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Chi-Shie-Shuang-Bu-An-Shen-Tang (CST), a traditional Chinese medicine, has long been used to stabilize one's spirit and treatment of body weakness caused by fatigue. In order to understand whether the CST possess the immunological function and effect of thermal processing on its activities, sterilized (SCST) and nonsterilized CST (NCST) extracts were orally administrated to BABL/c mice for 1 or 3 weeks as drinking water. The results showed that CST extract after sterilization at 121 degrees C for 15 min had higher immunological activities than nonsterilized CST. SCST revealed mitogenic effects on splenocyte stimulated by concanavalin A (Con A) and mediated the changes of total serum antibodies; production of IgG increased and IgE reduced. Among cytokines, secretion of IFN-gamma increased and IL-5 decreased, which fit in with the Th1 cell profile, however cytolytic activity of natural killer cells did not show any significant difference. Furthermore, the population of CD4(+) T cells in the mice spleen increased after oral administration of SCST for 3 weeks. These results suggest that SCST had the immunomodulatory effects which drove CD4(+) T cells into Th1 cells and had potential benefit to cope with CD4(+) T lymphopenia condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching An Wu
- Food Industry Research and Development Institute, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan.
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17
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Sajid MS, Iqbal Z, Muhammad G, Sandhu MA, Khan MN, Saqib M, Iqbal MU. Effect of ivermectin on the cellular and humoral immune responses of rabbits. Life Sci 2007; 80:1966-70. [PMID: 17379254 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2007.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2006] [Revised: 02/13/2007] [Accepted: 02/20/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this paper is to determine the effect of ivermectin administration on cell mediated (CMI) and humoral immunity (HI) of rabbits. CMI against dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) and sheep red blood cells (SRBC) in rabbits was determined by delayed-type hypersensitivity and macrophage engulfment assay (MEA), respectively; whereas, HI to Pasteurella multocida B2 vaccine and SRBC was determined by indirect haemagglutination assay (IHA) and Jerne hemolytic plaque formation assay (JHPFA), respectively. The rabbits were divided into four major groups (A through D) each subdivided into four sub-groups (1 through 4). Rabbits of group A served as vehicle control while those of groups B, C and D were treated with ivermectin at the dose rates of 200 microg/kg, 400 microg/kg and 600 microg/kg b.w., respectively. Cellular immunity was determined in sub-groups 1 and 2 through DNCB and MEA, respectively while HI was determined in sub-groups 3 and 4 through IHA and JHPFA, respectively. The skin sensitivity to DNCB at 24 and 48 h and macrophage engulfment of SRBC were highest (P>0.05) in rabbits administered with 600 microg/kg b.w. The highest geometric mean titers (14.00+/-0.31) and number of plaque forming units (1860+/-0.75) were found in rabbits that received ivermectin at a dose of 600 microg/kg b.w. followed, in order by the groups that received 400 microg/kg, 200 microg/kg b.w. and controls. Leukocyte counts were significantly higher in ivermectin-treated groups (C and D) than group A (vehicle control) and B (ivermectin at the rate of 200 microg/kg). A graded dose immune response suggested an immunopotentiating effect of ivermectin at higher doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Sohail Sajid
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad-38040, Pakistan.
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Batista ML, Santos RVT, Oliveira EM, Seelaender MCL, Costa Rosa LFBP. Endurance training restores peritoneal macrophage function in post-MI congestive heart failure rats. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2007; 102:2033-9. [PMID: 17255373 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00871.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Congestive heart failure (CHF) induces a state of immune activation, and peritoneal macrophages (Mφs) may play an important role in the development and progression of one such condition. Moderate endurance training modulates peritoneal Mφ function. We evaluated the effect of endurance training on different stages of the phagocytic process and in the production of interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) after LPS stimulation. Either ligation of the left coronary artery or Sham operations were performed in adult Wistar rats. After 4 wk, control (Sham operated) and MI (ligation of the left coronary artery) animals were randomly assigned to either a sedentary (Sham-operated sedentary, n = 7 and MI sedentary, n = 10) or a trained group (Sham-operated trained, n = 8 and MI trained, n = 8). Trained rats ran on a treadmill (0% grade at 13–20 m/min) for 60 min/day, 5 days/wk, for 8–10 wk, whereas sedentary rats had only limited activity. Training increased maximal oxygen uptake normalized for body weight (ml·kg−1·min−1), as well as skeletal muscle citrate synthase maximal activity, when compared with sedentary groups. The resident and total cell number, the chemotaxis index, and the production of TNF-α stimulated by LPS were significantly higher in the MI sedentary group when compared with the Sham sedentary group. Moderate endurance training reversed these alterations promoted by post-MI. These results demonstrate that moderate intensity exercise training modulates peritoneal Mφ function and induces beneficial metabolic effects in rats with post-MI CHF.
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Santos RVT, Caperuto EC, Costa Rosa LFBP. Effects of acute exhaustive physical exercise upon glutamine metabolism of lymphocytes from trained rats. Life Sci 2007; 80:573-8. [PMID: 17123550 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2006.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2006] [Accepted: 10/08/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Transitory immunosupression is reported after intense exercise, especially after an increase in training overload and in overtraining. The influence of intense exercise on plasma hormones and glutamine concentration may contribute to this effect. However, the effect of such exercise-induced changes upon lymphocyte and glutamine metabolism is not known. We compared glutamine metabolism in lymphocytes in sedentary (SED) and trained rats. Rats from the moderate group (MOD) swam for 6 weeks, 1 h/day, in water at 32+/-1 degrees C, with a load of 5.5% body weight attached to the tail. Animals from the exhaustive group (EXT) trained like MOD, with training increasing to 3 times 1 h a day during the last week, with 150 min rest between each bout. Animals were killed immediately after the last training bout. We observed reduced concentrations of plasma glucose (p<0.05), glutamine (p<0.05), glutamate (p<0.05) in EXT compared to SED. In MOD, decreases in glutamine (p<0.05) were observed. Analyzing lymphocyte metabolism, we observed an increase in lactate production and glutamine consumption (p<0.05) in MOD (p<0.05) compared to SED and a decrease in glutamine consumption (p<0.05) and aspartate production in EXT. An increase in the proliferative response of lymphocytes in MOD and EXT was also observed when stimulated by ConA and LPS similarly to SED. Acute exercise promoted decreased glutamine plasma concentration and changes in glutamine metabolism that did not impair lymphocyte proliferation in exhaustive trained rats.
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Inaba R, Mirbod SM, Sugiura H. Effects of Maharishi Amrit Kalash 5 as an Ayurvedic herbal food supplement on immune functions in aged mice. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2005; 5:8. [PMID: 15790423 PMCID: PMC1084244 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-5-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2004] [Accepted: 03/25/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Background Maharishi Amrit Kalash (MAK) 5, one of the Ayurvedic food supplements, belongs to a group of substances known as Rasayana. MAK5 and other Rasayanas are believed to enhance the body's resistance to infections and disease, and enhance longevity. In this study, we determined the effects of administration of MAK5, one of the Ayurvedic food supplements on immune functions in young and old mice. Methods Male C3H/He N mice were divided into five groups: two no treatment groups (old control: 22-month-old and young control: 2-month-old) and three MAK5 treated groups with differing dose of MAK5. MAK5 was given p.o. at 50 mg/kg, 100 mg/kg or 200 mg/kg per day (3 days/week) for 2 months. Results We found that glucose consumption of peritoneal macrophages from old mice treated with MAK5 at all doses and incubated for 48 and 72 h were significantly greater than that in the control group. Nitric oxide production of peritoneal macrophages stimulated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in old mice treated with MAK5 at all doses was significantly greater than that in the old control group, but not compared to the young control group. Stimulation index (S.I.) in old mice gavaged with MAK5 at all doses was significantly higher than that in the old control group. IL-2 production stimulated by Con A in old mice given MAK5 at all doses was significantly higher than that in the old control group. Production of IFN-γ stimulated by Con A in old mice given MAK5 at doses of 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg were significantly higher than that in the old control group. IL-4 production of splenic lymphocyte stimulated by Con A in old mice given MAK5 at dose levels of 100 and 200 mg/kg were significantly higher than that in the old control group. Conclusion The results suggest that MAK5 suppressed the age associated glucose consumption of peritoneal macrophages and cellular immune function reduction, and that it contributes to the prevention of the immunosenescence.
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Kohut ML, Senchina DS, Madden KS, Martin AE, Felten DL, Moynihan JA. Age effects on macrophage function vary by tissue site, nature of stimulant, and exercise behavior. Exp Gerontol 2005; 39:1347-60. [PMID: 15489058 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2004.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2004] [Revised: 06/25/2004] [Accepted: 07/01/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
We explored the effects of aging on macrophage function in male BALB/c mice from three age groups: young (2 months), middle-aged (12 months), and old (21 months). Macrophages were collected from alveoli, peritonea, and spleens of each age group. Cells were cultured in vitro with LPS or LPS+IFN-gamma and assayed for production of IL-1, IL-12, NO, and TNF-alpha. Using herpes simplex virus-1, age-related changes in intrinsic antiviral resistance (plaque assay) and extrinsic antiviral resistance (NO and TNF-alpha production) were determined in alveolar and/or peritoneal macrophages. Effects of chronic exercise on age-related macrophage changes were examined. In vitro, macrophages from the alveoli and spleen of older mice generally produced more cytokine and NO compared to younger counterparts. Conversely, macrophages from the peritonea of older mice generally produced less cytokine and NO in vitro compared to younger counterparts. Alveolar macrophages from both old and young mice showed higher intrinsic antiviral resistance to HSV-1 compared to middle-aged mice, while peritoneal macrophages from young mice showed reduced intrinsic resistance compared to those from both middle-aged and old mice. When challenged with HSV-1, a trend towards decreased peritoneal macrophage production of TNF-alpha and decreased alveolar macrophage production of IL-12 with advancing age was found. Chronic moderate exercise tended to reverse age-associated changes in macrophage function in old mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marian L Kohut
- Department of Health and Human Performance, Iowa State University, 235 Forker, Ames, IA 50011-1160, USA.
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Kohut ML, Thompson JR, Lee W, Cunnick JE. Exercise training-induced adaptations of immune response are mediated by β-adrenergic receptors in aged but not young mice. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2004; 96:1312-22. [PMID: 14672970 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00792.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
β-Adrenergic blockade was used to determine whether the exercise training-induced adaptations of immune response to viral infection were mediated by catecholamines in young and old mice. Young (2 mo) and older (16 mo) male BALB/c mice were randomly assigned to an exercise or control group, and half of the mice in each group received the β-adrenergic receptor antagonist nadolol. After 8 wk of moderate exercise training, mice were challenged with herpes simplex virus (HSV) 24 h postexercise. The results showed that exercise treatment increased anti-HSV IgM antibody, enhanced IL-10, and altered the kinetics of IFN-γ and IL-2 production in young and old mice. Unique to older mice, exercise decreased mitogen-induced proliferation, increased splenocytes, and tended to decrease memory cells (CD44hi+). In contrast, exercise increased mitogen-induced proliferation but decreased the number of splenic lymphocyte and CD4+ cells in young mice. β-Adrenergic blockade blunted the exercise-induced changes in anti-HSV IgM, IL-2, IFNγ, and mitogen-induced proliferation in old but not young mice. The findings suggest that some of the immunomodulatory effects of chronic exercise are mediated via β-adrenergic receptors and that the role of β-adrenergic receptors is age dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marian L Kohut
- Department of Health and Human Performance, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
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