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Baskurt D, Vural S, Ertekin SS, Baykal C. Oral mucosa involvement in pediatric patients with xeroderma pigmentosum: a comprehensive review. Int J Dermatol 2024; 63:59-72. [PMID: 37964400 DOI: 10.1111/ijd.16890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder presenting with an inability to repair UV-induced DNA damage. This can lead to the development of neoplasms affecting multiple organ systems, with onset often in childhood. Unfortunately, no cure currently exists for XP, and management strategies focus on sun protection and early intervention for malignancies. Although most skin problems in XP patients are UV induced, various oral lesions are also described. However, the literature has not extensively characterized the oral manifestations and their prognostic significance. METHODS We conducted a comprehensive review to evaluate the prevalence and nature of oral mucosal lesions in pediatric XP patients. RESULTS Our literature search yielded 130 pediatric XP patients with oral involvement and 210 associated tumoral or non-tumoral lesions. Squamous cell carcinoma was the most common type of oral mucosal tumor reported, with other malignancies including basal cell carcinoma, melanoma, angiosarcoma, fibrosarcoma, and trichilemmal carcinoma. CONCLUSION Given the potential morbidity and mortality associated with oral mucosal tumors in XP patients, our study aims to raise awareness of these manifestations. Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial for managing these lesions effectively, and routine oral exams should be considered a critical component of dermatological evaluations for XP patients, especially in the pediatric age group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Defne Baskurt
- School of Medicine, Koç University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Secil Vural
- School of Medicine, Koç University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Koç University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sümeyre S Ertekin
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Koç University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Can Baykal
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Istanbul University, Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
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Piccione M, Belloni Fortina A, Ferri G, Andolina G, Beretta L, Cividini A, De Marni E, Caroppo F, Citernesi U, Di Liddo R. Xeroderma Pigmentosum: General Aspects and Management. J Pers Med 2021; 11:1146. [PMID: 34834498 PMCID: PMC8624855 DOI: 10.3390/jpm11111146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Xeroderma Pigmentosum (XP) is a rare genetic syndrome with a defective DNA nucleotide excision repair. It is characterized by (i) an extreme sensitivity to ultraviolet (UV)-induced damages in the skin and eyes; (ii) high risk to develop multiple skin tumours; and (iii) neurologic alterations in the most severe form. To date, the management of XP patients consists of (i) early diagnosis; (ii) a long-life protection from ultraviolet radiation, including avoidance of unnecessary UV exposure, wearing UV blocking clothing, and use of topical sunscreens; and (iii) surgical resections of skin cancers. No curative treatment is available at present. Thus, in the last decade, in order to prevent or delay the progression of the clinical signs of XP, numerous strategies have been proposed and tested, in some cases, with adverse effects. The present review provides an overview of the molecular mechanisms featuring the development of XP and highlights both advantages and disadvantages of the clinical approaches developed throughout the years. The intention of the authors is to sensitize scientists to the crucial aspects of the pathology that could be differently targeted. In this context, the exploration of the process underlining the conception of liposomal nanocarriers is reported to focus the attention on the potentialities of liposomal technology to optimize the administration of chemoprotective agents in XP patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Piccione
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Anna Belloni Fortina
- Pediatric Dermatology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy; (A.B.F.); (F.C.)
| | - Giulia Ferri
- I.R.A. Istituto Ricerche Applicate S.p.A., 20865 Usmate Velate, Italy; (G.F.); (G.A.); (L.B.); (A.C.); (E.D.M.); (U.C.)
| | - Gloria Andolina
- I.R.A. Istituto Ricerche Applicate S.p.A., 20865 Usmate Velate, Italy; (G.F.); (G.A.); (L.B.); (A.C.); (E.D.M.); (U.C.)
| | - Lorenzo Beretta
- I.R.A. Istituto Ricerche Applicate S.p.A., 20865 Usmate Velate, Italy; (G.F.); (G.A.); (L.B.); (A.C.); (E.D.M.); (U.C.)
| | - Andrea Cividini
- I.R.A. Istituto Ricerche Applicate S.p.A., 20865 Usmate Velate, Italy; (G.F.); (G.A.); (L.B.); (A.C.); (E.D.M.); (U.C.)
| | - Emanuele De Marni
- I.R.A. Istituto Ricerche Applicate S.p.A., 20865 Usmate Velate, Italy; (G.F.); (G.A.); (L.B.); (A.C.); (E.D.M.); (U.C.)
| | - Francesca Caroppo
- Pediatric Dermatology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy; (A.B.F.); (F.C.)
| | - Ugo Citernesi
- I.R.A. Istituto Ricerche Applicate S.p.A., 20865 Usmate Velate, Italy; (G.F.); (G.A.); (L.B.); (A.C.); (E.D.M.); (U.C.)
| | - Rosa Di Liddo
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
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de Andrade FAG, Cavalcanti CEDO, Isoldi FC, Ferreira LM. Therapeutics of xeroderma pigmentosum: A PRISMA-compliant systematic review. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol 2021; 87:176-189. [PMID: 33769755 DOI: 10.25259/ijdvl_431_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Xeroderma pigmentosum is a rare hereditary autosomal recessive genodermatosis. At present, there are many treatment options for xeroderma pigmentosum, covering medical/procedural, surgical and combined modalities. However, the quality of these interventions has not been assessed. Our study aimed to perform a systematic review of the literature regarding the treatment of xeroderma pigmentosum. Multiple medical databases were accessed with the Medical Subject Headings terms; "xeroderma pigmentosum," "therapeutics" and "surgical procedures, operative" from January 2000 to April 2019, including articles published in Portuguese, Spanish and English (PROSPERO-CRD42018114858). Two hundred and ninety-eight studies were found in the databases researched, of which, after applying the inclusion criteria, only 33 studies remained. The 33 complete articles were read by three of the authors, having been found: 16 reported medical/procedural and 17 reported surgical treatments. Only one clinical study presented a good level of evidence (EL: 2): a randomized clinical trial using a T4 endonuclease V (T4N5) liposome lotion which reduced the development of skin lesions in patients with xeroderma pigmentosum. Amongst surgical modalities, all studies presented low evidence level (EL: 4). Three illustrative cases are also presented, to emphasize the multiple number of times that surgical modalities may be required in these patients. The therapeutic modalities, both clinical and surgical, for xeroderma pigmentosum presented a low level of scientific evidence which did not allow meta-analysis. More therapeutic studies, both clinical and surgical, with better scientific evidence are needed.
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4
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Genetisch bedingte UV‑Empfindlichkeit. Monatsschr Kinderheilkd 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00112-020-01115-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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5
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Martens MC, Boeckmann L, Emmert S. Genetisch bedingte Hauterkrankungen – Xeroderma pigmentosum und das CEDNIK-Syndrom. AKTUELLE DERMATOLOGIE 2020. [DOI: 10.1055/a-1148-3867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
ZusammenfassungDie Rostocker Hautklinik ist Europäisches Referenznetzwerkzentrum für seltene Hauterkrankungen mit den besonderen Schwerpunkten Xeroderma pigmentosum und Ichthyosen. Diese Themen vertreten wir auch in der medizinischen Grundlagenforschung.Xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) ist eine seltene, autosomal-rezessive Erkrankung, die entsprechend der Gendefekte in 7 Komplementationsgruppen – XP-A bis XP-G sowie die sog. XP-Variante (XP-V) – eingeteilt wird. XP ist ein Nukleotid-Exzisions-Reparatur-Defektsyndrom und äußert sich v. a. durch vorzeitige Hautalterung und frühzeitige Entwicklung von Hauttumoren.Das seltene, neurokutane CEDNIK-Syndrom ist eine autosomal-rezessive Erkrankung, der eine Loss-of-Function-Mutation in SNAP29 zugrunde liegt. SNAP29 ist ein SNARE-Protein und an intrazellulären Membranfusionen beteiligt. CEDNIK ist ein Akronym für den mit dem Syndrom assoziierten Symptomkomplex aus zerebraler Dysgenese, Neuropathie, Ichthyose und Palmoplantarkeratosen. CEDNIK-Patienten weisen neben der Ichthyose zudem Gedeihstörungen, eine psychomotorische Retardierung und faziale Dysmorphien auf.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. C. Martens
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Dermatologie und Venerologie, Universitätsmedizin Rostock
| | - L. Boeckmann
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Dermatologie und Venerologie, Universitätsmedizin Rostock
| | - S. Emmert
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Dermatologie und Venerologie, Universitätsmedizin Rostock
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Martens MC, Emmert S, Boeckmann L. Sunlight, Vitamin D, and Xeroderma Pigmentosum. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1268:319-331. [PMID: 32918226 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-46227-7_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Sunlight, in particular UV-B radiation, is an important factor for endogenous vitamin D production as 80-90% of the required vitamin D needs to be photosynthesized in the skin. The active form of vitamin D, vitamin D3 or calcitriol, binds to the ligand-activated transcription factor vitamin D receptor (VDR) for genomic and non-genomic effects. Recently, calcitriol and analogs have been shown to have antiproliferative effects in mouse and human BCC and SCC cell lines in vitro. As UV radiation plays a critical role in the photosynthesis of vitamin D, stringent sun protection, as recommended for xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) patients, may impact their vitamin D levels.XP is a rare autosomal recessive disorder with a worldwide prevalence of 1 in 1,000,000. XP can be divided into seven different complementation groups: XP-A to XP-G. The complementation groups correspond with the underlying gene defect. Defects in these genes lead to a defective nucleotide excision repair (NER), which is necessary to remove UV-induced DNA damage such as the UV photoproducts cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPD) and 6-4 pyrimidine-pyrimidone (6-4 PP) dimer. Additionally, a variant form with a mutation in the translational polymerase η gene (PolH), also called XP variant (XPV), exists. Patients with XPV show a defect in translesion synthesis. Due to their inability to repair UV-induced lesions, XP patients exhibit an increased risk for UV-induced nonmelanoma skin cancer (NMSC) such as basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) as well as melanoma. Although no curative therapy for XP exists today, numerous options for the treatment and prophylaxis of skin cancer have become available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Christine Martens
- Clinic and Policlinic of Dermatology and Venerology, University Medical Center Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Steffen Emmert
- Clinic and Policlinic of Dermatology and Venerology, University Medical Center Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Lars Boeckmann
- Clinic and Policlinic of Dermatology and Venerology, University Medical Center Rostock, Rostock, Germany.
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Carneiro MC, Kimura TDC, Tolentino EDS, Pieralisi N, Veltrini VC. Unusual intraoral cancer with unexpected outcome in a patient with xeroderma pigmentosum: An alert for antineoplastic treatment. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2019; 129:e1-e11. [PMID: 31706804 DOI: 10.1016/j.oooo.2019.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/28/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) is a rare autosomal disorder characterized by extreme sensitivity to ultraviolet radiation. DNA repair mechanisms are impaired, and minimal sun exposure can lead to the development of cutaneous neoplasms in very young patients. Intraoral carcinomas are uncommon and, when present, are located mainly at the tongue tip. We report an unprecedented case of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) in the floor of mouth of a 23-year-old woman with XP. The patient was referred to the oncologist, and 2 months after surgical resection, she underwent a single session of chemotherapy plus radiotherapy. However, she died 73 hours after undergoing her first chemotherapy session. Considering the unexpected outcome of this case, we also investigated possible exacerbated adverse effects of antineoplastic treatments (especially cisplatin-based chemotherapy) in patients with XP and reviewed the main characteristics of the disease, especially cases with oral manifestations reported in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Neli Pieralisi
- Department of Dentistry, State University of Maringá, Maringá, PR, Brazil
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8
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Update on Noninvasive Diagnostic Imaging and Management of Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer. CURRENT DERMATOLOGY REPORTS 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s13671-018-0207-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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9
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Latour I, Hernández-Martín A, Ged C, Knöpfel N, Taïeb A, Torrelo A. Reversed actinic damage in two children with xeroderma pigmentosum treated with topical imiquimod. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2018; 32:e282-e284. [PMID: 29377344 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.14818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- I Latour
- Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Menéndez Pelayo 65, 28009, Madrid, Spain
| | - A Hernández-Martín
- Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Menéndez Pelayo 65, 28009, Madrid, Spain
| | - C Ged
- INSERUM U 1053, University of Bordeaux, 146 rue Léo Saignat FR-33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - N Knöpfel
- Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Menéndez Pelayo 65, 28009, Madrid, Spain
| | - A Taïeb
- INSERUM U 1053, University of Bordeaux, 146 rue Léo Saignat FR-33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - A Torrelo
- Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Menéndez Pelayo 65, 28009, Madrid, Spain
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10
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Pintens S, Pierret L, Keymolen K, Gutermuth J, De Raeve L. Xeroderma pigmentosum and leukaemia in two sisters. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2015; 30:e42-e43. [DOI: 10.1111/jdv.13288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Pintens
- Department of Dermatology; Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel; Vrije Universiteit Brussel; Laarbeeklaan 101 B-1090 Brussels Belgium
| | - L. Pierret
- Department of Dermatology; Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel; Vrije Universiteit Brussel; Laarbeeklaan 101 B-1090 Brussels Belgium
| | - K. Keymolen
- Center for Medical Genetics; Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel; Vrije Universiteit Brussel; Laarbeeklaan 101 B-1090 Brussels Belgium
| | - J. Gutermuth
- Department of Dermatology; Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel; Vrije Universiteit Brussel; Laarbeeklaan 101 B-1090 Brussels Belgium
| | - L. De Raeve
- Department of Dermatology; Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel; Vrije Universiteit Brussel; Laarbeeklaan 101 B-1090 Brussels Belgium
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11
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Lambert WC, Lambert MW. Development of effective skin cancer treatment and prevention in xeroderma pigmentosum. Photochem Photobiol 2015; 91:475-83. [PMID: 25382223 DOI: 10.1111/php.12385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) is a rare, recessively transmitted genetic disease characterized by increasingly marked dyspigmentation and xerosis (dryness) of sun-exposed tissues, especially skin. Skin cancers characteristically develop in sun-exposed sites at very much earlier ages than in the general population; these are often multiple and hundreds or even thousands may develop. Eight complementation groups have been identified. Seven groups, XP-A…G, are associated with defective genes encoding proteins involved in the nucleotide excision DNA repair (NER) pathway that recognizes and excises mutagenic changes induced in DNA by sunlight; the eighth group, XP-V, is associated with defective translesion synthesis (TLS) bypassing such alterations. The dyspigmentation, xerosis and eventually carcinogenesis in XP patients appear to be due to their cells' failure to respond properly to these mutagenic DNA alterations, leading to mutations in skin cells. A subset of cases, especially those in some complementation groups, may develop neurological degeneration, which may be severe. However, in most XP patients, in the past the multiple skin cancers have led to death at an early age due to either metastases or sepsis. Using either topical 5-fluorouracil or imiquimod, we have developed a protocol that effectively prevents most skin cancer development in XP patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Clark Lambert
- Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and of Dermatology, Rutgers University - New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ
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Abstract
PURPOSE The objective of this pilot study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of 5% imiquimod cream in the treatment of periocular basal cell carcinoma (BCC) through the analysis of a case series. METHODS Eight subjects with primary nodular BCC of the eyelid were recruited. Treatment lasted 10 to 16 weeks. The average follow-up time was 11.7 months. RESULTS Of a total of 10 lesions, 80% resolved clinically and histologically and have remained asymptomatic since. CONCLUSION Imiquimod cream 5% was shown to be an attractive alternative to surgical treatment of periocular BCC. Future studies with larger samples and longer follow-up periods are expected to provide more accurate information on the efficacy and safety of the drug.
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Malhotra AK, Gupta S, Khaitan BK, Verma KK. Multiple basal cell carcinomas in xeroderma pigmentosum treated with imiquimod 5% cream. Pediatr Dermatol 2008; 25:488-91. [PMID: 18789101 DOI: 10.1111/j.1525-1470.2008.00727.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
We report successful treatment of multiple basal cell carcinomas with imiquimod 5% cream in a 16-year-old boy with xeroderma pigmentosum and review the possibility of prophylactic role of imiquimod in the disease. Imiquimod cream was applied uniformly over all the basal cell carcinoma lesions and background pigmented skin, once at bedtime on every alternate day for 12 weeks. Besides the basal cell carcinomas, the background hyperpigmentation and keratotic papules also cleared, and the skin texture improved. The lesions did not recur at the treated sites during the follow up of 1 year.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Kumar Malhotra
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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Abstract
Small-molecule agonists at Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) and TLR8 have sparked a vivid interest in cancer research owing to their profound antitumoral activity. The lead compound of the imidazoquinoline family, imiquimod, is marketed as a topical formulation. It is efficacious against many primary skin tumors and cutaneous metastases. Using different imidazoquinoline species, distinct functions of TLR7 and TLR8 have been discovered. The predominant antitumoral mode of action of these agents is TLR7/8-mediated activation of the central transcription factor nuclear factor-kappaB, which leads to induction of proinflammatory cytokines and other mediators. Cutaneous dendritic cells are the primary responsive cell type and initiate a strong Th1-weighted antitumoral cellular immune response. Recent research has shown that dendritic cells themselves acquire direct antitumoral activity upon stimulation by imiquimod. In addition, there are a number of secondary effects on the molecular and cellular level that can be explained through the activation of TLR7/8. The proinflammatory activity of imiquimod, but not resiquimod, appears to be augmented by suppression of a regulatory mechanism, which normally limits inflammatory responses. This is achieved independently of TLR7/8 through interference with adenosine receptor signaling pathways. Finally, at higher concentrations imiquimod exerts Bcl-2- and caspase-dependent proapoptotic activity against tumor cells.
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Barrera M, Herrera E. Tratamiento quimioterápico tópico de la queratosis actínica y el cáncer cutáneo no melanoma: situación actual y perspectivas. ACTAS DERMO-SIFILIOGRAFICAS 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/s0001-7310(07)70133-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Barrera M, Herrera E. Topical Chemotherapy for Actinic Keratosis and Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer: Current Options and Future Perspectives. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/s1578-2190(07)70513-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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17
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Abstract
Xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) is a rare autosomal recessive genodermatosis. Skin abnormalities result from an inability to repair UV-damaged DNA. Clinically, XP presents with early onset cutaneous changes (severe photosensitivity, actinic keratoses, and telangiectasias) and an increase of developing cutaneous malignancies beginning in early childhood, but lentigo maligna and melanomas are relatively rare. Here we report on homozygote twins in whom there was no positive family history. They showed subnormal physical growth. On ophthalmological examination, both had photophobia and decreased visual acuity. Since birth, several excisions had been performed for skin neoplasms. In one of them a pigmented patch developed over the frontal area which proved to be lentigo maligna and she was referred to a dermato-oncology center. They have been given isotretinoin and physical sunscreen since then. The follow-up period was extended to 2 years and no serious complications occurred from the above treatment. This is an interesting report about XP in twins with the presentation of the rare neoplasm lentigo maligna.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gita Faghihi
- Department of Dermatology, Shahid Beheshti Hospital, Isfahan University School of Medicine, Isfahan, Iran.
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18
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Abstract
Imiquimod is a topically applied immunomodulator. Although initially approved for genital and perianal warts, dermatologists have prescribed this compound for many neoplastic and nonneoplastic skin conditions. The US Food and Drug Administration recently approved imiquimod for the treatment of actinic keratoses. This article reviews the literature on imiquimod in the treatment of cutaneous malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carrine A Burns
- Department of Dermatology, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Box 697, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
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