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Banicka V, Martens MC, Panzer R, Schrama D, Emmert S, Boeckmann L, Thiem A. Homozygous CRISPR/Cas9 Knockout Generated a Novel Functionally Active Exon 1 Skipping XPA Variant in Melanoma Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911649. [PMID: 36232946 PMCID: PMC9569948 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Defects in DNA repair pathways have been associated with an improved response to immune checkpoint inhibition (ICI). In particular, patients with the nucleotide excision repair (NER) defect disease Xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) responded impressively well to ICI treatment. Recently, in melanoma patients, pretherapeutic XP gene expression was predictive for anti-programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) ICI response. The underlying mechanisms of this finding are still to be revealed. Therefore, we used CRISPR/Cas9 to disrupt XPA in A375 melanoma cells. The resulting subclonal cell lines were investigated by Sanger sequencing. Based on their genetic sequence, candidates from XPA exon 1 and 2 were selected and further analyzed by immunoblotting, immunofluorescence, HCR and MTT assays. In XPA exon 1, we established a homozygous (c.19delG; p.A7Lfs*8) and a compound heterozygous (c.19delG/c.19_20insG; p.A7Lfs*8/p.A7Gfs*55) cell line. In XPA exon 2, we generated a compound heterozygous mutated cell line (c.206_208delTTG/c.208_209delGA; p.I69_D70delinsN/p.D70Hfs*31). The better performance of the homozygous than the heterozygous mutated exon 1 cells in DNA damage repair (HCR) and post-UV-C cell survival (MTT), was associated with the expression of a novel XPA protein variant. The results of our study serve as the fundamental basis for the investigation of the immunological consequences of XPA disruption in melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Banicka
- Clinic and Policlinic for Dermatology and Venereology, University Medical Center Rostock, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Marie Christine Martens
- Clinic and Policlinic for Dermatology and Venereology, University Medical Center Rostock, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Panzer
- Clinic and Policlinic for Dermatology and Venereology, University Medical Center Rostock, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - David Schrama
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Hospital Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Steffen Emmert
- Clinic and Policlinic for Dermatology and Venereology, University Medical Center Rostock, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Lars Boeckmann
- Clinic and Policlinic for Dermatology and Venereology, University Medical Center Rostock, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Alexander Thiem
- Clinic and Policlinic for Dermatology and Venereology, University Medical Center Rostock, 18057 Rostock, Germany
- Correspondence:
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Abstract
The nucleotide excision repair (NER) is essential for the repair of ultraviolet (UV)-induced DNA damage, such as cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs) and 6,4-pyrimidine-pyrimidone dimers (6,4-PPs). Alterations in genes of the NER can lead to DNA damage repair disorders such as Xeroderma pigmentosum (XP). XP is a rare autosomal recessive genetic disorder associated with UV-sensitivity and early onset of skin cancer. Recently, extensive research has been conducted on the functional relevance of splice variants and their relation to cancer. Here, we focus on the functional relevance of alternative splice variants of XP genes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lars Boeckmann
- Clinic and Policlinic for Dermatology and Venerology, University Medical Center Rostock, 18057 Rostock, Germany; (M.C.M.); (S.E.)
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Martens MC, Edelkamp J, Seebode C, Schäfer M, Stählke S, Krohn S, Jung O, Murua Escobar H, Emmert S, Boeckmann L. Generation and Characterization of a CRISPR/Cas9-Mediated SNAP29 Knockout in Human Fibroblasts. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22105293. [PMID: 34069872 PMCID: PMC8157373 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22105293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss-of-function mutations in the synaptosomal-associated protein 29 (SNAP29) lead to the rare autosomal recessive neurocutaneous cerebral dysgenesis, neuropathy, ichthyosis, and keratoderma (CEDNIK) syndrome. SNAP29 is a soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor (SNARE) protein. So far, it has been shown to be involved in membrane fusion, epidermal differentiation, formation of primary cilia, and autophagy. Recently, we reported the successful generation of two mouse models for the human CEDNIK syndrome. The aim of this investigation was the generation of a CRISPR/Cas9-mediated SNAP29 knockout (KO) in an immortalized human cell line to further investigate the role of SNAP29 in cellular homeostasis and signaling in humans independently of animal models. Comparison of different methods of delivery for CRISPR/Cas9 plasmids into the cell revealed that lentiviral transduction is more efficient than transfection methods. Here, we reported to the best of our knowledge the first successful generation of a CRISPR/Cas9-mediated SNAP29 KO in immortalized human MRC5Vi fibroblasts (c.169_196delinsTTCGT) via lentiviral transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Christine Martens
- Clinic and Policlinic for Dermatology and Venerology, University Medical Center Rostock, 18057 Rostock, Germany; (M.C.M.); (J.E.); (C.S.); (M.S.); (O.J.); (S.E.)
| | - Janin Edelkamp
- Clinic and Policlinic for Dermatology and Venerology, University Medical Center Rostock, 18057 Rostock, Germany; (M.C.M.); (J.E.); (C.S.); (M.S.); (O.J.); (S.E.)
| | - Christina Seebode
- Clinic and Policlinic for Dermatology and Venerology, University Medical Center Rostock, 18057 Rostock, Germany; (M.C.M.); (J.E.); (C.S.); (M.S.); (O.J.); (S.E.)
| | - Mirijam Schäfer
- Clinic and Policlinic for Dermatology and Venerology, University Medical Center Rostock, 18057 Rostock, Germany; (M.C.M.); (J.E.); (C.S.); (M.S.); (O.J.); (S.E.)
| | - Susanne Stählke
- Department of Cell Biology, University Medical Center Rostock, 18057 Rostock, Germany;
| | - Saskia Krohn
- Clinic for Hematology, Oncology and Palliative Care, University Medical Center Rostock, 18057 Rostock, Germany; (S.K.); (H.M.E.)
| | - Ole Jung
- Clinic and Policlinic for Dermatology and Venerology, University Medical Center Rostock, 18057 Rostock, Germany; (M.C.M.); (J.E.); (C.S.); (M.S.); (O.J.); (S.E.)
| | - Hugo Murua Escobar
- Clinic for Hematology, Oncology and Palliative Care, University Medical Center Rostock, 18057 Rostock, Germany; (S.K.); (H.M.E.)
| | - Steffen Emmert
- Clinic and Policlinic for Dermatology and Venerology, University Medical Center Rostock, 18057 Rostock, Germany; (M.C.M.); (J.E.); (C.S.); (M.S.); (O.J.); (S.E.)
| | - Lars Boeckmann
- Clinic and Policlinic for Dermatology and Venerology, University Medical Center Rostock, 18057 Rostock, Germany; (M.C.M.); (J.E.); (C.S.); (M.S.); (O.J.); (S.E.)
- Correspondence:
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Abstract
Sunlight, in particular UV-B radiation, is an important factor for endogenous vitamin D production as 80-90% of the required vitamin D needs to be photosynthesized in the skin. The active form of vitamin D, vitamin D3 or calcitriol, binds to the ligand-activated transcription factor vitamin D receptor (VDR) for genomic and non-genomic effects. Recently, calcitriol and analogs have been shown to have antiproliferative effects in mouse and human BCC and SCC cell lines in vitro. As UV radiation plays a critical role in the photosynthesis of vitamin D, stringent sun protection, as recommended for xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) patients, may impact their vitamin D levels.XP is a rare autosomal recessive disorder with a worldwide prevalence of 1 in 1,000,000. XP can be divided into seven different complementation groups: XP-A to XP-G. The complementation groups correspond with the underlying gene defect. Defects in these genes lead to a defective nucleotide excision repair (NER), which is necessary to remove UV-induced DNA damage such as the UV photoproducts cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPD) and 6-4 pyrimidine-pyrimidone (6-4 PP) dimer. Additionally, a variant form with a mutation in the translational polymerase η gene (PolH), also called XP variant (XPV), exists. Patients with XPV show a defect in translesion synthesis. Due to their inability to repair UV-induced lesions, XP patients exhibit an increased risk for UV-induced nonmelanoma skin cancer (NMSC) such as basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) as well as melanoma. Although no curative therapy for XP exists today, numerous options for the treatment and prophylaxis of skin cancer have become available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Christine Martens
- Clinic and Policlinic of Dermatology and Venerology, University Medical Center Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Steffen Emmert
- Clinic and Policlinic of Dermatology and Venerology, University Medical Center Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Lars Boeckmann
- Clinic and Policlinic of Dermatology and Venerology, University Medical Center Rostock, Rostock, Germany.
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Lehmann J, Seebode C, Martens MC, Emmert S. Xeroderma Pigmentosum - Facts and Perspectives. Anticancer Res 2018; 38:1159-1164. [PMID: 29374753 DOI: 10.21873/anticanres.12335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Revised: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Ultraviolet (UV)-induced DNA lesions are almost exclusively removed by the nucleotide excision repair (NER) pathway, which is essential for prevention of skin cancer development. Patients with xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) are extremely sun sensitive due to a genetic defect in components of the NER cascade. They present with first signs of premature skin aging at an early age, with a considerably increased risk of developing UV-induced skin cancer. XP belongs to the group of DNA repair defective disorders that are mainly diagnosed in the clinic and in hindsight confirmed at the molecular level. Unfortunately, there are no causative treatment options for this rare, autosomal-recessive disorder, emphasizing the importance of an early diagnosis. Subsequently, UV-protective measures such as the reduction of exposure to environmental UV and regular skin cancer screenings should be undertaken to substantially improve prognosis as well as the disease course.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janin Lehmann
- Clinic for Dermatology and Venereology, University Medical Center Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Christina Seebode
- Clinic for Dermatology and Venereology, University Medical Center Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | | | - Steffen Emmert
- Clinic for Dermatology and Venereology, University Medical Center Rostock, Rostock, Germany
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Martens MC, Seebode C, Lehmann J, Emmert S. Photocarcinogenesis and Skin Cancer Prevention Strategies: An Update. Anticancer Res 2018; 38:1153-1158. [PMID: 29374752 DOI: 10.21873/anticanres.12334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Revised: 11/25/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
UV radiation is acknowledged as the primary cause of photocarcinogenesis and therefore contributes to the development of skin cancer entities such as squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), basal cell carcinoma (BCC), and melanoma. Typical DNA photoproducts and indirect DNA damage caused by reactive oxygen species are the result of UV radiation. UV-induced DNA damage is repaired by nucleotide excision repair, which consequently counteracts the development of mutations and skin carcinogenesis. Tumour-suppressor genes are inactivated by mutation and growth-promoting pathways are activated leading to disruption of cell-cycle progression. Depending on the skin cancer entity, some genes are more frequently affected than others. In BCC mutations in Patched or Smoothened are common and affect the Sonic hedgehog pathway. In SCC, cell regulator protein p53 (TP53) mutations are prevalent, as well as mutations of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), cyclin-dependent kinase 2A (CDKN2A), Rat sarcoma (RAS), or the tyrosine kinase Fyn (FYN). UV-induced mutations in TP53 and CDKN2A are frequent in melanoma. UV-induced inflammatory processes also facilitate photocarcinogenesis. Recent studies showed a connection between photocarcinogenesis and citrus consumption, phytochemicals, alcohol consumption, hormone replacement therapy, as well as oral contraceptive use. Preventative measures include adequate use of sun protection and skin cancer screening at regular intervals, as well as the use of chemopreventative agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Christine Martens
- Clinic and Polyclinic for Dermatology and Venerology, University Medical Center Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Christina Seebode
- Clinic and Polyclinic for Dermatology and Venerology, University Medical Center Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Janin Lehmann
- Clinic and Polyclinic for Dermatology and Venerology, University Medical Center Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Steffen Emmert
- Clinic and Polyclinic for Dermatology and Venerology, University Medical Center Rostock, Rostock, Germany
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