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Thompson B, Davidson EA, Liu W, Nebert DW, Bruford EA, Zhao H, Dermitzakis ET, Thompson DC, Vasiliou V. Overview of PAX gene family: analysis of human tissue-specific variant expression and involvement in human disease. Hum Genet 2021; 140:381-400. [PMID: 32728807 PMCID: PMC7939107 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-020-02212-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Paired-box (PAX) genes encode a family of highly conserved transcription factors found in vertebrates and invertebrates. PAX proteins are defined by the presence of a paired domain that is evolutionarily conserved across phylogenies. Inclusion of a homeodomain and/or an octapeptide linker subdivides PAX proteins into four groups. Often termed "master regulators", PAX proteins orchestrate tissue and organ development throughout cell differentiation and lineage determination, and are essential for tissue structure and function through maintenance of cell identity. Mutations in PAX genes are associated with myriad human diseases (e.g., microphthalmia, anophthalmia, coloboma, hypothyroidism, acute lymphoblastic leukemia). Transcriptional regulation by PAX proteins is, in part, modulated by expression of alternatively spliced transcripts. Herein, we provide a genomics update on the nine human PAX family members and PAX homologs in 16 additional species. We also present a comprehensive summary of human tissue-specific PAX transcript variant expression and describe potential functional significance of PAX isoforms. While the functional roles of PAX proteins in developmental diseases and cancer are well characterized, much remains to be understood regarding the functional roles of PAX isoforms in human health. We anticipate the analysis of tissue-specific PAX transcript variant expression presented herein can serve as a starting point for such research endeavors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Thompson
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, 60 College Street, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Emily A Davidson
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, 60 College Street, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Wei Liu
- Program of Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Daniel W Nebert
- Department of Environmental Health and Center for Environmental Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Research Center, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA
- Department of Pediatrics and Molecular and Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Research Center, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA
| | - Elspeth A Bruford
- HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SD, UK
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0AW, UK
| | - Hongyu Zhao
- Program of Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Emmanouil T Dermitzakis
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva Medical School, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland
- Institute for Genetics and Genomics in Geneva (iGE3), University of Geneva, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - David C Thompson
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Vasilis Vasiliou
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, 60 College Street, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA.
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PAX5-Negative Classical Hodgkin Lymphoma: A Case Report of a Rare Entity and Review of the Literature. Case Rep Hematol 2017; 2017:7531729. [PMID: 29109877 PMCID: PMC5646291 DOI: 10.1155/2017/7531729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Revised: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Classical Hodgkin lymphoma (CHL) is recognized as a B-cell neoplasm arising from germinal center or postgerminal center B-cells. The hallmark of CHL is the presence of CD30 (+) Hodgkin and Reed-Sternberg (HRS) cells with dim expression of PAX5. Nearly all of the HRS cells are positive for PAX5. However, a small minority of HRS cells may lack PAX5 expression, which can cause a diagnostic dilemma. Herein we describe two cases of PAX5-negative CHL and review of the English literature on this very rare entity. It is crucial to be aware of this phenomenon, which in some cases may lead to misdiagnosis and may ultimately adversely affect patient's management.
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Bharti B, Shukla S, Tripathi R, Mishra S, Kumar M, Pandey M, Mishra R. Level of PAX5 in differential diagnosis of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Indian J Med Res 2016; 143:S23-S31. [PMID: 27748274 PMCID: PMC5080925 DOI: 10.4103/0971-5916.191747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background & objectives: The PAX5, a paired box transcription factor and B-cell activator protein (BSAP), activates B-cell commitment genes and represses non-B-cell lineage genes. About 14 transcript variants of PAX5 have been observed in human. Any alteration in its expression pattern leads to lymphogenesis or associated diseases and carcinogenesis in non-lymphoid tissues. Its mechanisms of function in pathophysiology of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) are unclear. This study was intended to explore influence of PAX5 in cascade of NHL pathogenesis and diagnosis. Methods: Samples of 65 patients were evaluated by immunohistochemical staining for cellular localization of PAX5, CD19, CD3, cABL, p53, Ras and Raf and by TUNEL assay, RNA-isolation and reverse transcriptase (RT)-PCR, Western blot analysis, and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) specific staining. Results: B-cell type NHL patients were positive for PAX5, p53, Ras, CD19, Raf and CD3. All of them showed TUNEL-positive cells. The differential expression pattern of PAX5, CD19, p53, CD3, ZAP70, HIF1α, Ras, Raf and MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) at the levels of transcripts and proteins was observed. The LDH assay showed modulation of LDH4 and LDH5 isoforms in the lymph nodes of NHL patients. Interpretation & conclusions: The histological observations suggested that the patients represent diverse cases of NHL like mature B-cell type, mature T-cell type and high grade diffuse B-cell type NHL. The findings indicate that patients with NHL may also be analyzed for status of PAX5, CD19 and ZAP70, and their transcriptional and post-translational variants for the differential diagnosis of NHL and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brij Bharti
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Sachin Shukla
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Ratnakar Tripathi
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Suman Mishra
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Mohan Kumar
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Manoj Pandey
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Rajnikant Mishra
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
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4
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Blake JA, Thomas M, Thompson JA, White R, Ziman M. Perplexing Pax: From puzzle to paradigm. Dev Dyn 2008; 237:2791-803. [DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.21711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
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Anderson K, Rusterholz C, Månsson R, Jensen CT, Bacos K, Zandi S, Sasaki Y, Nerlov C, Sigvardsson M, Jacobsen SEW. Ectopic expression of PAX5 promotes maintenance of biphenotypic myeloid progenitors coexpressing myeloid and B-cell lineage-associated genes. Blood 2007; 109:3697-705. [PMID: 17218387 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2006-05-026021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractThe transcription factor PAX5 is a critical regulator of B-cell commitment and development. Although normally not expressed in myeloid progenitors, PAX5 has recently been shown to be frequently expressed in myeloid malignancies and to suppress expression of myeloid differentiation genes, compatible with an effect on the differentiation or maintenance of myeloid progenitors. However, previous studies in which PAX5 was ectopically expressed in normal myeloid progenitors in vivo and in vitro provided conflicting results as to the effect of PAX5 on myeloid development. Herein, we demonstrate that on ectopic expression of PAX5 in bone marrow multipotent stem/progenitor cells, cells with a biphenotypic B220+GR-1/MAC-1+ phenotype are produced. These remain cytokine-dependent, but unlike control-transduced cells they sustain long-term generation of myeloid progenitors in vitro and remain capable of myeloid differentiation. Notably, PAX5+B220+GR-1/MAC-1+ myeloid progenitors coexpress, at the single-cell level, myeloid genes and otherwise B-cell–specific PAX5 target genes. These findings establish that ectopic expression of PAX5 introduces extensive self-renewal properties in otherwise short-lived myeloid progenitors. Along with the established ectopic expression of PAX5 in acute myeloid leukemia, this motivates a careful investigation of the potential involvement of ectopic PAX5 expression in myeloid and biphenotypic leukemias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Anderson
- Hematopoietic Stem Cell Laboratory, Lund Strategic Research Center for Stem Cell Biology and Cell Therapy, Lund University, Klinikgatan 26, 221 84 Lund, Sweden
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6
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Weiler CR, Bankers-Fulbright JL. Common variable immunodeficiency: test indications and interpretations. Mayo Clin Proc 2005; 80:1187-200. [PMID: 16178499 DOI: 10.4065/80.9.1187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) is a primary immunodeficiency disorder that can present with multiple phenotypes, all of which are characterized by hypogammaglobulinemia, in a person at any age. A specific genetic defect that accounts for all CVID phenotypes has not been identified, and it is likely that several distinct genetic disorders with similar clinical presentations are responsible for the observed variation. In this review, we summarize the known genetic mutations that give rise to hypogammaglobulinemia and how these gene products affect normal or abnormal B-cell development and function, with particular emphasis on CVID. Additionally, we describe specific phenotypic and genetic laboratory tests that can be used to diagnose CVID and provide guidelines for test interpretation and subsequent therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine R Weiler
- Department of Internal Medicine and Division of Allergic Diseases, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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Oppezzo P, Dumas G, Lalanne AI, Payelle-Brogard B, Magnac C, Pritsch O, Dighiero G, Vuillier F. Different isoforms of BSAP regulate expression of AID in normal and chronic lymphocytic leukemia B cells. Blood 2004; 105:2495-503. [PMID: 15561888 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2004-09-3644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) is key to initiating somatic hypermutation (SHM) and class switch recombination (CSR), but its mode of action and regulation remains unclear. Since Pax-5 and Id-2 transcription factors play an opposing role in AID regulation, we have studied the expression of Pax-5, Id-2, and prdm-1 genes in 54 chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) B cells. In 21 cases, presence of AID is constantly associated with high expression of the complete form of the Pax-5 gene (Pax-5a) and lower expression of the Id-2 and prdm-1 transcripts. In 33 cases, the absence of AID expression and CSR is associated with a reduction of Pax-5a and the appearance of a spliced form with a deletion in exon 8 (Pax-5/Delta-Ex8). Stimulation with CD40L+interleukin 4 (IL-4) induces CSR, the presence of AID transcripts, up-regulation of Pax-5a and down-regulation of Pax-5/Delta-Ex8, and Id-2 and prdm-1 transcripts. Pax-5a and Pax-5/Delta-Ex8 are translated into 2 isoforms of the B-cell-specific activator protein (BSAP) and both are able to bind the AID-promoter region. Overall, these results suggest that Pax-5/Delta-Ex8 could play an important role in the control of its own transcription and indirectly in AID expression and CSR.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- B-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- B-Lymphocytes/pathology
- Base Sequence
- CD40 Ligand
- Cytidine Deaminase
- Cytosine Deaminase/immunology
- Cytosine Deaminase/metabolism
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic/immunology
- Gene Expression Regulation, Leukemic/immunology
- Humans
- Inhibitor of Differentiation Protein 2/immunology
- Inhibitor of Differentiation Protein 2/metabolism
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/immunology
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/metabolism
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/pathology
- Male
- Middle Aged
- PAX5 Transcription Factor/immunology
- PAX5 Transcription Factor/metabolism
- Positive Regulatory Domain I-Binding Factor 1
- Protein Isoforms/immunology
- Protein Isoforms/metabolism
- Repressor Proteins/immunology
- Repressor Proteins/metabolism
- Sequence Deletion/immunology
- Somatic Hypermutation, Immunoglobulin/immunology
- Transcription Factors/immunology
- Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Transcription, Genetic/immunology
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Oppezzo
- Unité d'Immuno-hématologie et d'Immunopathologie, Institut Pasteur, 28 Rue Docteur Roux, 75015 Paris, France.
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Borson ND, Lacy MQ, Wettstein PJ. Altered mRNA expression of Pax5 and Blimp-1 in B cells in multiple myeloma. Blood 2002; 100:4629-39. [PMID: 12453881 DOI: 10.1182/blood.v100.13.4629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is a plasma cell disorder that potentially initiates during an early stage of B-cell development. We encountered an unidentified isoform of B cell-specific activator protein (BSAP, or Pax5) in MM cells while performing differential analyses to compare mRNA expression in malignant and normal plasma cells. Pax5 is a transcription factor that plays a central role throughout B-cell development until the point of terminal differentiation. Our finding of this unique isoform prompted us to investigate Pax5 isoform usage in plasma cells and B-cell populations in other MM and healthy subjects. In contrast to normal Pax5 expression, we observed multiple isoforms of Pax5 in conjunction with low levels of expression of the full-length Pax5 in B cells from MM patients. The expressed isoforms in MM varied considerably from patient to patient, with no clear pattern. We also performed semiquantitative analyses of the mRNA expression levels of B lymphocyte-induced maturation protein (Blimp-1), because expression levels of Pax5 and Blimp-1 have been shown to be inversely correlated. We observed the expression of Blimp-1 in the B-cell populations in all 11 MM patients but in none of 11 healthy subjects. We hypothesize that premature Blimp-1 expression coupled to altered and deficient Pax5 expression causes some proliferating B cells to prematurely differentiate to plasma cells in MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy D Borson
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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Milili M, Gauthier L, Veran J, Mattei MG, Schiff C. A new Groucho TLE4 protein may regulate the repressive activity of Pax5 in human B lymphocytes. Immunology 2002; 106:447-55. [PMID: 12153506 PMCID: PMC1782747 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2567.2002.01456.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
During mouse B-cell development, Pax5 is an essential transcription factor that acts as an activator of B-cell-specific genes and as a repressor of alternative lineage fates. The repressive function is mediated by the recruitment of members of the Groucho co-repressor family. Using an RNA display approach, we have isolated a transcript, called QD, specifically expressed in human pro-B and pre-B cells, which is derived from the human Groucho TLE4 gene. The QD transcript contains the first four TLE4 exons and an intronic sequence 3' of exon 4, demonstrating that QD is a splice variant of TLE4. The putative resulting protein of 94 amino acids corresponds to approximately half of an N-terminal tetramerization domain. We also show specific expression of TLE4 transcripts in human B cells and of TLE4 proteins in B-cell nuclei. Moreover, we demonstrate that recombinant QD protein binds to the TLE4 Q domain and is able to abolish the TLE4/Pax5 interaction. Thus, QD could act as a negative regulator of TLE4 function, in early B-cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michèle Milili
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, CNRS-INSERM-Univ.Med.Campus de Luminy, Marseille, France
| | - Laurent Gauthier
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, CNRS-INSERM-Univ.Med.Campus de Luminy, Marseille, France
| | - Julie Veran
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, CNRS-INSERM-Univ.Med.Campus de Luminy, Marseille, France
| | | | - Claudine Schiff
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, CNRS-INSERM-Univ.Med.Campus de Luminy, Marseille, France
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Kaneko H, Matsui E, Fukao T, Kasahara K, Morimoto W, Kondo N. Expression of the BLM gene in human haematopoietic cells. Clin Exp Immunol 1999; 118:285-9. [PMID: 10540192 PMCID: PMC1905425 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2249.1999.01060.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bloom's syndrome (BS) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized by stunted growth, sun-sensitive erythema and immunodeficiency. Chromosomal abnormalities are often observed. Patients with BS are highly predisposed to cancers. The causative gene for BS has been identified as BLM. The former encodes a protein, which is a homologue of the RecQ DNA helicase family, a family which includes helicases such as Esherichia coli RecQ, yeast Sgs1, and human WRN. WRN is encoded by the gene that when mutated causes Werner's syndrome. The function of BLM in DNA replication and repair has not yet been determined, however. To understand the function of BLM in haematopoietic cells and the cause of immunodeficiency in BS, expression of the BLM gene in various human tissues and haematopoietic cell lines was analysed and the involvement of BLM in immunoglobulin rearrangement examined. In contrast to WRN, BLM was expressed strongly in the testis and thymus. B, T, myelomonocytic and megakaryocytic cell lines also expressed BLM. All of the examined sequences at the junction of the variable (V), diversity (D) and joining (J) regions of the immunoglobulin heavy-chain genes were in-frame, and N-region insertions were also present. The frequency of abnormal rearrangements of the T cell receptor was slightly elevated in the peripheral T cells of patients with BS compared with healthy individuals, whereas a higher frequency of abnormal rearrangements was observed in the cells of patients with ataxia-telangiectasia (A-T). In DND39 cell lines, the induction of sterile transcription, which is required for class switching of immunoglobulin heavy-chain constant genes, was correlated with the induction of the BLM gene. Taking into consideration all these results, BLM may not be directly involved in VDJ recombination, but is apparently involved in the maintenance of the stability of DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Kaneko
- Department of Paediatrics, Gifu University School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan.
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Dinkel A, Warnatz K, Ledermann B, Rolink A, Zipfel PF, Bürki K, Eibel H. The transcription factor early growth response 1 (Egr-1) advances differentiation of pre-B and immature B cells. J Exp Med 1998; 188:2215-24. [PMID: 9858508 PMCID: PMC2212439 DOI: 10.1084/jem.188.12.2215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In mature B lymphocytes, the zinc finger transcription factor early growth response 1 (Egr-1) is one of the many immediate-early genes induced upon B cell antigen receptor engagement. However, its role during earlier stages of lymphopoiesis has remained unclear. By examining bone marrow B cell subsets, we found Egr-1 transcripts in pro/pre-B and immature B lymphocytes, and Egr-1 protein in pro/pre-B-I cells cultivated on stroma cells in the presence of interleukin (IL)-7. In recombinase-activating gene (RAG)-2-deficient mice overexpressing an Egr-1 transgene in the B lymphocyte lineage, pro/pre-B-I cells could differentiate past a developmental block at the B220(low) BP-1(-) stage to the stage of B220(low) BP-1(+) pre-B-I cells, but not further to the B220(low) BP-1(+) CD25(+) stage of pre-B-II cells. Therefore, during early B lymphopoiesis progression from the B220(low) BP-1(-) IL-2R- pro/pre-B-I stage to the B220(low) BP-1(+) IL-2R+ pre-B-II stage seems to occur in at least two distinct steps, and the first step to the stage of B220(low) BP-1(+) pre-B-I cells can be promoted by the overexpression of Egr-1 alone. Wild-type mice expressing an Egr-1 transgene had increased proportions of mature immunoglobulin (Ig)M+ B220(high) and decreased proportions of immature IgM+ B220(low) bone marrow B cells. Since transgenic and control precursor B cells show comparable proliferation patterns, overexpression of Egr-1 seems also to promote entry into the mature B cell stage. Analysis of changes in the expression pattern of potential Egr-1 target genes revealed that Egr-1 enhances the expression of the aminopeptidase BP-1/6C3 in pre-B and immature B cells and upregulates expression of the orphan nuclear receptor nur77 in IgM+ B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Dinkel
- Clinical Research Unit for Rheumatology, Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Hospital Freiburg, D-79106 Freiburg, Germany
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