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Sansonetti M, Al Soodi B, Thum T, Jung M. Macrophage-based therapeutic approaches for cardiovascular diseases. Basic Res Cardiol 2024; 119:1-33. [PMID: 38170281 PMCID: PMC10837257 DOI: 10.1007/s00395-023-01027-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Despite the advances in treatment options, cardiovascular disease (CVDs) remains the leading cause of death over the world. Chronic inflammatory response and irreversible fibrosis are the main underlying pathophysiological causes of progression of CVDs. In recent decades, cardiac macrophages have been recognized as main regulatory players in the development of these complex pathophysiological conditions. Numerous approaches aimed at macrophages have been devised, leading to novel prospects for therapeutic interventions. Our review covers the advancements in macrophage-centric treatment plans for various pathologic conditions and examines the potential consequences and obstacles of employing macrophage-targeted techniques in cardiac diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marida Sansonetti
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Therapeutic Strategies (IMTTS), Hannover Medical School, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Bashar Al Soodi
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Therapeutic Strategies (IMTTS), Hannover Medical School, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Thomas Thum
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Therapeutic Strategies (IMTTS), Hannover Medical School, 30625, Hannover, Germany.
- REBIRTH-Center for Translational Regenerative Medicine, Hannover Medical School, 30625, Hannover, Germany.
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine (ITEM), 30625, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Mira Jung
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Therapeutic Strategies (IMTTS), Hannover Medical School, 30625, Hannover, Germany.
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2
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Thomas AM, Dong Y, Beskid NM, García AJ, Adams AB, Babensee JE. Brief exposure to hyperglycemia activates dendritic cells in vitro and in vivo. J Cell Physiol 2019; 235:5120-5129. [PMID: 31674663 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells are key players in regulating immunity. These cells both activate and inhibit the immune response depending on their cellular environment. Their response to hyperglycemia, a condition common amongst diabetics wherein glucose is abnormally elevated, remains to be elucidated. In this study, the phenotype and immune response of dendritic cells exposed to hyperglycemia were characterized in vitro and in vivo using the streptozotocin-induced diabetes model. Dendritic cells were shown to be sensitive to hyperglycemia both during and after differentiation from bone marrow precursor cells. Dendritic cell behavior under hyperglycemic conditions was found to vary by phenotype, among which, tolerogenic dendritic cells were particularly sensitive. Expression of the costimulatory molecule CD86 was found to reliably increase when dendritic cells were exposed to hyperglycemia. Additionally, hydrogel-based delivery of the anti-inflammatory molecule interleukin-10 was shown to partially inhibit these effects in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline M Thomas
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia.,Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Ying Dong
- Department of Surgery, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Nicholas M Beskid
- Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia.,George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Andrés J García
- Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia.,George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Andrew B Adams
- Department of Surgery, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Julia E Babensee
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia.,Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia
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3
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Chan MWY, Viswanathan S. Recent progress on developing exogenous monocyte/macrophage-based therapies for inflammatory and degenerative diseases. Cytotherapy 2019; 21:393-415. [PMID: 30871899 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2019.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2018] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cell-based therapies are a rapidly developing area of regenerative medicine as dynamic treatments that execute therapeutic functions multimodally. Monocytes and macrophages, as innate immune cells that control inflammation and tissue repair, are increasing popular clinical candidates due to their spectrum of functionality. In this article, we review the role of monocytes and macrophages specifically in inflammatory and degenerative disease pathology and the evidence supporting the use of these cells as an effective therapeutic strategy. We compare current strategies of exogenously polarized monocyte/macrophage therapies regarding dosage, delivery and processing to identify outcomes, advances and challenges to their clinical use. Monocytes/macrophages hold the potential to be a promising therapeutic avenue but understanding and optimization of disease-specific efficacy is needed to accelerate their clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mable Wing Yan Chan
- Arthritis Program, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sowmya Viswanathan
- Arthritis Program, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Cell Therapy Program, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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4
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Fu ZJ, Zhong XZ, Ma WH, Zhang WD, Shi CY. Lipophilic but not hydrophilic statin functionally inhibit volume-activated chloride channels by inhibiting NADPH oxidase in monocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 481:117-124. [PMID: 27818195 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Volume-activated Cl- channels (VACCs) can be activated by hypotonic solutions and have been identified in many cell types. Here, we investigated the effects of different statins on VACCs in monocytes. Whole-cell patch clamp recordings demonstrated that a hypotonic solution induced 5-nitro-2- (3-phenylpropylamino) benzoic acid (NPPB)- and 4,4'-diisothiocyanatostilbene-2, 2'-disulfonic acid (DIDS)-sensitive VACC currents in human peripheral monocytes and RAW 264.7 cells. The VACC currents were inhibited by the lipophilic statin (simvastatin) but not by the hydrophilic simvastatin acid and pravastatin. A low-molecular-weight superoxide anion scavenger (tiron, 1 mM) and inhibitor of NADPH oxidase (DPI 10 μM) was able to abolish the VACC currents. A hypotonic solution increased the reactive oxygen species (ROS) detected by the fluorescence of dichlorodihydrofluorescein (DCF), which was abolished by tiron and DPI. NPPB, DIDS, and simvastatin but not pravastatin decreased the fluorescence of DCF. Simvastatin could not further decrease VACC currents when pretreated with tiron or DPI, whereas exogenous H2O2 (100 μM), increased the VACC currents and overcame the blockade of VACC currents by simvastatin. Functionally, hypotonic solution increased the TNF-α mRNA expression, which could be decreased by tiron, DPI, NPPB, DIDS and simvastatin but not pravastatin. However, simvastatin could not decrease the TNF-α expression further when pretreatment with tiron, DPI, NPPB or DIDS. We conclude that lipophilic (simvastatin) rather than hydrophilic statin inhibit VACCs and decrease hyposmolality induced inflammation in monocytes by inhibiting NADPH oxidase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Jie Fu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Xue-Zhen Zhong
- Department of Cardiovascular Disease, Jinan Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Shandong, Jinan 250013, China
| | - Wei-Hong Ma
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250033, China
| | - Wen-Dong Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, QiLu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China.
| | - Cheng-Yao Shi
- Department of Pharmacy, QiLu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
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5
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Masters TA, Sheetz MP, Gauthier NC. F-actin waves, actin cortex disassembly and focal exocytosis driven by actin-phosphoinositide positive feedback. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2016; 73:180-96. [PMID: 26915738 DOI: 10.1002/cm.21287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Revised: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Actin polymerization is controlled by the phosphoinositide composition of the plasma membrane. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the spatiotemporal regulation of actin network organization over extended length scales are still unclear. To observe phosphoinositide-dependent cytoskeletal dynamics we combined the model system of frustrated phagocytosis, total internal reflection microscopy and manipulation of the buffer tonicity. We found that macrophages interacting with IgG-coated glass substrates formed circular F-actin waves on their ventral surface enclosing a region of plasma membrane devoid of cortical actin. Plasma membrane free of actin cortex was strongly depleted of PI(4,5)P2 , but enriched in PI(3,4)P2 and displayed a fivefold increase in exocytosis. Wave formation could be promoted by application of a hypotonic shock. The actin waves were characteristic of a bistable wavefront at the boundary between the regions of membrane containing and lacking cortical actin. Phosphoinositide modifiers and RhoGTPase activities dramatically redistributed with respect to the wavefronts, which often exhibited spatial oscillations. Perturbation of either lipid or actin cytoskeleton-related pathways led to rapid loss of both the polarized lipid distribution and the wavefront. As waves travelled over the plasma membrane, wavefront actin was seen to rapidly polymerize and depolymerize at pre-existing clusters of FcγRIIA, coincident with rapid changes in lipid composition. Thus the potential of receptors to support rapid F-actin polymerization appears to depend acutely on the local concentrations of multiple lipid species. We propose that interdependence through positive feedback from the cytoskeleton to lipid modifiers leads to coordinated local cortex remodeling, focal exocytosis, and organizes extended actin networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A Masters
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, 5A Engineering Drive 1, Singapore, 117411, Singapore
| | - Michael P Sheetz
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, 5A Engineering Drive 1, Singapore, 117411, Singapore.,Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, New York, 10027
| | - Nils C Gauthier
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, 5A Engineering Drive 1, Singapore, 117411, Singapore
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Dachir S, Cohen M, Sahar R, Graham J, Eisenkraft A, Horwitz V, Kadar T. Beneficial effects of activated macrophages on sulfur mustard-induced cutaneous burns, anin vivoexperience. Cutan Ocul Toxicol 2014; 33:317-26. [DOI: 10.3109/15569527.2013.877023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Novak ML, Koh TJ. Phenotypic transitions of macrophages orchestrate tissue repair. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2013; 183:1352-1363. [PMID: 24091222 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2013.06.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Revised: 06/14/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages are essential for the efficient healing of numerous tissues, and they contribute to impaired healing and fibrosis. Tissue repair proceeds through overlapping phases of inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling, and macrophages are present throughout this progression. Macrophages exhibit transitions in phenotype and function as tissue repair progresses, although the precise factors regulating these transitions remain poorly defined. In efficiently healing injuries, macrophages present during a given stage of repair appear to orchestrate transition into the next phase and, in turn, can promote debridement of the injury site, cell proliferation and angiogenesis, collagen deposition, and matrix remodeling. However, dysregulated macrophage function can contribute to failure to heal or fibrosis in several pathological situations. This review will address current knowledge of the origins and functions of macrophages during the progression of tissue repair, with emphasis on skin and skeletal muscle. Dysregulation of macrophages in disease states and therapies targeting macrophage activation to promote tissue repair are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret L Novak
- Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Timothy J Koh
- Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.
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8
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Leor J, Rozen L, Zuloff-Shani A, Feinberg MS, Amsalem Y, Barbash IM, Kachel E, Holbova R, Mardor Y, Daniels D, Ocherashvilli A, Orenstein A, Danon D. Ex vivo activated human macrophages improve healing, remodeling, and function of the infarcted heart. Circulation 2006; 114:I94-100. [PMID: 16820652 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.105.000331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Activated macrophages have a significant role in wound healing and damaged tissue repair. We sought to explore the ability of ex vivo activated macrophages to promote healing and repair of the infarcted myocardium. METHODS AND RESULTS Human activated macrophage suspension (AMS) was prepared from a whole blood unit obtained from young donors in a closed sterile system and was activated by a novel method of hypo-osmotic shock. The AMS (approximately 4 x 10(5) cells) included up to 43% CD14-positive cells and was injected into the ischemic myocardium of rats (n=8) immediately after coronary artery ligation. The control group (n=9) was treated with saline injection. The human cells existed in the infarcted heart 4 to 7 days after injection, as indicated by histology, human growth hormone-specific polymerase chain reaction, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) tracking of iron oxide-nanoparticle-labeled cells. After 5 weeks, scar vessel density (+/-SE) (25+/-4 versus 10+/-1 per mm2; P<0.05), myofibroblast accumulation, and recruitment of resident monocytes and macrophages were greater in AMS-treated hearts compared with controls. Serial echocardiography studies, before and 5 weeks after injection, showed that AMS improved scar thickening (0.15+/-0.01 versus 0.11+/-0.01 cm; P<0.05), reduced left ventricular (LV) diastolic dilatation (0.87+/-0.02 versus 0.99+/-0.04 cm; P<0.05), and improved LV fractional shortening (31+/-2 versus 20+/-4%; P<0.05), compared with controls. CONCLUSIONS Early after myocardial infarction, injection of AMS accelerates vascularization, tissue repair, and improves cardiac remodeling and function. Our work suggests a novel clinically relevant option to promote the repair of ischemic tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Leor
- Neufeld Cardiac Research Institute, Tel-Aviv University, Israel.
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9
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Orenstein A, Kachel E, Zuloff-Shani A, Paz Y, Sarig O, Haik J, Smolinsky AK, Mohr R, Shinar E, Danon D. Treatment of deep sternal wound infections post-open heart surgery by application of activated macrophage suspension. Wound Repair Regen 2005; 13:237-42. [PMID: 15953041 DOI: 10.1111/j.1067-1927.2005.130304.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Postoperative sternal wound infection remains a significant complication and generally causes considerable morbidity and mortality. Macrophages play a major role in the process of wound healing. In order to evaluate the efficacy of local injection of activated macrophage suspensions into open infected sternal wound space, a retrospective case-control study was conducted. Sixty-six patients with deep sternal wound infection treated by activated macrophages (group 1) and 64 patients with deep sternal wound infection treated by sternal reconstruction surgery with various regional flaps (group 2), were matched for gender, age, and risk index. In up to 54 months of follow-up of group 1, 60 patients (91%) achieved complete wound closure. Two (3%) late deaths occurred unrelated to the procedure. Mortality rate in group 2 was 29.7% (19/64). Duration of hospitalization was 22.6 days in group 1 vs. 56.2 days in group 2. Patients with deep sternal wound infection following open heart surgery that were treated by activated macrophages had significantly less mortality as well as significant reduction of hospitalization in comparison to the surgically treated group. These results illustrate the advantages of using a biologically based activated macrophage treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arie Orenstein
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat-Gan, Israel
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10
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Wagner SJ, Myrup A, Xu Y, Walker MS, Welbon C, Celluzzi CM. Monocyte enrichment of mononuclear apheresis preparations with a multistep back-flush procedure on a cord blood filter. Transfusion 2005; 45:433-9. [PMID: 15752163 DOI: 10.1111/j.1537-2995.2005.04185.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Monocytes or mononuclear cells have been investigated for the treatment of chronic wounds and spinal cord injuries, as well as serve as a source for dendritic or endothelial cell culture. Because these cells may have clinical benefit yet no rapid and inexpensive closed system for monocyte purification is commercially available, a method was investigated to enrich monocytes from mononuclear apheresis units using a cord blood filter. METHODS A 4-step method for monocyte enrichment was developed which involved 1) filtering a mononuclear apheresis unit through a cord blood filter, 2) chasing with medium to remove non-adherent residual cells and plasma, 3) back-flushing under low shear conditions to remove loosely adherent lymphocytes, and 4) back-flushing under high shear conditions to collect a fraction enriched in monocytes. Apheresis units and enriched monocyte preparations were characterized by cell count and differential, filter-isolated preparations were cryopreserved, and thawed preparations were assayed for viability, and phagocytosis. Enriched monocyte preparations were also assayed for inflammatory cytokines secretion and secretion of prostaglandin E2 during short-term culture. RESULTS Monocytes were viable, capable of phagocytosis, and enriched using the multistep filter elution technique to represent 42 +/- 13-percent of white cells in the final preparation. Fifty-three-percent of monocytes were recovered in the final preparation, while total cell counts of red cells, platelets, neutrophils and lymphocytes were reduced to 3.0, 3.0, 4.5 and 16-percent, respectively, from levels present in mononuclear apheresis units. Filter enriched monocyte preparations secreted IL-8, IL-6, MCP-1, and MIP-1alpha, during short term culture. CONCLUSION The use of a multi-step back flush procedure with a cord blood filter resulted in rapid enrichment of viable and functional monocytes from mononuclear apheresis units with significant reduction of contaminating platelets and red cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Wagner
- American Red Cross Biomedical Services, Holland Laboratory, Blood and Cell Therapy Development, Rockville, Maryland 20855, USA.
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Zuloff-Shani A, Kachel E, Frenkel O, Orenstein A, Shinar E, Danon D. Macrophage suspensions prepared from a blood unit for treatment of refractory human ulcers. Transfus Apher Sci 2004; 30:163-7. [PMID: 15062757 DOI: 10.1016/j.transci.2003.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/26/2003] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents an innovative method for the treatment of refractory wounds, starting with a blood unit, that is based on a biological approach. Local wound repair is one of the major unresolved clinical problems. Age, infection, clinical conditions such as diabetes mellitus, cardiac, renal, lung and liver failure, malnutrition and immunological deficiencies are among the reasons for wound repair delay or failure. Many chronic ulcers resist conventional treatment and do not heal for months and years, thus causing substantial morbidity and even mortality. The method for macrophage suspension treatment consists of introducing into the wound live cells that play a major role in the process of wound healing. The suspension is prepared from a blood unit of a healthy donor in a cost-effective, closed, sterile system. In the process of preparation, the macrophages are activated by hypo-osmotic shock to enhance their various functions in wound repair. The cells are applied to the wound either by local injection or by direct deposition into the wound. In most cases (90%), only one treatment is sufficient. Since 1995, macrophage suspensions have been used successfully in more than 1000 patients in several hospitals in Israel, without any side effects. Our results show that the use of a macrophage suspension is a safe and effective therapeutic strategy that shortens the healing period, reduces risk of complications and morbidity and improves the quality of life for long-suffering patients. This treatment requires no hospitalization and can be given on an ambulatory basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Zuloff-Shani
- Research and Development Unit, M.D.A. National Blood Services, Magen David Adom, Ramat Gan 52621, Israel
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Wagner SJ, Myrup A, Xu Y, Katz AJ. Sterile isolation and cryopreservation of human adherent monocytes/macrophages from mononuclear cell apheresis preparations. Wound Repair Regen 2003; 11:145-9. [PMID: 12631303 DOI: 10.1046/j.1524-475x.2003.11211.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
There is evidence from animal and human study that suggests clinical use of monocytes/macrophages may be of benefit in wound healing, tissue regeneration, and cancer therapy. To facilitate further study, a method was developed for sterile isolation and cryopreservation of adherent monocyte/macrophages from mononuclear cell apheresis units collected from unstimulated normal human donors. Preparations contained approximately 1 x 108 total cells and were comprised of approximately 60% monocytes, 38% lymphocytes, and 2% granulocytes. Cells could be cryopreserved for up to 8 months and subsequently thawed and stored at 1-6 degrees C for up to 4 hours with retention of viability and adequate phagocytic function. These cells can be used in clinical trials to determine their possible therapeutic benefit, e.g., whether administration of exogenously supplied cells improves the healing of chronic wounds or promotes the regeneration of transected nerves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Wagner
- American Red Cross, Biomedical Services, Jerome H. Holland Laboratory for the Biomedical Sciences, Blood & Cell Therapy Development, Rockville, Maryland 20855, USA.
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Frenkel O, Shani E, Ben-Bassat I, Brok-Simoni F, Rozenfeld-Granot G, Kajakaro G, Rechavi G, Amariglio N, Shinar E, Danon D. Activated macrophages for treating skin ulceration: gene expression in human monocytes after hypo-osmotic shock. Clin Exp Immunol 2002; 128:59-66. [PMID: 11982591 PMCID: PMC1906371 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2249.2002.01630.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages play a major role in almost all stages of the complex process of wound healing. It has been previously shown that the incorporation of a hypo-osmotic shock step, in the process of monocyte-concentrate preparation from a blood unit, induces monocyte/macrophage activation. As the macrophages are produced using a unique, closed and sterile system, they are suitable for local application on ulcers in elderly and paraplegic patients. Enhanced phagocytosis by the activated cells, as well as increased secretion of cytokines such as IL-1, IL-6, were detected in a recent study which are in accord with the very encouraging clinical results. In the present study, we used DNA microarrays to analyse the differential gene expressions of the hypo-osmotic shock-activated monocytes/macrophages and compare them to non-treated cells. Of the genes that exhibited differences of expression in the activated cell population, 94% (68/72) displayed increased activity. The mRNA levels of 43/68 of these genes (63%) were found to be 1.5-fold or higher (1.5-7.98) in the activated macrophages cell population as compared to the non-treated cells. Only four genes were found to have lower mRNA levels in the activated cells, with ratios of expression of 0.62-0.8, which may suggest that the changes are insignificant. A significant number of the genes that showed increased levels of expression is known to be directly involved in macrophage function and wound healing. This may correlate with the increased secretion of different cytokines by the activated macrophages depicted previously. Other groups of genes expressed are known to be involved in important pathways such as neuronal growth and function, developmental defects and cancer. The hypo-osmotic shock induces a gene expression profile of cytokines and receptors in the activated cells. These may evoke potential abilities to produce a variety of protein products needed in the wound healing process and may bring to light possibilities for other therapeutic applications of these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Frenkel
- Department of Haematology, Chaim Sheba Medical Centre, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
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