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Gancheva S, Kahl S, Herder C, Strassburger K, Sarabhai T, Pafili K, Szendroedi J, Schlensak M, Roden M. Metabolic surgery-induced changes of the growth hormone system relate to improved adipose tissue function. Int J Obes (Lond) 2023; 47:505-511. [PMID: 36959287 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-023-01292-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Revised: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Body weight loss improves insulin resistance and growth hormone secretion in obesity, which may be regulated by leptin according to preclinical studies. How changes in leptin, lipids and insulin sensitivity after bariatric (metabolic) surgery affect the human growth hormone system is yet unclear. PARTICIPANTS AND METHODS People with obesity (OBE, n = 79, BMI 50.8 ± 6.3 kg/m2) were studied before, 2, 12, 24 and 52 weeks after metabolic surgery and compared to lean healthy humans (control; CON, n = 24, BMI 24.3 ± 3.1 kg/m2). Tissue-specific insulin sensitivity was assessed by hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamps with D-[6,6-2H2]glucose. Fasting leptin, growth hormone (GH), insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) and IGF-binding proteins (IGFBP1, IGFBP3) were measured using ELISA. RESULTS At baseline, OBE exhibited higher glycemia and leptinemia as well as pronounced peripheral, adipose tissue and hepatic insulin resistance compared to CON. GH and IGFBP1 were lower, while IGF1 was comparable between groups. At 52 weeks, OBE had lost 33% body weight and doubled their peripheral insulin sensitivity, which was paralleled by continuous increases in GH, IGF-1 and IGFBP1 as well as decrease in leptin. The rise in GH correlated with reductions in free fatty acids, adipose tissue insulin resistance and insulinemia, but not with changes in body weight, peripheral insulin sensitivity, glycemia or leptinemia. The rise in IGF-1 correlated with reduction in high-sensitive C-reactive protein. CONCLUSION Reversal of alterations of the GH-IGF-1 axis after surgically-induced weight loss is unlikely related to improved leptin secretion and/or insulin sensitivity, but is rather associated with restored adipose tissue function and reduced low-grade inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofiya Gancheva
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Partner Düsseldorf, Munich-Neuherberg, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Sabine Kahl
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Partner Düsseldorf, Munich-Neuherberg, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Christian Herder
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Partner Düsseldorf, Munich-Neuherberg, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Klaus Strassburger
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Partner Düsseldorf, Munich-Neuherberg, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Institute for Biometrics and Epidemiology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Theresia Sarabhai
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Partner Düsseldorf, Munich-Neuherberg, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Kalliopi Pafili
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Partner Düsseldorf, Munich-Neuherberg, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Julia Szendroedi
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Partner Düsseldorf, Munich-Neuherberg, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine I and Clinical Chemistry, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Michael Roden
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany.
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany.
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Partner Düsseldorf, Munich-Neuherberg, Düsseldorf, Germany.
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Effects of Whey Protein Supplement on 4-Week Resistance Exercise-Induced Improvements in Muscle Mass and Isokinetic Muscular Function under Dietary Control. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15041003. [PMID: 36839361 PMCID: PMC9963065 DOI: 10.3390/nu15041003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of whey protein supplementation under dietary control on improvements in muscle mass and function following resistance exercise training. (2) Thirty-two men were randomly assigned to a whey protein supplementation group taking whey protein isolate (PSG, n = 17) and a placebo group (CON, n = 15). Participants were provided with three meals per day corresponding to the estimated individual daily energy intake. The supervised resistance exercise program was conducted 60 min per day, six days per week, for four weeks. (3) Post-intervention, there was a significant interaction between groups in terms of muscle mass increase (p = 0.033, η2 = 0.14), with a greater increase in the PSG. There were also significant interactions between the groups and increases in peak torque of the dominant knee flexors (p = 0.048, η2 = 0.12), dominant shoulder extensors, and non-dominant shoulder extensors (p = 0.028, η2 = 0.15; p = 0.015, η2 = 0.18), and the total work of the dominant knee and shoulder extensors (p = 0.012, η2 = 0.19; p = 0.013, η2 = 0.19), with greater increases in the PSG. (4) These results suggest that whey protein supplementation enhances resistance exercise-induced increase in muscle mass and overall muscular strength and endurance, independent of dietary influence.
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Lettieri-Barbato D, Giovannetti E, Aquilano K. Effects of dietary restriction on adipose mass and biomarkers of healthy aging in human. Aging (Albany NY) 2017; 8:3341-3355. [PMID: 27899768 PMCID: PMC5270672 DOI: 10.18632/aging.101122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In developing countries the rise of obesity and obesity-related metabolic disorders, such as cardiovascular diseases and type 2 diabetes, reflects the changes in lifestyle habits and wrong dietary choices. Dietary restriction (DR) regimens have been shown to extend health span and lifespan in many animal models including primates. Identifying biomarkers predictive of clinical benefits of treatment is one of the primary goals of precision medicine. To monitor the clinical outcomes of DR interventions in humans, several biomarkers are commonly adopted. However, a validated link between the behaviors of such biomarkers and DR effects is lacking at present time. Through a systematic analysis of human intervention studies, we evaluated the effect size of DR (i.e. calorie restriction, very low calorie diet, intermittent fasting, alternate day fasting) on health-related biomarkers. We found that DR is effective in reducing total and visceral adipose mass and improving inflammatory cytokines profile and adiponectin/leptin ratio. By analysing the levels of canonical biomarkers of healthy aging, we also validated the changes of insulin, IGF-1 and IGFBP-1,2 to monitor DR effects. Collectively, we developed a useful platform to evaluate the human responses to dietary regimens low in calories.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Katia Aquilano
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.,IRCCS San Raffaele La Pisana, Rome, Italy
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Bredella MA, Schorr M, Dichtel LE, Gerweck AV, Young BJ, Woodmansee WW, Swearingen B, Miller KK. Body Composition and Ectopic Lipid Changes With Biochemical Control of Acromegaly. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2017; 102:4218-4225. [PMID: 28945897 PMCID: PMC6283448 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2017-01210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Acromegaly is characterized by growth hormone (GH) and insulinlike growth factor-1 (IGF-1) hypersecretion, and GH and IGF-1 play important roles in regulating body composition and glucose homeostasis. OBJECTIVE The purpose of our study was to investigate body composition including ectopic lipids, measures of glucose homeostasis, and gonadal steroids in patients with active acromegaly compared with age-, body mass index (BMI)-, and sex-matched controls and to determine changes in these parameters after biochemical control of acromegaly. DESIGN Cross-sectional study of 20 patients with active acromegaly and 20 healthy matched controls. Prospective study of 16 patients before and after biochemical control of acromegaly. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Body composition including ectopic lipids by magnetic resonance imaging/proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy; measures of glucose homeostasis by an oral glucose tolerance test; gonadal steroids. RESULTS Patients with active acromegaly had lower mean intrahepatic lipid (IHL) and higher mean fasting insulin and insulin area under the curve (AUC) values than controls. Men with acromegaly had lower mean total testosterone, sex hormone-binding globulin, and estradiol values than male controls. After therapy, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance, fasting insulin level, and insulin AUC decreased despite an increase in IHL and abdominal and thigh adipose tissues and a decrease in muscle mass. CONCLUSIONS Patients with acromegaly were characterized by insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia but lower IHL compared with age-, BMI-, and sex-matched healthy controls. Biochemical control of acromegaly improved insulin resistance but led to a less favorable anthropometric phenotype with increased IHL and abdominal adiposity and decreased muscle mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam A Bredella
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114
- Correspondence and Reprint Requests: Miriam A. Bredella, MD, Massachusetts General Hospital, Yawkey 6E, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02114. E-mail:
| | - Melanie Schorr
- Neuroendocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114
| | - Laura E Dichtel
- Neuroendocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114
| | - Anu V Gerweck
- Neuroendocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114
| | - Brian J Young
- Neuroendocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114
| | - Whitney W Woodmansee
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Brooke Swearingen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114
| | - Karen K Miller
- Neuroendocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114
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Abstract
The obesity epidemic calls for complementary treatment possibilities in addition to lifestyle changes. One of the important regulators of lipid homeostasis is growth hormone (GH). Clinical trials have tested if GH can reduce obesity in humans. The mechanisms underlying the response to GH administration have also been investigated in animal models of human obesity. A literature search yielded 19 randomized placebo-controlled clinical studies and several animal studies investigating chronic GH treatment of obesity. Significant effects were found in some of the larger trials. One clinical trial showed significantly increased weight loss due to GH treatment, and in seven trials, a significant reduction of fat mass was found. The improvements observed were modest, but even minor improvements have been shown to be beneficial, especially if the reduction in fat mass includes visceral adipose tissue, as was reported in three of six trials. In principle, animal data support the clinical observations although the reduction of fat mass was more dramatic than observed in humans. The mechanisms resulting in lipid mobilization most likely include adipose tissue lipo-protein lipase (LPL) inhibition and antagonization of the anti-lipolytic activity of insulin. By feeding a restricted amount of a high fat diet to GH exposed rats hyper-insulinemia was avoided, loss of body fat was accelerated and metabolic markers were improved. Provision of a diet suitable for the metabolic conditions during GH treatment shows promise for improving metabolic control and can perhaps increase the efficacy and/or widen the therapeutic window of GH.
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6
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Abstract
Dietary restriction is an effective strategy for weight loss in obese individuals. The most common form of dietary restriction implemented is daily calorie restriction (CR), which involves reducing energy by 15-60% of usual caloric intake every day. Another form of dietary restriction employed is intermittent CR, which involves 24 h of ad libitum food consumption alternated with 24 h of complete or partial food restriction. Although both diets are effective for weight loss, it remains unknown whether one of these interventions produces superior changes in body weight and body composition when compared to the other. Accordingly, this review examines the effects of daily CR versus intermittent CR on weight loss, fat mass loss and lean mass retention in overweight and obese adults. Results reveal similar weight loss and fat mass loss with 3 to 12 weeks' intermittent CR (4-8%, 11-16%, respectively) and daily CR (5-8%, 10-20%, respectively). In contrast, less fat free mass was lost in response to intermittent CR versus daily CR. These findings suggest that these diets are equally as effective in decreasing body weight and fat mass, although intermittent CR may be more effective for the retention of lean mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Varady
- Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
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7
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Rasmussen MH. Obesity, growth hormone and weight loss. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2010; 316:147-53. [PMID: 19723558 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2009.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2008] [Revised: 07/30/2009] [Accepted: 08/25/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Growth hormone (GH) is the most important hormonal regulator of postnatal longitudinal growth in man. In adults GH is no longer needed for longitudinal growth. Adults with growth hormone deficiency (GHD) are characterised by perturbations in body composition, lipid metabolism, cardiovascular risk profile and bone mineral density. It is well established that adult GHD usually is accompanied by an increase in fat accumulation and GH replacement in adult patients with GHD results in reduction of fat mass and abdominal fat mass in particular. It is also recognized that obesity and abdominal obesity in particular results in a secondary reduction in GH secretion and subnormal insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) levels. The recovery of the GH IGF-I axis after weight loss suggest an acquired defect, however, the pathophysiologic role of GH in obesity is yet to be fully understood. In clinical studies examining the efficacy of GH in obese subjects very little or no effect are observed with respect to weight loss, whereas GH seems to reduce total and abdominal fat mass in obese subjects. The observed reductions in abdominal fat mass are modest and similar to what can be achieved by diet or exercise interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Højby Rasmussen
- Department of Endocrinology, Hvidovre Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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8
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Moller N, Vendelbo MH, Kampmann U, Christensen B, Madsen M, Norrelund H, Jorgensen JO. Growth hormone and protein metabolism. Clin Nutr 2009; 28:597-603. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2009.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2009] [Revised: 08/03/2009] [Accepted: 08/25/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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9
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Møller N, Jørgensen JOL. Effects of growth hormone on glucose, lipid, and protein metabolism in human subjects. Endocr Rev 2009; 30:152-77. [PMID: 19240267 DOI: 10.1210/er.2008-0027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 605] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In evolutionary terms, GH and intracellular STAT 5 signaling is a very old regulatory system. Whereas insulin dominates periprandially, GH may be viewed as the primary anabolic hormone during stress and fasting. GH exerts anabolic effects directly and through stimulation of IGF-I, insulin, and free fatty acids (FFA). When subjects are well nourished, the GH-induced stimulation of IGF-I and insulin is important for anabolic storage and growth of lean body mass (LBM), adipose tissue, and glycogen reserves. During fasting and other catabolic states, GH predominantly stimulates the release and oxidation of FFA, which leads to decreased glucose and protein oxidation and preservation of LBM and glycogen stores. The most prominent metabolic effect of GH is a marked increase in lipolysis and FFA levels. In the basal state, the effects of GH on protein metabolism are modest and include increased protein synthesis and decreased breakdown at the whole body level and in muscle together with decreased amino acid degradation/oxidation and decreased hepatic urea formation. During fasting and stress, the effects of GH on protein metabolism become more pronounced; lack of GH during fasting increases protein loss and urea production rates by approximately 50%, with a similar increase in muscle protein breakdown. GH is a counterregulatory hormone that antagonizes the hepatic and peripheral effects of insulin on glucose metabolism via mechanisms involving the concomitant increase in FFA flux and uptake. This ability of GH to induce insulin resistance is significant for the defense against hypoglycemia, for the development of "stress" diabetes during fasting and inflammatory illness, and perhaps for the "Dawn" phenomenon (the increase in insulin requirements in the early morning hours). Adult patients with GH deficiency are insulin resistant-probably related to increased adiposity, reduced LBM, and impaired physical performance-which temporarily worsens when GH treatment is initiated. Conversely, despite increased LBM and decreased fat mass, patients with acromegaly are consistently insulin resistant and become more sensitive after appropriate treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niels Møller
- Medical Department M, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus Sygehus, DK, Aarhus, Denmak
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Rixhon M, Tichomirowa MA, Tamagno G, Daly AF, Beckers A. Current and future perspectives on recombinant growth hormone for the treatment of obesity. Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab 2008; 3:75-90. [PMID: 30743787 DOI: 10.1586/17446651.3.1.75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The similarities between patients with untreated growth hormone (GH) deficiency and those with the cardiometabolic syndrome and the beneficial effects of recombinant human GH (rhGH) on body composition have led to the hypothesis that rhGH treatment may have utility in obesity. GH release is reduced in the setting of obesity, primarily due to hyperinsulinism and increased free fatty acid levels. We reviewed the outcomes of 23 clinical studies carried out between 1987 and 2006 that examined the effects of rhGH administration in the obese state. Typically, changes in overall body weight do not occur with rhGH therapy; however, assessment of body composition demonstrates reductions in visceral abdominal fat. Data on the effects of rhGH on lipid and carbohydrate metabolic profiles in obese patients are less clear-cut, with a subset of studies showing a beneficial effect and others a neutral effect. Given the increasing burden of obesity in the general population and the current paucity of effective therapies, it is useful to consider the data on rhGH and obesity from a clinical perspective to highlight potential treatment strategies that harness the somatotropic axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martine Rixhon
- a Department Universitaire de Médecine Générale, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Maria A Tichomirowa
- b Department of Endocrinology, CHU de Liège, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Gianluca Tamagno
- b Department of Endocrinology, CHU de Liège, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Adrian F Daly
- b Department of Endocrinology, CHU de Liège, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Albert Beckers
- c Department of Endocrinology, CHU de Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium.
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Abstract
Growth hormone (GH) has a pivotal role in regulating in vivo protein metabolism. GH enhances protein anabolism at the wholebody level, mainly by stimulating protein synthesis. It remains incompletely understood whether this important GH effect on protein synthesis occurs in all tissues. This effect of GH may be different with acute versus chronic administration. These differences in the GH exposure may have different effects based not only on direct GH stimulation of protein synthesis but also the variable effects at the level of gene transcription that ultimately affect protein metabolism. Other GH effects are likely to be mediated by changes in various metabolites and hormones that also likely differ based on the duration of GH administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niels Møller
- Medical Research Laboratories, Medical Dep. M, Arhus University Hospital, DK-8000 Arhus C, Denmark
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12
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Halpern A, Mancini MC, Cercato C, Villares SMF, Costa APAC. Efeito do hormônio de crescimento sobre parâmetros antropométricos e metabólicos na obesidade andróide. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 50:68-73. [PMID: 16628277 DOI: 10.1590/s0004-27302006000100010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar os efeitos do GH sobre peso, composição corporal, metabolismo de repouso e fatores de risco cardiovascular na obesidade visceral. O estudo foi prospectivo randomizado duplo-cego em 40 homens não diabéticos de 20 a 50 anos com RAQ (relação abdômen-quadril) > 1 tratados com GH (0,050 U/kg/dia) ou placebo por três meses. Foram avaliados peso, composição corporal por bioimpedância e DEXA, metabolismo de repouso através da calorimetria indireta e exames de fatores de risco cardiovasculares no início e fim do tratamento. O grupo de obesos tratados com GH teve reduções de peso (3,5 ± 2,9 kg), IMC (1,2 ± 1,0 kg/m²), RAQ (0,04 ± 0,01) e massa adiposa (2,4 ± 1,0 kg). As reduções porcentuais foram significantemente diferentes das observadas no grupo placebo. Também houve diminuição nos níveis de colesterol total (4,0 ± 3,3 mg/dL) e LDL-colesterol (5,7 ± 2,7 mg/dL) no grupo GH, em relação ao grupo placebo. Os outros fatores de risco não se alteraram significantemente. Concluímos que obesos tratados com GH por três meses apresentaram uma redução significante de peso corporal, gordura visceral e massa adiposa, e melhora do perfil lipídico. O benefício/risco do GH a longo prazo em obesos é desconhecido.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo Halpern
- Serviço de Endocrinologia e Metabologia, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, SP
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Gola M, Bonadonna S, Doga M, Mazziotti G, Giustina A. Cardiovascular risk in aging and obesity: is there a role for GH. J Endocrinol Invest 2005; 28:759-67. [PMID: 16277174 DOI: 10.1007/bf03347561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
GH has significant impact in adults. In fact, patients with the GH deficiency (GHD) syndrome are now recognized as having an increased cardiovascular risk. The effects of human aging on GH secretion have been evaluated by a number of researchers. Studies of 24 h secretion of GH have shown variable reductions in most 24-h GH secretory parameters in middle-aged and in older men and women, resulting in a decrease in plasma levels of its anabolic mediator IGF-I. Obesity is also associated with several endocrine and metabolic abnormalities. These include decreased serum GH concentrations, reduced GH half-life, frequency of GH secretory episodes and daily GH production rate. The mechanism of the low GH in obesity is not completely understood nor is it clear whether its relationship with visceral adiposity is causal. The aim of this article will be to review the available clinical data concerning the potential involvement of "subclinical" or perhaps better "functional" GHD, which is observed in aging and obesity, in the increase in cardiovascular risk which characterizes these two conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Gola
- Endocrine Section, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
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14
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Affiliation(s)
- Helene Nørrelund
- Medical Department M (Endocrinology and Diabetes), Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus Sygehus, Norrebrogade 44, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
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15
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Shadid S, Jensen MD. Effects of growth hormone administration in human obesity. OBESITY RESEARCH 2003; 11:170-5. [PMID: 12582210 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2003.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To summarize the reports in the literature regarding the effect of growth hormone (GH) treatment of obesity. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES Clinical trials of GH treatment of obese adults were reviewed and summarized. Specifically, information regarding the effects of GH on body fat and body fat distribution, glucose tolerance/insulin resistance, and adverse consequences of treatment were recorded. RESULTS GH administered together with hypocaloric diets did not enhance fat loss or preserve lean tissue mass. No studies provided strong evidence for an independent beneficial effect of GH on visceral adiposity. In all but one study, glucose tolerance during GH treatment suffered relative to placebo. CONCLUSION The bulk of studies indicate little or no beneficial effects of GH treatment of obesity despite the low serum GH concentrations associated with obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samyah Shadid
- Endocrine Research Unit, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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16
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Abstract
The metabolic response to dietary restriction involves a series of hormonal and metabolic adaptations leading to protein conservation. An increase in the serum level of growth hormone (GH) during fasting has been well substantiated. GH has potent protein anabolic actions, as evidenced by a significant decrease in lean body mass and muscle mass in chronic GH deficiency, and vice versa in patients with acromegaly. The present review outlines current knowledge about the role of GH in the metabolic response to fasting, with particular reference to the effects on protein metabolism. Physiological bursts of GH secretion seem to be of seminal importance for the regulation of protein conservation during fasting. Apart from the possible direct effects of GH on protein dynamics, a number of additional anabolic agents, such as insulin, insulin-like growth factor-I, and free fatty acids (FFAs), are activated. Taken together the effects of GH on protein metabolism seem to include both stimulation of protein synthesis and inhibition of breakdown, depending on the nature of GH administration, which tissues are being studied, and on the physiological conditions of the subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helene Nørrelund
- Medical Department M (Endocrinology and Diabetes), Aarhus Kommunehospital, Aarhus, Denmark.
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17
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Lange KH, Isaksson F, Rasmussen MH, Juul A, Bülow J, Kjaer M. GH administration and discontinuation in healthy elderly men: effects on body composition, GH-related serum markers, resting heart rate and resting oxygen uptake. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2001; 55:77-86. [PMID: 11453955 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2265.2001.01344.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES GH administration results in increased lean body mass (LBM), decreased fat mass (FM) and increased energy expenditure (EE). GH therapy may therefore have potential benefits, especially in the elderly, who are known to have decreased function of the GH/IGF-I axis. Several studies have focused on effects of GH administration in the elderly in the last decade. However, very limited information is available regarding changes in body composition and EE upon GH discontinuation in the elderly. The present study therefore investigated the effects of 12 weeks of GH administration and subsequent discontinuation on body composition, resting oxygen uptake (VO2), resting heart rate (HR) and GH related serum markers in healthy elderly men. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Sixteen healthy men [age 74 +/- 1 years (mean +/- SEM), height 174.2 +/- 1.6 cm, body weight 80.7 +/- 2.6 kg, body fat 27.5 +/- 1.1%] completed the study protocol. Recombinant human GH (1.80 +/- 0.24 IU/day) was administered for 12 weeks in a single-blinded, placebo-controlled design. Body composition (dual energy X-ray absorptiometry), resting VO2 (indirect calorimetry), resting HR (telemetry) and serum IGF-I, IGF-II, IGFBP-3 and acid labile subunit (ALS) were measured at baseline, after 12 weeks of GH administration and, additionally in the GH group, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 9 days after GH discontinuation. RESULTS Body weight was unchanged from baseline to 12 weeks in both groups. However, GH administration caused a decrease in FM (3.4 +/- 1.0 kg, P < 0.012), paralleled by a similar increase in LBM (3.2 +/- 0.4 kg, P < 0.0002). Resting VO2 and resting HR increased by 31 +/- 3.6% and 7.3 +/- 1.9 per minute, respectively, in the GH-group, where significant increases in serum IGF-I, IGFBP-3 and ALS also were noted. None of the above parameters changed in the placebo group. Within 2-3 days after GH discontinuation, the GH related serum markers and resting HR returned to baseline levels, whereas resting VO2 remained elevated even 9 days after GH discontinuation. In addition, GH discontinuation caused a significant decrease in body weight (1.86 +/- 0.35 kg), derived exclusively from a decrease in LBM (1.63 +/- 0.43 kg), while the decreased FM was maintained (12 weeks: 17.93 +/- 1.65 kg, +9 days: 17.74 +/- 1.62 kg). CONCLUSIONS The increases in serum IGF-I, IGFBP-3, ALS and resting heart rate induced by 12 weeks of GH administration in elderly men returned to baseline levels within 2-3 days after GH discontinuation. However, resting VO2 remained elevated for a longer period. GH administration reduced fat mass but maintained body weight by increasing lean body mass. In contrast, 9 days of GH discontinuation reduced body weight exclusively by reducing lean body mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- K H Lange
- Sports Medicine Research Unit, Bispebjerg Hospital, Bispebjerg Bakke 23, DK-2400 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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