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Mochizuki K. Hunt and pollinate: Hornet pollination of the putative generalist genus Angelica. Ecology 2024; 105:e4311. [PMID: 38723787 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.4311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Ko Mochizuki
- Botanical Gardens, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Quarrell S, Weinstein AM, Hannah L, Bonavia N, del Borrello O, Flematti GR, Bohman B. Critical Pollination Chemistry: Specific Sesquiterpene Floral Volatiles in Carrot Inhibit Honey Bee Feeding. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:16079-16089. [PMID: 37871312 PMCID: PMC10623568 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c03392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Many plants rely on insect pollination, yet numerous agricultural plant-breeding programs focus on traits that appeal to growers and consumers instead of pollinators, leading to declining pollinator attraction and crop yields. Using hybrid carrot seed production as a model, we investigated low-yielding carrot varieties by analyzing sugars and minerals in nectar and floral volatile composition. While the analysis of nectar sugars and minerals did not reveal any key differences between the carrot varieties, differences between the 112 detected volatiles in 23 samples were observed. Numerous differentiating sesquiterpenes were identified in floral solvent extracts, and subsequent behavioral assays showed that β-ocimene from higher-yielding carrot varieties stimulated nectar feeding (attractant), while α- and β-selinene from lower-yielding lines decreased feeding (deterrents). Sesquiterpenes have previously been implicated in plant defense, suggesting a trade-off between pollination and protection. Our results highlight the importance of volatiles as regulators of pollinator attraction in agricultural settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen
R. Quarrell
- Tasmanian
Institute of Agriculture, University of
Tasmania, College Rd, Hobart 7005, Australia
| | - Alyssa M. Weinstein
- Ecology
and Evolution, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra 2601, Australia
| | - Lea Hannah
- Seed
Production Research, Research and Development, Rijk Zwaan Australia, Musk, Victoria 3461, Australia
- Hawkesbury
Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney
University, Richmond, New South Wales 2753, Australia
| | - Nicole Bonavia
- Seed
Production Research, Research and Development, Rijk Zwaan Australia, Musk, Victoria 3461, Australia
| | - Oscar del Borrello
- School
of Molecular Sciences, University of Western
Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Gavin R. Flematti
- School
of Molecular Sciences, University of Western
Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Björn Bohman
- School
of Molecular Sciences, University of Western
Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia
- Department
of Plant Protection Biology, Swedish University
of Agricultural Sciences, Lomma 234 22, Sweden
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Claßen-Bockhoff R, Celep F, Ajani Y, Frenken L, Reuther K, Doğan M. Dark-centred umbels in Apiaceae: diversity, development and evolution. AOB PLANTS 2023; 15:plad065. [PMID: 37908286 PMCID: PMC10614004 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plad065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
The wild carrot (Daucus carota) is famous for its dark flowers in the umbel centre. Several studies have been conducted to figure out their functional significance, but the evolution of the dark centre remains an enigma. In the present paper, we consider all known apioid species with dark-centred umbels to get a deeper understanding of their biology and evolution. Based on herbaria studies, literature and field work, we reconstructed the distribution area of 10 species (7 genera, 6 clades) of Apiaceae-Apioideae. To recognize homology of the dark structures, developmental studies were conducted in Artedia squamata and Echiophora trichophylla Field studies included architecture, flower morph distribution (andromonoecy) and flowering sequence within the plants, abundancy and behaviour of umbel visitors and preliminary manipulation experiments (removal/adding of dark structures). The dark structures are not homologous to each other. In the Daucus alliance, central flowers or umbellets are conspicuous, whereas in other species dark brush-like (A. squamata) or club-shaped structures (Dicyclophora persica, Echinophora trichophylla, Tordylium aegyptiacum, T. cappadocicum) develop from a naked receptacle. Species are andromonoecious, have a modular architecture and flower in multicyclic protandrous sequence. Among the many umbel visitors, beetles were the most abundant group. Only visitors found on umbels in both flowering phases were recognized as possible pollinators. Manipulation experiments indicated that the dark structures influence the behaviour of some, but not all umbel visitors. In Echinophora trichophylla, a massive gall infection was observed. It is evident that the dark structures evolved several times in parallel. The brush- and club-shaped structures are interpreted as the results of mutations affecting umbel development. Dark umbel centres are most likely stabilized by selection due to their general adaptive function. Their appearance in an area known as a hotspot of beetle pollination gives rise to the assumption that they may act as beetle marks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regine Claßen-Bockhoff
- Institute of Organismic and Molecular Evolution (IOME), Department of Biology, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Saarstraße 21, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - Ferhat Celep
- Faculty of Science and Letters, Department of Biology, Kırıkkale University, Kırıkkale, Yahşihan, P.O. 71450, Turkey
| | - Yousef Ajani
- Institute of Organismic and Molecular Evolution (IOME), Department of Biology, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Saarstraße 21, 55099 Mainz, Germany
- Department of Botany, Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands, P.O. Box 13185-116, Tehran, Iran
| | - Lisa Frenken
- Institute of Organismic and Molecular Evolution (IOME), Department of Biology, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Saarstraße 21, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - Kerstin Reuther
- Institute of Organismic and Molecular Evolution (IOME), Department of Biology, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Saarstraße 21, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - Musa Doğan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Middle East Technical University Ankara, Çankaya, P.O. 06800, Turkey
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Suetsugu K, Abe Y, Asai T, Matsumoto S, Hasegawa M. Specialized petal with conspicuously fringed margin influences reproductive success in Habenaria radiata (Orchidaceae). Ecology 2022; 103:e3781. [PMID: 35718748 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Suetsugu
- Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Yusuke Abe
- Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Asai
- Himeji Tegarayama Botanical Garden, 93 Tegara, Himeji City, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Shuji Matsumoto
- Himeji Tegarayama Botanical Garden, 93 Tegara, Himeji City, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Masahiro Hasegawa
- Osaka Museum of Natural History, Nagai Park 1-23, Higashisumiyoshi-ku, Osaka, Japan
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Baczyński J, Sauquet H, Spalik K. Exceptional evolutionary lability of flower-like inflorescences (pseudanthia) in Apiaceae subfamily Apioideae. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2022; 109:437-455. [PMID: 35112711 PMCID: PMC9310750 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Pseudanthia are widespread and have long been postulated to be a key innovation responsible for some of the angiosperm radiations. The aim of our study was to analyze macroevolutionary patterns of these flower-like inflorescences and their potential correlation with diversification rates in Apiaceae subfamily Apioideae. In particular, we were interested to investigate evolvability of pseudanthia and evaluate their potential association with changes in the size of floral display. METHODS The framework for our analyses consisted of a time-calibrated phylogeny of 1734 representatives of Apioideae and a morphological matrix of inflorescence traits encoded for 847 species. Macroevolutionary patterns in pseudanthia were inferred using Markov models of discrete character evolution and stochastic character mapping, and a principal component analysis was used to visualize correlations in inflorescence architecture. The interdependence between net diversification rates and the occurrence of pseudocorollas was analyzed with trait-independent and trait-dependent approaches. RESULTS Pseudanthia evolved in 10 major clades of Apioideae with at least 36 independent origins and 46 reversals. The morphospace analysis recovered differences in color and compactness between floral and hyperfloral pseudanthia. A correlation between pseudocorollas and size of inflorescence was also strongly supported. Contrary to our predictions, pseudanthia are not responsible for variation in diversification rates identified in this subfamily. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that pseudocorollas evolve as an answer to the trade-off between enlargement of floral display and costs associated with production of additional flowers. The high evolvability and architectural differences in apioid pseudanthia may be explained on the basis of adaptive wandering and evolutionary developmental biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Baczyński
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, Faculty of BiologyUniversity of Warsaw Biological and Chemical Research CentreWarsawPoland
| | - Hervé Sauquet
- National Herbarium of New South Wales (NSW)Royal Botanic Gardens and Domain TrustSydneyNSW2000Australia
- Evolution and Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental SciencesUniversity of New South WalesSydneyAustralia
| | - Krzysztof Spalik
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, Faculty of BiologyUniversity of Warsaw Biological and Chemical Research CentreWarsawPoland
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Shibaya T, Kuroda C, Nakayama S, Minami C, Obara A, Fujii T, Isobe S. Development of PCR-based DNA marker for detection of white carrot contamination caused by Y2 locus. BREEDING SCIENCE 2021; 71:201-207. [PMID: 34377068 PMCID: PMC8329877 DOI: 10.1270/jsbbs.20120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In carrot (Daucus carota L.), the taproot colors orange, yellow and white are determined mostly by the Y, Y2, and Or loci. One of the most severe issues in carrot seed production is contamination by wild white carrot. To evaluate the contamination ratio, easily detectable DNA markers for white carrot are desired. To develop PCR-based DNA markers for the Y2 locus, we have re-sequenced two orange-colored carrot cultivars at our company (Fujii Seed, Japan), as well as six white- and one light-orange-colored carrots that contaminated our seed products. Within the candidate region previously reported for the Y2 locus, only one DNA marker, Y2_7, clearly distinguished white carrots from orange ones in the re-sequenced samples. The Y2_7 marker was further examined in 12 of the most popular hybrid orange cultivars in Japan, as well as 'Nantes' and 'Chantenay Red Cored 2'. The Y2_7 marker showed that all of the orange cultivars examined had the orange allele except for 'Beta-441'. False white was detected in the orange-colored 'Beta-441'. The Y2_7 marker detected white root carrot contamination in an old open-pollinated Japanese cultivar, 'Nakamura Senkou Futo'. This marker would be a useful tool in a carrot seed quality control for some cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chika Kuroda
- Fujii Seed Co. Ltd., Osaka, Osaka 532-0023, Japan
| | | | - Chiharu Minami
- Kazusa DNA Research Institute, Kisarazu, Chiba 292-0818, Japan
| | - Akiko Obara
- Kazusa DNA Research Institute, Kisarazu, Chiba 292-0818, Japan
| | | | - Sachiko Isobe
- Kazusa DNA Research Institute, Kisarazu, Chiba 292-0818, Japan
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Kirmse S, Chaboo CS. Flowers are essential to maintain high beetle diversity (Coleoptera) in a Neotropical rainforest canopy. J NAT HIST 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2020.1811414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Susan Kirmse
- Florida State Collection of Arthropods, Museum of Entomology, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Caroline S Chaboo
- Systematics Research Collections, University of Nebraska State Museum, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, USA
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Zych M, Junker RR, Nepi M, Stpiczyńska M, Stolarska B, Roguz K. Spatiotemporal variation in the pollination systems of a supergeneralist plant: is Angelica sylvestris (Apiaceae) locally adapted to its most effective pollinators? ANNALS OF BOTANY 2019; 123:415-428. [PMID: 30059963 PMCID: PMC6344219 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcy140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS In terms of pollination systems, umbellifers (plants of the carrot family, Apiaceae) are regarded as generalists, since their (usually dichogamous) flowers are visited by a wide range of insects representing several taxonomic orders. However, recent analyses of insect effectiveness revealed that these plants may be pollinated effectively by a narrow assemblage of insect visitors. Of particular interest was whether populations of an umbellifer species varied in pollinator assemblages and whether this could lead to local specialization of the pollination system. We also explored whether variation in pollinator assemblages was associated with variation in floral traits, and whether this variation influences reproductive output. METHODS The focus was on Angelica sylvestris, a common European species visited by a taxonomically diverse insect assemblage. In three populations, located along an ~700-km transect, over three growth seasons insect visitors were identified, their effectiveness was assessed by surveying pollen loads present on the insect body, insect activity on umbels, nectar and scent composition was studied, and transplantation experiments were performed. KEY RESULTS The populations investigated in this study differed in their nectar and scent profiles and, despite the similar taxonomic composition of insect visitor assemblages, were effectively pollinated by disparate pollinator morphogroups, i.e. flies and beetles. Although this suggested local adaptations to the most effective pollinators, analyses of body pollen loads and behaviour on umbels demonstrated functional equivalency of the visitor morphogroups, which is probably related to the fact that A. sylvestris bears few ovules per flower. The transplantation experiments confirmed that reproductive success was not related to the source of experimental plants and that the insects do not exhibit preferences towards local genotypes. CONCLUSIONS Angelica sylvestris is morphologically well adapted to ecological generalization, and there is little evidence that the surveyed populations represent distinct pollination ecotypes. Most likely, the observed variation in floral characters can be interpreted as 'adaptive wandering'. Specialization in this family seems possible only under very special circumstances, for example when the pollinator community comprises insect visitor groups that clearly differ in their pollination capacity (e.g. due to differences in their functional morphology) and/or have different perceptional biases (e.g. for colour or scent). However, the barrier to the evolution of morphological adaptations resulting in the fine-tuning of the flower towards particular pollinator types may arise from the architectural constraints on the floral bauplan that make umbellifers so uniform in their floral displays and so successful in attracting large numbers of pollinators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Zych
- Botanic Garden, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Aleje Ujazdowskie, Warszawa, Poland
- For correspondence. E-mail
| | - Robert R Junker
- Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Massimo Nepi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, via Mattioli, Siena, Italy
| | - Małgorzata Stpiczyńska
- Botanic Garden, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Aleje Ujazdowskie, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Barbara Stolarska
- Botanic Garden, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Aleje Ujazdowskie, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Roguz
- Botanic Garden, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Aleje Ujazdowskie, Warszawa, Poland
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Yahyaa M, Ibdah M, Marzouk S, Ibdah M. Profiling of the Terpene Metabolome in Carrot Fruits of Wild ( Daucus carota L. ssp. carota) Accessions and Characterization of a Geraniol Synthase. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:2378-2386. [PMID: 27673494 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b03596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Fruits from wild carrot ( Daucus carota L. ssp. carota) have been used for medicinal purposes since ancient times. The oil of its seeds, with their abundant monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes, has drawn attention in recent years because of its potential pharmaceutical application. A combined chemical, biochemical, and molecular study was conducted to evaluate the differential accumulation of terpene volatiles in carrot fruits of wild accessions. This work reports a similarity-based cloning strategy identification and functional characterization of one carrot monoterpene terpene synthase, WtDcTPS1. Recombinant WtDcTPS1 protein produces mainly geraniol, the predominant monoterpene in carrot seeds of wild accession 23727. The results suggest a role for the WtDcTPS1 gene in the biosynthesis of carrot fruit aroma and flavor compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mosaab Yahyaa
- Newe Yaar Research Center , Agriculture Research Organization , P.O. Box 1021, Ramat Yishay 30095 , Israel
| | - Muhammad Ibdah
- Sakhnin College Academic College for Teacher Education , Sakhnin , Israel
| | - Sally Marzouk
- Newe Yaar Research Center , Agriculture Research Organization , P.O. Box 1021, Ramat Yishay 30095 , Israel
| | - Mwafaq Ibdah
- Newe Yaar Research Center , Agriculture Research Organization , P.O. Box 1021, Ramat Yishay 30095 , Israel
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Lebel M, Obolski U, Hadany L, Sapir Y. Pollinator-mediated selection on floral size and tube color in Linum pubescens: Can differential behavior and preference in different times of the day maintain dimorphism? Ecol Evol 2018; 8:1096-1106. [PMID: 29375782 PMCID: PMC5773291 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Revised: 10/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Diversity of flower traits is often proposed as the outcome of selection exerted by pollinators. Positive directional pollinator-mediated selection on floral size has been widely shown to reduce phenotypic variance. However, the underlying mechanism of maintaining within-population floral color polymorphism is poorly understood. Divergent selection, mediated by different pollinators or by both mutualists and antagonists, may create and maintain such polymorphism, but it has rarely been shown to result from differential behavior of one pollinator. We tested whether different behaviors of the same pollinators in morning and evening are associated with dimorphic floral trait in Linum pubescens, a Mediterranean annual plant that exhibits variable within-population frequencies of dark- and light-colored flower tubes. Usia bicolor bee-flies, the major pollinators of L. pubescens, are mostly feeding in the flower in the morning, while in the evening they are mostly visiting the flowers for mating. In 2 years of studying L. pubescens in a single large population in the Carmel, Israel, we found in one year that dark-centered flowers received significantly higher fraction of visits in the morning. Fitness was positively affected by number of visits, but no fitness differences were found between tube-color morphs, suggesting that both morphs have similar pollination success. Using mediation analysis, we found that flower size was under positive directional pollinator-mediated selection in both years, but pollinator behavior did not explain entirely this selection, which was possibly mediated also by other agents, such as florivores or a-biotic stresses. While most pollinator-mediated selection studies show that flower size signals food reward, in L. pubescens, it may also signal for mating place, which may drive positive selection. While flower size found to be under pollinator-mediated selection in L. pubescens, differential behavior of the pollinators in morning and evening did not seem to explain flower color polymorphism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merav Lebel
- The Botanical GardenTel Aviv UniversityTel AvivIsrael
- School of Plant Sciences and Food SecurityTel Aviv UniversityTel AvivIsrael
- Present address:
Science DivisionNature‐Parks AuthorityJerusalemIsrael
| | - Uri Obolski
- The Botanical GardenTel Aviv UniversityTel AvivIsrael
- Present address:
Department of ZoologyUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Lilach Hadany
- The Botanical GardenTel Aviv UniversityTel AvivIsrael
| | - Yuval Sapir
- The Botanical GardenTel Aviv UniversityTel AvivIsrael
- School of Plant Sciences and Food SecurityTel Aviv UniversityTel AvivIsrael
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Mesa LA, Howlett BG, Grant JE, Didham RK. Changes in the relative abundance and movement of insect pollinators during the flowering cycle of Brassica rapa crops: implications for gene flow. JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2013; 13:13. [PMID: 23937538 PMCID: PMC3742347 DOI: 10.1673/031.013.1301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2011] [Accepted: 01/22/2010] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The potential movement of transgenes from genetically modified crops to non-genetically modified crops via insect-mediated pollen dispersal has been highlighted as one of the areas of greatest concern in regards to genetically modified crops. Pollen movement depends sensitively on spatial and temporal variation in the movement of insect pollinators between crop fields. This study tested the degree of variation in the diversity and relative abundance of flower-visiting insects entering versus leaving pak choi, Brassica rapa var. chinensis L. (Brassicales: Brassicaceae), crops throughout different stages of the flowering cycle. The relative abundance of flower-visiting insects varied significantly with Brassica crop phenology. Greater numbers of flower-visiting insects were captured inside rather than outside the crop fields, with the highest capture rates of flower-visitors coinciding with the peak of flowering in both spring-flowering and summer-flowering crops. Moreover, the ratio of flower-visiting insects entering versus leaving crop fields also varied considerably with changing crop phenology. Despite high variation in relative capture rates, the data strongly indicate non-random patterns of variation in insect movement in relation to crop phenology, with early-season aggregation of flower-visiting insects entering and remaining in the crop, and then mass emigration of flower-visiting insects leaving the crop late in the flowering season. Although pollen movement late in the flowering cycle might contribute relatively little to total seed set (and hence crop production), the findings here suggest that extensive late-season pollinator redistribution in the landscape could contribute disproportionately to long-distance gene movement between crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A. Mesa
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, P.O. Box 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand
- Sustainable Production, The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Private Bag 4704, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Bradley G. Howlett
- Sustainable Production, The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Private Bag 4704, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Jan E. Grant
- Breeding and Genomics, The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Private Bag 4704, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Raphael K. Didham
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, P.O. Box 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand
- School of Animal Biology, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley WA 6009, Australia
- CSIRO Ecosystem Sciences, Centre for Environment and Life Sciences, Underwood Ave, Floreat WA 6014, Australia
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Rong J, Janson S, Umehara M, Ono M, Vrieling K. Historical and contemporary gene dispersal in wild carrot (Daucus carota ssp. carota) populations. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2010; 106:285-96. [PMID: 20566679 PMCID: PMC2908163 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcq108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2009] [Revised: 01/05/2010] [Accepted: 04/19/2010] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Wild carrot is the ancestor of cultivated carrot and is the most important gene pool for carrot breeding. Transgenic carrot may be released into the environment in the future. The aim of the present study was to determine how far a gene can disperse in wild carrot populations, facilitating risk assessment and management of transgene introgression from cultivated to wild carrots and helping to design sampling strategies for germplasm collections. METHODS Wild carrots were sampled from Meijendel and Alkmaar in The Netherlands and genotyped with 12 microsatellite markers. Spatial autocorrelation analyses were used to detect spatial genetic structures (SGSs). Historical gene dispersal estimates were based on an isolation by distance model. Mating system and contemporary pollen dispersal were estimated using 437 offspring of 20 mothers with different spatial distances and a correlated paternity analysis in the Meijendel population. KEY RESULTS Significant SGSs are found in both populations and they are not significantly different from each other. Combined SGS analysis indicated significant positive genetic correlations up to 27 m. Historical gene dispersal sigma(g) and neighbourhood size N(b) were estimated to be 4-12 m [95 % confidence interval (CI): 3-25] and 42-73 plants (95 % CI: 28-322) in Meijendel and 10-31 m (95 % CI: 7-infinity) and 57-198 plants (95 % CI: 28-infinity) in Alkmaar with longer gene dispersal in lower density populations. Contemporary pollen dispersal follows a fat-tailed exponential-power distribution, implying pollen of wild carrots could be dispersed by insects over long distance. The estimated outcrossing rate was 96 %. CONCLUSIONS SGSs in wild carrots may be the result of high outcrossing, restricted seed dispersal and long-distance pollen dispersal. High outcrossing and long-distance pollen dispersal suggest high frequency of transgene flow might occur from cultivated to wild carrots and that they could easily spread within and between populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Rong
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, The Netherlands.
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Ollerton J, Alarcón R, Waser NM, Price MV, Watts S, Cranmer L, Hingston A, Peter CI, Rotenberry J. A global test of the pollination syndrome hypothesis. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2009; 103:1471-80. [PMID: 19218577 PMCID: PMC2701765 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcp031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2008] [Revised: 11/20/2008] [Accepted: 01/07/2009] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS 'Pollination syndromes' are suites of phenotypic traits hypothesized to reflect convergent adaptations of flowers for pollination by specific types of animals. They were first developed in the 1870s and honed during the mid 20th Century. In spite of this long history and their central role in organizing research on plant-pollinator interactions, the pollination syndromes have rarely been subjected to test. The syndromes were tested here by asking whether they successfully capture patterns of covariance of floral traits and predict the most common pollinators of flowers. METHODS Flowers in six communities from three continents were scored for expression of floral traits used in published descriptions of the pollination syndromes, and simultaneously the pollinators of as many species as possible were characterized. KEY RESULTS Ordination of flowers in a multivariate 'phenotype space' defined by the syndromes showed that almost no plant species fall within the discrete syndrome clusters. Furthermore, in approximately two-thirds of plant species, the most common pollinator could not be successfully predicted by assuming that each plant species belongs to the syndrome closest to it in phenotype space. CONCLUSIONS The pollination syndrome hypothesis as usually articulated does not successfully describe the diversity of floral phenotypes or predict the pollinators of most plant species. Caution is suggested when using pollination syndromes for organizing floral diversity, or for inferring agents of floral adaptation. A fresh look at how traits of flowers and pollinators relate to visitation and pollen transfer is recommended, in order to determine whether axes can be identified that describe floral functional diversity more successfully than the traditional syndromes.
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Ellis AG, Johnson SD. The evolution of floral variation without pollinator shifts in Gorteria diffusa (Asteraceae). AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2009; 96:793-801. [PMID: 21628234 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.0800222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
One of the most widely accepted explanations for floral diversification in angiosperms is the pollinator-shift model developed by Verne Grant and Ledyard Stebbins. According to this model, the most profound changes in floral traits (such as morphology, color, patterning and scent) occur when plants undergo adaptive shifts between pollinator classes. We tested this model through investigations of geographical variation in floral form and pollinator assemblages in the South African annual daisy Gorteria diffusa. This species has elaborate insect-like ornaments on the capitulum, which attract bee flies belonging to the genus Megapalpus. We found unprecedented levels of geographically structured intraspecific variation and identified 14 discrete forms that vary in the morphology and ornamentation of the capitulum. This variation is not due to phenotypic plasticity because differences among forms were maintained in plants grown from seed in a common garden experiment. Contrary to predictions from the pollinator-shift model, all populations, regardless of floral phenotype, were pollinated primarily by a single species of Megapalpus bee fly. Much of the extensive variation in floral form in G. diffusa therefore appears to have arisen without evolutionary shifts between pollinator types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allan G Ellis
- School of Biological and Conservation Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, P Bag X01, Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg 3209, South Africa
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Rashed A, Sherratt TN. Mimicry in hoverflies (Diptera: Syrphidae): a field test of the competitive mimicry hypothesis. Behav Ecol 2006. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/arl089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Wilson P, Castellanos MC, Hogue JN, Thomson JD, Armbruster WS. A multivariate search for pollination syndromes among penstemons. OIKOS 2004. [DOI: 10.1111/j.0030-1299.2004.12819.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Ollerton J, Cranmer L. Latitudinal trends in plant-pollinator interactions: are tropical plants more specialised? OIKOS 2002. [DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0706.2002.980215.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Herrera CM. Deconstructing a floral phenotype: do pollinators select for corolla integration in Lavandula latifolia? J Evol Biol 2001. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1420-9101.2001.00314.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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