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van Zwieten R, Bierman TV, Klinkhamer PGL, Bezemer TM, Vrieling K, Kodger TE. Mimicking natural deterrent strategies in plants using adhesive spheres. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2321565121. [PMID: 38739796 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2321565121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
With a continuous increase in world population and food production, chemical pesticide use is growing accordingly, yet unsustainably. As chemical pesticides are harmful to the environment and developmental resistance in pests is increasing, a sustainable and effective pesticide alternative is needed. Inspired by nature, we mimic one defense strategy of plants, glandular trichomes, to shift away from using chemical pesticides by moving toward a physical immobilization strategy via adhesive particles. Through controlled oxidation of a biobased starting material, triglyceride oils, an adhesive material is created while monitoring the reactive intermediates. After being milled into particles, nanoindentation shows these particles to be adhesive even at low contact forces. A suspension of particles is then sprayed and found to be effective at immobilizing a target pest, thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis. Small arthropod pests, like thrips, can cause crop damage through virus transfer, which is prevented by their immobilization. We show that through a scalable fabrication process, biosourced materials can be used to create an effective, sustainable physical pesticide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralph van Zwieten
- Physical Chemistry and Soft Matter, Agrotechnology & Food Sciences Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen WK 6700, The Netherlands
| | - Thijs V Bierman
- Department of Above-Belowground Interactions Group, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Leiden BE 2333, The Netherlands
| | - Peter G L Klinkhamer
- Department of Above-Belowground Interactions Group, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Leiden BE 2333, The Netherlands
| | - T Martijn Bezemer
- Department of Above-Belowground Interactions Group, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Leiden BE 2333, The Netherlands
| | - Klaas Vrieling
- Department of Above-Belowground Interactions Group, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Leiden BE 2333, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas E Kodger
- Physical Chemistry and Soft Matter, Agrotechnology & Food Sciences Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen WK 6700, The Netherlands
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2
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Li M, Ha B, Li Y, Vrieling K, Fu Z, Yu Q, Rasmann S, Wei X, Ruan W. Toxicological impacts of microplastics on virulence, reproduction and physiological process of entomopathogenic nematodes. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2024; 273:116153. [PMID: 38422790 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.116153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Microplastics have emerged as significant and concerning pollutants within soil ecosystems. Among the soil biota, entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) are lethal parasites of arthropods, and are considered among the most effective biological agents against pests. Infective juveniles (IJs) of EPNs, as they navigate the soil matrix scavenging for arthropod hosts to infect, they could potentially encounter microplastics. Howver, the impact of microplastics on EPNs has not been fully elucidated yet. We addressed this gap by subjecting Steinernema feltiae EPNs to polystyrene microplastics (PS-MPs) with various sizes, concentrations, and exposure durations. After confirming PS-MP ingestion by S. feltiae using fluorescent dyes, we found that the PS-MPs reduced the survival, reproduction, and pathogenicity of the tested EPNs, with effects intensifying for smaller PS-MPs (0.1-1 μm) at higher concentrations (105 μg/L). Furthermore, exposure to PS-MPs triggered oxidative stress in S. feltiae, leading to increased reactive oxygen species levels, compromised mitochondrial membrane potential, and increased antioxidative enzyme activity. Furthermore, transcriptome analyses revealed PS-MP-induced suppression of mitochondrial function and oxidative phosphorylation pathways. In conclusion, we show that ingestion of PS-MPs by EPNs can compromise their fitness, due to multple toxicity effects. Our results bear far-reaching consequences, as the presence of microplastics in soil ecosystems could undermine the ecological role of EPNs in regulating pest populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingge Li
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Bingjun Ha
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yuchen Li
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Klaas Vrieling
- Plant Cluster, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, P. O. Box 9505, Leiden 2300 RA, the Netherlands
| | - Zhen Fu
- Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Qilin Yu
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Sergio Rasmann
- Laboratory of Functional Ecology, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Rue Emile-Argand 11, Neuchâtel CH-2000, Switzerland
| | - Xianqin Wei
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China.
| | - Weibin Ruan
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China.
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3
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Chege M, Sewalt B, Lesilau F, de Snoo G, Patterson BD, Kariuki L, Otiende M, Omondi P, de Iongh H, Vrieling K, Bertola LD. Genetic diversity of lion populations in Kenya: Evaluating past management practices and recommendations for future conservation actions. Evol Appl 2024; 17:e13676. [PMID: 38505216 PMCID: PMC10950092 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The decline of lions (Panthera leo) in Kenya has raised conservation concerns about their overall population health and long-term survival. This study aimed to assess the genetic structure, differentiation and diversity of lion populations in the country, while considering the influence of past management practices. Using a lion-specific Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) panel, we genotyped 171 individuals from 12 populations representative of areas with permanent lion presence. Our results revealed a distinct genetic pattern with pronounced population structure, confirmed a north-south split and found no indication of inbreeding in any of the tested populations. Differentiation seems to be primarily driven by geographical barriers, human presence and climatic factors, but management practices may have also affected the observed patterns. Notably, the Tsavo population displayed evidence of admixture, perhaps attributable to its geographic location as a suture zone, vast size or past translocations, while the fenced populations of Lake Nakuru National Park and Solio Ranch exhibited reduced genetic diversity due to restricted natural dispersal. The Amboseli population had a high number of monomorphic loci likely reflecting a historical population decline. This illustrates that patterns of genetic diversity should be seen in the context of population histories and that future management decisions should take these insights into account. To address the conservation implications of our findings, we recommend prioritizing the maintenance of suitable habitats to facilitate population connectivity. Initiation of genetic restoration efforts and separately managing populations with unique evolutionary histories is crucial for preserving genetic diversity and promoting long-term population viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mumbi Chege
- Wildlife Research and Training InstituteNaivashaKenya
- Institute of Environmental Sciences CMLLeiden UniversityLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Bobbie Sewalt
- Institute of Biology IBLLeiden UniversityLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Francis Lesilau
- Institute of Environmental Sciences CMLLeiden UniversityLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Geert de Snoo
- Institute of Environmental Sciences CMLLeiden UniversityLeidenThe Netherlands
- Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO‐KNAW)WageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Bruce D. Patterson
- Negaunee Integrative Research CenterField Museum of Natural HistoryChicagoUnited States
| | | | - Moses Otiende
- Wildlife Research and Training InstituteNaivashaKenya
| | | | - Hans de Iongh
- Institute of Environmental Sciences CMLLeiden UniversityLeidenThe Netherlands
- Department of Evolutionary EcologyUniversity of AntwerpAntwerpBelgium
- Department BiologyUniversity of AntwerpAntwerpBelgium
| | - K. Vrieling
- Institute of Biology IBLLeiden UniversityLeidenThe Netherlands
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4
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Lin T, He W, Yang M, Wang X, Vrieling K, Chen G. Soil cadmium pollution facilitated the invasion of alligator weed through enhanced herbivore resistance and competitive ability over a congeneric species. Plant Cell Environ 2024; 47:585-599. [PMID: 37899642 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
A number of invasive plant species, such as Alternanthera philoxeroides, have been documented to be able to accumulate trace metal elements in their tissues. Since metal accumulation in plants can serve as a defence against herbivores, we hypothesized that metal pollution will increase herbivore resistance of metal-accumulating invasive plant species and such a benefit will grant them a competitive advantage over local co-occurring plants. In this study, we compared the differences in plant growth and herbivore feeding preference between A. philoxeroides and its native congener Alternanthera sessilis in single and mixed cultures with and without soil cadmium (Cd) pollution. The results showed that A. philoxeroides plants were more tolerant to Cd stress and accumulated more Cd in the leaves than A. sessilis. Cd exposure increased the resistance of A. philoxeroides against a specialist and a generalist herbivore compared with A. sessilis. Competition experiments indicated that Cd stress largely increased the competitive advantage of A. philoxeroides over A. sessilis with or without herbivore pressures. The differences in herbivore resistance between the two plant species under soil Cd stress are most likely due to the deterring effect of Cd accumulation and Cd-enhanced mechanical defences rather than changes in leaf specialized metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiantian Lin
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Ecosecurity of Southwest China, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Plant Reproductive Adaptation and Evolutionary Ecology and Centre for Invasion Biology, Institute of Biodiversity, School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry & Grassland Administration on Forest Resources Conservation and Ecological Safety in the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River, College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wanci He
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry & Grassland Administration on Forest Resources Conservation and Ecological Safety in the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River, College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Mohan Yang
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry & Grassland Administration on Forest Resources Conservation and Ecological Safety in the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River, College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xuegui Wang
- College of Agriculture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Klaas Vrieling
- Above and Belowground Interactions, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Gang Chen
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry & Grassland Administration on Forest Resources Conservation and Ecological Safety in the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River, College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
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Fernandes HP, Choi YH, Vrieling K, de Bresser M, Sewalt B, Tonolo F. Cultivar-dependent phenotypic and chemotypic responses of drug-type Cannabis sativa L. to polyploidization. Front Plant Sci 2023; 14:1233191. [PMID: 37636092 PMCID: PMC10455935 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1233191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
Cannabis sativa L. is a plant with a wide range of potential medicinal applications. In recent years, polyploidy has gained attention as a potential strategy for rapidly improving C. sativa, which, unlike other modern crops, has not yet benefitted from this established biotechnological application. Currently, no reports on high THCA and CBDA drug-type polyploid cultivars have been published. Moreover, it still needs to be clarified if different cultivars react similarly to polyploidization. For these reasons, we set out to evaluate and compare the phenotype and chemotype of three high Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (THCA) and one high cannabidiolic acid (CBDA) drug-type cultivars in their diploid, triploid and tetraploid state through agronomic and metabolomic approaches. Our observations on plant morphology revealed a significant increase in plant height and leaf size with increasing ploidy levels in a cultivar-dependent manner. In contrast, cannabinoids were negatively affected by polyploidization, with the concentration of total cannabinoids, THCA, CBDA and cannabigerolic acid (CBGA) decreasing significantly in higher ploidy levels across all four cultivars. Headspace analysis of volatiles revealed that total volatile content decreased in triploids. On the other hand, tetraploids reacted differently depending on the cultivars. Two THCA dominant cultivars showed an increase in concentrations, while in the other two cultivars, concentrations decreased. Additionally, several rare compounds not present in diploids appeared in higher ploidy levels. Moreover, in one high THCA cultivar, a couple of elite tetraploid genotypes for cannabinoid and volatile production were identified, highlighting the role of cultivar and genotypic variability as an important factor in Cannabis sativa L. polyploids. Overall, our observations on plant morphology align with the giga phenotype observed in polyploids of other plant species. The decrease in cannabinoids and volatiles production in triploids have relevant implications regarding their commercial use. On the other hand, this study found that tetraploidization is a suitable approach to improve Cannabis sativa L. medicinal potential, although the response is cultivar and genotype-dependent. This work lays the ground for further improving, evaluating and harnessing Cannabis sativa L. chemical diversity by the breeding, biotechnological and pharmaceutical sectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hocelayne Paulino Fernandes
- Aboveground-belowground Interaction Group, Plant Cluster, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
- Natural Products Laboratory, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Young Hae Choi
- Natural Products Laboratory, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Klaas Vrieling
- Aboveground-belowground Interaction Group, Plant Cluster, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | | | - Bobbie Sewalt
- Aboveground-belowground Interaction Group, Plant Cluster, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Francesco Tonolo
- Aboveground-belowground Interaction Group, Plant Cluster, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
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6
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Vos RA, van der Veen-van Wijk CAM, Schranz ME, Vrieling K, Klinkhamer PGL, Lens F. Refining bulk segregant analyses: ontology-mediated discovery of flowering time genes in Brassica oleracea. Plant Methods 2022; 18:92. [PMID: 35780674 PMCID: PMC9252076 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-022-00921-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bulk segregant analysis (BSA) can help identify quantitative trait loci (QTLs), but this may result in substantial bycatch of functionally irrelevant genes. RESULTS Here we develop a Gene Ontology-mediated approach to zoom in on specific genes located inside QTLs identified by BSA as implicated in a continuous trait. We apply this to a novel experimental system: flowering time in the giant woody Jersey kale, which we phenotyped in four bulks of flowering onset. Our inferred QTLs yielded tens of thousands of candidate genes. We reduced this by two orders of magnitude by focusing on genes annotated with terms contained within relevant subgraphs of the Gene Ontology. A pathway enrichment test then led to the circadian rhythm pathway. The genes that enriched this pathway are attested from previous research as regulating flowering time. Within that pathway, the genes CCA1, FT, and TSF were identified as having functionally significant variation compared to Arabidopsis. We validated and confirmed our ontology-mediated results through genome sequencing and homology-based SNP analysis. However, our ontology-mediated approach produced additional genes of putative importance, showing that the approach aids in exploration and discovery. CONCLUSIONS Our method is potentially applicable to the study of other complex traits and we therefore make our workflows available as open-source code and a reusable Docker container.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rutger A Vos
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, P.O. Box 9517, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands.
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | | | - M Eric Schranz
- Biosystematics Group, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 16, 6700AP, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Klaas Vrieling
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Peter G L Klinkhamer
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Frederic Lens
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, P.O. Box 9517, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE, Leiden, The Netherlands
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7
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Bertola LD, Vermaat M, Lesilau F, Chege M, Tumenta PN, Sogbohossou EA, Schaap OD, Bauer H, Patterson BD, White PA, de Iongh HH, Laros JFJ, Vrieling K. Whole genome sequencing and the application of a SNP panel reveal primary evolutionary lineages and genomic variation in the lion (Panthera leo). BMC Genomics 2022; 23:321. [PMID: 35459090 PMCID: PMC9027350 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-022-08510-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Previous phylogeographic studies of the lion (Panthera leo) have improved our insight into the distribution of genetic variation, as well as a revised taxonomy which now recognizes a northern (Panthera leo leo) and a southern (Panthera leo melanochaita) subspecies. However, existing whole range phylogeographic studies on lions either consist of very limited numbers of samples, or are focused on mitochondrial DNA and/or a limited set of microsatellites. The geographic extent of genetic lineages and their phylogenetic relationships remain uncertain, clouded by massive sampling gaps, sex-biased dispersal and incomplete lineage sorting. Results In this study we present results of low depth whole genome sequencing and subsequent variant calling in ten lions sampled throughout the geographic range, resulting in the discovery of >150,000 Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs). Phylogenetic analyses revealed the same basal split between northern and southern populations, as well as four population clusters on a more local scale. Further, we designed a SNP panel, including 125 autosomal and 14 mitochondrial SNPs, which was tested on >200 lions from across their range. Results allow us to assign individuals to one of these four major clades (West & Central Africa, India, East Africa, or Southern Africa) and delineate these clades in more detail. Conclusions The results presented here, particularly the validated SNP panel, have important applications, not only for studying populations on a local geographic scale, but also for tracing samples of unknown origin for forensic purposes, and for guiding conservation management of ex situ populations. Thus, these genomic resources not only contribute to our understanding of the evolutionary history of the lion, but may also play a crucial role in conservation efforts aimed at protecting the species in its full diversity. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-022-08510-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- L D Bertola
- City University of New York, City College of New York, 160 Convent Avenue, New York, NY, 10031, USA. .,Institute of Environmental Sciences (CML), Leiden University, PO Box 9518, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands. .,Institute of Biology Leiden (IBL), Leiden University, PO Box 9505, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - M Vermaat
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Leiden Genome Technology Center, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - F Lesilau
- Institute of Environmental Sciences (CML), Leiden University, PO Box 9518, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Kenya Wildlife Service, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - M Chege
- Institute of Environmental Sciences (CML), Leiden University, PO Box 9518, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Kenya Wildlife Service, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - P N Tumenta
- Centre for Environment and Developmental Studies, Cameroon (CEDC), Yaounde, Cameroon.,Regional Training Centre Specialized in Agriculture, Forest and Wood, University of Dschang, BP 138, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - E A Sogbohossou
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie Appliquée, Université d'Abomey-Calavi, 03 BP 294, Cotonou, Benin
| | - O D Schaap
- Institute of Biology Leiden (IBL), Leiden University, PO Box 9505, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - H Bauer
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Zoology, University of Oxford Recanati-Kaplan Centre, Tubney, OX13 5QL, UK
| | - B D Patterson
- Negaunee Integrative Research Center, Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, IL, 60605, USA
| | - P A White
- Center for Tropical Research, Institute of the Environment and Sustainability, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1496, USA
| | - H H de Iongh
- Institute of Environmental Sciences (CML), Leiden University, PO Box 9518, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Department of Biology, Evolutionary Ecology Group, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - J F J Laros
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Leiden Genome Technology Center, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - K Vrieling
- Institute of Biology Leiden (IBL), Leiden University, PO Box 9505, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Wei X, Klinkhamer PGL, Mulder PPJ, van der Veen-van Wijk K, Vrieling K. Seasonal variation in defence compounds: A case study on pyrrolizidine alkaloids of clones of Jacobaea vulgaris, Jacobaea aquatica and their hybrids. Plant Sci 2021; 313:111067. [PMID: 34763859 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2021.111067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Concentration of plant secondary metabolites (SMs) show seasonal variations. However, it is still not well understood how these abiotic and biotic factors influence the seasonal variations of SMs. In addition, it is of interest to know if and how SMs are reallocated to the different plant organs, in particular whether SMs are reallocated to the remaining tissues when biomass is lost, e.g., during winter. Here we used Jacobaea vulgaris, Jacobaea aquatica, two F1 and four F2 hybrids that differed in their pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) bouquet as a study system. A series of clones of these genotypes were investigated during their vegetative stage spanning 14 months in a semi-natural environment. We found that the total PA concentration in roots and shoots showed a gradual increase until the spring of the second year, whereafter it dropped substantially in shoots. The variation in PA composition due to seasonal changes was significant but relatively small. Senecionine-like PAs were the dominant PAs in roots, while jacobine-/erucifoline-like PAs were dominant in shoots. The variation of PA concentration was significantly correlated with temperature, day length, and plant age. A correlation analysis showed that PAs were not reallocated when biomass was lost in winter. Overall, our study showed that PA composition of each genotype changed over seasons in a different manner but seasonal variation did not overrule the differences in PA composition among genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianqin Wei
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300071, China; Plant Cluster, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, P. O. Box 9505, 2300 RA, Leiden, the Netherlands.
| | - Peter G L Klinkhamer
- Plant Cluster, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, P. O. Box 9505, 2300 RA, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Patrick P J Mulder
- Wageningen Food Safety Research-Wageningen University & Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Karin van der Veen-van Wijk
- Plant Cluster, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, P. O. Box 9505, 2300 RA, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Klaas Vrieling
- Plant Cluster, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, P. O. Box 9505, 2300 RA, Leiden, the Netherlands
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Zhang J, Vrieling K, Klinkhamer PG, Bezemer T. Exogenous application of plant defense hormones alters the effects of live soils on plant performance. Basic Appl Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.baae.2021.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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10
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Wei X, Vrieling K, Kim HK, Mulder PPJ, Klinkhamer PGL. Application of methyl jasmonate and salicylic acid lead to contrasting effects on the plant's metabolome and herbivory. Plant Sci 2021; 303:110784. [PMID: 33487359 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2020.110784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Phytohormone applications are used to mimic herbivory and can induce plant defences. This study investigated (i) metabolomic changes in leaf tissues of Jacobaea vulgaris and J. aquatica after methyl jasmonate (MeJA) and salicylic acid (SA) applications and (ii) the effects on a leaf-chewing, a leaf-mining and a piercing-sucking herbivore. MeJA treated leaves showed clearly different metabolomic profiles than control leaves, while the differences in metabolomic profiles between SA treated leaves and control leaves were less clear. More NMR peaks increased than decreased after MeJA treatment while this pattern was reversed after SA treatment. The leaf-chewing (Mamestra brassicae) and the leaf-mining herbivores (Liriomyza trifolii) fed less on MeJA-treated leaves compared to control and SA-treated leaves while they fed equally on the latter two. In J. aquatica but not in J. vulgaris, SA treatment reduced feeding damage by the piercing-sucking herbivore (Frankliniella occidentalis). Based on the herbivory and metabolomic data after phytohormone application, we made speculations as follows: For all three herbivore species, plants with high levels of threonine and citric acid showed less herbivory while plants with high levels of glucose showed more herbivory. Herbivory by thrips was lower on plants with high levels of alanine while it was higher on plants with high levels of 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid. The plant compounds that related to feeding of piercing-sucking herbivore were further verified with previous independent experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianqin Wei
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300071, China; Plant Science and Natural Products, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, P. O. Box 9505, 2300 RA, Leiden, the Netherlands.
| | - Klaas Vrieling
- Plant Science and Natural Products, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, P. O. Box 9505, 2300 RA, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Hye Kyong Kim
- Plant Science and Natural Products, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, P. O. Box 9505, 2300 RA, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Patrick P J Mulder
- RIKILT-Wageningen University & Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Peter G L Klinkhamer
- Plant Science and Natural Products, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, P. O. Box 9505, 2300 RA, Leiden, the Netherlands
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Tarkesh Esfahani S, Karimzadeh G, Naghavi MR, Vrieling K. Altered gene expression and root thebaine production in polyploidized and methyl jasmonate-elicited Papaver bracteatum Lindl. Plant Physiol Biochem 2021; 158:334-341. [PMID: 33243708 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Persian poppy (Papaver bracteatum Lindl.) is a perennial medicinal plant belonging to the Papaveraceae family that is endemic to the mountainous areas in Northern Iran. It is known for high amounts of the valuable benzylisoquinoline alkaloid thebaine. The effects of induced polyploidy as well as the effect of methyl Jasmonate (MeJA) elicitation on the root production of thebaine and on the expression of five alkaloid biosynthesis related genes were studied. The in vitro tetraploidy induction caused a significant increased expression of norcoclaurine synthase (NCS) and salutaridinol (SAT), and a significant decreased expression of berberine bridge enzyme (BBE) in the leaves. In the root tissues, the BBE, NCS, and SAT showed an increased expression in tetraploid plants, while codeinone reductase (COR) showed a decreased expression. A similar alteration pattern was found in mixoploid plants when compared to their diploid counterparts. MeJA at concentrations of 0.1 and 0.5 mM caused a remarkable increase in the thebaine content in the roots of treated plants, where the highest thebaine content was identified in plants elicited with 0.5 mM MeJA. Elicitation treatment caused a substantial increase in the expression of NCS and SAT in the leaves, while it had no major effect on BBE, codeine 3-O-demethylase (CODM) and COR. Expression analysis in the roots showed that MeJA caused a significant increase in the expression of only BBE and NCS, while expression of other studied genes remained unchanged. Our results may be exploited for improved thebaine production and the processing of Persian poppy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Tarkesh Esfahani
- Department of Plant Genetics and Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University (TMU), Tehran, Iran
| | - Ghasem Karimzadeh
- Department of Plant Genetics and Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University (TMU), Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Reza Naghavi
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, College of Agricultural and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
| | - Klaas Vrieling
- Department of Plant Ecology and Phytochemistry, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
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12
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Chen Y, Klinkhamer PGL, Memelink J, Vrieling K. Diversity and evolution of cytochrome P450s of Jacobaea vulgaris and Jacobaea aquatica. BMC Plant Biol 2020; 20:342. [PMID: 32689941 PMCID: PMC7372880 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-020-02532-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Collectively, plants produce a huge variety of secondary metabolites (SMs) which are involved in the adaptation of plants to biotic and abiotic stresses. The most characteristic feature of SMs is their striking inter- and intraspecific chemical diversity. Cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (CYPs) often play an important role in the biosynthesis of SMs and thus in the evolution of chemical diversity. Here we studied the diversity and evolution of CYPs of two Jacobaea species which contain a characteristic group of SMs namely the pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs). RESULTS We retrieved CYPs from RNA-seq data of J. vulgaris and J. aquatica, resulting in 221 and 157 full-length CYP genes, respectively. The analyses of conserved motifs confirmed that Jacobaea CYP proteins share conserved motifs including the heme-binding signature, the PERF motif, the K-helix and the I-helix. KEGG annotation revealed that the CYPs assigned as being SM metabolic pathway genes were all from the CYP71 clan but no CYPs were assigned as being involved in alkaloid pathways. Phylogenetic analyses of full-length CYPs were conducted for the six largest CYP families of Jacobaea (CYP71, CYP76, CYP706, CYP82, CYP93 and CYP72) and were compared with CYPs of two other members of the Asteraceae, Helianthus annuus and Lactuca sativa, and with Arabidopsis thaliana. The phylogenetic trees showed strong lineage specific diversification of CYPs, implying that the evolution of CYPs has been very fast even within the Asteraceae family. Only in the closely related species J. vulgaris and J. aquatica, CYPs were found often in pairs, confirming a close relationship in the evolutionary history. CONCLUSIONS This study discovered 378 full-length CYPs in Jacobaea species, which can be used for future exploration of their functions, including possible involvement in PA biosynthesis and PA diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangan Chen
- Plant Ecology and Phytochemistry, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, P. O. Box 9505, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Plant Cell Physiology, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, P. O. Box 9505, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Peter G L Klinkhamer
- Plant Ecology and Phytochemistry, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, P. O. Box 9505, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Johan Memelink
- Plant Cell Physiology, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, P. O. Box 9505, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Klaas Vrieling
- Plant Ecology and Phytochemistry, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, P. O. Box 9505, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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13
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Huberty M, Martis B, van Kampen J, Choi YH, Vrieling K, Klinkhamer PGL, Bezemer TM. Soil Inoculation Alters Leaf Metabolic Profiles in Genetically Identical Plants. J Chem Ecol 2020; 46:745-755. [PMID: 32020484 PMCID: PMC7429552 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-020-01156-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Abiotic and biotic properties of soil can influence growth and chemical composition of plants. Although it is well-known that soil microbial composition can vary greatly spatially, how this variation affects plant chemical composition is poorly understood. We grew genetically identical Jacobaea vulgaris in sterilized soil inoculated with live soil collected from four natural grasslands and in 100% sterilized soil. Within each grassland we sampled eight plots, totalling 32 different inocula. Two samples per plot were collected, leading to three levels of spatial variation: within plot, between and within grasslands. The leaf metabolome was analysed with 1H Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) to investigate if inoculation altered the metabolome of plants and how this varied between and within grasslands. Inoculation led to changes in metabolomics profiles of J. vulgaris in two out of four sites. Plants grown in sterilized and inoculated soils differed in concentrations of malic acid, tyrosine, trehalose and two pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PA). Metabolomes of plants grown in inoculated soils from different sites varied in glucose, malic acid, trehalose, tyrosine and in one PA. The metabolome of plants grown in soils with inocula from the same site was more similar than with inocula from distant sites. We show that soil influences leaf metabolomes. Performance of aboveground insects often depends on chemical composition of plants. Hence our results imply that soil microbial communities, via affecting aboveground plant metabolomes, can impact aboveground plant-insect food chains but that it is difficult to make general predictions due to spatial variation in soil microbiomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martine Huberty
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology, Wageningen, The Netherlands. .,Plant Ecology and Phytochemistry, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands. .,Natural Products Laboratory, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Beverly Martis
- Plant Ecology and Phytochemistry, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jorian van Kampen
- Plant Ecology and Phytochemistry, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Young Hae Choi
- Natural Products Laboratory, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands.,College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Klaas Vrieling
- Plant Ecology and Phytochemistry, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Peter G L Klinkhamer
- Plant Ecology and Phytochemistry, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - T Martijn Bezemer
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology, Wageningen, The Netherlands.,Plant Ecology and Phytochemistry, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
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14
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Gerritsma S, Jalvingh KM, van de Beld C, Beerda J, van de Zande L, Vrieling K, Wertheim B. Natural and Artificial Selection for Parasitoid Resistance in Drosophila melanogaster Leave Different Genetic Signatures. Front Genet 2019; 10:479. [PMID: 31214243 PMCID: PMC6557190 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.00479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Adaptation of complex traits depends on standing genetic variation at multiple loci. The allelic variants that have positive fitness effects, however, can differ depending on the genetic background and the selective pressure. Previously, we interrogated the Drosophila melanogaster genome at the population level for polymorphic positions and identified 215 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that had significantly changed in frequency after experimental evolution for increased parasitoid resistance. In the current study, we follow up on 11 of these SNPs as putative targets of the experimental selection process (Jalvingh et al., 2014). We study the patterns of genetic variation for these SNPs in several European field populations. Furthermore, we associate the genetic variation of these SNPs to variation in resistance against the parasitoid Asobara tabida, by determining the individual phenotype and SNP genotype for 144 individuals from four Selection lines and four non-selected Control lines and for 400 individuals from 12 Field lines that differ in parasitoid resistance. For the Selection lines we additionally monitored the changes in allele frequencies throughout the five generations of experimental selection. For three genes, mbl (Zn-finger protein), mthl4 (G-protein coupled receptor) and CG17287 (protein-cysteine S-palmitoyltransferase) individual SNP genotypes were significantly associated with resistance level in the Selection and Control lines. Additionally, the minor allele in mbl and mthl4 were consistently and gradually favored throughout the five generations of experimental evolution. However, none of these alleles did appear to be associated to high resistance in the Field lines. We suggest that, within field populations, selection for parasitoid resistance is a gradual process that involves co-adapted gene complexes. Fast artificial selection, however, enforces the sudden cumulating of particular alleles that confer high resistance (genetic sweep). We discuss our findings in the context of local adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Gerritsma
- Evolutionary Genetics, Development and Behaviour, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Kirsten M Jalvingh
- Evolutionary Genetics, Development and Behaviour, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Carmen van de Beld
- Evolutionary Genetics, Development and Behaviour, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Jelmer Beerda
- Evolutionary Genetics, Development and Behaviour, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Louis van de Zande
- Evolutionary Genetics, Development and Behaviour, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Klaas Vrieling
- Plant Cluster, Institute of Biology, Sylvius Laboratory, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Bregje Wertheim
- Evolutionary Genetics, Development and Behaviour, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
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15
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Bac-Molenaar JA, Mol S, Verlaan MG, van Elven J, Kim HK, Klinkhamer PGL, Leiss KA, Vrieling K. Trichome Independent Resistance against Western Flower Thrips in Tomato. Plant Cell Physiol 2019; 60:1011-1024. [PMID: 30715458 PMCID: PMC6534821 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcz018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Western flower thrips (WFT) are a major pest on many crops, including tomato. Thrips cause yield losses, not only through feeding damage, but also by the transmission of viruses of which the Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus is the most important one. In cultivated tomato, genetic diversity is extremely low, and all commercial lines are susceptible to WFT. Several wild relatives are WFT resistant and these resistances are based on glandular trichome-derived traits. Introgression of these traits in cultivated lines did not lead to WFT resistant commercial varieties so far. In this study, we investigated WFT resistance in cultivated tomato using a F2 population derived from a cross between a WFT susceptible and a WFT resistant cultivated tomato line. We discovered that this WFT resistance is independent of glandular trichome density or trichome-derived volatile profiles and is associated with three QTLs on chromosomes 4, 5 and 10. Foliar metabolic profiles of F3 families with low and high WFT feeding damage were clearly different. We identified α-tomatine and a phenolic compound as potential defensive compounds. Their causality and interaction need further investigation. Because this study is based on cultivated tomato lines, our findings can directly be used in nowadays breeding programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna A Bac-Molenaar
- Plant Sciences and Natural Products Lab, Institute of Biology Leiden, Sylviusweg 72, BE Leiden, The Netherlands
- Wageningen University and Research, Violierenweg 1, MV Bleiswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Selena Mol
- Plant Sciences and Natural Products Lab, Institute of Biology Leiden, Sylviusweg 72, BE Leiden, The Netherlands
- Rijk Zwaan Breeding B.V, Burgemeester Crezeelaan 40, KX De Lier, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten G Verlaan
- Rijk Zwaan Breeding B.V, Burgemeester Crezeelaan 40, KX De Lier, The Netherlands
| | - Joke van Elven
- Rijk Zwaan Breeding B.V, Burgemeester Crezeelaan 40, KX De Lier, The Netherlands
| | - Hye Kyong Kim
- Plant Sciences and Natural Products Lab, Institute of Biology Leiden, Sylviusweg 72, BE Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Peter G L Klinkhamer
- Plant Sciences and Natural Products Lab, Institute of Biology Leiden, Sylviusweg 72, BE Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Kirsten A Leiss
- Plant Sciences and Natural Products Lab, Institute of Biology Leiden, Sylviusweg 72, BE Leiden, The Netherlands
- Wageningen University and Research, Violierenweg 1, MV Bleiswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Klaas Vrieling
- Plant Sciences and Natural Products Lab, Institute of Biology Leiden, Sylviusweg 72, BE Leiden, The Netherlands
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16
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Lin T, Klinkhamer PGL, Pons TL, Mulder PPJ, Vrieling K. Evolution of Increased Photosynthetic Capacity and Its Underlying Traits in Invasive Jacobaea vulgaris. Front Plant Sci 2019; 10:1016. [PMID: 31440269 PMCID: PMC6694182 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The evolution of increased competitive ability (EICA) hypothesis and the shifting defense hypothesis (SDH) predict that evolutionary changes occur in a suite of traits related to defense and growth in invasive plant species as result of the absence of specialist herbivores. We tested how this suite of traits changed due to the absence of specialist herbivores in multiple invasive regions that differ in climatic conditions with native and invasive Jacobaea vulgaris in a controlled environment. We hypothesized that invasive J. vulgaris in all invasive regions have i) a higher plant growth and underlying traits, such as photosynthetic capacity, ii) lower regrowth-related traits, such as carbohydrate storage, and iii) an increased plant qualitative defense, such as pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs). Our results show that invasive J. vulgaris genotypes have evolved a higher photosynthetic rate and total PA concentration but a lower investment in root carbohydrates, which supports the SDH hypothesis. All the traits changed consistently and significantly in the same direction in all four invasive regions, indicative of a parallel evolution. Climatic and soil variables did differ between ranges but explained only a very small part of the variation in trait values. The latter suggests that climate and soil changes were not the main selective forces on these traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiantian Lin
- College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Institute of Biology, Plant Ecology and Phytochemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
- *Correspondence: Tiantian Lin,
| | - Peter G. L. Klinkhamer
- Institute of Biology, Plant Ecology and Phytochemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Thijs L. Pons
- Plant Ecophysiology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | | | - Klaas Vrieling
- Institute of Biology, Plant Ecology and Phytochemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
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17
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Liu X, Vrieling K, Klinkhamer PGL. Phytochemical Background Mediates Effects of Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids on Western Flower Thrips. J Chem Ecol 2018; 45:116-127. [PMID: 30221331 PMCID: PMC6469620 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-018-1009-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Plants produce an extremely diverse array of metabolites that mediate many aspects of plant-environment interactions. In the context of plant-herbivore interactions, it is as yet poorly understood how natural backgrounds shape the bioactivity of individual metabolites. We tested the effects of a methanol extract of Jacobaea plants and five fractions derived from this extract, on survival of western flower thrips (WFT). When added to an artificial diet, the five fractions all resulted in a higher WFT survival rate than the methanol extract. In addition, their expected combined effect on survival, assuming no interaction between them, was lower than that of the methanol extract. The bioactivity was restored when the fractions were combined again in their original proportion. These results strongly suggest synergistic interactions among the fractions on WFT survival rates. We then tested the effects of two pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs), free base retrorsine and retrorsine N-oxide, alone and in combination with the five shoot fractions on WFT survival. The magnitude of the effects of the two PAs depended on the fraction to which they were added. In general, free base retrorsine was more potent than retrorsine N-oxide, but this was contingent on the fraction to which these compounds were added. Our results support the commonly held, though seldom tested, notion that the efficacy of plant metabolites with respect to plant defence is dependent on their phytochemical background. It also shows that the assessment of bioactivity cannot be decoupled from the natural chemical background in which these metabolites occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojie Liu
- Plant Ecology and Phytochemistry, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, PO Box 9505, 2300, RA, Leiden, The Netherlands. .,Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, China.
| | - Klaas Vrieling
- Plant Ecology and Phytochemistry, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, PO Box 9505, 2300, RA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Peter G L Klinkhamer
- Plant Ecology and Phytochemistry, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, PO Box 9505, 2300, RA, Leiden, The Netherlands
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18
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Liu X, Klinkhamer PGL, Vrieling K. The effect of structurally related metabolites on insect herbivores: A case study on pyrrolizidine alkaloids and western flower thrips. Phytochemistry 2017; 138:93-103. [PMID: 28267991 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2017.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2016] [Revised: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plant specialised metabolites (SMs) are very diverse in terms of both their number and chemical structures with more than 200,000 estimated compounds. This chemical diversity occurs not only among different groups of compounds but also within the groups themselves. In the context of plant-insect interactions, the chemical diversity within a class of structurally related metabolites is generally also related to their bioactivity. In this study, we tested firstly whether individual SMs within the group of pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) differ in their effects on insect herbivores (western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis). Secondly, we tested combinations of PA N-oxides to determine whether they are more active than their individual components. We also evaluated the bioactivity of six PA free bases and their corresponding N-oxides. At concentrations similar to that in plants, several PAs reduced thrip's survival but the effect also differed strongly among PAs. In general, PA free bases caused a lower survival than their corresponding N-oxides. Among the tested PA free bases, we found jacobine and retrorsine to be the most active against second instar larvae of thrips, followed by erucifoline and seneciphylline, while senecionine and monocrotaline did not exhibit significant dose-dependent effects on thrip's survival. In the case of PA N-oxides, we found that only senecionine N-oxide and jacobine N-oxide reduced thrip's survival, although the effect of senecionine N-oxide was weak. Combinations of PA N-oxides showed no synergistic effects. These findings indicate the differences observed in the effect of structurally related SMs on insect herbivores. It is of limited value to study the bioactivity of combined groups, such as PAs, without taking their composition into account.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojie Liu
- Plant Ecology and Phytochemistry, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, PO Box 9505, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Peter G L Klinkhamer
- Plant Ecology and Phytochemistry, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, PO Box 9505, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Klaas Vrieling
- Plant Ecology and Phytochemistry, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, PO Box 9505, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
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19
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Liu X, Vrieling K, Klinkhamer PG. Interactions between Plant Metabolites Affect Herbivores: A Study with Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids and Chlorogenic Acid. Front Plant Sci 2017; 8:903. [PMID: 28611815 PMCID: PMC5447715 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The high structural diversity of plant metabolites suggests that interactions among them should be common. We investigated the effects of single metabolites and combinations of plant metabolites on insect herbivores. In particular we studied the interacting effects of pyrrolizidine alkaloid (PAs), and chlorogenic acid (CGA), on a generalist herbivore, Frankliniella occidentalis. We studied both the predominantly occurring PA N-oxides and the less frequent PA free bases. We found antagonistic effects between CGA and PA free bases on thrips mortality. In contrast PA N-oxides showed synergistic interactions with CGA. PA free bases caused a higher thrips mortality than PA N-oxides while the reverse was through for PAs in combination with CGA. Our results provide an explanation for the predominate storage of PA N-oxides in plants. We propose that antagonistic interactions represent a constraint on the accumulation of plant metabolites, as we found here for Jacobaea vulgaris. The results show that the bioactivity of a given metabolite is not merely dependent upon the amount and chemical structure of that metabolite, but also on the co-occurrence metabolites in, e.g., plant cells, tissues and organs. The significance of this study is beyond the concerns of the two specific groups tested here. The current study is one of the few studies so far that experimentally support the general conception that the interactions among plant metabolites are of great importance to plant-environment interactions.
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20
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Arntzen JW, Trujillo T, Butôt R, Vrieling K, Schaap O, Gutiérrez-Rodríguez J, Martínez-Solano I. Concordant morphological and molecular clines in a contact zone of the Common and Spined toad ( Bufo bufo and B. spinosus) in the northwest of France. Front Zool 2016; 13:52. [PMID: 28018475 PMCID: PMC5168812 DOI: 10.1186/s12983-016-0184-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hybrid zones are regions where individuals of two species meet and produce hybrid progeny, and are often regarded as natural laboratories to understand the process of species formation. Two microevolutionary processes can take place in hybrid zones, with opposing effects on population differentiation. Hybridization tends to produce genetic homogenization, reducing species differences, whereas the presence of mechanisms of reproductive isolation result in barriers to gene flow, maintaining or increasing differences between taxa. RESULTS Here we study a contact zone between two hybridizing toad species, Bufo bufo and B. spinosus, through a combination of molecular (12 polymorphic microsatellites, four nuclear and two mitochondrial SNP markers) and morphological data in a transect in the northwest of France. The results show largely concordant clines across markers, defining a narrow hybrid zone of ca. 30 km wide. Most hybrids in the centre of the contact zone are classified as F2 or backcrossed individuals, with no individuals assigned to the F1 hybrid class. CONCLUSIONS We discuss the implications of these results for our understanding of the evolutionary history of these species. We anticipate that the toad contact zone here described will become an important asset in the study of hybrid zone dynamics and evolutionary biology because of its easy access and the abundance of the species involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan W Arntzen
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, P.O. Box 9517, Leiden, 2300 RA The Netherlands
| | - Tania Trujillo
- Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, CSIC, c/José Gutiérrez Abascal, 2, Madrid, 28006 Spain
| | - Roland Butôt
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, P.O. Box 9517, Leiden, 2300 RA The Netherlands
| | - Klaas Vrieling
- Plant Cluster, Institute of Biology, Sylvius Laboratory, Leiden University, P.O. BOX 9505, Leiden, 2300 RA The Netherlands
| | - Onno Schaap
- Plant Cluster, Institute of Biology, Sylvius Laboratory, Leiden University, P.O. BOX 9505, Leiden, 2300 RA The Netherlands
| | | | - Iñigo Martínez-Solano
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, P.O. Box 9517, Leiden, 2300 RA The Netherlands ; Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos (IREC-UCLM-CSIC-JCCM), Ronda de Toledo, Ciudad Real, s/n, 13005 Spain ; CIBIO-InBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, Campus Agrário de Vairão, Universidade do Porto, Vairão, 4485-661 Portugal ; Present address: Ecology, Evolution and Development Group, Department of Wetland Ecology, Doñana Biological Station, CSIC, c/Americo Vespucio, Seville, s/n, 41092 Spain
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21
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Bertola LD, Jongbloed H, van der Gaag KJ, de Knijff P, Yamaguchi N, Hooghiemstra H, Bauer H, Henschel P, White PA, Driscoll CA, Tende T, Ottosson U, Saidu Y, Vrieling K, de Iongh HH. Phylogeographic Patterns in Africa and High Resolution Delineation of Genetic Clades in the Lion (Panthera leo). Sci Rep 2016; 6:30807. [PMID: 27488946 PMCID: PMC4973251 DOI: 10.1038/srep30807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Comparative phylogeography of African savannah mammals shows a congruent pattern in which populations in West/Central Africa are distinct from populations in East/Southern Africa. However, for the lion, all African populations are currently classified as a single subspecies (Panthera leo leo), while the only remaining population in Asia is considered to be distinct (Panthera leo persica). This distinction is disputed both by morphological and genetic data. In this study we introduce the lion as a model for African phylogeography. Analyses of mtDNA sequences reveal six supported clades and a strongly supported ancestral dichotomy with northern populations (West Africa, Central Africa, North Africa/Asia) on one branch, and southern populations (North East Africa, East/Southern Africa and South West Africa) on the other. We review taxonomies and phylogenies of other large savannah mammals, illustrating that similar clades are found in other species. The described phylogeographic pattern is considered in relation to large scale environmental changes in Africa over the past 300,000 years, attributable to climate. Refugial areas, predicted by climate envelope models, further confirm the observed pattern. We support the revision of current lion taxonomy, as recognition of a northern and a southern subspecies is more parsimonious with the evolutionary history of the lion.
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Affiliation(s)
- L D Bertola
- Leiden University, Institute of Environmental Sciences (CML), PO Box 9518, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands.,Leiden University, Institute of Biology Leiden (IBL), PO Box 9505, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - H Jongbloed
- Leiden University, Institute of Environmental Sciences (CML), PO Box 9518, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands.,Leiden University, Institute of Biology Leiden (IBL), PO Box 9505, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - K J van der Gaag
- Forensic Laboratory for DNA Research, Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Centre, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - P de Knijff
- Forensic Laboratory for DNA Research, Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Centre, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - N Yamaguchi
- Qatar University, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, PO Box 2713, Doha, Qatar
| | - H Hooghiemstra
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1018 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - H Bauer
- WildCRU, Recanati-Kaplan Centre, University of Oxford. Tubney House, Abingdon Road, OX13 5QL, UK
| | - P Henschel
- Panthera, 8 West 40th Street, 18th Floor, New York, NY 10018, USA
| | - P A White
- Center for Tropical Research, Institute of the Environment and Sustainability, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1496, USA
| | - C A Driscoll
- Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun 248001, Uttarakhand, India
| | - T Tende
- A. P. Leventis Ornithological Research Institute, P.O. Box 13404 Jos, Nigeria
| | - U Ottosson
- A. P. Leventis Ornithological Research Institute, P.O. Box 13404 Jos, Nigeria
| | - Y Saidu
- Nigeria National Park Service, PMB 0258 Garki-Abuja, Nigeria
| | - K Vrieling
- Leiden University, Institute of Biology Leiden (IBL), PO Box 9505, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - H H de Iongh
- Leiden University, Institute of Environmental Sciences (CML), PO Box 9518, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands.,University of Antwerp, Department Biology, Evolutionary Ecology Group, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerpen, Belgium
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22
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Wielstra B, Burke T, Butlin RK, Schaap O, Shaffer HB, Vrieling K, Arntzen JW. Efficient screening for ‘genetic pollution’ in an anthropogenic crested newt hybrid zone. CONSERV GENET RESOUR 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s12686-016-0582-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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23
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Schilthuizen M, Santos Pimenta LP, Lammers Y, Steenbergen PJ, Flohil M, Beveridge NGP, van Duijn PT, Meulblok MM, Sosef N, van de Ven R, Werring R, Beentjes KK, Meijer K, Vos RA, Vrieling K, Gravendeel B, Choi Y, Verpoorte R, Smit C, Beukeboom LW. Incorporation of an invasive plant into a native insect herbivore food web. PeerJ 2016; 4:e1954. [PMID: 27190702 PMCID: PMC4867706 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.1954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The integration of invasive species into native food webs represent multifarious dynamics of ecological and evolutionary processes. We document incorporation of Prunus serotina (black cherry) into native insect food webs. We find that P. serotina harbours a herbivore community less dense but more diverse than its native relative, P. padus (bird cherry), with similar proportions of specialists and generalists. While herbivory on P. padus remained stable over the past century, that on P. serotina gradually doubled. We show that P. serotina may have evolved changes in investment in cyanogenic glycosides compared with its native range. In the leaf beetle Gonioctena quinquepunctata, recently shifted from native Sorbus aucuparia to P. serotina, we find divergent host preferences on Sorbus- versus Prunus-derived populations, and weak host-specific differentiation among 380 individuals genotyped for 119 SNP loci. We conclude that evolutionary processes may generate a specialized herbivore community on an invasive plant, allowing prognoses of reduced invasiveness over time. On the basis of the results presented here, we would like to caution that manual control might have the adverse effect of a slowing down of processes of adaptation, and a delay in the decline of the invasive character of P. serotina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menno Schilthuizen
- Endless Forms group, Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, the Netherlands; Institute for Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands; Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Lúcia P Santos Pimenta
- Institute for Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands; Departamento de Química, Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Youri Lammers
- Endless Forms group, Naturalis Biodiversity Center , Leiden , the Netherlands
| | | | | | - Nils G P Beveridge
- Endless Forms group, Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, the Netherlands; Institute for Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Pieter T van Duijn
- Endless Forms group, Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, the Netherlands; University of Applied Sciences Leiden, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Marjolein M Meulblok
- Endless Forms group, Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, the Netherlands; University of Applied Sciences Leiden, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Nils Sosef
- Endless Forms group, Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, the Netherlands; University of Applied Sciences Leiden, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Robin van de Ven
- Endless Forms group, Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, the Netherlands; University of Applied Sciences Leiden, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Ralf Werring
- Endless Forms group, Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, the Netherlands; University of Applied Sciences Leiden, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Kevin K Beentjes
- Biodiversity Discovery group, Naturalis Biodiversity Center , Leiden , the Netherlands
| | - Kim Meijer
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen , Groningen , the Netherlands
| | - Rutger A Vos
- Endless Forms group, Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, the Netherlands; IBED, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Klaas Vrieling
- Institute for Biology Leiden, Leiden University , Leiden , the Netherlands
| | - Barbara Gravendeel
- Endless Forms group, Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, the Netherlands; Institute for Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands; University of Applied Sciences Leiden, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Young Choi
- Institute for Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands; Natural Products Laboratory, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Robert Verpoorte
- Institute for Biology Leiden, Leiden University , Leiden , the Netherlands
| | - Chris Smit
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen , Groningen , the Netherlands
| | - Leo W Beukeboom
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen , Groningen , the Netherlands
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Bertola LD, Tensen L, van Hooft P, White PA, Driscoll CA, Henschel P, Caragiulo A, Dias-Freedman I, Sogbohossou EA, Tumenta PN, Jirmo TH, de Snoo GR, de Iongh HH, Vrieling K. Correction: Autosomal and mtDNA Markers Affirm the Distinctiveness of Lions in West and Central Africa. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0149059. [PMID: 26939120 PMCID: PMC4777360 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0149059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
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Bertola LD, Tensen L, van Hooft P, White PA, Driscoll CA, Henschel P, Caragiulo A, Dias-Freedman I, Sogbohossou EA, Tumenta PN, Jirmo TH, de Snoo GR, de Iongh HH, Vrieling K. Autosomal and mtDNA Markers Affirm the Distinctiveness of Lions in West and Central Africa. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0137975. [PMID: 26466139 PMCID: PMC4605676 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0137975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The evolutionary history of a species is key for understanding the taxonomy and for the design of effective management strategies for species conservation. The knowledge about the phylogenetic position of the lion (Panthera leo) in West/Central Africa is largely based on mitochondrial markers. Previous studies using mtDNA only have shown this region to hold a distinct evolutionary lineage. In addition, anthropogenic factors have led to a strong decline in West/Central African lion numbers, thus, the conservation value of these populations is particularly high. Here, we investigate whether autosomal markers are concordant with previously described phylogeographic patterns, and confirm the unique position of the West/Central African lion. Analysis of 20 microsatellites and 1,454 bp of the mitochondrial DNA in 16 lion populations representing the entire geographic range of the species found congruence in both types of markers, identifying four clusters: 1) West/Central Africa, 2) East Africa, 3) Southern Africa and 4) India. This is not in line with the current taxonomy, as defined by the IUCN, which only recognizes an African and an Asiatic subspecies. There are no indications that genetic diversity in West/Central Africa lions is lower than in either East or Southern Africa, however, given this genetic distinction and the recent declines of lion numbers in this region, we strongly recommend prioritization of conservation projects in West/Central Africa. As the current taxonomic nomenclature does not reflect the evolutionary history of the lion, we suggest that a taxonomic revision of the lion is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura D. Bertola
- Leiden University, Institute of Environmental Sciences (CML), PO Box 9518, 2300, RA Leiden, The Netherlands
- Leiden University, Institute of Biology Leiden (IBL), PO Box 9505, 2300, RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Laura Tensen
- University of Johannesburg, Department of Zoology, PO Box 524, Johannesburg, Johannesburg, Republic of South Africa
| | - Pim van Hooft
- Wageningen University, Resource Ecology Group, Droevendaalsesteeg 3a, 6708, PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Paula A. White
- Center for Tropical Research, Institute of the Environment and Sustainability, La Kretz Hall Suite 300, 619 Charles E. Young Dr. East, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095–1496, United States of America
| | | | - Philipp Henschel
- Panthera, 8 West 40th Street, 18th Floor, New York, NY, 10018, United States of America
| | - Anthony Caragiulo
- Sackler Institute for Comparative Genomics, American Museum of Natural History, 79th Street at Central Park West, New York, NY, 10024, United States of America
| | - Isabela Dias-Freedman
- Sackler Institute for Comparative Genomics, American Museum of Natural History, 79th Street at Central Park West, New York, NY, 10024, United States of America
| | - Etotépé A. Sogbohossou
- Leiden University, Institute of Environmental Sciences (CML), PO Box 9518, 2300, RA Leiden, The Netherlands
- Laboratoire d’Ecologie Appliquée, Université d’Abomey-Calavi, Champ de Foire 03 BP 1974, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Pricelia N. Tumenta
- Leiden University, Institute of Environmental Sciences (CML), PO Box 9518, 2300, RA Leiden, The Netherlands
- Centre for Environment and Development Studies in Cameroon, University of Dschang, BP 410, Maroua, Cameroon
| | - Tuqa H. Jirmo
- Leiden University, Institute of Environmental Sciences (CML), PO Box 9518, 2300, RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Geert R. de Snoo
- Leiden University, Institute of Environmental Sciences (CML), PO Box 9518, 2300, RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Hans H. de Iongh
- Leiden University, Institute of Environmental Sciences (CML), PO Box 9518, 2300, RA Leiden, The Netherlands
- University of Antwerp, Department Biology, Evolutionary Ecology Group, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Klaas Vrieling
- Leiden University, Institute of Biology Leiden (IBL), PO Box 9505, 2300, RA Leiden, The Netherlands
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Bovee TFH, Helsdingen RJR, Hoogenboom RLAP, de Nijs MWCM, Liu X, Vrieling K, Klinkhamer PGL, Peijnenburg AACM, Mulder PPJ. Are effects of common ragwort in the Ames test caused by pyrrolizidine alkaloids? Mutat Res 2015; 778:1-10. [PMID: 26021695 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2015.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Revised: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
It has previously been demonstrated by others that acetone extracts of Senecio jacobaea (syn. Jacobaea vulgaris, common or tansy ragwort) test positive in the Salmonella/microsome mutagenicity test (Ames test). Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) are thought to be responsible for these mutagenic effects. However, it was also observed that the major PA present in common ragwort, jacobine, produced a negative response (with and without the addition of rat liver S9) in Salmonella test strains TA98, TA100, TA1535 and TA1537. To investigate which compounds in the plant extracts were responsible for the positive outcome, the present study investigated the contents and mutagenic effects of methanol and acetone extracts prepared from dried ground S. jacobaea and Senecio inaequidens (narrow-leafed ragwort). Subsequently, a fractionation approach was set up in combination with LC-MS/MS analysis of the fractions. It was shown that the positive Ames test outcomes of S. jacobaea extracts are unlikely to be caused by PAs, but rather by the flavonoid quercetin. This study also demonstrates the importance of identifying compounds responsible for positive test results in bioassays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toine F H Bovee
- RIKILT - Institute of Food Safety, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708 WB Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Richard J R Helsdingen
- RIKILT - Institute of Food Safety, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708 WB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ron L A P Hoogenboom
- RIKILT - Institute of Food Safety, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708 WB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Monique W C M de Nijs
- RIKILT - Institute of Food Safety, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708 WB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Xiaojie Liu
- Plant Ecology and Phytochemistry, Institute of Biology, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Klaas Vrieling
- Plant Ecology and Phytochemistry, Institute of Biology, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Peter G L Klinkhamer
- Plant Ecology and Phytochemistry, Institute of Biology, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ad A C M Peijnenburg
- RIKILT - Institute of Food Safety, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708 WB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick P J Mulder
- RIKILT - Institute of Food Safety, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708 WB Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Lin T, Klinkhamer PGL, Vrieling K. Parallel evolution in an invasive plant: effect of herbivores on competitive ability and regrowth of Jacobaea vulgaris. Ecol Lett 2015; 18:668-76. [PMID: 25958781 DOI: 10.1111/ele.12445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Revised: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 04/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A shift in the composition of the herbivore guild in the invasive range is expected to select for plants with a higher competitive ability, a lower regrowth capacity and a lower investment in defence. We show here that parallel evolution took place in three geographically distinct invasive regions that differed significantly in climatic conditions. This makes it most likely that indeed the shifts in herbivore guilds were causal to the evolutionary changes. We studied competitive ability and regrowth of invasive and native Jacobaea vulgaris using an intraspecific competition set-up with and without herbivory. Without herbivores invasive genotypes have a higher competitive ability than native genotypes. The invasive genotypes were less preferred by the generalist Mamestra brassicae but more preferred by the specialist Tyria jacobaeae, consequently their competitive ability was significantly increased by the first and reduced by the latter. Invasive genotypes showed a lower regrowth ability in both herbivore treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiantian Lin
- Institute of Biology, Section Plant Ecology and Phytochemistry, Leiden University, PO Box 9505, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Peter G L Klinkhamer
- Institute of Biology, Section Plant Ecology and Phytochemistry, Leiden University, PO Box 9505, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Klaas Vrieling
- Institute of Biology, Section Plant Ecology and Phytochemistry, Leiden University, PO Box 9505, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Wei X, Vrieling K, Mulder PPJ, Klinkhamer PGL. Testing the generalist-specialist dilemma: the role of pyrrolizidine alkaloids in resistance to invertebrate herbivores in Jacobaea species. J Chem Ecol 2015; 41:159-67. [PMID: 25666592 PMCID: PMC4351440 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-015-0551-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Revised: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Plants produce a diversity of secondary metabolites (SMs) to protect them from generalist herbivores. On the other hand, specialist herbivores use SMs for host plant recognition, feeding and oviposition cues, and even sequester SMs for their own defense. Therefore, plants are assumed to face an evolutionary dilemma stemming from the contrasting effects of generalist and specialist herbivores on SMs. To test this hypothesis, bioassays were performed with F2 hybrids from Jacobaea species segregating for their pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs), using a specialist flea beetle (Longitarsus jacobaeae) and a generalist slug (Deroceras invadens). Our study demonstrated that while slug feeding damage was negatively correlated with the concentration of total PAs and that of senecionine-like PAs, flea beetle feeding damage was not affected by PAs. It was positively correlated though, with leaf fresh weight. The generalist slug was deterred by senecionine-like PAs but the specialist flea beetle was adapted to PAs in its host plant. Testing other herbivores in the same plant system, it was observed that the egg number of the specialist cinnabar moth was positively correlated with jacobine-like PAs, while the silver damage of generalist thrips was negatively correlated with senecionine- and jacobine-like PAs, and the pupae number of generalist leaf miner was negatively correlated with otosenine-like PAs. Therefore, while the specialist herbivores showed no correlation whatsoever with PA concentration, the generalist herbivores all showed a negative correlation with at least one type of PA. We concluded that the generalist herbivores were deterred by different structural groups of PAs while the specialist herbivores were attracted or adapted to PAs in its host plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianqin Wei
- Plant Ecology and Phytochemistry, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, P.O. Box 9505, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands,
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29
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Rong J, Lammers Y, Strasburg JL, Schidlo NS, Ariyurek Y, de Jong TJ, Klinkhamer PGL, Smulders MJM, Vrieling K. New insights into domestication of carrot from root transcriptome analyses. BMC Genomics 2014; 15:895. [PMID: 25311557 PMCID: PMC4213543 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding the molecular basis of domestication can provide insights into the processes of rapid evolution and crop improvement. Here we demonstrated the processes of carrot domestication and identified genes under selection based on transcriptome analyses. RESULTS The root transcriptomes of widely differing cultivated and wild carrots were sequenced. A method accounting for sequencing errors was introduced to optimize SNP (single nucleotide polymorphism) discovery. 11,369 SNPs were identified. Of these, 622 (out of 1000 tested SNPs) were validated and used to genotype a large set of cultivated carrot, wild carrot and other wild Daucus carota subspecies, primarily of European origin. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that eastern carrot may originate from Western Asia and western carrot may be selected from eastern carrot. Different wild D. carota subspecies may have contributed to the domestication of cultivated carrot. Genetic diversity was significantly reduced in western cultivars, probably through bottlenecks and selection. However, a high proportion of genetic diversity (more than 85% of the genetic diversity in wild populations) is currently retained in western cultivars. Model simulation indicated high and asymmetric gene flow from wild to cultivated carrots, spontaneously and/or by introgression breeding. Nevertheless, high genetic differentiation exists between cultivated and wild carrots (Fst = 0.295) showing the strong effects of selection. Expression patterns differed radically for some genes between cultivated and wild carrot roots which may be related to changes in root traits. The up-regulation of water-channel-protein gene expression in cultivars might be involved in changing water content and transport in roots. The activated expression of carotenoid-binding-protein genes in cultivars could be related to the high carotenoid accumulation in roots. The silencing of allergen-protein-like genes in cultivated carrot roots suggested strong human selection to reduce allergy. These results suggest that regulatory changes of gene expressions may have played a predominant role in domestication. CONCLUSIONS Western carrots may originate from eastern carrots. The reduction in genetic diversity in western cultivars due to domestication bottleneck/selection may have been offset by introgression from wild carrot. Differential gene expression patterns between cultivated and wild carrot roots may be a signature of strong selection for favorable cultivation traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Rong
- Plant Ecology and Phytochemistry, Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, PO Box 9505, Leiden 2300RA, The Netherlands.
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Ellstrand NC, Meirmans P, Rong J, Bartsch D, Ghosh A, de Jong TJ, Haccou P, Lu BR, Snow AA, Neal Stewart C, Strasburg JL, van Tienderen PH, Vrieling K, Hooftman D. Introgression of Crop Alleles into Wild or Weedy Populations. Annu Rev Ecol Evol Syst 2013. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-110512-135840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Norman C. Ellstrand
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California 92521;
| | - Patrick Meirmans
- Instituut voor Biodiversiteit en Ecosysteem Dynamica, Universiteit van Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Jun Rong
- Center for Watershed Ecology, Institute of Life Science and Key Laboratory of Poyang Lake Environment and Resource Utilization, Ministry of Education, Nanchang University, 330031 Honggutan Nanchang, People's Republic of China;
| | - Detlef Bartsch
- Federal Office of Consumer Protection and Food Safety, 10117 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Atiyo Ghosh
- Integrative Systems Biology, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan;
| | - Tom J. de Jong
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, 2333 BE Leiden, The Netherlands; ,
| | - Patsy Haccou
- Leiden University College The Hague, Leiden University, 2514 EG The Hague, The Netherlands;
| | - Bao-Rong Lu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Ecological Engineering, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China; ,
| | - Allison A. Snow
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210;
| | - C. Neal Stewart
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996;
| | | | - Peter H. van Tienderen
- Instituut voor Biodiversiteit en Ecosysteem Dynamica, Universiteit van Amsterdam, 1090 GE Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Klaas Vrieling
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, 2333 BE Leiden, The Netherlands; ,
| | - Danny Hooftman
- Center for Ecology and Hydrology, National Environmental Research Council, Wallingford, Oxfordshire OX10 8BB, United Kingdom;
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Zhao Y, Vrieling K, Liao H, Xiao M, Zhu Y, Rong J, Zhang W, Wang Y, Yang J, Chen J, Song Z. Are habitat fragmentation, local adaptation and isolation-by-distance driving population divergence in wild riceOryza rufipogon? Mol Ecol 2013; 22:5531-47. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.12517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2012] [Revised: 08/28/2013] [Accepted: 08/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yao Zhao
- The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering; Institute of Biodiversity Science; Fudan University; Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Klaas Vrieling
- Plant Ecology and Phytochemistry; Institute of Biology; Leiden University; PO Box 9505 2300 RA Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Hui Liao
- The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering; Institute of Biodiversity Science; Fudan University; Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Manqiu Xiao
- The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering; Institute of Biodiversity Science; Fudan University; Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Yongqing Zhu
- The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering; Institute of Biodiversity Science; Fudan University; Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Jun Rong
- Center for Watershed Ecology; Institute of Life Science and Key Laboratory of Poyang Lake Environment and Resource Utilization; Ministry of Education; Nanchang University; Nanchang 330031 China
| | - Wenju Zhang
- The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering; Institute of Biodiversity Science; Fudan University; Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Yuguo Wang
- The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering; Institute of Biodiversity Science; Fudan University; Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Ji Yang
- The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering; Institute of Biodiversity Science; Fudan University; Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Jiakuan Chen
- The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering; Institute of Biodiversity Science; Fudan University; Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Zhiping Song
- The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering; Institute of Biodiversity Science; Fudan University; Shanghai 200433 China
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Zhao Y, Vrieling K, Liao H, Xiao M, Zhu Y, Rong J, Zhang W, Wang Y, Yang J, Chen J, Song Z. Are habitat fragmentation, local adaptation and isolation-by-distance driving population divergence in wild rice Oryza rufipogon? Mol Ecol 2013. [PMID: 24581006 DOI: 10.1023/a:1018683119237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Habitat fragmentation weakens the connection between populations and is accompanied with isolation by distance (IBD) and local adaptation (isolation by adaptation, IBA), both leading to genetic divergence between populations. To understand the evolutionary potential of a population and to formulate proper conservation strategies, information on the roles of IBD and IBA in driving population divergence is critical. The putative ancestor of Asian cultivated rice (Oryza sativa) is endangered in China due to habitat loss and fragmentation. We investigated the genetic variation in 11 Chinese Oryza rufipogon populations using 79 microsatellite loci to infer the effects of habitat fragmentation, IBD and IBA on genetic structure. Historical and current gene flows were found to be rare (mh = 0.0002-0.0013, mc = 0.007-0.029), indicating IBD and resulting in a high level of population divergence (FST = 0.343). High within-population genetic variation (HE = 0.377-0.515), relatively large effective population sizes (Ne = 96-158), absence of bottlenecks and limited gene flow were found, demonstrating little impact of recent habitat fragmentation on these populations. Eleven gene-linked microsatellite loci were identified as outliers, indicating local adaptation. Hierarchical AMOVA and partial Mantel tests indicated that population divergence of Chinese O. rufipogon was significantly correlated with environmental factors, especially habitat temperature. Common garden trials detected a significant adaptive population divergence associated with latitude. Collectively, these findings imply that IBD due to historical rather than recent fragmentation, followed by local adaptation, has driven population divergence in O. rufipogon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Zhao
- The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, Institute of Biodiversity Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
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Rong J, Xu S, Meirmans PG, Vrieling K. Dissimilarity of contemporary and historical gene flow in a wild carrot (Daucus carota) metapopulation under contrasting levels of human disturbance: implications for risk assessment and management of transgene introgression. Ann Bot 2013; 112:1361-70. [PMID: 24052560 PMCID: PMC3806537 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mct208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2013] [Accepted: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Transgene introgression from crops into wild relatives may increase the resistance of wild plants to herbicides, insects, etc. The chance of transgene introgression depends not only on the rate of hybridization and the establishment of hybrids in local wild populations, but also on the metapopulation dynamics of the wild relative. The aim of the study was to estimate gene flow in a metapopulation for assessing and managing the risks of transgene introgression. METHODS Wild carrots (Daucus carota) were sampled from 12 patches in a metapopulation. Eleven microsatellites were used to genotype wild carrots. Genetic structure was estimated based on the FST statistic. Contemporary (over the last several generations) and historical (over many generations) gene flow was estimated with assignment and coalescent methods, respectively. KEY RESULTS The genetic structure in the wild carrot metapopulation was moderate (FST = 0·082) and most of the genetic variation resided within patches. A pattern of isolation by distance was detected, suggesting that most of the gene flow occurred between neighbouring patches (≤1 km). The mean contemporary gene flow was 5 times higher than the historical estimate, and the correlation between them was very low. Moreover, the contemporary gene flow in roadsides was twice that in a nature reserve, and the correlation between contemporary and historical estimates was much higher in the nature reserve. Mowing of roadsides may contribute to the increase in contemporary gene flow. Simulations demonstrated that the higher contemporary gene flow could accelerate the process of transgene introgression in the metapopulation. CONCLUSIONS Human disturbance such as mowing may alter gene flow patterns in wild populations, affecting the metapopulation dynamics of wild plants and the processes of transgene introgression in the metapopulation. The risk assessment and management of transgene introgression and the control of weeds need to take metapopulation dynamics into consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Rong
- Plant Ecology and Phytochemistry, Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, PO Box 9505, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
- Center for Watershed Ecology, Institute of Life Science and Key Laboratory of Poyang Lake Environment and Resource Utilization, Ministry of Education, Nanchang University, 330031 Nanchang, China
- For correspondence. E-mail
| | - Shuhua Xu
- Max Planck Independent Research Group on Population Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Max Planck Society (CAS-MPG) Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031 Shanghai, China
| | - Patrick G. Meirmans
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, PO Box 94248, 1090 GE Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Klaas Vrieling
- Plant Ecology and Phytochemistry, Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, PO Box 9505, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
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Prost S, Klietmann J, van Kolfschoten T, Guralnick RP, Waltari E, Vrieling K, Stiller M, Nagel D, Rabeder G, Hofreiter M, Sommer RS. Effects of late quaternary climate change on Palearctic shrews. Glob Chang Biol 2013; 19:1865-1874. [PMID: 23505017 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.12153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2012] [Accepted: 12/26/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The Late Quaternary was a time of rapid climatic oscillations and drastic environmental changes. In general, species can respond to such changes by behavioral accommodation, distributional shifts, ecophenotypic modifications (nongenetic), evolution (genetic) or ultimately face local extinction. How those responses manifested in the past is essential for properly predicting future ones especially as the current warm phase is further intensified by rising levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide. Here, we use ancient DNA (aDNA) and morphological features in combination with ecological niche modeling (ENM) to investigate genetic and nongenetic responses of Central European Palearctic shrews to past climatic change. We show that a giant form of shrew, previously described as an extinct Pleistocene Sorex species, represents a large ecomorph of the common shrew (Sorex araneus), which was replaced by populations from a different gene-pool and with different morphology after the Pleistocene Holocene transition. We also report the presence of the cold-adapted tundra shrew (S. tundrensis) in Central Europe. This species is currently restricted to Siberia and was hitherto unknown as an element of the Pleistocene fauna of Europe. Finally, we show that there is no clear correlation between climatic oscillations within the last 50 000 years and body size in shrews and conclude that a special nonanalogous situation with regard to biodiversity and food supply in the Late Glacial may have caused the observed large body size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Prost
- Research Group Molecular Ecology, Max-Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, 04103, Germany.
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Prost S, Guralnick RP, Waltari E, Fedorov VB, Kuzmina E, Smirnov N, van Kolfschoten T, Hofreiter M, Vrieling K. Losing ground: past history and future fate of Arctic small mammals in a changing climate. Glob Chang Biol 2013; 19:1854-1864. [PMID: 23505210 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.12157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2012] [Revised: 01/11/2013] [Accepted: 01/24/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
According to the IPCC, the global average temperature is likely to increase by 1.4-5.8 °C over the period from 1990 to 2100. In Polar regions, the magnitude of such climatic changes is even larger than in temperate and tropical biomes. This amplified response is particularly worrisome given that the so-far moderate warming is already impacting Arctic ecosystems. Predicting species responses to rapid warming in the near future can be informed by investigating past responses, as, like the rest of the planet, the Arctic experienced recurrent cycles of temperature increase and decrease (glacial-interglacial changes) in the past. In this study, we compare the response of two important prey species of the Arctic ecosystem, the collared lemming and the narrow-skulled vole, to Late Quaternary climate change. Using ancient DNA and Ecological Niche Modeling (ENM), we show that the two species, which occupy similar, but not identical ecological niches, show markedly different responses to climatic and environmental changes within broadly similar habitats. We empirically demonstrate, utilizing coalescent model-testing approaches, that collared lemming populations decreased substantially after the Last Glacial Maximum; a result consistent with distributional loss over the same period based on ENM results. Given this strong association, we projected the current niche onto future climate conditions based on IPCC 4.0 scenarios, and forecast accelerating loss of habitat along southern range boundaries with likely associated demographic consequences. Narrow-skulled vole distribution and demography, by contrast, was only moderately impacted by past climatic changes, but predicted future changes may begin to affect their current western range boundaries. Our work, founded on multiple lines of evidence suggests a future of rapidly geographically shifting Arctic small mammal prey communities, some of whom are on the edge of existence, and whose fate may have ramifications for the whole Arctic food web and ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Prost
- AllanWilson Centre for Molecular Ecology and Evolution, Department for Anatomy, University of Otago, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand.
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Kirk H, Cheng D, Choi YH, Vrieling K, Klinkhamer PGL. Transgressive segregation of primary and secondary metabolites in F(2) hybrids between Jacobaea aquatica and J. vulgaris. Metabolomics 2012; 8:211-219. [PMID: 22448153 PMCID: PMC3291818 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-011-0301-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2010] [Accepted: 03/15/2011] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Hybridization between plant species can have a number of biological consequences; interspecific hybridization has been tied to speciation events, biological invasions, and diversification at the level of genes, metabolites, and phenotypes. This study aims to provide evidence of transgressive segregation in the expression of primary and secondary metabolites in hybrids between Jacobaeavulgaris and J. aquaticus using an NMR-based metabolomic profiling approach. A number of F(2) hybrid genotypes exhibited metabolomic profiles that were outside the range encompassed by parental species. Expression of a number of primary and secondary metabolites, including jacaronone analogues, chlorogenic acid, sucrose, glucose, malic acid, and two amino acids was extreme in some F(2) hybrid genotypes compared to parental genotypes, and citric acid was expressed in highest concentrations in J. vulgaris. Metabolomic profiling based on NMR is a useful tool for quantifying genetically controlled differences between major primary and secondary metabolites among plant genotypes. Interspecific plant hybrids in general, and specifically hybrids between J. vulgaris and J. aquatica, will be useful for disentangling the ecological role of suites of primary and secondary metabolites in plants, because interspecific hybridization generates extreme metabolomic diversity compared to that normally observed between parental genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather Kirk
- Plant Ecology & Phytochemistry, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Biology, Trent University, 1600 West Bank Drive, Peterborough, ON K9J 7B8 Canada
| | - Dandan Cheng
- Plant Ecology & Phytochemistry, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
- Institute of Ecology & Environmental Science, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Lumo Road 388, Wuhan, 430074 China
| | - Young Hae Choi
- Division of Pharmacognosy, Section Metabolomics, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Klaas Vrieling
- Plant Ecology & Phytochemistry, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Peter G. L. Klinkhamer
- Plant Ecology & Phytochemistry, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
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Cheng D, Kirk H, Mulder PPJ, Vrieling K, Klinkhamer PGL. Pyrrolizidine alkaloid variation in shoots and roots of segregating hybrids between Jacobaea vulgaris and Jacobaea aquatica. New Phytol 2011; 192:1010-1023. [PMID: 21819407 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2011.03841.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Hybridization can lead to novel qualitative or quantitative variation of secondary metabolite (SM) expression that can have ecological and evolutionary consequences. We measured pyrrolizidine alkaloid (PA) expression in the shoots and roots of a family including one Jacobaea vulgaris genotype and one Jacobaea aquatica genotype (parental genotypes), two F(1) hybrid genotypes, and 102 F(2) hybrid genotypes using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). We detected 37 PAs in the roots and shoots of J. vulgaris, J. aquatica and the hybrids. PA concentrations and compositions differed between genotypes, and between roots and shoots. Three otosenine-like PAs that only occurred in the shoots of parental genotypes were present in the roots of F(2) hybrids; PA compositions were sometimes novel in F(2) hybrids compared with parental genotypes, and in some cases transgressive PA expression occurred. We also found that PAs from within structural groups covaried both in the roots and in the shoots, and that PA expression was correlated between shoots and roots. Considerable and novel variation present among F(2) hybrids indicates that hybridization has a potential role in the evolution of PA diversity in the genus Jacobaea, and this hybrid system is useful for studying the genetic control of PA expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Cheng
- Plant Ecology & Phytochemistry, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, PO Box 9505, 2300 RA, Leiden, the Netherlands
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Lumo Road 388, 430074, Wuhan, China
| | - Heather Kirk
- Plant Ecology & Phytochemistry, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, PO Box 9505, 2300 RA, Leiden, the Netherlands
- Department of Biology, Trent University, 1600 West Bank Drive, Peterborough, ON, Canada, K9J 7B8
| | - Patrick P J Mulder
- RIKILT-Institute of Food Safety, Wageningen University and Research Centre, PO Box 230, 6700 AE Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Klaas Vrieling
- Plant Ecology & Phytochemistry, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, PO Box 9505, 2300 RA, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Peter G L Klinkhamer
- Plant Ecology & Phytochemistry, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, PO Box 9505, 2300 RA, Leiden, the Netherlands
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Cheng D, Kirk H, Vrieling K, Mulder PPJ, Klinkhamer PGL. The relationship between structurally different pyrrolizidine alkaloids and western flower thrips resistance in F(2) hybrids of Jacobaea vulgaris and Jacobaea aquatica. J Chem Ecol 2011; 37:1071-80. [PMID: 21969251 PMCID: PMC3197926 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-011-0021-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2011] [Accepted: 09/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Segregating plant hybrids often have more ecological and molecular variability compared to parental species, and are therefore useful for studying relationships between different traits, and the adaptive significance of trait variation. Hybrid systems have been used to study the relationship between the expression of plant defense compounds and herbivore susceptibility. We conducted a western flower thrips (WFT) bioassay using a hybrid family and investigated the relationship between WFT resistance and pyrrolizidine alkaloid (PA) variation. The hybrid family consisted of two parental (Jacobaea vulgaris and Jacobaea aquatica) genotypes, two F1 genotypes, and 94 F2 hybrid lines. The J. aquatica genotype was more susceptible to thrips attack than the J. vulgaris genotype, the two F1 hybrids were as susceptible as J. aquatica, and susceptibility to WFT differed among F2 hybrid lines: 69 F2 lines were equally susceptible compared to J. aquatica, 10 F2 lines were more susceptible than J. aquatica and 15 F2 lines were as resistant as J. vulgaris or were intermediate to the two parental genotypes. Among 37 individual PAs that were derived from four structural groups (senecionine-, jacobine-, erucifoline- and otosenine-like PAs), the N-oxides of jacobine, jaconine, and jacoline were negatively correlated with feeding damage caused by WFT, and the tertiary amines of jacobine, jaconine, jacoline, and other PAs did not relate to feeding damage. Total PA concentration was negatively correlated with feeding damage. Among the four PA groups, only the total concentration of the jacobine-like PAs was negatively correlated with feeding damage. Multiple regression tests suggested that jacobine-like PAs play a greater role in WFT resistance than PAs from other structural groups. We found no evidence for synergistic effects of different PAs on WFT resistance. The relationship between PA variation and WFT feeding damage in the Jacobaea hybrids suggests a role for PAs in resistance to generalist insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Cheng
- Plant Ecology & Phytochemistry, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, the Netherlands.
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Doorduin L, Gravendeel B, Lammers Y, Ariyurek Y, Chin-A-Woeng T, Vrieling K. The complete chloroplast genome of 17 individuals of pest species Jacobaea vulgaris: SNPs, microsatellites and barcoding markers for population and phylogenetic studies. DNA Res 2011; 18:93-105. [PMID: 21444340 PMCID: PMC3077038 DOI: 10.1093/dnares/dsr002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Invasive individuals from the pest species Jacobaea vulgaris show different allocation patterns in defence and growth compared with native individuals. To examine if these changes are caused by fast evolution, it is necessary to identify native source populations and compare these with invasive populations. For this purpose, we are in need of intraspecific polymorphic markers. We therefore sequenced the complete chloroplast genomes of 12 native and 5 invasive individuals of J. vulgaris with next generation sequencing and discovered single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and microsatellites. This is the first study in which the chloroplast genome of that many individuals within a single species was sequenced. Thirty-two SNPs and 34 microsatellite regions were found. For none of the individuals, differences were found between the inverted repeats. Furthermore, being the first chloroplast genome sequenced in the Senecioneae clade, we compared it with four other members of the Asteraceae family to identify new regions for phylogentic inference within this clade and also within the Asteraceae family. Five markers (ndhC-trnV, ndhC-atpE, rps18-rpl20, clpP and psbM-trnD) contained parsimony-informative characters higher than 2%. Finally, we compared two procedures of preparing chloroplast DNA for next generation sequencing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonie Doorduin
- Institute of Biology, Section Plant Ecology and Phytochemistry, Leiden University, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands.
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Cheng D, Vrieling K, Klinkhamer PGL. The effect of hybridization on secondary metabolites and herbivore resistance: implications for the evolution of chemical diversity in plants. Phytochem Rev 2011; 10:107-117. [PMID: 21475395 PMCID: PMC3047678 DOI: 10.1007/s11101-010-9194-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2010] [Accepted: 08/17/2010] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The diversity of secondary metabolites (SMs) has been poorly understood from both a mechanistic and a functional perspective. Hybridization is suggested to contribute to the evolution of diversity of SMs. In this paper we discuss the effects of hybridization on SMs and herbivore resistance by evaluating the literature and with special reference to our own research results from the hybrids between Jacobaea vulgaris (syn. Senecio jacobaea) and Jacobaea aquatica (syn. Senecio aquaticus). We also review the possible genetic mechanism which causes the variation of SMs and herbivore resistance in hybrids. Most SMs in hybrids are present in the parents as well. But hybrids may miss some parental SMs or have novel SMs. The concentration of parental SMs in hybrids generally is constrained by that in parental plants, but transgressive expression was present in some hybrids. Hybrids may be as susceptible (resistant) as the parents or more susceptible than the parents, but rarely more resistant than the parents. However, different hybrid classes (F1, F2, backcrossing and mixed genotypes) show different patterns in relation to herbivore resistance. The variation in SMs and herbivore resistance occurring in hybrids could be explained by complicated genetic mechanisms rather than a simple one-gene model. Most previous work in this field only reported mean trait values for hybrid classes and few studies focused on genotype differences within hybrid classes. Our study in Jacobaea hybrids showed transgressive segregation in most SMs and herbivore resistance. To summarize, our article shows that hybridization may increase the variation of SMs and affect herbivore resistance, which may partially explain the evolution of chemical diversity in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Cheng
- Plant Ecology and Phytochemistry Section, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
- Institute of Ecology & Environmental Science, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Lumo Road 388, 430074 Wuhan, China
| | - Klaas Vrieling
- Plant Ecology and Phytochemistry Section, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Peter G. L. Klinkhamer
- Plant Ecology and Phytochemistry Section, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
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Doorduin LJ, Vrieling K. A review of the phytochemical support for the shifting defence hypothesis. Phytochem Rev 2011; 10:99-106. [PMID: 21475397 PMCID: PMC3047680 DOI: 10.1007/s11101-010-9195-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2010] [Accepted: 08/20/2010] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Several theories have been developed to explain why invasive species are very successful and develop into pest species in their new area. The shifting defence hypothesis (SDH) argues that invasive plant species quickly evolve towards new defence levels in the invaded area because they lack their specialist herbivores but are still under attack by local (new) generalist herbivores. The SDH predicts that plants should increase their cheap, toxic defence compounds and lower their expensive digestibility reducing compounds. As a net result resources are saved that can be allocated to growth and reproduction giving these plants a competitive edge over the local plant species. We conducted a literature study to test whether toxic defence compounds in general are increased in the invaded area and if digestibility reducing compounds are lowered. We specifically studied the levels of pyrrolizidine alkaloids, a toxin which is known for its beneficial and detrimental impact against specialists and generalists, respectively. Digestibility reducers did not show a clear trend which might be due to the small number of studies and traits measured. The meta analysis showed that toxic compounds in general and pyrrolizidine alkaloid levels specifically, increased significantly in the invaded area, supporting the predictions of the SDH that a fast evolution takes place in the allocation towards defence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonie J. Doorduin
- Ecology and Phytochemistry, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, PO Box 9505, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Klaas Vrieling
- Ecology and Phytochemistry, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, PO Box 9505, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
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Joosten L, Cheng D, Mulder PPJ, Vrieling K, van Veen JA, Klinkhamer PGL. The genotype dependent presence of pyrrolizidine alkaloids as tertiary amine in Jacobaea vulgaris. Phytochemistry 2011; 72:214-22. [PMID: 21159354 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2010.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2010] [Revised: 11/05/2010] [Accepted: 11/11/2010] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Secondary metabolites such as pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) play a crucial part in plant defense. PAs can occur in plants in two forms: tertiary amine (free base) and N-oxide. PA extraction and detection are of great importance for the understanding of the role of PAs as plant defense compounds, as the tertiary PA form is known for its stronger influence on several generalist insects, whereas the N-oxide form is claimed to be less deterrent. We measured PA N-oxides and their reduced tertiary amines by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). We show that the occurrence of tertiary PAs is not an artifact of the extraction and detection method. We found up to 50% of tertiary PAs in shoots of Jacobine - chemotype plants of Jacobaea vulgaris. Jacobine and its derivatives (jacoline, jaconine, jacozine and dehydrojaconine) may occur for more than 20% in reduced form in the shoots and more than 10% in the roots. For 22 PAs detected in F(2) hybrids (J. vulgaris × Jacobaea aquatica), we calculate the tertiary amine percentage (TA%=the tertiary amine concentration/(tertiary amine concentration+the corresponding N-oxide concentration) × 100). We found that the TA% for various PAs was genotype-dependent. Furthermore, TA% for the different PAs were correlated and the highest correlations occurred between PAs which share high structural similarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lotte Joosten
- Plant Ecology & Phytochemistry, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Rong J, Janson S, Umehara M, Ono M, Vrieling K. Historical and contemporary gene dispersal in wild carrot (Daucus carota ssp. carota) populations. Ann Bot 2010; 106:285-96. [PMID: 20566679 PMCID: PMC2908163 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcq108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2009] [Revised: 01/05/2010] [Accepted: 04/19/2010] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Wild carrot is the ancestor of cultivated carrot and is the most important gene pool for carrot breeding. Transgenic carrot may be released into the environment in the future. The aim of the present study was to determine how far a gene can disperse in wild carrot populations, facilitating risk assessment and management of transgene introgression from cultivated to wild carrots and helping to design sampling strategies for germplasm collections. METHODS Wild carrots were sampled from Meijendel and Alkmaar in The Netherlands and genotyped with 12 microsatellite markers. Spatial autocorrelation analyses were used to detect spatial genetic structures (SGSs). Historical gene dispersal estimates were based on an isolation by distance model. Mating system and contemporary pollen dispersal were estimated using 437 offspring of 20 mothers with different spatial distances and a correlated paternity analysis in the Meijendel population. KEY RESULTS Significant SGSs are found in both populations and they are not significantly different from each other. Combined SGS analysis indicated significant positive genetic correlations up to 27 m. Historical gene dispersal sigma(g) and neighbourhood size N(b) were estimated to be 4-12 m [95 % confidence interval (CI): 3-25] and 42-73 plants (95 % CI: 28-322) in Meijendel and 10-31 m (95 % CI: 7-infinity) and 57-198 plants (95 % CI: 28-infinity) in Alkmaar with longer gene dispersal in lower density populations. Contemporary pollen dispersal follows a fat-tailed exponential-power distribution, implying pollen of wild carrots could be dispersed by insects over long distance. The estimated outcrossing rate was 96 %. CONCLUSIONS SGSs in wild carrots may be the result of high outcrossing, restricted seed dispersal and long-distance pollen dispersal. High outcrossing and long-distance pollen dispersal suggest high frequency of transgene flow might occur from cultivated to wild carrots and that they could easily spread within and between populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Rong
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, The Netherlands.
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Doorduin L, van den Hof K, Vrieling K, Joshi J. The lack of genetic bottleneck in invasive Tansy ragwort populations suggests multiple source populations. Basic Appl Ecol 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.baae.2009.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Joosten L, Mulder PPJ, Vrieling K, van Veen JA, Klinkhamer PGL. The analysis of pyrrolizidine alkaloids in Jacobaea vulgaris; a comparison of extraction and detection methods. Phytochem Anal 2010; 21:197-204. [PMID: 19908215 DOI: 10.1002/pca.1183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) serve an important function in plant defence.Objective - To compare different extraction methods and detection techniques, namely gas chromatography with nitrogen phosphorus detection (GC-NPD) and liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) with quadrupole analysers for analysing PAs in Jacobaea vulgaris. METHODOLOGY Both formic acid and sulfuric acid were tested for PA extraction from dry plant material. For GC-NPD, reduction is required to transform PA N-oxides into tertiary amines. Zinc and sodium metabisulfite were compared as reducing agents. RESULTS The lowest PA concentration measured with GC-NPD was approximately 0.03 mg/g and with LC-MS/MS 0.002 mg/g. The detection of major PAs by both techniques was comparable but a number of minor PAs were not detected by GC-NPD. With the LC-MS/MS procedure higher concentrations were found in plant extracts, indicating that losses may have occurred during the sample preparation for the GC-NPD method. Zinc proved a more effective reducing agent than sodium metabisulfite. The sample preparation for LC-MS/MS analysis using formic acid extraction without any reduction and purification steps is far less complex and less time consuming compared to GC-NPD analysis with sulfuric acid extraction and PA N-oxide reduction with zinc and purification. CONCLUSIONS In terms of sensitivity and discrimination, formic acid extraction in combination with LC-MS/MS detection is the method of choice for analysing PAs (both free and N-oxides forms) in plant material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lotte Joosten
- Ecology and Phytochemistry, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, PO Box 9505, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands.
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Caño L, Escarré J, Vrieling K, Sans FX. Palatability to a generalist herbivore, defence and growth of invasive and native Senecio species: testing the evolution of increased competitive ability hypothesis. Oecologia 2008; 159:95-106. [DOI: 10.1007/s00442-008-1182-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2007] [Accepted: 09/25/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Breuker CJ, de Jong PW, Victoir K, Vrieling K, Brakefield PM. Pleiotropic effects associated with an allele enabling the flea beetle Phyllotreta nemorum to use Barbarea vulgaris as a host plant. Evol Ecol 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/s10682-006-9121-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Vrieling K. Chemical ecology of the cinnabar moth (Tyria jacobaeae) on a newly recorded host Senecio adonidifolius. Acta Oecologica 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.actao.2006.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Breuker CJ, Victoir K, De Jong PW, van der Meijden E, Brakefield PM, Vrieling K. AFLP markers for the R-gene in the flea beetle, Phyllotreta nemorum, conferring resistance to defenses in Barbarea vulgaris. J Insect Sci 2005; 5:38. [PMID: 17119620 PMCID: PMC1615245 DOI: 10.1093/jis/5.1.38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2005] [Accepted: 07/12/2005] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
A so-called R-gene renders the yellow-striped flea beetle Phyllotreta nemorum L. (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Alticinae) resistant to the defenses of the yellow rocket Barbarea vulgaris R.Br. (Brassicacea) and enables it to use it as a host plant in Denmark. In this study, genetic markers for an autosomal R-gene, inherited as a single, dominant locus in flea beetles from the Danish locality "Kvaerkeby" are described, and a genetic linkage map around this particular R-gene is constructed, using the technique of AFLP (Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism).
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Affiliation(s)
- Casper J Breuker
- Section of Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9516, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands.
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Kirk H, Vrieling K, Klinkhamer PGL. Reproductive fitness of hybrids between Senecio jacobaea and S. aquaticus (Asteraceae). Am J Bot 2005; 92:1467-1473. [PMID: 21646164 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.92.9.1467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Natural hybridization is increasingly recognized as an important process for the ecology and evolution of natural plant populations and species. There is a great need to initiate more studies based on natural populations in order to elucidate the possible role of hybrids in nature. The reproductive success of early generation hybrids can make or break hybrid lineages and may determine the genetic structure of hybrid swarms or the potential for gene flow through future generations, but studies of hybrid reproductive success are lacking. Here we measured components of male and female reproductive success in Senecio jacobaea and S. aquaticus (Asteraceae) species and F(1) hybrids between these species under laboratory conditions, and we measured reproductive output from crosses producing F(1), F(2), and backcross (BC) generation hybrids. F(1) hybrids were readily produced, and on average, the success of crosses producing subsequent generations (F(2), BC) decreased (though remained substantial), but the success of crosses was highly dependent on the genotypes involved. Also, F(1) hybrids were bigger, produced more flowers, and therefore produced more pollen than parental plants. Finally, crosses between parents were asymmetrical, such that S. aquaticus produced more and larger F(1) seeds than did S. jacobaea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather Kirk
- Institute of Biology, Plant Ecology Section, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9516, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
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