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Blum JS. The various forms of tooth resorption. AUST ENDOD J 2024. [PMID: 38798140 DOI: 10.1111/aej.12857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Tooth resorption refers to the loss of the organic and inorganic components of tooth structure by clastic cells. The complex and multifaceted nature of its aetiology, along with the several classification schemes published in the area, are likely to create confusion amongst researchers and clinicians, and may lead to compromised treatment decisions. Therefore, this paper will categorise and address tooth resorption based on aetiology in order to help clinicians diagnose and filter treatment options based on the pathophysiology of the resorption at hand. With recent advancements in the literature, the purpose of this paper is to provide clinicians with a current, clinically relevant summary of the various forms of tooth resorption, with a focus on aetiologically driven treatment strategies and suggestions that facilitate their recognition, diagnosis and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan Samuel Blum
- Melbourne Dental School, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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2
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A magnetic antibody-conjugated nano-system for selective delivery of Ca(OH) 2 and taxotere in ovarian cancer cells. Commun Biol 2022; 5:995. [PMID: 36130999 PMCID: PMC9492675 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03966-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
An efficient strategy for cancer therapy is presented, in which a tumor mass is initially pretreated with calcium hydroxide, then treated with Taxotere (TXT). In this regard, an advanced delivery system based on iron oxide nanoparticles has been designed. The surface of nanoparticles was functionalized with sortilin (SORT-1, a human IgG1 monoclonal antibody) that specifically encodes caov-4 ovarian cancerous cells. Plasmonic heating of the incorporated gold nanoparticles in polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) has been exploited to control the release process of TXT. The in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo experiments have exhibited high efficacy of a seven-day pretreatment by Ca(OH)2 plus 14 days treatment program by Ca(OH)2@Fe3O4/PVA/Au-SORT nano-therapeutics, where more penetration ratio resulted in tumor growth inhibition by ca. 78.3%. As a result, due to showing high values of the anti-tumor properties and biosafety, the presented pretreatment strategy is suggested for more effective treatment on the aged tumors. A magnetic drug delivery system containing polyvinyl alcohol, gold nanoparticles, and sortilin antibody followed by the plasmonic photothermal heating strategy for the controlled drug release is proposed, with use in ovarian cancer demonstrated.
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Ordinola-Zapata R, Noblett C, Perez-Ron A, Ye Z, Vera J. Present status and future directions of intracanal medicaments. Int Endod J 2022; 55 Suppl 3:613-636. [PMID: 35322427 PMCID: PMC9321724 DOI: 10.1111/iej.13731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Revised: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Two fundamental goals of endodontic treatment are to prevent or treat apical periodontitis. From a predictive perspective, several variables can affect the outcome of root canal treatment. Some of these variables depend on intraoperative factors, which include irrigation technique, size of the apical preparation, use of intracanal medicaments or the number of appointments necessary to complete the treatment. However, the outcome may also be affected by host and microbial factors. The intensity of periradicular bone loss or tissue damage, the presence of preoperative pain and associated conditions such as mechanical allodynia and central sensitization, the anatomical complexity of the apical portion of the canal, and the virulence and longevity of the bacterial infection can all have a profound influence on the outcome. Furthermore, numerous medical conditions have been reported to decrease the capability of the immune system to heal the periapical tissues. It is the clinician's responsibility to analyse these variables and incorporate them into the disinfection strategy to maximize the chances of healing. This narrative review will focus on the present status of intracanal medicaments, the clinical indications for their use and future directions for research.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Ordinola-Zapata
- Division of Endodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - C Noblett
- Division of Endodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | | | - Z Ye
- Applied Oral Sciences and Community Dental Care, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong S.A.R, China.,Minnesota Dental Research Center for Biomaterials and Biomechanics (MDRCBB), School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - J Vera
- Division of Endodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Missouri, Kansas City, MO, USA
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Chalub LO, Nunes GP, Ferrisse TM, Strazzi-Sahyon HB, Dos Santos PH, Gomes-Filho JE, Cintra LTA, Sivieri-Araujo G. Postoperative pain in root canal treatment with ultrasonic versus conventional irrigation: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Clin Oral Investig 2022; 26:3343-3356. [DOI: 10.1007/s00784-022-04386-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Kharouf N, Pedullà E, La Rosa GRM, Bukiet F, Sauro S, Haikel Y, Mancino D. In Vitro Evaluation of Different Irrigation Protocols on Intracanal Smear Layer Removal in Teeth with or without Pre-Endodontic Proximal Wall Restoration. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9103325. [PMID: 33081209 PMCID: PMC7602818 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9103325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate the influence of pre-endodontic coronal wall restoration on smear layer removal during different root canal irrigation strategies, single-root premolars were prepared with a mesio-occlusal cavity. Half were left untreated (G1), while the mesial walls of the remaining half were reconstructed using a resin composite (G2). The specimens were divided into control (ctrl) groups, which used the conventional needle irrigation method, and four experimental subgroups according to irrigation strategy: Sonic activation using the Endoactivator, sonic activation using the EQ-S, mechanical activation using the XP-Endo finisher, and ultrasonic activation using the EndoUltra. Smear layer removal was assessed through SEM and the results were statistically analyzed. At the coronal and middle thirds, no significant difference (p > 0.05) was detected for G1 and G2, except for the control subgroups (G1ctrl vs G2 ctrl) at the middle third. At the apical third, the smear layer removal was significantly greater for G2 than G1. In G1, both at the middle and apical level, EQ-S and EndoUltra showed greater smear layer removal (p < 0.05) compared to the others G1 subgroups. In G2, at the apical level, the EQ-S and EndoUltra were the most effective in smear layer removal. Pre-endodontic coronal wall restoration may improve the smear layer removal during root canal irrigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naji Kharouf
- Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire, Université de Strasbourg, 8 rue Sainte Elisabeth, 67000 Strasbourg, France; (Y.H.); (D.M.)
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1121, 11 rue Humann, 67085 Strasbourg, France
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-667-522-841
| | - Eugenio Pedullà
- Department of General Surgery and Medical–Surgical Specialties, University of Catania, 95128 Catania, Italy; (E.P.); (G.R.M.L.R.)
| | - Giusy Rita Maria La Rosa
- Department of General Surgery and Medical–Surgical Specialties, University of Catania, 95128 Catania, Italy; (E.P.); (G.R.M.L.R.)
| | - Frédéric Bukiet
- Department of Endodontics, Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, ISM, Inst Movement Sci, 13385 Marseille, France;
- Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Marseille, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Salvatore Sauro
- Departamento de Odontología, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad CEU-Cardenal Herrera, C/Del Pozo (s/n), Alfara del Patriarca, 46115 Valencia, Spain;
- Department of Therapeutic Dentistry, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119146 Moscow, Russia
| | - Youssef Haikel
- Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire, Université de Strasbourg, 8 rue Sainte Elisabeth, 67000 Strasbourg, France; (Y.H.); (D.M.)
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1121, 11 rue Humann, 67085 Strasbourg, France
| | - Davide Mancino
- Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire, Université de Strasbourg, 8 rue Sainte Elisabeth, 67000 Strasbourg, France; (Y.H.); (D.M.)
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1121, 11 rue Humann, 67085 Strasbourg, France
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Iandolo A, Dagna A, Poggio C, Capar I, Amato A, Abdellatif D. Evaluation of the actual chlorine concentration and the required time for pulp dissolution using different sodium hypochlorite irrigating solutions. J Conserv Dent 2019; 22:108-113. [PMID: 31142977 PMCID: PMC6519176 DOI: 10.4103/jcd.jcd_165_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The goal of root canal treatment is to shape and clean the endodontic space, reducing the bacterial load and removing the pulp tissue. Obviously, the action of the endodontic instruments is limited to the main canals, regardless of the complexity of the endodontic space. Consequently, finding the best possible cleaning technique, which can be obtained chemically using irrigation solutions, is a fundamental aid in endodontic therapy. One of the most commonly used root canal irrigants is sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), available in various commercial formulations. The effectiveness of NaOCl is undeniable. However, the action of dissolution of the pulp tissue is merely dependent on the concentration and the characteristics of the irrigant itself. Aim: The aim of this study is to evaluate the effective concentration of different commercial formulas of NaOCl, by evaluating the percentage of total chlorine in each product. The dissolution capacity of the pulp tissue of each of the tested products was then analyzed by measuring the required time. Materials and Methods: Three commercial types of NaOCl were selected for this study: 5% NaOCl (ACE, Procter and Gamble), 5% NaOCl (N5, Simit Dental), and 6% NaOCl (CanalPro, Coltene). For each product, 10 packages were used, from which samples of the product were taken and 30 ml × 5 ml tubes were filled. All samples were divided into three groups and were analyzed using the DIN EN ISO 7393-2 method and the percentage of total chlorine (expressed as a percentage) was calculated. Forty samples of vital pulp were obtained from teeth freshly extracted for periodontal reasons and stored in physiological solution. In order to unify the size and weight of the samples (0.0001 mg), a microtome and a precision balance (Pro Explorer Ohaus) were used. Each sample, carefully examined by stereomicroscope (×40), was placed in artificial plastic containers and submerged in 0.1 ml of irrigating solution at room temperature (26°C). A fourth control group used saline solution as irrigant. Simultaneously with the insertion of the irrigating solution, a digital stopwatch was activated and the time necessary for the complete dissolution of the pulp sample was measured. The data obtained was subjected to statistical analysis. Results: The average percentages of chlorine detected for each group were: 4.26% (ACE), 5.16% (N5), and 5.97% (CanalPro). The Kruskal–Wallis test showed statistically significant differences between the different commercial formulations of hypochlorite (P < 0.05). CanalPro showed the lowest values, whereas ACE showed the highest values of dissolution time of the pulp. Discussion: The analysis of the total chlorine percentage found that the actual concentration of the NaOCl in the samples is close to the values declared by the manufacturers both in the case of N5 and CanalPro. On the contrary, the concentration detected in the samples of common bench bleach (ACE) is significantly lower, which has average values <5%. This explains the longer time taken for the complete dissolution of the pulp tissue. The average dissolution time of the pulp samples was in fact inversely proportional to the concentration detected in the tested irrigants and hence that a lower time corresponds to a higher concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo Iandolo
- Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Alberto Dagna
- Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, Section of Dentistry, Endodontic Unit, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Claudio Poggio
- Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, Section of Dentistry, Endodontic Unit, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Ismail Capar
- Ismail CAPAR, Private Practice, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Alessandra Amato
- Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Dina Abdellatif
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt
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Rouhani A, Erfanzadeh M, Jafarzadeh H, Najafi E. Comparison of Residual Triple Antibiotic Paste, Propolis and Calcium Hydroxide on Root Canal Walls in Natural Open Apex Teeth: An In Vitro Study. IRANIAN ENDODONTIC JOURNAL 2018; 13:25-29. [PMID: 29692831 PMCID: PMC5800437 DOI: 10.22037/iej.v13i1.15807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Revised: 10/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Endodontic therapy is challenging in open apex teeth. One of these problems is the residue of medicaments on root canal walls. The aim of this study was to evaluate the amount of residual materials on canal walls after the use as medicaments within natural open apex teeth. METHODS AND MATERIALS A total of 45 human extracted single-rooted premolars with open apices were selected. After cutting off the crowns, root canals were gently instrumented using #40 files and irrigated with 0.5% sodium hypochlorite. The samples were randomly divided into three groups: calcium hydroxide (CH), triple antibiotic paste (TAP) and propolis (PP). In these groups, CH, TAP, or PP were placed into the canals, respectively. The samples were then restored with temporary fillings. After one week, instrumentation was again performed as mentioned above. The samples were longitudinally cut and scanned and the remaining material in both halves was evaluated using computer software. One-way ANOVA was used to compare the average paste level remaining on the canal walls. RESULTS The residual amount of CH on the canal walls was significantly higher than that of PP (P=0.001). The residual amount of CH was higher than TAP but this difference was not significant (P=0.144); the residual amount of TAP was higher than PP but this difference was not significant, either (P=0.094). CONCLUSION PP is superior to CH and TAP in terms of removability from the root canal system within open apex teeth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armita Rouhani
- Dental Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran;
| | | | - Hamid Jafarzadeh
- Dental Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran;
| | - Elham Najafi
- Department of Endodontics, Dental School, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran
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Solomonov M, Itzhak JB, Levin A, Katzenell V, Shemesh A. Successful orthograde treatment of dens invaginatus Type 3 with a main C-shaped canal based on cone-beam computed tomography evaluation. J Conserv Dent 2016; 19:587-590. [PMID: 27994325 PMCID: PMC5146779 DOI: 10.4103/0972-0707.194034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Dens invaginatus is a rare anatomic variation that is found primarily in maxillary lateral incisors. The management of dens invaginatus is challenging for clinicians; diagnosing the type of malformation, choosing the most appropriate treatment, and carrying out treatment are complicated by the intricate root system of these teeth. The following case report describes the diagnosis and treatment planning of dens invaginatus Type 3 after cone-beam computed tomography evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Solomonov
- Department of Endodontics, Israel Defense Forces Medical Corps, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Joe Ben Itzhak
- Department of Endodontics, Israel Defense Forces Medical Corps, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Avi Levin
- Department of Endodontics, Israel Defense Forces Medical Corps, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Vered Katzenell
- Department of Endodontics, Israel Defense Forces Medical Corps, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Avi Shemesh
- Department of Endodontics, Israel Defense Forces Medical Corps, Tel Hashomer, Israel
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Dagna A, Gastaldo G, Beltrami R, Poggio C. Debris Evaluation after Root Canal Shaping with Rotating and Reciprocating Single-File Systems. J Funct Biomater 2016; 7:E28. [PMID: 27763503 PMCID: PMC5197987 DOI: 10.3390/jfb7040028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Revised: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated the root canal dentine surface by scanning electron microscope (SEM) after shaping with two reciprocating single-file NiTi systems and two rotating single-file NiTi systems, in order to verify the presence/absence of the smear layer and the presence/absence of open tubules along the walls of each sample; Forty-eight single-rooted teeth were divided into four groups and shaped with OneShape (OS), F6 SkyTaper (F6), WaveOne (WO) and Reciproc and irrigated using 5.25% NaOCl and 17% EDTA. Root canal walls were analyzed by SEM at a standard magnification of 2500×. The presence/absence of the smear layer and the presence/absence of open tubules at the coronal, middle, and apical third of each canal were estimated using a five-step scale for scores. Numeric data were analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U statistical tests and significance was predetermined at P < 0.05; The Kruskal-Wallis ANOVA for debris score showed significant differences among the NiTi systems (P < 0.05). The Mann-Whitney test confirmed that reciprocating systems presented significantly higher score values than rotating files. The same results were assessed considering the smear layer scores. ANOVA confirmed that the apical third of the canal maintained a higher quantity of debris and smear layer after preparation of all the samples; Single-use NiTi systems used in continuous rotation appeared to be more effective than reciprocating instruments in leaving clean walls. The reciprocating systems produced more debris and smear layer than rotating instruments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Dagna
- Department of Clinical Surgical Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, Section of Dentistry, University of Pavia, Piazzale Golgi 3, Pavia 27100, Italy.
| | - Giulia Gastaldo
- Department of Clinical Surgical Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, Section of Dentistry, University of Pavia, Piazzale Golgi 3, Pavia 27100, Italy.
| | - Riccardo Beltrami
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Piazzale Golgi 3, Pavia 27100, Italy.
| | - Claudio Poggio
- Department of Clinical Surgical Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, Section of Dentistry, University of Pavia, Piazzale Golgi 3, Pavia 27100, Italy.
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Dagna A, Gastaldo G, Beltrami R, Chiesa M, Poggio C. F360 and F6 Skytaper: SEM evaluation of cleaning efficiency. ANNALI DI STOMATOLOGIA 2016; 6:69-74. [PMID: 26941891 DOI: 10.11138/ads/2015.6.3.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
AIM Root canal preparation may produce a large quantity of smear layer that covers canal walls. Single-file systems have recently appeared, with the aim of reducing the number of steps and files to reach a correct endodontic treatment. The purpose of this study was to evaluate by SEM the root canal walls after instrumentation with F360 (Komet, Brasseler GmbH & Co., Lemgo, Germany) and F6 Skytaper (Komet, Brasseler GmbH & Co., Lemgo, Germany), in order to evaluate the presence/absence of smear layer and the presence/absence of open tubules on the root canal walls at coronal, middle, and apical third of each sample. METHODS Twenty single-rooted freshly extracted teeth were selected and divided into 2 groups. For each group root canals were shaped with F360 (Komet, Brasseler GmbH & Co., Lemgo, Germany) and F6 Skytaper (Komet, Brasseler GmbH & Co., Lemgo, Germany) instruments under irrigation with 5,25% NaOCl and 17% EDTA. Specimens were fractured longitudinally and analyzed by SEM at standard magnification of 5000x. The presence/absence of smear layer and the presence/absence of open tubules at the coronal, middle, and apical third of each canal were evaluated using a 5-step scale for scores. Numeric data were analyzed using Kruskall-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U statistical tests and significance was predetermined at P <0.05. RESULTS This study did not reveal differences among two groups at the coronal and apical third. The apical third showed the highest values of scores for all Ni-Ti systems used. Significant differences in smear layer scores were recorded among the Ni-Ti systems at middle canal level (P < 0.05), where F6 Skytaper showed significantly lower scores than F360. CONCLUSIONS Within the limitation of this study, F360 and F6 Skytaper rotary instruments seem to be effective in shaping root canals with good debridement from canal walls, without significant differences between the two systems as it regards the coronal third and the apical third, the area where more debris is still visible. Instead, in the middle third F6 Skytaper seems to be more effective than F360, with statistically significative differences between the two systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Dagna
- Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences - Section of Dentistry, University of Pavia, Italy
| | - Giulia Gastaldo
- Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences - Section of Dentistry, University of Pavia, Italy
| | - Riccardo Beltrami
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Italy
| | - Marco Chiesa
- Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences - Section of Dentistry, University of Pavia, Italy
| | - Claudio Poggio
- Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences - Section of Dentistry, University of Pavia, Italy
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Ertuğrul İF, Maden M, Orhan EO, Özkorucuklu SP. The effect of micro-electric current and other activation techniques on dissolution abilities of sodium hypochlorite in bovine tissues. BMC Oral Health 2015; 15:161. [PMID: 26681346 PMCID: PMC4683763 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-015-0152-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of micro-electric current on sodium hypochlorite’s (NaOCl’s) tissue-dissolution abilities, compared with other activation methods, including sonic, ultrasonic, pipetting, and temperature. Methods Bovine muscle tissues (n = 154) with standard sizes and weights were prepared and divided into two temperature groups: room temperature and 45 °C. Each temperature group was divided into seven sub-groups by activation methods: D = distilled water (−control); NaOCl = 5.25 % passive NaOCl (+ control); P = 5.25 % NaOCl with pipetting; SA = 5.25 % NaOCl with sonic activation; UA = 5.25 % NaOCl with ultrasonic activation; E-NaOCl = 5.25 % NaOCl with micro-electric current; and E-NaOCl + P = 5.25 % NaOCl with micro-electric current and pipetting. Specimens were weighed before and after treatment. Average, standard deviation, minimum, maximum, and median were calculated for each group. Resulting data were analyzed statistically using multi-way ANOVA and Tukey HSD tests. The level of the alpha-type error was set at < 0.05. Results At room temperature, the E-NaOCl + P group dissolved the highest amount of tissue (p < 0.05), and the UA, SA, and P groups dissolved significantly higher amounts of tissue than did the positive control or E-NaOCl groups (p < 0.05). At 45 °C, there was no significant difference between the SA and E-NaOCl groups (p > 0.05), and the E-NaOCl + P group dissolved a higher amount of tissue than any other group (p < 0.05). Conclusions Using NaOCl with micro-electric current can improve the tissue-dissolving ability of the solution. In addition, this method can be combined with additional techniques, such as heating and/or pipetting, to achieve a synergistic effect of NaOCl on tissue dissolution.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Murat Maden
- Department of Endodontics, Ağız Diş Sağlığı Merkezi, Aydın, Turkey.
| | - Ekim Onur Orhan
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Osmangazi University, Eskişehir, Turkey.
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12
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Inadvertent apical extrusion of sodium hypochlorite with evaluation by dental volumetric tomography. Case Rep Dent 2015; 2015:247547. [PMID: 25883812 PMCID: PMC4390169 DOI: 10.1155/2015/247547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Revised: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This case report describes the tissue injury caused by inadvertently extruded NaOCl through the apical constriction. A 56-year-old female patient with complaints of pain, swelling, and ecchymosis on the left side of her face was referred to our clinic. The symptoms had emerged following root canal treatment of the maxillary left first premolar, and a soft tissue complication due to apical extrusion of NaOCl was diagnosed. Antibiotics and analgesics were prescribed. DVT images revealed that the buccal root apex had perforated the maxillary bone. The patient was followed up every other day and became asymptomatic on the 10th day. Endodontic therapy was completed with routine procedures. Determining working length precisely and following irrigation protocols meticulously are indispensable to prevent this type of complication. 3D visualization of the affected area may reveal the cause of the incident.
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Zan R, Kutlu G, Hubbezoglu I, Sumer Z, Tunc T, Mutlu Z. Bactericidal effects of various irrigation solutions against staphylococcus aureus in human root canal. J Istanb Univ Fac Dent 2015; 49:19-26. [PMID: 28955521 PMCID: PMC5573459 DOI: 10.17096/jiufd.70199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: The aim of the present study was to evaluate and to compare the antibacterial effects of various irrigation solutions against
Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) in human root canals. Materials and Methods: 120 single-root mandibular premolar teeth were selected. The teeth were prepared and sterilized. S. aureus was incubated in the root canals and kept at 37°C for 24h. The infected root canals were divided into one positive (saline) and one negative (sodium hypochlorite) control, and four experimental groups [Ethylene-diaminetetra-aceticacid, Chlorhexidine Gluconate, Super-oxidized water(SPO), Aqueous ozone] (n=20). Flow rate of irrigation was applied with 5 mL/min flow rate for 3 min to ensure standardization among all study groups. Following the irrigation, paper points were placed in the root canals and then transferred in sterile eppendorf.
Remaining bacteria were counted on blood agar plates and the data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Tukey’s test. Results: Although there were statistically significant differences among SPO and other experimental groups (p<0.05),
there was no statistically significant difference between SPO and NaOCl (p>0.05). Conclusion: Super-oxidized water may be recommended as an alternative irrigation solution instead of NaOCl against S. aureus in root canals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Recai Zan
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Cumhuriyet University Sivas, Turkey
| | - Gizem Kutlu
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Cumhuriyet University Sivas, Turkey
| | - Ihsan Hubbezoglu
- Department of Restorative, Faculty of Dentistry, Cumhuriyet University Sivas, Turkey
| | - Zeynep Sumer
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Cumhuriyet University Sivas, Turkey
| | - Tutku Tunc
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Cumhuriyet University Sivas, Turkey
| | - Zuhal Mutlu
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Cumhuriyet University Sivas, Turkey
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Ertugrul IF, Maden M, Orhan EO, Ozkorucuklu SP, Aglarca AV. Rapid tissue dissolution efficiency of electrically-activated sodium hypochlorite on bovine muscle. Eur J Dent 2014; 8:464-468. [PMID: 25512725 PMCID: PMC4253100 DOI: 10.4103/1305-7456.143622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) is a common antimicrobial and tissue-dissolving irrigant. The aim of this in vitro study is to evaluate and compare dissolution capacities of sodium hypochlorite solutions after electrically activation (E-NaOCl) on bovine muscle specimens at various time periods and concentrations. Materials and Methods: Three sodium hypochlorite solutions of 1.25%, 2.5%, and 5% were tested at 3-min. and 5-min. with and without activation by electrically. Distilled water and NaOCl solutions without electrically activation were used as controls. Pieces of bovine muscle tissue (34 ± 2 mg) were placed in 10 mL of each solution at room temperature. In the group of E-NaOCl, electrically activation was performed through the potentiostat. The tissue specimens were weighed before and after treatment, and the percentage of weight loss was calculated. Results: Weight loss of the tissue increased with the concentration of E-NaOCl and NaOCl. Higher concentration and electrically activation considerably enhanced the efficacy of sodium hypochlorite. The effect of electrically activation on tissue dissolution was much greater than that of same concentrations in the groups of NaOCl (P < 0.001). Tissue weight loss was significantly higher in 2.5% and 5% E-NaOCl at 3 min. than in 2.5% and 5% NaOCl at 5 min. (P < 0.05). There were not any significant differences between the 2.5% E-NaOCl and 5% NaOCl at 5 min. (P > 0.05). Conclusion: Electrically activation can improve the tissue-dissolving effectiveness of sodium hypochlorite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ihsan Furkan Ertugrul
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkiye
| | - Murat Maden
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkiye
| | - Ekim Onur Orhan
- Faculty of Dentistry, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Eskisehir, Turkiye
| | | | - Ali Vasfi Aglarca
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Information, Suleyman Demirel University School of Medicine, Isparta, Turkiye
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15
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Taneja S, Mishra N, Malik S. Comparative evaluation of human pulp tissue dissolution by different concentrations of chlorine dioxide, calcium hypochlorite and sodium hypochlorite: An in vitro study. J Conserv Dent 2014; 17:541-5. [PMID: 25506141 PMCID: PMC4252927 DOI: 10.4103/0972-0707.144590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2014] [Revised: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 08/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Irrigation plays an indispensable role in removal of tissue remnants and debris from the complicated root canal system. This study compared the human pulp tissue dissolution by different concentrations of chlorine dioxide, calcium hypochlorite and sodium hypochlorite. MATERIALS AND METHODS Pulp tissue was standardized to a weight of 9 mg for each sample. In all,60 samples obtained were divided into 6 groups according to the irrigating solution used- 2.5% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), 5.25% NaOCl, 5% calcium hypochlorite (Ca(OCl)2), 10% Ca(OCl)2, 5%chlorine dioxide (ClO2) and 13% ClO2. Pulp tissue was placed in each test tube carrying irrigants of measured volume (5ml) according to their specified subgroup time interval: 30 minutes (Subgroup A) and 60 minutes (Subgroup B). The solution from each sample test tube was filtered and was left for drying overnight. The residual weight was calculated by filtration method. RESULTS Mean tissue dissolution increases with increase in time period. Results showed 5.25% NaOCl to be most effective at both time intervals followed by 2.5% NaOCl at 60 minutes, 10%Ca(OCl)2 and 13% ClO2 at 60 minutes. Least amount of tissue dissolving ability was demonstrated by 5% Ca(OCl)2 and 5% ClO2 at 30 minutes. Distilled water showed no pulp tissue dissolution. CONCLUSION Withinthe limitations of the study, NaOCl most efficiently dissolved the pulp tissue at both concentrations and at both time intervals. Mean tissue dissolution by Ca(OCl)2 and ClO2 gradually increased with time and with their increase in concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonali Taneja
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Institute of Technology and Science Centre for Dental Studies and Research, Muradnagar, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Neha Mishra
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Institute of Technology and Science Centre for Dental Studies and Research, Muradnagar, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Shubhra Malik
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Institute of Technology and Science Centre for Dental Studies and Research, Muradnagar, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
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16
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Poggio C, Dagna A, Chiesa M, Beltrami R, Colombo M. Ultrastructural analysis of the root canal walls after preparation with two rotary nickel-titanium endodontic instruments. Contemp Clin Dent 2014; 5:357-60. [PMID: 25191073 PMCID: PMC4147813 DOI: 10.4103/0976-237x.137948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Root canal preparation may produce a large quantity of smear layer that covers canal walls. Aims: The aim of this study was to evaluate by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) the root canal dentine after instrumentation with nickel-titanium rotary files, in order to evaluate the presence/absence of smear layer and the presence/absence of open tubules on the root canal walls at the coronal, middle, and apical third of each sample. Materials and Methods: A total of 20 single-rooted freshly extracted teeth were selected and divided into two groups. For each group, root canals were shaped with Mtwo and Revo-S instruments under irrigation with Sodium hypochlorite and 17% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid. Specimens were fractured longitudinally and SEM analyzed at standard magnification of ×1000 and ×5000. The presence/absence of smear layer and the presence/absence of open tubules at the coronal, middle, and apical third of each canal were evaluated using a three-step scale for scores. Statistical Analysis Used: Numeric data were analyzed using the Kruskall-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U-Statistical tests and significance was pre-determined at P < 0.05. Results and Conclusions: This study did not reveal differences among the two groups. Mtwo and Revo-S showed no significant difference between them and both presented very low smear layer scores and open tubules scores, with no significant difference among coronal, middle, and apical third. Mtwo and Revo-S rotary instruments seem to be effective in removing smear layer from canal walls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Poggio
- Department of Operative Dentistry, University of Pavia, Italy
| | - Alberto Dagna
- Department of Operative Dentistry, University of Pavia, Italy
| | - Marco Chiesa
- Department of Operative Dentistry, University of Pavia, Italy
| | | | - Marco Colombo
- Department of Operative Dentistry, University of Pavia, Italy
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17
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Kothari HJ, Kumar R. Endodontic management of a mandibular second premolar with perforating internal resorption by using MTA and cone beam computed tomography as a diagnostic aid. J Conserv Dent 2013; 16:380-4. [PMID: 23956546 PMCID: PMC3740655 DOI: 10.4103/0972-0707.114343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2012] [Revised: 04/03/2013] [Accepted: 05/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
This case report demonstrates the benefits of utilizing Cone Beam Computed tomography (CBCT) in the assessment and mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) in the management of perforating internal resorption in a 54-year-old woman. The advent of CBCT has enhanced the clinician's ability to make a confirmatory diagnosis and determining the treatment plan before undertaking the actual treatment. Thorough cleaning and shaping of the root canal space and the resorptive defect was achieved by mechanical instrumentation, irrigation, and interim calcium hydroxide dressing. Following this obturation of the canal below, the resorptive defect was done with gutta percha using lateral and warm vertical condensation. The resorptive defect was filled with mineral trioxide aggregate. Follow-up intraoral periapical radiographs and CBCT scans at 6 months showed adequate repair of the resorption and periapical rarefaction and the tooth remained asymptomatic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hetal J Kothari
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Mahatma Gandhi Mission's Dental College and Hospital, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
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18
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Singh S, Nigam N. Comparative evaluation of surface characteristics of dentinal walls with and without using plastic finishing file. J Conserv Dent 2010; 13:89-93. [PMID: 20859482 PMCID: PMC2936097 DOI: 10.4103/0972-0707.66719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2009] [Revised: 01/08/2010] [Accepted: 07/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: The aim of this in vitro research is to evaluate the debris present on the dentinal walls after instrumentation in mesiobuccal root of maxillary molar with Hand Protapers, Hand Profiles, Hand Hero Shapers, and finishing the dentinal walls with and without rotary plastic files using stereomicroscope. Materials and Methods: Sixty freshly extracted human maxillary first molar teeth were divided into two groups of 30 teeth each (group A and B). Both the groups were divided into three subgroups of 10 teeth each (group A had subgroups A1, A2, and A3) and (group B had subgroups B1, B2 and B3). In group A, all the 30 canals were subjected to cleaning and shaping with three different instruments system and kept unfinished. This group was named as unfinished group. In group B, all the 30 canals were subjected to cleaning and shaping with three different instruments system followed by finishing with plastic files. This group was named as finished group. The crown of each tooth was sectioned at the cementoenamel junction. Canals were prepared following conventional principles of crown down technique. After splitting the roots longitudinally, the dentinal debris of each root canal was evaluated in three areas (coronal, middle and apical thirds of the root) by means of numerical evaluation scale, using a stereomicroscope. Results: Stereomicroscopic evaluations showed that there was no significant difference in the debris scores between the subgroups when the canals were instrumented with hand Protaper, hand Profile and hand Hero Shaper in all the thirds. There was no significant difference in scores between the unfinished group and the finished group in the coronal third but significant differences were seen in middle third and apical third. Conclusions: After instrumentation with different hand instruments, the use of plastic finishing files showed cleaner canal walls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smita Singh
- Department of Conservative and Endodontics, Darshan Dental College and Hospital, Ranakpur Road, Loyara, Udaipur, Rajasthan, India
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19
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Clarkson RM, Moule AJ, Podlich H, Kellaway R, Macfarlane R, Lewis D, Rowell J. Dissolution of porcine incisor pulps in sodium hypochlorite solutions of varying compositions and concentrations. Aust Dent J 2008; 51:245-51. [PMID: 17037892 DOI: 10.1111/j.1834-7819.2006.tb00437.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The solubility of dental pulp tissue in sodium hypochlorite has been extensively investigated but results have been inconsistent; due most likely to variations in experimental design, the volume and/or rate of replenishment of the solutions used and the nature of the tissues assessed. Traditionally, the sodium hypochlorite solutions used for endodontic irrigation in Australia have been either Milton or commercial bleach, with Milton being the most common. Recently, a range of Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA) approved proprietary sodium hypochlorite solutions, which contain surfactant, has become available. Some domestic chlorine bleaches now also contain surfactants. The purpose of this study was to perform new solubility assessments, comparing Milton with new TGA approved products, Hypochlor 1% and Hypochlor 4% forte, and with a domestic bleach containing surfactant (White King). METHODS Ten randomly assigned pulp samples of porcine dental pulp of approximately equal dimensions were immersed in the above solutions, as well as representative concentrations of sodium hydroxide. Time to complete dissolution was measured and assessed statistically. RESULTS White King 4% showed the shortest dissolution time, closely followed by Hypochlor 4% forte. White King 1% and Hypochlor 1% each took around three times as long to completely dissolve the samples of pulp as their respective 4% concentrations, while Milton took nearly 10 times as long. The sodium hydroxide solutions showed no noticeable dissolution of the pulp samples. CONCLUSIONS The composition and content of sodium hypochlorite solutions had a profound effect on the ability of these solutions to dissolve pulp tissue in vitro. Greater concentrations provided more rapid dissolution of tissue. One per cent solutions with added surfactant and which contained higher concentrations of sodium hydroxide were significantly more effective in dissolution of pulp tissue than Milton.
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20
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Schäfer E, Erler M, Dammaschke T. Comparative study on the shaping ability and cleaning efficiency of rotary Mtwo instruments. Part 2. Cleaning effectiveness and shaping ability in severely curved root canals of extracted teeth. Int Endod J 2006; 39:203-12. [PMID: 16507074 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2591.2006.01075.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIM To compare the cleaning effectiveness and shaping ability of Mtwo, K3, and RaCe nickel-titanium rotary instruments during the preparation of curved root canals in extracted human teeth. METHODOLOGY A total of 60 root canals of mandibular and maxillary molars with curvatures ranging between 25 degrees and 35 degrees were divided into three groups of 20 canals. Based on radiographs taken prior to instrumentation with the initial instrument inserted into the canal, the groups were balanced with respect to the angle and the radius of canal curvature. Canals were prepared using a low-torque control motor. Using pre- and post-instrumentation radiographs, straightening of the canal curvatures was determined with a computer image analysis program. The amount of debris and smear layer was quantified on the basis of a numerical evaluation scale. The data established for scoring the debris and the smear layer was separately recorded and analysed statistically using the Kruskal-Wallis test. RESULTS During preparation no instrument separated. Completely clean root canals were never observed. For debris removal Mtwo instruments achieved significantly better results (P < 0.001) than K3 and RaCe instruments. The results for remaining smear layer were similar and not significantly different (P > 0.05). Mtwo instruments maintained the original canal curvature significantly better (P < 0.05) than the other instruments. Instrumentation with Mtwo files was significantly faster than with K3 or RaCe instruments (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Under the conditions of this study, Mtwo instruments resulted in good cleaning and maintained the original curvature significantly better than K3 or RaCe files.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Schäfer
- Department of Operative Dentistry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.
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21
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Yoldaş O, Doğan C, Seydaoğlu G. The effect of two different calcium hydroxide combinations on root dentine microhardness. Int Endod J 2004; 37:828-31. [PMID: 15548273 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2591.2004.00885.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIM To evaluate the effect of a calcium hydroxide and glycerine mix and a calcium hydroxide and water mix on the microhardness of human root dentine. METHODOLOGY Eleven freshly extracted maxillary canine and central incisor teeth were used. The teeth were sectioned transversally to produce a total of 22 dentine discs from the middle-third of the root. The specimens were divided into two groups of 11 discs each. Dentine samples were treated with either a Ca(OH)2-glycerine combination or a Ca(OH)2-distilled water combination for 1, 3 and 7 days. Dentine microhardness was measured with a Knoop indenter with a load of 100 g for 15 s before and during the experimental period. Each root disc received a series of three indentations around the pulp space, 1 mm from canal wall. RESULTS Statistical analysis showed that both combinations significantly decreased dentine microhardness after 3 and 7 days (P < 0.01). The reduction in dentine microhardness following the use of a Ca(OH)2-glycerine combination was significantly greater than that after a Ca(OH)2-distilled water combination after 3 and 7 days (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION The use of Ca(OH)2 combinations for intracanal dressing softens dentine.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Yoldaş
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Cukurova, Adana, Turkey.
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22
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Waltimo TMT, Haapasalo M, Zehnder M, Meyer J. Clinical aspects related to endodontic yeast infections. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-1546.2004.00086.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Schäfer E, Lohmann D. Efficiency of rotary nickel-titanium FlexMaster instruments compared with stainless steel hand K-Flexofile--Part 2. Cleaning effectiveness and instrumentation results in severely curved root canals of extracted teeth. Int Endod J 2002; 35:514-21. [PMID: 12190908 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2591.2002.00515.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
AIM To determine the cleaning effectiveness and the shaping ability of FlexMaster nickel-titanium rotary instruments and stainless steel hand K-Flexofiles during the preparation of curved root canals in extracted human teeth. METHODOLOGY A total of 48 root canals with curvatures ranging between 25 degrees and 35 degrees were divided into two groups of 24 canals. Based on radiographs taken prior to the instrumentation with the initial instrument inserted into the canal, the groups were balanced with respect to the angle and the radius of canal curvature. Canals were prepared by FlexMaster instruments using a crown-down preparation technique or by K-Flexofiles using a reaming working motion up to size 35. After each instrument, the root canals were flushed with 5 mL of a 2.5% NaOCl solution and at the end of instrumentation with 5 mL of NaCl. Using the pre- and post-instrumentation radiographs, straightening of the canal curvatures was determined with a computer image analysis program. After splitting the roots longitudinally, the amount of debris and smear layer were quantified on the basis of a numerical evaluation scale, using a scanning electron microscope. RESULTS Completely cleaned root canals were not found with any of the two instruments. In general, K-Flexofiles resulted in significantly less debris(P < 0.001) and less smear layer (P < 0.05) than Flex-Master instruments, but these differences were not significant in the apical third of the canals (P > 0.05). FlexMaster instruments maintained the original canal curvature significantly better (P < 0.0001) than K-Flexofiles. No significant differences were detected between the instruments (P > 0.05) for the time taken to prepare the canals. CONCLUSIONS Under the conditions of this study, K-Flexofiles allowed significantly better canal cleaning than FlexMaster instruments. FlexMaster instruments maintained the original curvature significantly better.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Schäfer
- Department of Operative Dentistry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.
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25
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Ayhan H, Sultan N, Cirak M, Ruhi MZ, Bodur H. Antimicrobial effects of various endodontic irrigants on selected microorganisms. Int Endod J 1999; 32:99-102. [PMID: 10371903 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2591.1999.00196.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
AIM This study was undertaken to determine the antimicrobial effect of various endodontic irrigants against six selected microorganisms. METHODOLOGY Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Streptococcus salivarius, Str. pyogenes, Escherichia coli and Candida albicans were included in the study. Pre-sterilized Whatman paper discs, 6 mm in diameter and soaked with the test solution, were prepared and placed onto the previously seeded agar Petri plates. Each plate was incubated aerobically. A zone of inhibition was recorded for each plate and the results were analysed statistically. RESULTS 5.25% NaOCl was effective against all test microorganisms with a substantial zone of inhibition. Saline was always ineffective. Decreased concentration of NaOCl significantly reduced its antimicrobial effect. Cresophene showed a significantly larger (P < 0.05) average zone of inhibition compared to the other experimental irrigants. Alcohol had smaller but not significantly different zones of inhibition than chlorhexidine. CONCLUSIONS 5.25% NaOCl was superior in its antimicrobial abilities compared with other irrigants used. A reduced concentration of NaOCl (0.5%) resulted in significantly decreased antimicrobial effects. When compared with 21% alcohol, 0.5% NaOCl and 2% chlorhexidine, paramonochlorophenol (cresophene) showed a greater antimicrobial effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Ayhan
- Department of Pedodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Gazi, Ankara, Turkey
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