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Mackin HC, Shek KL, Thornton TE, Evens KC, Hallett LM, McGuire KL, DeMarche ML, Roy BA. The 'black box' of plant demography: how do seed type, climate and seed fungal communities affect grass seed germination? THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 231:2319-2332. [PMID: 34091913 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Demographic studies measure drivers of plant fecundity including seed production and survival, but few address both abiotic and biotic drivers of germination such as variation in climate among sites, population density, maternal plants, seed type and fungal pathogen abundance. We examined germination and microbial communities of seeds of Danthonia californica, which are either chasmogamous (external, wind-pollinated) or cleistogamous (internal, self-fertilized) and Festuca roemeri, which are solely chasmogamous. Seed populations were sourced across environmental gradients. We tested germination and used high-throughput sequencing to characterize seed fungal community structure. For F. roemeri, maternal plants significantly influenced germination as did climate and pathogens; germination increased from wetter, cooler sites. For D. californica, the main drivers of germination were maternal plant, seed type and pathogens; on average, more chasmogamous seeds germinated. Fungal communities depended largely on seed type, with fewer fungi associated with cleistogamous seeds, but the communities also depended on site factors such as vapor pressure deficit, plant density and whether the seeds had germinated. Putative pathogens that were negatively correlated with germination were more abundant for both D. californica and F. roemeri chasmogamous seeds than D. californica cleistogamous seeds. In D. californica, cleistogamous and chasmogamous seeds contain vastly different fungal communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hunter C Mackin
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, 97403, USA
| | - Katherine L Shek
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, 97403, USA
| | - Tiffany E Thornton
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, 97403, USA
| | - Kayla C Evens
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, 97403, USA
| | - Lauren M Hallett
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, 97403, USA
| | - Krista L McGuire
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, 97403, USA
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado 0843-03092, Balboa, Ancon, Panama
- Environmental Studies Program, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, 97403, USA
| | - Megan L DeMarche
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Bitty A Roy
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, 97403, USA
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Lindenmayer D, Blanchard W, McBurney L, Ashman K, Bowd E, Blair D. What factors influence the occurrence and abundance of midstorey
Acacia
in Mountain Ash forests? AUSTRAL ECOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/aec.13002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David Lindenmayer
- Threatened Species Recovery Hub National Environmental Science Program Fenner School of Environment and Society The Australian National University Canberra ACT Australia
- Fenner School of Environment and Society The Australian National University Canberra ACT2601Australia
| | - Wade Blanchard
- Fenner School of Environment and Society The Australian National University Canberra ACT2601Australia
| | - Lachlan McBurney
- Threatened Species Recovery Hub National Environmental Science Program Fenner School of Environment and Society The Australian National University Canberra ACT Australia
- Fenner School of Environment and Society The Australian National University Canberra ACT2601Australia
| | - Kita Ashman
- Threatened Species Recovery Hub National Environmental Science Program Fenner School of Environment and Society The Australian National University Canberra ACT Australia
- Fenner School of Environment and Society The Australian National University Canberra ACT2601Australia
| | - Elle Bowd
- Threatened Species Recovery Hub National Environmental Science Program Fenner School of Environment and Society The Australian National University Canberra ACT Australia
- Fenner School of Environment and Society The Australian National University Canberra ACT2601Australia
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Lindenmayer D. Improving Restoration Programs Through Greater Connection With Ecological Theory and Better Monitoring. Front Ecol Evol 2020. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2020.00050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Adamidis GC, Swartz MT, Zografou K, Sewall BJ. Prescribed fire maintains host plants of a rare grassland butterfly. Sci Rep 2019; 9:16826. [PMID: 31728001 PMCID: PMC6856363 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-53400-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
As grassland ecosystems transform globally due to anthropogenic pressures, improvements in our understanding of the effect of management on rare and threatened species in such landscapes has become urgent. Although prescribed fire is a very efficient tool for habitat restoration and endangered species management on fire-adapted ecosystems, the specific mechanisms underlying potential effects of burning on population dynamics of butterfly host plants are poorly understood. We analyzed a 12-year dataset (2004–2015), combining violet abundance, habitat physiognomy and fire history data from a fire-managed system, to determine factors influencing the spatiotemporal distribution and abundance of violets (Viola spp.), the host plants of the threatened eastern regal fritillary (Speyeria idalia idalia) butterfly. Our results demonstrate a critical role for fire in driving both presence and abundance of violets, suggesting management with prescribed fires can effectively promote butterfly host plants. In addition, we determined the character of habitats associated with violet presence and abundance, in particular a strong positive association with biocrusts. These results provide a roadmap for efficient site selection to increase the effectiveness of restoration efforts, including assessment of potential reintroduction sites for regal fritillary and other grassland butterflies and actions to promote the re-establishment of host plants in these sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- George C Adamidis
- Department of Biology, 1900 North 12th St., Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19122, USA.
| | - Mark T Swartz
- The Pennsylvania Department of Military and Veterans Affairs, Fort Indiantown Gap National Guard Training Center, Annville, PA, 17003, USA
| | - Konstantina Zografou
- Department of Biology, 1900 North 12th St., Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19122, USA
| | - Brent J Sewall
- Department of Biology, 1900 North 12th St., Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19122, USA
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Lincoln AE, Brooks RK, Hamman ST. Off-Target Impacts of Graminoid-Specific Herbicide on Common Camas (Camassia quamash) Growth, Abundance, Reproduction, and Palatability to Herbivores. NORTHWEST SCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.3955/046.092.0304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra E. Lincoln
- Center for Natural Lands Management, 120 Union Street SE, #215, Olympia, Washington 98501
| | - Rachel K. Brooks
- U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington Fish and Wildlife Office, 510 Desmond Drive SE, Lacey, Washington 98503
| | - Sarah T. Hamman
- Center for Natural Lands Management, 120 Union Street SE, #215, Olympia, Washington 98501
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Cohen O, Gamliel A, Katan J, Kurzbaum E, Riov J, Bar P. Controlling the seed bank of the invasive plant Acacia saligna: comparison of the efficacy of prescribed burning, soil solarization, and their combination. Biol Invasions 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-018-1738-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Goldingay RL, Newell DA. Small-scale field experiments provide important insights to restore the rock habitat of Australia's most endangered snake. Restor Ecol 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.12421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ross L. Goldingay
- School of Environment, Science and Engineering; Southern Cross University; Lismore NSW 2480 Australia
| | - David A. Newell
- School of Environment, Science and Engineering; Southern Cross University; Lismore NSW 2480 Australia
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Thomas RC, Schultz CB. Resource selection in an endangered butterfly: Females select native nectar species. J Wildl Manage 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/jwmg.987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rhiannon C. Thomas
- Washington State University; 14204 NE Salmon Creek Avenue; Vancouver WA 98686 USA
| | - Cheryl B. Schultz
- School of Biological Sciences; Washington State University; 14204 NE Salmon Creek Avenue Vancouver WA 98686 USA
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Habitat Re-Creation (Ecological Restoration) as a Strategy for Conserving Insect Communities in Highly Fragmented Landscapes. INSECTS 2013; 4:761-80. [PMID: 26462535 PMCID: PMC4553515 DOI: 10.3390/insects4040761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Revised: 11/03/2013] [Accepted: 11/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Because of their vast diversity, measured by both numbers of species as well as life history traits, insects defy comprehensive conservation planning. Thus, almost all insect conservation efforts target individual species. However, serious insect conservation requires goals that are set at the faunal level and conservation success requires strategies that conserve intact communities. This task is complicated in agricultural landscapes by high levels of habitat fragmentation and isolation. In many regions, once widespread insect communities are now functionally trapped on islands of ecosystem remnants and subject to a variety of stressors associated with isolation, small population sizes and artificial population fragmentation. In fragmented landscapes ecological restoration can be an effective strategy for reducing localized insect extinction rates, but insects are seldom included in restoration design criteria. It is possible to incorporate a few simple conservation criteria into restoration designs that enhance impacts to entire insect communities. Restoration can be used as a strategy to address fragmentation threats to isolated insect communities if insect communities are incorporated at the onset of restoration planning. Fully incorporating insect communities into restoration designs may increase the cost of restoration two- to three-fold, but the benefits to biodiversity conservation and the ecological services provided by intact insect communities justify the cost.
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Turlure C, Radchuk V, Baguette M, Meijrink M, den Burg A, Vries MW, Duinen GJ. Plant quality and local adaptation undermine relocation in a bog specialist butterfly. Ecol Evol 2012; 3:244-54. [PMID: 23467336 PMCID: PMC3586634 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2012] [Revised: 10/16/2012] [Accepted: 10/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The butterfly Boloria aquilonaris is a specialist of oligotrophic ecosystems. Population viability analysis predicted the species to be stable in Belgium and to collapse in the Netherlands with reduced host plant quality expected to drive species decline in the latter. We tested this hypothesis by rearing B. aquilonaris caterpillars from Belgian and Dutch sites on host plants (the cranberry, Vaccinium oxycoccos). Dutch plant quality was lower than Belgian one conferring lower caterpillar growth rate and survival. Reintroduction and/or supplementation may be necessary to ensure the viability of the species in the Netherlands, but some traits may have been selected solely in Dutch caterpillars to cope with gradual changes in host plant quality. To test this hypothesis, the performance of Belgian and Dutch caterpillars fed with plants from both countries were compared. Dutch caterpillars performed well on both plant qualities, whereas Belgian caterpillars could not switch to lower quality plants. This can be considered as an environmentally induced plastic response of caterpillars and/or a local adaptation to plant quality, which precludes the use of Belgian individuals as a unique solution for strengthening Dutch populations. More generally, these results stress that the relevance of local adaptation in selecting source populations for relocation may be as important as restoring habitat quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Turlure
- Earth and Life Institute, Universite catholique de Louvain - Biodiversity Research Centre Place Croix du Sud, 4, 1348, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium ; Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle (MNHN) - Ecologie et Gestion de la Biodiversité, Avenue du Petit Château 1, 91800 Brunoy France
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Radchuk V, Turlure C, Schtickzelle N. Each life stage matters: the importance of assessing the response to climate change over the complete life cycle in butterflies. J Anim Ecol 2012; 82:275-85. [PMID: 22924795 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2656.2012.02029.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2012] [Accepted: 07/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
As ectothermic organisms, butterflies have widely been used as models to explore the predicted impacts of climate change. However, most studies explore only one life stage; to our best knowledge, none have integrated the impact of temperature on the vital rates of all life stages for a species of conservation concern. Besides, most population viability analysis models for butterflies are based on yearly population growth rate, precluding the implementation and assessment of important climate change scenarios, where climate change occurs mainly, or differently, during some seasons. Here, we used a combination of laboratory and field experiments to quantify the impact of temperature on all life stages of a vulnerable glacial relict butterfly. Next, we integrated these impacts into an overall population response using a deterministic periodic matrix model and explored the impact of several climate change scenarios. Temperature positively affected egg, pre-diapause larva and pupal survival, and the number of eggs laid by a female; only the survival of overwintering larva was negatively affected by an increase in temperature. Despite the positive impact of warming on many life stages, population viability was reduced under all scenarios, with predictions of much shorter times to extinction than under the baseline (current temperature situation) scenario. Indeed, model predictions were the most sensitive to changes in survival of overwintering larva, the only stage negatively affected by warming. A proper consideration of every stage of the life cycle is important when designing conservation guidelines in the light of climate change. This is in line with the resource-based habitat view, which explicitly refers to the habitat as a collection of resources needed for all life stages of the species. We, therefore, encourage adopting a resource-based habitat view for population viability analysis and development of conservation guidelines for butterflies, and more generally, other organisms. Life stages that are cryptic or difficult to study should not be forsaken as they may be key determinants in the overall response to climate change, as we found with overwintering Boloria eunomia larvae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktoriia Radchuk
- Biodiversity Research Centre, Earth & Life Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Place Croix du Sud, 4, L7.07.04, 1348, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.
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Wold EN, Jancaitis JE, Taylor TH, Steeck DM. Restoration of Agricultural Fields to Diverse Wet Prairie Plant Communities in the Willamette Valley, Oregon. NORTHWEST SCIENCE 2011. [DOI: 10.3955/046.085.0215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Schultz CB, Henry E, Carleton A, Hicks T, Thomas R, Potter A, Collins M, Linders M, Fimbel C, Black S, Anderson HE, Diehl G, Hamman S, Gilbert R, Foster J, Hays D, Wilderman D, Davenport R, Steel E, Page N, Lilley PL, Heron J, Kroeker N, Webb C, Reader B. Conservation of Prairie-Oak Butterflies in Oregon, Washington, and British Columbia. NORTHWEST SCIENCE 2011. [DOI: 10.3955/046.085.0221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Marushia RG, Allen EB. Control of Exotic Annual Grasses to Restore Native Forbs in Abandoned Agricultural Land. Restor Ecol 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1526-100x.2009.00540.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Perry LG, Blumenthal DM, Monaco TA, Paschke MW, Redente EF. Immobilizing nitrogen to control plant invasion. Oecologia 2010; 163:13-24. [PMID: 20387033 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-010-1580-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2009] [Accepted: 01/28/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Van Dyck H, Van Strien AJ, Maes D, Van Swaay CAM. Declines in common, widespread butterflies in a landscape under intense human use. CONSERVATION BIOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR CONSERVATION BIOLOGY 2009; 23:957-965. [PMID: 19637406 DOI: 10.1111/j.1523-1739.2009.01175.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Analyses of species' population losses typically show a dichotomy between strongly affected, rare, and localized species and apparently unaffected, common, and widespread species. We analyzed 16 years (1992-2007) of butterfly transect count data from The Netherlands in a reevaluation of the trends of common, widespread species. Fifty-five percent (11 of 20 species) of these species suffered severe declines in distribution and abundance. Overall, cumulative butterfly abundance declined by around 30%. Some of the species in decline used to be omnipresent in gardens and parks, and 2 of the species were previously considered agricultural pests. Based on their declines over the last 16 years, 2 of the 20 species (Lasiommata megera and Gonepteryx rhamni) reached endangered status in The Netherlands under the IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) population-decline criterion, and 2 species (Inachis io and Thymelicus lineola) met vulnerable criterion. Butterflies in farmland, urban, and particularly woodland areas showed the largest decline in species abundance. The abundance of species associated with vegetation types found mainly in nature reserves (dunes, heathland, and, to a lesser extent, seminatural grassland) increased or remained stable. The decline of widespread species requires additional conservation strategies in the wider landscape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Van Dyck
- Behavioural Ecology and Conservation Group, Biodiversity Research Centre, Université Catholique de Louvain (UCL), Croix du Sud 4, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.
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Turlure C, Van Dyck H. On the consequences of aggressive male mate-locating behaviour and micro-climate for female host plant use in the butterfly Lycaena hippothoe. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-009-0753-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Severns PM, Liston A. Intraspecific chromosome number variation: a neglected threat to the conservation of rare plants. CONSERVATION BIOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR CONSERVATION BIOLOGY 2008; 22:1641-7. [PMID: 18798860 DOI: 10.1111/j.1523-1739.2008.01058.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The effectiveness of rare plant conservation will increase when life history, demographic, and genetic data are considered simultaneously. Inbreeding depression is a widely recognized genetic concern in rare plant conservation, and the mixing of genetically diverse populations in restoration efforts is a common remedy. Nevertheless, if populations with unrecognized intraspecific chromosome variation are crossed, progeny fitness losses will range from partial to complete sterility, and reintroductions and population augmentation of rare plants may fail. To assess the current state of cytological knowledge of threatened and endangered plants in the continental United States, we searched available resources for chromosome counts. We also reviewed recovery plans to discern whether recovery criteria potentially place listed species at risk by requiring reintroductions or population augmentation in the absence of cytological information. Over half the plants lacked a chromosome count, and when a taxon did have a count it generally originated from a sampling intensity too limited to detect intraspecific chromosome variation. Despite limited past cytological sampling, we found 11 plants with documented intraspecific cytological variation, while 8 others were ambiguous for intraspecific chromosome variation. Nevertheless, only one recovery plan addressed the chromosome differences. Inadequate within-species cytological characterization, incomplete sampling among listed taxa, and the prevalence of interspecific and intraspecific chromosome variation in listed genera, suggests that other rare plants are likely to have intraspecific chromosome variation. Nearly 90% of all recovery plans called for reintroductions or population augmentation as part of recovery criteria despite the dearth of cytological knowledge. We recommend screening rare plants for intraspecific chromosome variation before reintroductions or population augmentation projects are undertaken to safeguard against inadvertent mixtures of incompatible cytotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul M Severns
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331-2902, USA.
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MCINTIRE ELIOTJB, SCHULTZ CHERYLB, CRONE ELIZABETHE. Designing a network for butterfly habitat restoration: where individuals, populations and landscapes interact. J Appl Ecol 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2664.2007.01326.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Severns PM. Propagation of a Long-Lived and Threatened Prairie Plant, Lupinus sulphureus ssp. kincaidii. Restor Ecol 2003. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1526-100x.2003.00175.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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