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Ditton DM, Marchus CR, Bozeman AL, Martes AC, Brumley MR, Schiele NR. Visualization of rat tendon in three dimensions using micro-Computed Tomography. MethodsX 2024; 12:102565. [PMID: 38292310 PMCID: PMC10825692 DOI: 10.1016/j.mex.2024.102565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Micro-computed tomography (CT) is an X-ray-based imaging modality that produces three-dimensional (3D), high-resolution images of whole-mount tissues, but is typically limited to dense tissues, such as bone. The X-rays readily pass-through tendons, rendering them transparent. Contrast-enhancing chemical stains have been explored, but their use to improve contrast in different tendon types and across developmental stages for micro-CT imaging has not been systematically evaluated. Therefore, we investigated how phosphotungstic acid (PTA) staining and tissue hydration impacts tendon contrast for micro-CT imaging. We showed that PTA staining increased X-ray absorption of tendon to enhance tissue contrast and obtain 3D micro-CT images of immature (postnatal day 21) and sexually mature (postnatal day 50) rat tendons within the tail and hindlimb. Further, we demonstrated that tissue hydration state following PTA staining significantly impacts soft tissue contrast. Using this method, we also found that tail tendon fascicles appear to cross between fascicle bundles. Ultimately, contrast-enhanced 3D micro-CT imaging will lead to better understanding of tendon structure, and relationships between the bone and soft tissues.•Simple tissue fixation and staining technique enhances soft tissue contrast for tendon visualization using micro-CT.•3D tendon visualization in situ advances understanding of musculoskeletal tissue structure and organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Destinee M. Ditton
- Chemical & Biological Engineering, University of Idaho, 875 Perimeter Dr. MS 0904, Moscow, ID 83844, USA
| | - Colin R. Marchus
- Chemical & Biological Engineering, University of Idaho, 875 Perimeter Dr. MS 0904, Moscow, ID 83844, USA
| | - Aimee L. Bozeman
- Psychology, Idaho State University, 921 S 8th Avenue Stop 8087, Pocatello, ID 83209, USA
| | - Alleyna C. Martes
- Psychology, Idaho State University, 921 S 8th Avenue Stop 8087, Pocatello, ID 83209, USA
| | - Michele R. Brumley
- Psychology, Idaho State University, 921 S 8th Avenue Stop 8087, Pocatello, ID 83209, USA
| | - Nathan R. Schiele
- Chemical & Biological Engineering, University of Idaho, 875 Perimeter Dr. MS 0904, Moscow, ID 83844, USA
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Raymond-Hayling H, Lu Y, Kadler KE, Shearer T. A fibre tracking algorithm for volumetric microstructural data - application to tendons. Acta Biomater 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2022.10.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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Depriester D, Rolland du Roscoat S, Orgéas L, Geindreau C, Levrard B, Brémond F. Individual fibre separation in 3D fibrous materials imaged by X-ray tomography. J Microsc 2022; 286:220-239. [PMID: 35244940 DOI: 10.1111/jmi.13096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Modelling the physical behaviour of fibrous materials still remains a great challenge because it requires to evaluate the inner structure of the different phases at the phase scale (fibre or matrix) and the at constituent scale (fibre). X-ray Computed Tomography (CT) imaging can help to characterize and to model these structures, since it allows separating the phases, based on the grey level of CT scans. However, once the fibrous phase has been isolated, automatically separating the fibres from each other is still very challenging. This work aims at proposing a method which allows separating the fibres and localizing the fibre-fibre contacts for various fibres geometries, that is: straight or woven fibres, with circular or non circular cross sections, in a way that is independent of the fibres orientations. This method uses the local orientation of the structure formed by the fibrous phase and then introduces the misorientation angle. The threshold of this angle is the only parameter required to separate the fibres. This paper investigates the efficiency of the proposed algorithm in various conditions, for instance by changing the image resolution or the fibre tortuosity on synthetic images. Finally, the proposed algorithm is applied to real images or samples made up of synthetic solid fibres. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorian Depriester
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, G-INP, 3SR Lab., Grenoble, France.,Institute of Engineering, Univ. Grenoble Alpes
| | - Sabine Rolland du Roscoat
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, G-INP, 3SR Lab., Grenoble, France.,Institute of Engineering, Univ. Grenoble Alpes
| | - Laurent Orgéas
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, G-INP, 3SR Lab., Grenoble, France.,Institute of Engineering, Univ. Grenoble Alpes
| | - Christian Geindreau
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, G-INP, 3SR Lab., Grenoble, France.,Institute of Engineering, Univ. Grenoble Alpes
| | - Benjamin Levrard
- Michelin Corporation, European Center of Technologies, rue bleue, ZI Ladoux, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Florian Brémond
- Michelin Corporation, European Center of Technologies, rue bleue, ZI Ladoux, Clermont-Ferrand, France
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Chiverton JP, Ige O, Barnett SJ, Parry T. Multiscale Shannon's Entropy Modeling of Orientation and Distance in Steel Fiber Micro-Tomography Data. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON IMAGE PROCESSING : A PUBLICATION OF THE IEEE SIGNAL PROCESSING SOCIETY 2017; 26:5284-5297. [PMID: 28682254 DOI: 10.1109/tip.2017.2722234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This paper is concerned with the modeling and analysis of the orientation and distance between steel fibers in X-ray micro-tomography data. The advantage of combining both orientation and separation in a model is that it helps provide a detailed understanding of how the steel fibers are arranged, which is easy to compare. The developed models are designed to summarize the randomness of the orientation distribution of the steel fibers both locally and across an entire volume based on multiscale entropy. Theoretical modeling, simulation, and application to real imaging data are shown here. The theoretical modeling of multiscale entropy for orientation includes a proof showing the final form of the multiscale taken over a linear range of scales. A series of image processing operations are also included to overcome interslice connectivity issues to help derive the statistical descriptions of the orientation distributions of the steel fibers. The results demonstrate that multiscale entropy provides unique insights into both simulated and real imaging data of steel fiber reinforced concrete.
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Tausif M, Duffy B, Grishanov S, Carr H, Russell SJ. Three-dimensional fiber segment orientation distribution using X-ray microtomography. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2014; 20:1294-303. [PMID: 24786513 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927614000695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The orientation of fibers in assemblies such as nonwovens has a major influence on the anisotropy of properties of the bulk structure and is strongly influenced by the processes used to manufacture the fabric. To build a detailed understanding of a fabric's geometry and architecture it is important that fiber orientation in three dimensions is evaluated since out-of-plane orientations may also contribute to the physical properties of the fabric. In this study, a technique for measuring fiber segment orientation as proposed by Eberhardt and Clarke is implemented and experimentally studied based on analysis of X-ray computed microtomographic data. Fiber segment orientation distributions were extracted from volumetric X-ray microtomography data sets of hydroentangled nonwoven fabrics manufactured from parallel-laid, cross-laid, and air-laid webs. Spherical coordinates represented the orientation of individual fibers. Physical testing of the samples by means of zero-span tensile testing and z-directional tensile testing was employed to compare with the computed results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Tausif
- 1Nonwovens Research Group,Centre for Technical Textiles,School of Design,University of Leeds,Leeds,LS2 9JT,UK
| | - Brian Duffy
- 3Oxford Centre for Collaborative and Applied Mathematics,University of Oxford,Oxford OX1 3LB,UK
| | - Sergei Grishanov
- 1Nonwovens Research Group,Centre for Technical Textiles,School of Design,University of Leeds,Leeds,LS2 9JT,UK
| | - Hamish Carr
- 4School of Computing,University of Leeds,Leeds LS2 9JT,UK
| | - Stephen J Russell
- 1Nonwovens Research Group,Centre for Technical Textiles,School of Design,University of Leeds,Leeds,LS2 9JT,UK
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Ryu JB, Lyu MY. A Study on the Mechanical Property and 3D Fiber Distribution in Injection Molded Glass Fiber Reinforced PA66. INT POLYM PROC 2014. [DOI: 10.3139/217.2844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Polyamide66 (PA66) is being widely used for automobile part and other applications. In many cases, PA66 is reinforced with glass fiber to enhance its mechanical properties. In this study, the mechanical properties and glass fiber distributions in injection molded part have been investigated for glass fiber reinforced PA66. Two shapes of glass fibers, circular and flat, were used for the glass fiber reinforced PA66. X-ray microtomography (micro-CT) was used to observe the glass fiber distributions in the PA66 composites. Micro-CT photos were taken in three directions to observe the three-dimensional glass fiber distributions in the injection molded specimens. Investigation of the mechanical properties in relation to the glass fiber orientation revealed that the orientation of the fibers enhanced the mechanical properties. Glass fibers with smaller diameters resulted in better mechanical properties. Circular glass fiber reinforced PA66 exhibited better mechanical properties than flat glass fiber reinforced PA66. The skin layer showed that the glass fibers strongly orientated to the flow direction while glass fibers in the core layer orientated perpendicular to the flow direction because of fountain flows. Glass fibers in the core layer also oriented to the width direction of the flow. Consequently, glass fibers in this core region oriented three dimensionally. Full three-dimensional model of glass fiber orientation was proposed in this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. B. Ryu
- Rhodia Korea Co. , Ltd., Seoul , South Korea
| | - M.-Y. Lyu
- Department of Mechanical System Design Engineering , Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul , South Korea
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Engelmayr GC, Sacks MS. A Structural Model for the Flexural Mechanics of Nonwoven Tissue Engineering Scaffolds. J Biomech Eng 2006; 128:610-22. [PMID: 16813453 DOI: 10.1115/1.2205371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The development of methods to predict the strength and stiffness of biomaterials used in tissue engineering is critical for load-bearing applications in which the essential functional requirements are primarily mechanical. We previously quantified changes in the effective stiffness (E) of needled nonwoven polyglycolic acid (PGA) and poly-L-lactic acid (PLLA) scaffolds due to tissue formation and scaffold degradation under three-point bending. Toward predicting these changes, we present a structural model for E of a needled nonwoven scaffold in flexure. The model accounted for the number and orientation of fibers within a representative volume element of the scaffold demarcated by the needling process. The spring-like effective stiffness of the curved fibers was calculated using the sinusoidal fiber shapes. Structural and mechanical properties of PGA and PLLA fibers and PGA, PLLA, and 50:50 PGA/PLLA scaffolds were measured and compared with model predictions. To verify the general predictive capability, the predicted dependence of E on fiber diameter was compared with experimental measurements. Needled nonwoven scaffolds were found to exhibit distinct preferred (PD) and cross-preferred (XD) fiber directions, with an E ratio (PD/XD) of ∼3:1. The good agreement between the predicted and experimental dependence of E on fiber diameter (R2=0.987) suggests that the structural model can be used to design scaffolds with E values more similar to native soft tissues. A comparison with previous results for cell-seeded scaffolds (Engelmayr, G. C., Jr., et al., 2005, Biomaterials, 26(2), pp. 175–187) suggests, for the first time, that the primary mechanical effect of collagen deposition is an increase in the number of fiber-fiber bond points yielding effectively stiffer scaffold fibers. This finding indicated that the effects of tissue deposition on needled nonwoven scaffold mechanics do not follow a rule-of-mixtures behavior. These important results underscore the need for structural approaches in modeling the effects of engineered tissue formation on nonwoven scaffolds, and their potential utility in scaffold design.
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Affiliation(s)
- George C Engelmayr
- Engineered Tissue Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Bioengineering and McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, 100 Technology Drive, Suite 200, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA.
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Automatic analysis of collagen fiber orientation in the outermost layer of human arteries. Pattern Anal Appl 2004. [DOI: 10.1007/s10044-004-0224-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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9
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Filmon R, Retailleau-Gaborit N, Grizon F, Galloyer M, Cincu C, Basle MF, Chappard D. Non-connected versus interconnected macroporosity in poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) polymers. An X-ray microtomographic and histomorphometric study. JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE. POLYMER EDITION 2003; 13:1105-17. [PMID: 12484487 DOI: 10.1163/156856202320813828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (pHEMA) has potentially broad biomedical applications: it is biocompatible and has a hardness comparable to bone when bulk polymerized. Porous biomaterials allow bone integration to be increased, especially when the pores are interconnected. In this study, three types of porogens (sugar fibers, sucrose crystals, and urea beads) have been used to prepare macroporous pHEMA. The pore volume and interconnectivity parameters of the porosity were measured by X-ray microtomography and image analysis. Sucrose crystals, having a high volumetric mass, gave large pores that were located on the block sides. Urea beads and sugar fibers provided pores with the same star volume (2.65 +/- 0.46 mm3 and 2.48 +/- 0.52 mm3, respectively) but which differed in interconnectivity index, fractal dimension, and Euler-Poincarés number. Urea beads caused non-connected porosity, while sugar fibers created a dense labyrinth within the polymer. Interconnectivity was proved by carrying out surface treatment of the pHEMA (carboxymethylation in water), followed by von Kossà staining, which detected the carboxylic groups. Carboxymethylated surfaces were observed on the sides of the blocks and on the opened or interconnected pores. The disconnected pores were unstained. Macroporous polymers can be prepared with water-soluble porogens. X-ray microtomography appears a useful tool to measure porosity and interconnectedness.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Filmon
- GEROM-LHEA Laboratoire d'Histologie-Embryologie, Faculté de Médecine & CHU d'Angers, 49045 Angers, France
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