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Kandeel M, Al-Taher A, Venugopala KN, Marzok M, Morsy M, Nagaraja S. Camel Proteins and Enzymes: A Growing Resource for Functional Evolution and Environmental Adaptation. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:911511. [PMID: 35903143 PMCID: PMC9315206 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.911511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In less agroecological parts of the Asian, Arabian, and African deserts, Camelus dromedarius play an important role in human survival. For many years, camels have been employed as a source of food, a tool of transportation, and a means of defense. They are becoming increasingly important as viable livestock animals in many desert climates. With the help of camel genetics, genomics and proteomics known so far, this review article will summarize camel enzymes and proteins, which allow them to thrive under varied harsh environmental situations. An in-depth study of the dromedary genome revealed the existence of protein-coding and fast-developing genes that govern a variety of metabolic responses including lipid and protein metabolism, glucoamylase, flavin-containing monooxygenase and guanidinoacetate methyltransferase are other metabolic enzymes found in the small intestine, liver, pancreas, and spleen. In addition, we will discuss the handling of common medications by camel liver cytochrome p 450, which are different from human enzymes. Moreover, camels developed several paths to get optimum levels of trace elements like copper, zinc, selenium, etc., which have key importance in their body for normal regulation of metabolic events. Insulin tolerance, carbohydrate and energy metabolism, xenobiotics metabolizing enzymes, vimentin functions, behavior during the rutting season, resistance to starvation and changes in blood composition and resistance to water loss were among the attractive aspects of camel enzymes and proteins peculiarities in the camels. Resolving the enigma of the method of adaptation and the molecular processes linked with camel life is still a developing repository full of mysteries that need additional exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Kandeel
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafr El Sheikh University, Kafr El Sheikh, Egypt
| | - Abdulla Al-Taher
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
| | - Katharigatta N. Venugopala
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa
| | - Mohamed Marzok
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafr El Sheikh University, Kafr El Sheikh, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Morsy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Minia University, Minya, Egypt
| | - Sreeharsha Nagaraja
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Vidya Siri College of Pharmacy, Bengaluru, India
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Profile of veterinary drugs in a specialized pharmacy for manual production of drugs in João Pessoa, Brazil. VETERINARSKI GLASNIK 2021. [DOI: 10.2298/vetgl210401008s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
This is a cross-sectional study conducted in a veterinary pharmacy for manual
production of drugs located in the city of Jo?o Pessoa, Brazil. The data
collected comprised the period from January 2017 to December 2019, using the
records system present in the pharmacy itself. We are seeing a growing
demand for veterinary manipulated drugs, with a 40% increase in sales from
2017 to 2019. Among the pharmaceutical forms, capsules were the most
commonly requested, followed by solutions, and among the active ingredients,
itraconazole was the most frequent. With the diversity of pet species, the
manipulation pharmacies have arisen to supply market needs, enabling the
development of pharmaceutical forms that meet the physical characteristics
of each pet species.
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El-Khaldi AT, Homeida AM. Effects of androgens and rutting season on drug metabolizing enzymes in dromedary camels. Anim Reprod 2020; 17:e20190119. [PMID: 32714453 PMCID: PMC7375875 DOI: 10.1590/1984-3143-ar2019-0119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of rutting season on metabolism of testosterone (T) and its effect on drug metabolizing enzymes in dromedary camels. Serum and tissue samples were collected from liver, testes and poll glands of rutting and non- rutting camels treated with T at a dose of 0.5 mg/kg or 5α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) at a dose of 0.2 mg/kg, given intramuscularly for 7 days. Liver samples were also used to monitor drug metabolizing enzymes. Testosterone and DHT concentrations were significantly (P<0.05) increased in testicular tissue and peripheral circulation of rutting camels compared to non-rutting camels and in non-rutting camels treated with T or DHT. Drug metabolizing enzymes of phase-1 reaction were significantly (P<0.05) inhibited in livers of rutting camels and in non-rutting camels treated with T and DHT. It is suggested that co-administration of drugs metabolized by oxidation with androgens should be avoided. Such drugs may cause adverse drug reaction in rutting camels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aziza Thamer El-Khaldi
- Department of Biology, College of Science and Basic and Applied Scientific Research Center, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdelgadir Musa Homeida
- Department of Biology, College of Science and Basic and Applied Scientific Research Center, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
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Green BT, Keele JW, Bennett GL, Gardner DR, Stonecipher CA, Cook D, Pfister JA. Animal and plant factors which affect larkspur toxicosis in cattle: Sex, age, breed, and plant chemotype. Toxicon 2019; 165:31-39. [PMID: 31029637 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2019.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Larkspur (Delphinium spp.) poisoning is a long-term problem for cattle grazing on rangelands of western North America. Recent research has shown that both plant and animal-based factors are critical in understanding and mitigating larkspur poisoning in cattle. Non-toxicological factors including sex, age, cattle breed, and plant chemotype affect cattle responses to larkspur. For example, Angus heifers are more susceptible to larkspur intoxication than are steers or bulls. Young cattle appear to be more susceptible to larkspur poisoning than mature animals. Beef breeds of cattle are more susceptible to larkspur intoxication than dairy breeds. In addition to animal factors, plant alkaloid composition (chemotype) affects the potential toxicity for cattle because of differences in the ratios and concentrations of highly toxic N-(methylsuccinimido) anthranoyllycoctonine (MSAL)-type alkaloids compared to less lethal non-MSAL-type alkaloids. Animal- and plant-based factors can provide substantial information to inform livestock producers on management to reduce risk and cattle losses to various larkspur species in western North America.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedict T Green
- USDA-ARS, Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory, Logan, UT 84341, United States.
| | - John W Keele
- USDA-ARS, Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE 68933, United States
| | - Gary L Bennett
- USDA-ARS, Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE 68933, United States
| | - Dale R Gardner
- USDA-ARS, Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory, Logan, UT 84341, United States
| | - Clint A Stonecipher
- USDA-ARS, Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory, Logan, UT 84341, United States
| | - Daniel Cook
- USDA-ARS, Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory, Logan, UT 84341, United States
| | - James A Pfister
- USDA-ARS, Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory, Logan, UT 84341, United States
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Modric S, Martinez M. Patient variation in veterinary medicine--part II--influence of physiological variables. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2010; 34:209-23. [PMID: 21083665 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2885.2010.01249.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
In veterinary medicine, the characterization of a drug's pharmacokinetic properties is generally based upon data that are derived from studies that employ small groups of young healthy animals, often of a single breed. In Part I of the series, we focused on the potential influence of disease processes, stress, pregnancy and lactation on drug pharmacokinetics. In this Part II of the series, we consider other covariates, such as gender, heritable traits, age, body composition, and circadian rhythms. The impact of these factors with respect to predicting the relationship between dose and drug exposure characteristics within an animal population is illustrated through the use of Monte Carlo simulations. Ultimately, an appreciation of these potential influences will improve the prediction of situations when dose adjustments may be appropriate.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Modric
- Center for Veterinary Medicine (CVM), Office of New Animal Drug Evaluation, Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Rockville, MD 20855, USA
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Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the effect of sex on the pharmacokinetics of caffeine in cattle at different ages. Ten female and 10 male Holstein cattle were subject to a caffeine test when they were aged 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12 and 18 months. Caffeine, 5 mg kg(-1)body weight, was given intravenously as a sterile isotonic solution. An automated, enzyme-multiplied, immunoassay technique (EMIT) was used to determine plasma caffeine concentration. The volume of distribution of caffeine (V(SS)) decreased significantly between 1 and 18 months of life. Mean V(SS)values observed in males and females were not statistically different. The experimental period was characterised by a steady decrease (statistically significant) in caffeine mean residence time (MRT). These values did not differ significantly between males and females under 8 months of age. In 8-, 12- and 18-month-old animals, the caffeine MRT in the females was significantly shorter than in the males. The total plasma clearance (Cl(tot)) of caffeine increased significantly between 1 and 18 months of age. No significant differences were observed between total plasma clearance of caffeine in males and females under 8 months of age. In 8-, 12- and 18-month-old animals, the Cl(tot)of caffeine was significantly higher in females than in males. In conclusion, we report a sex-linked difference in pharmacokinetics of caffeine in cattle over 8 months of age, the females being the more active metabolisers. The results of the present study support the hypothesis that the metabolism of xenobiotics is sexually different in ruminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Janus
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, University of Agriculture, ul. Doktora Judyma, Poland.
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