1
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Berkström C, Wennerström L, Bergström U. Ecological connectivity of the marine protected area network in the Baltic Sea, Kattegat and Skagerrak: Current knowledge and management needs. AMBIO 2022; 51:1485-1503. [PMID: 34964951 PMCID: PMC9005595 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-021-01684-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Marine protected areas (MPAs) have become a key component of conservation and fisheries management to alleviate anthropogenic pressures. For MPA networks to efficiently promote persistence and recovery of populations, ecological connectivity, i.e. dispersal and movement of organisms and material across ecosystems, needs to be taken into account. To improve the ecological coherence of MPA networks, there is hence a need to evaluate the connectivity of species spreading through active migration and passive dispersal. We reviewed knowledge on ecological connectivity in the Baltic Sea, Kattegat and Skagerrak in the northeast Atlantic and present available information on species-specific dispersal and migration distances. Studies on genetic connectivity are summarised and discussed in relation to dispersal-based analyses. Threats to ecological connectivity, limiting dispersal of populations and lowering the resilience to environmental change, were examined. Additionally, a review of studies evaluating the ecological coherence of MPA networks in the Baltic Sea, Kattegat and Skagerrak was performed, and suggestions for future evaluations to meet management needs are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Berkström
- Department of Aquatic Resources, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Coastal Research, Skolgatan 6, 742 42 Öregrund, Sweden
| | - Lovisa Wennerström
- Department of Aquatic Resources, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Coastal Research, Skolgatan 6, 742 42 Öregrund, Sweden
| | - Ulf Bergström
- Department of Aquatic Resources, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Coastal Research, Skolgatan 6, 742 42 Öregrund, Sweden
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2
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Li ZZ, Lehtonen S, Martins K, Gichira AW, Wu S, Li W, Hu GW, Liu Y, Zou CY, Wang QF, Chen JM. Phylogenomics of the aquatic plant genus Ottelia (Hydrocharitaceae): Implications for historical biogeography. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2020; 152:106939. [PMID: 32791299 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2020.106939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Ottelia Pers. is the second largest genus of the family Hydrocharitaceae, including approximately 23 extant species. The genus exhibits a diversity of both bisexual and unisexual flowers, and complex reproductive system comprising cross-pollinated to cleistogamous flowers. Ottelia has been regarded as a pivotal group to study the evolution of Hydrocharitaceae, but the phylogenic relationships and evolutionary history of the genus remain unresolved. Here, we reconstructed a robust phylogenetic framework for Ottelia using 40 newly assembled complete plastomes. Our results resolved Ottelia as a monophyletic genus consisting of two major clades, which correspond to the main two centers of diversity in Asia and Africa. According to the divergence time estimation analysis, the crown group Ottelia began to diversify around 13.09 Ma during the middle Miocene. The biogeographical analysis indicated the existence of the most recent common ancestor somewhere in Africa/Australasia/Asia. Basing on further insights from the morphological evolution of Ottelia, we hypothesized that the ancestral center of origin was in Africa, from where the range expanded by transoceanic dispersal to South America and Australasia, and further from Australasia to Asia. We suggested that the climatic change and global cooling since the mid-Miocene, such as the development of East Asian monsoon climate and tectonic movement of the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau (YGP), might have played a crucial role in the evolution of Ottelia in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Zhong Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China; Center of Conservation Biology, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Samuli Lehtonen
- Herbarium, Biodiversity Unit, University of Turku, Turku 20014, Finland
| | - Karina Martins
- Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Sorocaba 18052-780, Brazil
| | - Andrew W Gichira
- CAS Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Sino-Africa Joint Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Shuang Wu
- Guangxi Association for Science and Technology, Nanning 530022, China
| | - Wei Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Guang-Wan Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China; Center of Conservation Biology, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China; Sino-Africa Joint Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Guangxi Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guilin 541006, China
| | - Chun-Yu Zou
- Guangxi Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guilin 541006, China
| | - Qing-Feng Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China; Center of Conservation Biology, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China; Sino-Africa Joint Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Jin-Ming Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China; Center of Conservation Biology, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China.
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3
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Viana DS. Can Aquatic Plants Keep Pace with Climate Change? FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1906. [PMID: 29209338 PMCID: PMC5701636 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The persistence of species may depend upon their capacity to keep pace with climate change. However, dispersal has been ignored in the vast majority of studies that aimed at estimating and predicting range shifts as a response to climate change. Long distance dispersal (LDD) in particular might promote rapid range shifts and allow species to track suitable habitat. Many aquatic plant species are dispersed by birds and have the potential to be dispersed over hundreds of kilometers during the bird migration seasons. I argue that such dispersal potential might be critical to allow species to track climate change happening at unprecedented high rates. As a case study, I used dispersal data from three aquatic plant species dispersed by migratory birds to model range shifts in response to climate change projections. By comparing four dispersal scenarios - (1) no dispersal, (2) unlimited dispersal, (3) LDD < 100 km, and (4) LDD mediated by bird migratory movements -, it was shown that, for bird-mediated dispersal, the rate of colonization is sufficient to counterbalance the rate of habitat loss. The estimated rates of colonization (3.2-31.5 km⋅year-1) are higher than, for example, the rate of global warming (previously estimated at 0.42 km⋅year-1). Although further studies are needed, the results suggest that these aquatic plant species can adjust their ranges under a severe climate change scenario. Therefore, investigating the dispersal capacity of species, namely their LDD potential, may contribute to estimate the likelihood of species to keep pace with climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duarte S. Viana
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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4
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Bakker ES, Wood KA, Pagès JF, Veen G(C, Christianen MJ, Santamaría L, Nolet BA, Hilt S. Herbivory on freshwater and marine macrophytes: A review and perspective. AQUATIC BOTANY 2016. [PMID: 0 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquabot.2016.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
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5
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Abbasi S, Afsharzadeh S, Saeidi H, Triest L. Strong Genetic Differentiation of Submerged Plant Populations across Mountain Ranges: Evidence from Potamogeton pectinatus in Iran. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0161889. [PMID: 27560947 PMCID: PMC4999295 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0161889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Biogeographic barriers for freshwater biota can be effective at various spatial scales. At the largest spatial scale, freshwater organisms can become genetically isolated by their high mountain ranges, vast deserts, and inability to cross oceans. Isolation by distance of aquatic plants is expected to be stronger across than alongside mountain ridges whereas the heterogeneity of habitats among populations and temporary droughts may influence connectivity and hamper dispersal. Suitable aquatic plant habitats became reduced, even for the widespread submerged Potamogeton pectinatus L. (also named Stuckenia pectinata) giving structure to various aquatic habitats. We compared the level of genetic diversity in a heterogeneous series of aquatic habitats across Iran and tested their differentiation over distances and across mountain ranges (Alborz and Zagros) and desert zones (Kavir), with values obtained from temperate region populations. The diversity of aquatic ecosystems across and along large geographic barriers provided a unique ecological situation within Iran. P. pectinatus were considered from thirty-six sites across Iran at direct flight distances ranging from 20 to 1,200 km. Nine microsatellite loci revealed a very high number of alleles over all sites. A PCoA, NJT clustering and STRUCTURE analysis revealed a separate grouping of individuals of southeastern Iranian sites and was confirmed by their different nuclear ITS and cpDNA haplotypes thereby indicating an evolutionary significant unit (ESU). At the level of populations, a positive correlation between allelic differentiation Dest with geographic distance was found. Individual-based STRUCTURE analysis over 36 sites showed 7 genetic clusters. FST and RST values for ten populations reached 0.343 and 0.521, respectively thereby indicating that allele length differences are more important and contain evolutionary information. Overall, higher levels of diversity and a stronger differentiation was revealed among Iranian P. pectinatus than previously observed for temperate European regions, due to regional differences across mountain ranges over long distances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shabnam Abbasi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Isfahan, 81746-73441, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Saeed Afsharzadeh
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Isfahan, 81746-73441, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Hojjatollah Saeidi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Isfahan, 81746-73441, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Ludwig Triest
- Laboratory of Plant Biology and Nature Management (APNA), Department of Biology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, B-1050, Brussels, Belgium
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6
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Viana DS, Santamaría L, Figuerola J. Migratory Birds as Global Dispersal Vectors. Trends Ecol Evol 2016; 31:763-775. [PMID: 27507683 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2016.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2016] [Revised: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Propagule dispersal beyond local scales has been considered rare and unpredictable. However, for many plants, invertebrates, and microbes dispersed by birds, long-distance dispersal (LDD) might be regularly achieved when mediated by migratory movements. Because LDD operates over spatial extents spanning hundreds to thousands of kilometers, it can promote rapid range shifts and determine species distributions. We review evidence supporting this widespread LDD service and propose a conceptual framework for estimating LDD by migratory birds. Although further research and validation efforts are still needed, we show that current knowledge can be used to make more realistic estimations of LDD mediated by regular bird migrations, thus refining current predictions of its ecological and evolutionary consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duarte S Viana
- Estación Biológica de Doñana, CSIC, Calle Américo Vespucio, Sevilla, s/n, E-41092, Spain.
| | - Luis Santamaría
- Estación Biológica de Doñana, CSIC, Calle Américo Vespucio, Sevilla, s/n, E-41092, Spain
| | - Jordi Figuerola
- Estación Biológica de Doñana, CSIC, Calle Américo Vespucio, Sevilla, s/n, E-41092, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Sevilla, Spain
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7
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Wu Z, Yu D, Li X, Xu X. Influence of geography and environment on patterns of genetic differentiation in a widespread submerged macrophyte, Eurasian watermilfoil (Myriophyllum spicatum L., Haloragaceae). Ecol Evol 2016; 6:460-8. [PMID: 26843930 PMCID: PMC4729246 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.1882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Revised: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The effects of geographic and environmental variables on the pattern of genetic differentiation have been thoroughly studied, whereas empirical studies on aquatic plants are rare. We examined the spatial genetic differentiation of 58 Myriophyllum spicatum populations distributed throughout China with 12 microsatellite loci, and we analyzed its association with geographic distance, geographic barriers, and environmental dissimilarity using causal modeling and multiple matrix regression with randomization (MMRR) analysis. Two genetic clusters were identified, and their geographic distribution suggested mountain ranges as a barrier to gene flow. The causal modeling revealed that both climate and geographic barriers significantly influenced genetic divergence among M. spicatum populations and that climate had the highest regression coefficient according to the MMRR analysis. This study showed that geography and environment together played roles in shaping the genetic structure of M. spicatum and that the influence of environment was greater. Our findings emphasized the potential importance of the environment in producing population genetic differentiation in aquatic plants at a large geographic scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhigang Wu
- National Field Station of Freshwater Ecosystem of Liangzi Lake College of Life Sciences Wuhan University Wuhan China
| | - Dan Yu
- National Field Station of Freshwater Ecosystem of Liangzi Lake College of Life Sciences Wuhan University Wuhan China
| | - Xing Li
- National Field Station of Freshwater Ecosystem of Liangzi Lake College of Life Sciences Wuhan University Wuhan China
| | - Xinwei Xu
- National Field Station of Freshwater Ecosystem of Liangzi Lake College of Life Sciences Wuhan University Wuhan China
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8
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Hidding B, Meirmans PG, Klaassen M, de Boer T, Ouborg NJJ, Wagemaker CAMN, Nolet BA. The effect of herbivores on genotypic diversity in a clonal aquatic plant. OIKOS 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.01136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bert Hidding
- Dept of Aquatic Ecology; Netherlands Inst. of Ecology; Droevendaalsesteeg 10 NL-6708 PB Wageningen the Netherlands
- Witteveen + Bos consulting engineers, Ecology group; PO Box 233, NL-7400 AE Deventer the Netherlands
| | - Patrick G. Meirmans
- Inst. for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, Univ. of Amsterdam; PO Box 94248, NL-1090 GE Amsterdam the Netherlands
| | - Marcel Klaassen
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin Univ.; Waurn Ponds VIC 3216 Australia
| | - Thijs de Boer
- Dept of Aquatic Ecology; Netherlands Inst. of Ecology; Droevendaalsesteeg 10 NL-6708 PB Wageningen the Netherlands
| | - N. J. Joop Ouborg
- Section Molecular Ecology, Inst. for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud Univ. Nijmegen, Toernooiveld; NL-6525 ED Nijmegen the Netherlands
| | - C. A. M. Niels Wagemaker
- Section Molecular Ecology, Inst. for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud Univ. Nijmegen, Toernooiveld; NL-6525 ED Nijmegen the Netherlands
| | - Bart A. Nolet
- Dept of Animal Ecology; Netherlands Inst. of Ecology; Droevendaalsesteeg 10 NL-6708 PB Wageningen the Netherlands
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9
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Korpelainen H, von Cräutlein M, Kostamo K, Virtanen V. Spatial genetic structure of aquatic bryophytes in a connected lake system. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2013; 15:514-521. [PMID: 23016754 DOI: 10.1111/j.1438-8677.2012.00660.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Using genetic markers, we investigated the genetic structure of three clonal aquatic moss species, Calliergon megalophyllum Mikut., Fontinalis antipyretica Hedw. and F. hypnoides Hartm. on two scales: among populations in a connected lake system (large-scale spatial genetic structure) and among individuals within populations (fine-scale spatial genetic structure). Mean genetic diversities per population were 0.138, 0.247 and 0.271, respectively, and total diversities equalled 0.223, 0.385 and 0.421, respectively. Relative differentiation levels (FST values of 0.173, 0.280 and 0.142, respectively) were significant but showed that there is a moderate amount of gene flow taking place within the lake system connected with narrow streams. Bayesian STRUCTURE analysis provided some indication that the direction of water flow influences population genetic structuring in the studied aquatic mosses. We propose that dispersal leading to gene flow in C. megalophyllum, F. antipyretica and F. hypnoides takes place both along water via connecting streams and by animal vectors, such as waterfowl. Nevertheless, the slight genetic structuring pattern along the direction of water flow suggests that dispersal of shoots or their fragments along water is a means of dispersal in these mosses. The absence of sexual reproduction and spores may have caused the observed spatial genetic structure within populations, including aggregations of similar genotypes (clones or closely related genotypes) at short distances in populations otherwise showing an isolation by distance effect. Regardless of the results pointing to the dominance of vegetative propagation, it is impossible to completely rule out the potential role of rare long-distance spore dispersal from areas where the species are fertile.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Korpelainen
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland Finnish Environment Institute, Helsinki, Finland.
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10
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Wang B, Lrn Y, Guo Y, Cui X. The Relative Contribution of Sexual and Asexual Reproduction to Genetic Variation in Natural Populations of the Pondweed Potamogeton Pectinatus. Isr J Ecol Evol 2012. [DOI: 10.1560/ijee.58.1.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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11
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Su Y, Wang T, Ouyang P. High genetic differentiation and variation as revealed by ISSR marker in Pseudotaxus chienii (Taxaceae), an old rare conifer endemic to China. BIOCHEM SYST ECOL 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bse.2009.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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12
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Su Y, Wang T, Sun Y, Ye H. High ISSR Variation in 14 Surviving Individuals of Euryodendron excelsum (Ternstroemiaceae) Endemic to China. Biochem Genet 2008; 47:56-65. [DOI: 10.1007/s10528-008-9206-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2008] [Accepted: 08/15/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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13
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Ceccarelli M, Sarri V, Minelli S, Gelati MT. Characterization of two families of tandem repeated DNA sequences in Potamogeton pectinatus L. Genome 2008; 51:871-7. [PMID: 18956019 DOI: 10.1139/g08-070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
DNA sequences belonging to two families of tandem repeats, PpeRsa1 (362-364 bp in length, 62% A+T residues) and PpeRsa2 (355-359 bp in length, 59% A+T residues), have been isolated from the Potamogeton pectinatus L. genome. The two sequence families do not share significant nucleotide sequence similarity, even if an evolutionary relationship between them could be assumed. The comparison of the cleaving activity of isoschizomeres that are either sensitive or insensitive to methylation of cytosine residues in the target sequence revealed high methylation in both sequence families. The copy number per 1C DNA of PpeRsa1- and PpeRsa2-related sequences is estimated to be 4.92 x 10(4) and 7.96 x 10(4), respectively. Taken together, these sequences account for about 7.5% of the entire genome of P. pectinatus. The chromosomal organization of these sequences was investigated by fluorescent in situ hybridization. PpeRsa1 and PpeRsa2 repeats found related sequences in 52 chromosomes of the P. pectinatus complement (2n = 78). The related sequences were localized around the centromeres and at the chromosome ends in three pairs of chromosomes, while they were found only at the chromosome ends in the remaining pairs. Twenty-six chromosomes did not show any hybridization signal. The hypothesis that the species is a hybrid between a diploid parent and an allotetraploid parent is put forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilena Ceccarelli
- Dipartimento di Biologia Cellulare e Ambientale, Sezione di Biologia Cellulare e Molecolare, Universita degli Studi di Perugia, via Elce di Sotto, 06123 Perugia, Italy.
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14
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Huang CC, Chiang TY, Hsu TW, Hung CY, Chiang YC, Hung KH. Isolation and characterization of eight polymorphic microsatellite loci from Ludwigia polycarpa (Onagraceae), a threaten herb in North America. CONSERV GENET 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s10592-008-9700-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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15
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Su YJ, Zan QJ, Wang T, Ying ZM, Ye HG. High ISSR variation in 24 surviving individuals of Apterosperma oblata (Theaceae) endemic to China. BIOCHEM SYST ECOL 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bse.2008.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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16
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Pollux BJA, Jong MDE, Steegh A, Verbruggen E, van Groenendael JM, Ouborg NJ. Reproductive strategy, clonal structure and genetic diversity in populations of the aquatic macrophyte Sparganium emersum in river systems. Mol Ecol 2007; 16:313-25. [PMID: 17217347 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2006.03146.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Many aquatic and riparian plant species are characterized by the ability to reproduce both sexually and asexually. Yet, little is known about how spatial variation in sexual and asexual reproduction affects the genotypic diversity within populations of aquatic and riparian plants. We used six polymorphic microsatellites to examine the genetic diversity within and differentiation among 17 populations (606 individuals) of Sparganium emersum, in two Dutch-German rivers. Our study revealed a striking difference between rivers in the mode of reproduction (sexual vs. asexual) within S. emersum populations. The mode of reproduction was strongly related to locally reigning hydrodynamic conditions. Sexually reproducing populations exhibited a greater number of multilocus genotypes compared to asexual populations. The regional population structure suggested higher levels of gene flow among sexually reproducing populations compared to clonal populations. Gene flow was mainly mediated via hydrochoric dispersal of generative propagules (seeds), impeding genetic differentiation among populations even over river distances up to 50 km. Although evidence for hydrochoric dispersal of vegetative propagules (clonal plant fragments) was found, this mechanism appeared to be relatively less important. Bayesian-based assignment procedures revealed a number of immigrants, originating from outside our study area, suggesting intercatchment plant dispersal, possibly the result of waterfowl-mediated seed dispersal. This study demonstrates how variation in local environmental conditions in river systems, resulting in shifting balances of sexual vs. asexual reproduction within populations, will affect the genotypic diversity within populations. This study furthermore cautions against generalizations about dispersal of riparian plant species in river systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- B J A Pollux
- Section of Molecular Ecology, Department of Aquatic Ecology & Environmental Biology, Institute for Wetland and Water Research, Radboud University Nijmegen, Toernooiveld 1, NL-6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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17
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Koga K, Kadono Y, Setoguchi H. The genetic structure of populations of the vulnerable aquatic macrophyte Ranunculus nipponicus (Ranunculaceae). JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2007; 120:167-74. [PMID: 17351831 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-006-0060-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2006] [Accepted: 11/20/2006] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Ranunculus nipponicus (Makino) Nakai is a vulnerable aquatic macrophyte in the Kinki district, which is the southernmost distribution of this species in Japan. The genetic diversity and structure within and among eleven extant populations were assessed using the inter-simple sequence repeats (ISSR) polymerase chain reaction in association with combinations of propagation pattern (clonal and/or seeds) and genotypic geographical structure. In total, 53 bands were amplified, of which 18 (34%) were polymorphic. Analysis of the ISSR bands identified 46 genotypes among 81 individuals from one stream population and 72 distinct genotypes among 147 individuals in the Kinki district. An unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA) dendrogram showed some unity among upstream and downstream subpopulations within one stream and eleven populations. The Shannon index of genetic diversity was 0.109 for one stream population and 0.313 for total genetic diversity, suggesting relatively high genetic diversity. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) revealed that 84.1% of the total genetic diversity occurred among populations and the remaining diversity (15.9%) occurred within populations. Significant genetic differentiation occurred among populations in the Kinki district. These results suggest that conservation of each population is important for maintaining genetic diversity of R. nipponicus in this district.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiichi Koga
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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18
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Use of inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers for discrimination between and within species of blackflies (Diptera: Simuliidae). Biologia (Bratisl) 2006. [DOI: 10.2478/s11756-006-0055-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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19
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Nies G, Reusch TBH. Evolutionary divergence and possible incipient speciation in post-glacial populations of a cosmopolitan aquatic plant. J Evol Biol 2005; 18:19-26. [PMID: 15669957 DOI: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2004.00818.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Habitat configuration is expected to have a major influence on genetic exchange and evolutionary divergence among populations. Aquatic organisms occur in two fundamentally different habitat types, the sea and freshwater lakes, making them excellent models to study the contrasting effects of continuity vs. isolation on genetic divergence. We compared the divergence in post-glacial populations of a cosmopolitan aquatic plant, the pondweed Potamogeton pectinatus that simultaneously occurs in freshwater lakes and coastal marine sites. Relative levels of gene flow were inferred in 12 lake and 14 Baltic Sea populations in northern Germany using nine highly polymorphic microsatellite markers developed for P. pectinatus. We found highly significant isolation-by-distance in both habitat types (P < 0.001). Genetic differentiation increased approximately 2.5-times faster among freshwater populations compared with those from the Baltic Sea. As different levels of genetic drift or population history cannot explain these differences, higher population connectivity in the sea relative to freshwater populations is the most likely source of contrasting evolutionary divergence. These findings are consistent with the notion that freshwater angiosperms are more conducive to allopatric speciation than their life-history counterparts in the sea, the relative species poor seagrasses. Surprisingly, population pairs from different habitat types revealed almost maximal genetic divergence expected for complete reproductive isolation, regardless of their respective geographical distance. Hence, the barrier to gene flow between lake and sea habitat types cannot be due to dispersal limitation. We may thus have identified a case of rapid incipient speciation in post-glacial populations of a widespread aquatic plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Nies
- Department of Ecophysiology, Max-Planck-Institut für Limnologie, 24306 Plön, Germany
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Whittall JB, Hellquist CB, Schneider EL, Hodges SA. Cryptic species in an endangered pondweed community (Potamogeton, Potamogetonaceae) revealed by AFLP markers. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2004; 91:2022-2029. [PMID: 21652351 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.91.12.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Cryptic species are morphologically indistinguishable, yet reproductively isolated. Morphological boundaries between species can also be obscured by hybridization and clonality. Determining the roles of reproductive isolation, hybridization, and clonality in morphologically indistinguishable taxa is essential to determining appropriate species-level taxonomic rankings for conservation purposes. The taxonomic status of the endangered Little Aguja pondweed of west Texas, Potamogeton clystocarpus, is uncertain due to a lack of fixed morphological differences between it and two sympatric congeners. Morphology, amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLPs), and sequences of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region and trnL-F intron and spacer were used to determine the degree of genetic distinctiveness, hybridization and clonality for this rare species. AFLPs indicate that P. clystocarpus is a genetically distinct lineage compared to P. pusillus and P. foliosus. No hybrids involving P. clystocarpus were detected, but two putative hybrids involving P. pusillus and P. foliosus were identified. Clonal growth was only detected in P. pusillus. A combination of morphological and molecular markers was successful in determining the genetic distinctiveness of an endangered cryptic species, Potamogeton clystocarpus. Further sampling in this and adjacent drainages is necessary to assess the degree of endemism of P. clystocarpus and confidently rule out hybridization and clonality in this taxon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justen B Whittall
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106 USA
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