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Orbegozo-Medina RA, Martínez-Sernández V, Perteguer MJ, Hernández-González A, Mezo M, González-Warleta M, Romarís F, Paniagua E, Gárate T, Ubeira FM. In-plate recapturing of a dual-tagged recombinant Fasciola antigen (FhLAP) by a monoclonal antibody (US9) prevents non-specific binding in ELISA. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0211035. [PMID: 30707711 PMCID: PMC6358068 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0211035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Recombinant proteins expressed in E. coli are frequently purified by immobilized metal affinity chromatography (IMAC). By means of this technique, tagged proteins containing a polyhistidine sequence can be obtained up to 95% pure in a single step, but some host proteins also bind with great affinity to metal ions and contaminate the sample. A way to overcome this problem is to include a second tag that is recognized by a preexistent monoclonal antibody (mAb) in the gene encoding the target protein, allowing further purification. With this strategy, the recombinant protein can be directly used as target in capture ELISA using plates sensitized with the corresponding mAb. As a proof of concept, in this study we engineered a Trichinella-derived tag (MTFSVPIS, recognized by mAb US9) into a His-tagged recombinant Fasciola antigen (rFhLAP) to make a new chimeric recombinant protein (rUS9-FhLAP), and tested its specificity in capture and indirect ELISAs with sera from sheep and cattle. FhLAP was selected since it was previously reported to be immunogenic in ruminants and is expressed in soluble form in E. coli, which anticipates a higher contamination by host proteins than proteins expressed in inclusion bodies. Our results showed that a large number of sera from non-infected ruminants (mainly cattle) reacted in indirect ELISA with rUS9-FhLAP after single-step purification by IMAC, but that this reactivity disappeared testing the same antigen in capture ELISA with mAb US9. These results demonstrate that the 6XHis and US9 tags can be combined when double purification of recombinant proteins is required.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - María J. Perteguer
- Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Hernández-González
- Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mercedes Mezo
- Laboratorio de Parasitología, Centro de Investigaciones Agrarias de Mabegondo, INGACAL, Abegondo, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Marta González-Warleta
- Laboratorio de Parasitología, Centro de Investigaciones Agrarias de Mabegondo, INGACAL, Abegondo, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Fernanda Romarís
- Laboratorio de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Esperanza Paniagua
- Laboratorio de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Teresa Gárate
- Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Florencio M. Ubeira
- Laboratorio de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- * E-mail:
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Orbegozo-Medina RA, Martínez-Sernández V, Folgueira I, Mezo M, González-Warleta M, Perteguer MJ, Romarís F, Leiro JM, Ubeira FM. Antibody responses to chimeric peptides derived from parasite antigens in mice and other animal species. Mol Immunol 2018; 106:1-11. [PMID: 30572282 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2018.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Peptide vaccines constitute an interesting alternative to classical vaccines due to the possibility of selecting specific epitopes, easy of production and safety. However, an inadequate design may render these peptides poorly immunogenic or lead to undesirable outcomes (e.g., formation of B neoepitopes). As an approach to vaccine development, we evaluated the antibody response to chimeras composed of two or three known B epitopes from Trichinella and Fasciola, and several linkers (GSGSG, GPGPG and KK) in species as different as mice, sheep and turbot. All these species could mount an effective immune response to the short chimeric peptides. Nevertheless, this response depended on several factors including a favorable orientation of B-cell epitopes, adequateness of linkers and/or probability of formation of T neoepitopes. We also observed that, at least in mice, the inclusion of a decoy epitope may have favorable consequences on the antibody response to other epitopes in the chimera.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Orbegozo-Medina
- Laboratorio de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - V Martínez-Sernández
- Laboratorio de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - I Folgueira
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Instituto de Investigación y Análisis Alimentarios, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - M Mezo
- Laboratorio de Parasitología, Centro de Investigaciones Agrarias de Mabegondo, INGACAL, Abegondo (A Coruña), Spain
| | - M González-Warleta
- Laboratorio de Parasitología, Centro de Investigaciones Agrarias de Mabegondo, INGACAL, Abegondo (A Coruña), Spain
| | - M J Perteguer
- Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28220 Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - F Romarís
- Laboratorio de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - J M Leiro
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Instituto de Investigación y Análisis Alimentarios, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - F M Ubeira
- Laboratorio de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
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Yang Y, Cai YN, Tong MW, Sun N, Xuan YH, Kang YJ, Vallée I, Boireau P, Cheng SP, Liu MY. Serological tools for detection of Trichinella infection in animals and humans. One Health 2016; 2:25-30. [PMID: 28616474 PMCID: PMC5462648 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2015.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Revised: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Trichinellosis is a serious foodborne zoonotic disease. It is an important threat to public health in both developing and developed countries. Human infections are strongly associated with consuming undercooked meat containing infective Trichinella larvae. The development of serological tools has enabled seroepidemiological studies and contributed to our knowledge on the importance of this parasite. Serological tests can also help the diagnosis of parasite infections in humans and the surveillance of animals. Generally speaking, serological techniques include detection methods for specific antibodies and for circulating parasite antigens in the serum or tissue fluids. Here, we present a comprehensive review of various methods used in the detection of antibodies against Trichinella and circulating parasite antigens in animals and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Yang
- Wu xi Medical School, Jiang Nan University, Wu Xi 214122, Jiang su, China
| | - Ya Nan Cai
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Ming Wei Tong
- State Key Laboratory for Molecular Biology of Special Economic Animals, Institute of Special Economic Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Na Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Molecular Biology of Special Economic Animals, Institute of Special Economic Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Yin Hua Xuan
- Wu xi Medical School, Jiang Nan University, Wu Xi 214122, Jiang su, China
| | - Yan Jun Kang
- Wu xi Medical School, Jiang Nan University, Wu Xi 214122, Jiang su, China
| | - Isabelle Vallée
- JRU BIPAR, Animal Health Laboratory, ANSES, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Pascal Boireau
- JRU BIPAR, Animal Health Laboratory, ANSES, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Shi peng Cheng
- State Key Laboratory for Molecular Biology of Special Economic Animals, Institute of Special Economic Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Ming Yuan Liu
- Key Lab of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, PR China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yang zhou 225009, China
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Secretory Products of Trichinella spiralis Muscle Larvae and Immunomodulation: Implication for Autoimmune Diseases, Allergies, and Malignancies. J Immunol Res 2015; 2015:523875. [PMID: 26114122 PMCID: PMC4465845 DOI: 10.1155/2015/523875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Trichinella spiralis has the unique ability to make itself "at home" by creating and hiding in a new type of cell in the host body that is the nurse cell. From this immunologically privileged place, the parasite orchestrates a long-lasting molecular cross talk with the host through muscle larvae excretory-secretory products (ES L1). Those products can successfully modulate parasite-specific immune responses as well as responses to unrelated antigens (either self or nonself in origin), providing an anti-inflammatory milieu and maintaining homeostasis. It is clear, based on the findings from animal model studies, that T. spiralis and its products induce an immunomodulatory network (which encompasses Th2- and Treg-type responses) that may allow the host to deal with various hyperimmune-associated disorders as well as tumor growth, although the latter still remains unclear. This review focuses on studies of the molecules released by T. spiralis, their interaction with pattern recognition receptors on antigen presenting cells, and subsequently provoked responses. This paper also addresses the immunomodulatory properties of ES L1 molecules and how the induced immunomodulation influences the course of different experimental inflammatory and malignant diseases.
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Characterisation of a high-frequency gene encoding a strongly antigenic cystatin-like protein from Trichinella spiralis at its early invasion stage. Parasit Vectors 2015; 8:78. [PMID: 25653126 PMCID: PMC4334762 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-015-0689-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The intestinal phase is the early invasion stage of Trichinella spiralis (T. spiralis), in which muscle larvae invade intestine epithelial cells and then develop into adult worms to breed newborn larvae. Thus, intestinal infective larvae are first exposed to the immune system of the host, and antigens from the worms may be the earliest marker in the diagnosis of trichinellosis and may contribute to vaccine development to prevent Trichinella infections in pigs. Methods A cDNA library of intestinal infective larvae of T. spiralis at 6 hours post infection (p.i.) was constructed and immunoscreened using serum collected from pigs that were infected with T. spiralis at 26 days p.i. T. spiralis cystatin-like protein (Ts-CLP) gene encoding a 45.9 kDa protein was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. The rabbit antisera were generated and used to determine the location of Ts-CLP in the parasite. Transcription levels of Ts-CLP in different developmental stages of T. spiralis were observed by RT-PCR. The potential application of recombinant Ts-CLP in diagnosis against T. spiralis infection was tested by ELISA. The immune protection of recombinant Ts-CLP protein against T. spiralis infection was evaluated in mice. Results Thirty-three positive clones were selected from cDNA library, among which 20 clones encoded the same novel cystatin-like protein (Ts-CLP). Immunolocalisation and real-time quantitative PCR revealed that native Ts-CLP was localised primarily to β-stichocytes and that the Ts-clp gene was transcribed and expressed in all developmental stages of T. spiralis. The recombinant protein rTs-CLP was recognised by pig antiserum as early as 15 days p.i., and could induce protective immunity in mice, with a 61.21% reduction in the number of muscle larvae. Conclusions These data preliminarily suggested that Ts-CLP may play an important role in the early infection of T. spiralis and that recombinant Ts-CLP protein is a candidate antigen for diagnosis and vaccine development in Trichinella infections.
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Nagano I, Wu Z, Takahashi Y. Functional genes and proteins of Trichinella spp. Parasitol Res 2008; 104:197-207. [PMID: 18987885 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-008-1248-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2008] [Accepted: 10/21/2008] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Research of Trichinella proteins has been conducted with emphasis on excretory-secretory (E-S) products of muscle larvae because of two reasons. The first is that it has prominent and narrow specific antigenicity, and the second is that it may play some role in nurse cell formation after being secreted into host muscle cells. Proteomic analysis of E-S proteins was further advanced by the aid of new analytical methods such as gene cloning, matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry, and expressed sequence tags database analysis. As the research progressed, the interest of researchers moved to identification of function of E-S products, which has shed further light on the intriguing relationships between parasites and hosts. Major constituents of the E-S products include 43-, 53-, and 45-kDa glycoprotein derived from the stichosome. Many proteins were discovered in E-S products after the 43-, 53-, and 45-kDa proteins although the relationships among them remain unclear. Some of the new proteins were partially defined in terms of their function including nuclear antigens, MyoD-like protein, TsJ5 protein, etc. There are better-characterized proteins based on the gene molecular method, which allow easier identification of the function of proteins of interest. Such examples were demonstrated by proteinases, proteinase inhibitors, heat shock proteins, glycosidases, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isao Nagano
- Department of Parasitology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Yanagido 1-1, Gifu 501-1194, Japan.
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Rodríguez E, Olmedo J, Ubeira FM, Blanco C, Gárate T. Mixed infection, Trichinella spiralis and Trichinella britovi, in a wild boar hunted in the Province of Cáceres (Spain). Exp Parasitol 2008; 119:430-2. [PMID: 18466901 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2008.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2007] [Revised: 03/05/2008] [Accepted: 03/20/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The etiological agents of human trichinellosis are distributed worldwide in domestic and wild animals. In Spain, two morphologically indistinguishable Trichinella species have been described--Trichinella spiralis and Trichinella britovi--that are perpetuated in both domestic and sylvatic cycles. The present work reports a double natural infection involving these species in a wild boar killed by hunters in the Province of Cáceres, Spain. After artificial digestion of the boar's muscles, nine larvae/g were collected. These were characterized by multiplex-PCR and Western-blotting using the Trichinella-specific monoclonal antibodies US5 and US9, and both T. spiralis and T. britovi were detected. The mechanism by which this wild boar came to acquire a mixed infection remains unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esperanza Rodríguez
- Servicio de Parasitología, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Carretera Majadahonda-Pozuelo Km 2, 28220 Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
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Species-specific antibody responses to the recombinant 53-kilodalton excretory and secretory proteins in mice infected with Trichinella spp. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2008; 15:468-73. [PMID: 18184826 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00467-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The 53-kDa proteins in larval excretory and secretory (E-S) products were expressed from five Trichinella species (T. spiralis, T. britovi, T. nativa, T. pseudospiralis, and T. papuae), using the Escherichia coli expression system, and the antibody responses to the 53-kDa recombinant proteins in mice infected with Trichinella spp. were analyzed by Western blotting. The 53-kDa protein is conserved among the five Trichinella species, with >60% similarity in amino acid sequences. The 53-kDa recombinant proteins of T. spiralis and T. pseudospiralis reacted to sera from mice infected with T. spiralis and T. pseudospiralis at 8 days postinfection (p.i.), respectively. An antibody against the 53-kDa recombinant protein of T. spiralis recognized the 53-kDa protein in the crude extracts from adult worms and 30-day p.i. muscle larvae and E-S products from muscle larvae of T. spiralis but did not recognize any proteins from T. pseudospiralis. The sera from the mice infected with T. spiralis strongly reacted with the 53-kDa recombinant protein of T. spiralis but did not react with the 53-kDa recombinant proteins of T. britovi, T. nativa, T. pseudospiralis, and T. papuae. Similarly, the sera from mice infected with T. britovi, T. nativa, T. pseudospiralis, or T. papuae strongly reacted with the 53-kDa recombinant proteins of T. britovi, T. nativa, T. pseudospiralis, or T. papuae, respectively. These results showed that the 53-kDa recombinant proteins provide early and species-specific antibody responses in mice infected with Trichinella spp.
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YÉPEZ-MULIA L, HERNÁNDEZ-BELLO R, ARIZMENDI-PUGA N, FONSECA-LIÑÁN R, ORTEGA-PIERRES G. Contributions to the study of Trichinella spiralis TSL-1 antigens in host immunity. Parasite Immunol 2007; 29:661-70. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3024.2007.00985.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Bolás-Fernandez F, Corral Bezara LD. TSL-1 antigens of Trichinella: An overview of their potential role in parasite invasion, survival and serodiagnosis of trichinellosis. Res Vet Sci 2006; 81:297-303. [PMID: 16516940 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2006.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2005] [Revised: 11/10/2005] [Accepted: 01/10/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The majority of studies on the immunobiology of Trichinella species have centred on the larval muscular phase (L1) with a view to identifying immunodominant antigens located on the surface of the cuticle and in the larval secretions; the nucleus of the parasite-host interaction. These antigens have been classified as eight groups (TSL-1-TSL-8), of which those belonging to the group TSL-1 have been most intensely studied. The principal constituents are glycoproteins, glycan carriers that contain a unusual sugar, the tyvelose (3,6-dideoxy-d-arabinohexose). Studies aimed at improving serodiagnostic techniques to detect trichinellosis indicate that these antigens are ideal candidates. They are capable of inducing a strong humoral response involving the generation of specific antibodies against beta-tyvelose, a sugar that seems to be exclusive to the Trichuroidea. Furthermore, these glycoproteins appear to fulfil an important function in the development and maintenance of the parasite in the muscular niche, and they appear to be fundamental for the invasion of the intestinal epithelium. It has also been demonstrated that specific monoclonal antibodies against tyvelose can mediate a degree of immunoprotection in the rat through the phenomenon known as rapid expulsion.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Bolás-Fernandez
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, Plaza de Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
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Jung D, Teifke JP, Karger A, Michael K, Venz S, Wittmann W, Kindermann K, Nöckler K, Mundt E. Evaluation of baculovirus-derived recombinant 53-kDa protein of Trichinella spiralis for detection of Trichinella-specific antibodies in domestic pigs by ELISA. Parasitol Res 2006; 100:429-37. [PMID: 17016726 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-006-0296-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2005] [Accepted: 07/26/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The complete gene encoding the 53-kDa protein derived from Trichinella spiralis was cloned and expressed using a baculovirus-based system. Characterization of a purified fusion protein consisting of the 53-kDa protein and the glutathione S-transferase protein showed unspecific reactivity with swine pre-immune serum in both enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and Western blot analysis. Subsequently, a purified C-terminal 6xHis-tagged 53-kDa protein was used in an ELISA. The evaluation of the test using a negative serum panel showed a high specificity for the ELISA. Serum panels of pigs infected with T. spiralis of two independent experiments showed that pigs of one experiment were tested positive by the ELISA, whereas all sera of the second experiment were negative, indicating a low sensitivity of the ELISA. Furthermore, experimental evidence was found by using mass spectroscopy and Western blot analysis that the 53-kDa protein was not part of the excretory/secretory antigen of T. spiralis as shown in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doreen Jung
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
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Escalante M, Romarís F, Rodríguez M, Rodríguez E, Leiro J, Gárate MT, Ubeira FM. Evaluation of Trichinella spiralis larva group 1 antigens for serodiagnosis of human trichinellosis. J Clin Microbiol 2004; 42:4060-6. [PMID: 15364990 PMCID: PMC516288 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.42.9.4060-4066.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
To identify Trichinella antigens suitable for high-specificity and high-sensitivity serodiagnosis of human trichinellosis, we evaluated assays using four antigens: (i) crude first-stage larval extract (CLE), (ii) O-deglycosylated CLE, (iii) tyvelose-bearing antigens (Trichinella spiralis larva group 1 [TSL-1] antigens) purified by US4 affinity chromatography and coupled directly to enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) plates (pTSL-1 antigens), and (iv) TSL-1 antigens immobilized on ELISA plates with the monoclonal antibody (MAb) US4 (cTSL-1 antigens). Assays using these antigens were compared by analysis of sera from healthy individuals (n = 224) (group 1), individuals with noninfectious intestinal pathologies (n = 114) (group 2), individuals with other parasitic infections (n = 107) (group 3), and individuals with confirmed trichinellosis (n = 42) (group 4). Our results indicate that capture ELISA using cTSL-1 antigens is the most effective method for serodiagnosis of human trichinellosis; this was the only method showing 100% specificity and 100% sensitivity at the patent stage of the infection, and it was also the most sensitive for sera obtained prior to patency in indirect immunofluorescence (IIF). Indirect ELISA with pTSL-1 antigens was also 100% specific but was slightly less sensitive, particularly with sera obtained before IIF patency. Inhibition ELISA with MAb US4 indicated (i) that in Trichinella-infected patients the immune response to TSL-1 antigens is directed mostly against tyvelose-containing epitopes (mean of 84.2% of total anti-TSL-1 immunoglobulin G1 [IgG1] antibody response [range, 51.3 to 97.6%]) and (ii) that in most individuals a large proportion of anti-CLE IgG1 antibodies (mean, 49.5%; range, 7.3 to 92.6%) are directed against tyvelose epitopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Escalante
- Laboratorio de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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