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Li Y, Chen Y, Cui J, Liu D, Zhang W, Xue C, Xiong X, Liu G, Chen H. Preparation and characterization of a neutralizing murine monoclonal antibody against tetanus toxin. J Immunol Methods 2023; 513:113427. [PMID: 36652969 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2023.113427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
After Clostridium tetani infects the human body, it propagates under anaerobic conditions and produces tetanus neurotoxin (TeNT). TeNT can affect the central nervous system, inhibit the release of neurotransmitters, and result in respiratory failure, which are the root causes of death in tetanus patients. Identifying monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) targeting TeNT with neutralizing activity is urgently needed for the prevention and treatment of tetanus infection. In this study, through immunizing BALB/c mice with tetanus toxoid (TT), we obtained six positive hybridoma cell lines (1A7, 2C7, 3A7, 3H4, 4C1, and 4E12). Antibody isotyping showed that the antibodies are all of the IgG1/κ subclass. Ascites fluid was prepared by allogeneic ascites induction and the antibodies were purified through protein G affinity chromatography columns. Purities of the produced murine mAbs were all greater than 95%. All six antibodies bound to linear epitopes, among which 3A7 bound to the TeNT/L domain and the other five antibodies bound to the TeNT/Hc domain. Moreover, the affinity constants of these six antibodies against the antigen were all in the nanomolar range, and the affinity of 4E12 antibody reached the picomolar range. Results from toxin-neutralization assays in mice showed that 2C7 antibody delayed animal death, while 1A7, 3A7, 3H4, and 4E12 antibodies conferred partial protection. Additionally, 4C1 antibody offered complete protection, as 200 μg of 4C1 antibody fully protected against toxin challenge with 10 LD50 of TeNT and had a window period of 1 h. Antibody epitope grouping results revealed that the binding epitopes of 4C1 antibody were different from those of the other five antibodies. When 4C1 antibody was used in combination with another antibody, the neutralizing activities of antibodies were all evidently enhanced. Specifically, 4C1 combined with 3A7 antibody led to the greatest improvement in neutralizing activities, and 20 μg antibodies total (10 + 10 μg) fully protected against toxin challenge with 10 LD50. When 4E12, 3A7, and 4C1 antibodies were used in combination, 18 μg antibodies total (6 + 6 + 6 μg) completely neutralized 10 LD50 toxin. The present study derived murine mAbs with neutralizing activities and laid the foundation for follow-up therapeutic drug development for TeNT poisoning as well as establishment of TeNT detection methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Li
- Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100080, China
| | - Yangyang Chen
- College of Pharmacy, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin 1500076, China
| | - Jiazhen Cui
- Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100080, China
| | - Dongqi Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin 1500076, China
| | - Weicai Zhang
- Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100080, China
| | - Chong Xue
- Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100080, China
| | - Xianghua Xiong
- Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100080, China.
| | - Gang Liu
- Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100080, China.
| | - Huipeng Chen
- Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100080, China.
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2
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Fuselli A, de Los Milagros Bürgi M, Kratje R, Prieto C. Generation and functional evaluation of novel monoclonal antibodies targeting glycosylated human stem cell factor. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 106:8121-8137. [PMID: 36401641 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-12282-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Human stem cell factor (hSCF) is an early-acting growth factor that promotes proliferation, differentiation, migration, and survival in several tissues. It plays a crucial role in hematopoiesis, gametogenesis, melanogenesis, intestinal motility, and in development and recovery of nervous and cardiovascular systems. Potential therapeutic applications comprise anemia treatment, mobilization of hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells to peripheral blood, and increasing gene transduction efficiency for gene therapy. Developing new tools to characterize recombinant hSCF in most native-like form as possible is crucial to understand the complexity of its in vivo functions and for improving its biotechnological applications. The soluble domain of hSCF was expressed in HEK293 cells. Highly purified rhSCF showed great molecular mass variability due to the presence of N- and O-linked carbohydrates, and it presented a 2.5-fold increase on proliferative activity compared to bacteria-derived hSCF. Three hybridoma clones producing monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) with high specificity for the glycoprotein were obtained. 1C4 and 2D3 mAbs were able to detect bacteria-derived and glycosylated rhSCF and demonstrated to be excellent candidates to develop a sandwich ELISA assay for rhSCF quantification, with detection limits of 0.18 and 0.07 ng/ml, respectively. Interestingly, 1A10 mAb only recognized glycosylated rhSCF, suggesting that sugar moieties might be involved in epitope recognition. 1A10 mAb showed the highest binding affinity, and it constituted the best candidate for immunodetection of the entire set rhSCF glycoforms in western blot assays, and for intracellular cytokine staining. Our work shows that combining glycosylated rhSCF expression with hybridoma technology is a powerful strategy to obtain specific suitable immunochemical assays and thus improve glycoprotein-producing bioprocesses. KEY POINTS: • Soluble glycosylated human SCF exerted improved proliferative activity on UT-7 cells. • Three mAbs with high specificity targeting glycosylated human SCF were obtained. • mAbs applications comprise sandwich ELISA, western blot, and immunofluorescence assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonela Fuselli
- UNL, CONICET, FBCB (School of Biochemistry and Biological Sciences), CBL (Biotechnological Center of Litoral), Cell Culture Laboratory, Ciudad Universitaria, Ruta Nacional 168, Km 472.4, C.C. 242 (S3000ZAA), Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - María de Los Milagros Bürgi
- UNL, CONICET, FBCB (School of Biochemistry and Biological Sciences), CBL (Biotechnological Center of Litoral), Cell Culture Laboratory, Ciudad Universitaria, Ruta Nacional 168, Km 472.4, C.C. 242 (S3000ZAA), Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Ricardo Kratje
- UNL, CONICET, FBCB (School of Biochemistry and Biological Sciences), CBL (Biotechnological Center of Litoral), Cell Culture Laboratory, Ciudad Universitaria, Ruta Nacional 168, Km 472.4, C.C. 242 (S3000ZAA), Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Claudio Prieto
- UNL, FBCB (School of Biochemistry and Biological Sciences), CBL (Biotechnological Center of Litoral), Biotechnological Development Laboratory, Ciudad Universitaria, Ruta Nacional 168, Km 472.4, C.C. 242 (S3000ZAA), Santa Fe, Argentina.
- Cellargen Biotech S.R.L., Antonia Godoy 6369 (S3000ZAA), Santa Fe, Argentina.
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3
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Sokurenko EV, Tchesnokova V, Interlandi G, Klevit R, Thomas WE. Neutralizing antibodies against allosteric proteins: insights from a bacterial adhesin. J Mol Biol 2022; 434:167717. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2022.167717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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4
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Pérez de la Lastra JM, Baca-González V, González-Acosta S, Asensio-Calavia P, Otazo-Pérez A, Morales-delaNuez A. Antibodies targeting enzyme inhibition as potential tools for research and drug development. Biomol Concepts 2021; 12:215-232. [PMID: 35104929 DOI: 10.1515/bmc-2021-0021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibodies have transformed biomedical research and are now being used for different experimental applications. Generally, the interaction of enzymes with their specific antibodies can lead to a reduction in their enzymatic activity. The effect of the antibody is dependent on its narrow i.e. the regions of the enzyme to which it is directed. The mechanism of this inhibition is rarely a direct combination of the antibodies with the catalytic site, but is rather due to steric hindrance, barring the substrate access to the active site. In several systems, however, the interaction with the antibody induces conformational changes on the enzyme that can either inhibit or enhance its catalytic activity. The extent of enzyme inhibition or enhancement is, therefore, a reflection of the nature and distribution of the various antigenic determinants on the enzyme molecule. Currently, the mode of action of many enzymes has been elucidated at the molecular level. We here review the molecular mechanisms and recent trends by which antibodies inhibit the catalytic activity of enzymes and provide examples of how specific antibodies can be useful for the neutralization of biologically active molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Manuel Pérez de la Lastra
- Biotechnology of macromolecules. Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología (IPNA-CSIC), San Cristóbal de la Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Victoria Baca-González
- Biotechnology of macromolecules. Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología (IPNA-CSIC), San Cristóbal de la Laguna, Tenerife, Spain.,Escuela Doctorado y Estudios de Posgrado. Universidad de La Laguna (ULL). C/ Pedro Zerolo, s/n. 38200. San Cristóbal de La Laguna. S/C de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Sergio González-Acosta
- Biotechnology of macromolecules. Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología (IPNA-CSIC), San Cristóbal de la Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Patricia Asensio-Calavia
- Biotechnology of macromolecules. Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología (IPNA-CSIC), San Cristóbal de la Laguna, Tenerife, Spain.,Escuela Doctorado y Estudios de Posgrado. Universidad de La Laguna (ULL). C/ Pedro Zerolo, s/n. 38200. San Cristóbal de La Laguna. S/C de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Andrea Otazo-Pérez
- Biotechnology of macromolecules. Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología (IPNA-CSIC), San Cristóbal de la Laguna, Tenerife, Spain.,Escuela Doctorado y Estudios de Posgrado. Universidad de La Laguna (ULL). C/ Pedro Zerolo, s/n. 38200. San Cristóbal de La Laguna. S/C de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Antonio Morales-delaNuez
- Biotechnology of macromolecules. Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología (IPNA-CSIC), San Cristóbal de la Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
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Hargreaves A, Brady C, Mellors J, Tipton T, Carroll MW, Longet S. Filovirus Neutralising Antibodies: Mechanisms of Action and Therapeutic Application. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10091201. [PMID: 34578233 PMCID: PMC8468515 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10091201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Filoviruses, especially Ebola virus, cause sporadic outbreaks of viral haemorrhagic fever with very high case fatality rates in Africa. The 2013–2016 Ebola epidemic in West Africa provided large survivor cohorts spurring a large number of human studies which showed that specific neutralising antibodies played a key role in protection following a natural Ebola virus infection, as part of the overall humoral response and in conjunction with the cellular adaptive response. This review will discuss the studies in survivors and animal models which described protective neutralising antibody response. Their mechanisms of action will be detailed. Furthermore, the importance of neutralising antibodies in antibody-based therapeutics and in vaccine-induced responses will be explained, as well as the strategies to avoid immune escape from neutralising antibodies. Understanding the neutralising antibody response in the context of filoviruses is crucial to furthering our understanding of virus structure and function, in addition to improving current vaccines & antibody-based therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Hargreaves
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK; (A.H.); (C.B.); (J.M.); (T.T.); (M.W.C.)
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK
| | - Caolann Brady
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK; (A.H.); (C.B.); (J.M.); (T.T.); (M.W.C.)
| | - Jack Mellors
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK; (A.H.); (C.B.); (J.M.); (T.T.); (M.W.C.)
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
- Department of Infection Biology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZX, UK
| | - Tom Tipton
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK; (A.H.); (C.B.); (J.M.); (T.T.); (M.W.C.)
| | - Miles W. Carroll
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK; (A.H.); (C.B.); (J.M.); (T.T.); (M.W.C.)
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Stephanie Longet
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK; (A.H.); (C.B.); (J.M.); (T.T.); (M.W.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-18-6561-7892
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6
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Scarrone M, González-Techera A, Alvez-Rosado R, Delfin-Riela T, Modernell Á, González-Sapienza G, Lassabe G. Development of anti-human IgM nanobodies as universal reagents for general immunodiagnostics. N Biotechnol 2021; 64:9-16. [PMID: 33984500 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2021.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Nanobodies are the smallest antibody fragments which bind to antigens with high affinity and specificity. Due to their outstanding physicochemical stability, simplicity and cost-effective production, nanobodies have become powerful agents in therapeutic and diagnostic applications. In this work, the advantages of nanobodies were exploited to develop generic and standardized anti-human IgM reagents for serology and IgM+ B-cell analysis. Selection of anti-IgM nanobodies was carried out by evaluating their yields, stability, binding kinetics and cross-reactivity with other Ig isotypes. High affinity nanobodies were selected with dissociation constants (KDs) in the nM range and high sensitivities for detection of total IgM by ELISA. The nanobodies also proved to be useful for capturing IgM in the serodiagnosis of an acute infection as demonstrated by detection of specific IgM in sera of dengue virus patients. Finally, due to the lack of an Fc region, the selected nanobodies do not require Fc receptor blocking steps, facilitating the immunophenotyping of IgM+ cells by flow cytometry, an important means of diagnosis of immunodeficiencies and B-cell lymphoproliferative disorders. This work describes versatile anti-IgM nanobodies that, due to their recombinant nature and ease of reproduction at low cost, may represent an advantageous alternative to conventional anti-IgM antibodies in research and diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Scarrone
- Department of Immunology, DEPBIO, Faculty of Chemistry, Hygiene Institute, UDELAR, Av. A. Navarro 3051, 11600, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Andrés González-Techera
- Department of Immunology, DEPBIO, Faculty of Chemistry, Hygiene Institute, UDELAR, Av. A. Navarro 3051, 11600, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Romina Alvez-Rosado
- Department of Immunology, DEPBIO, Faculty of Chemistry, Hygiene Institute, UDELAR, Av. A. Navarro 3051, 11600, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Triana Delfin-Riela
- Department of Immunology, DEPBIO, Faculty of Chemistry, Hygiene Institute, UDELAR, Av. A. Navarro 3051, 11600, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | | | - Gualberto González-Sapienza
- Department of Immunology, DEPBIO, Faculty of Chemistry, Hygiene Institute, UDELAR, Av. A. Navarro 3051, 11600, Montevideo, Uruguay.
| | - Gabriel Lassabe
- Department of Immunology, DEPBIO, Faculty of Chemistry, Hygiene Institute, UDELAR, Av. A. Navarro 3051, 11600, Montevideo, Uruguay.
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7
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Szteiter SS, Diego IN, Ortegon J, Salinas EM, Cirilo A, Reyes A, Sanchez O, Suntravat M, Salazar E, Sánchez EE, Galan JA. Examination of the Efficacy and Cross-Reactivity of a Novel Polyclonal Antibody Targeting the Disintegrin Domain in SVMPs to Neutralize Snake Venom. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:254. [PMID: 33807363 PMCID: PMC8066378 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13040254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Snake envenomation can result in hemorrhage, local necrosis, swelling, and if not treated properly can lead to adverse systemic effects such as coagulopathy, nephrotoxicity, neurotoxicity, and cardiotoxicity, which can result in death. As such, snake venom metalloproteinases (SVMPs) and disintegrins are two toxic components that contribute to hemorrhage and interfere with the hemostatic system. Administration of a commercial antivenom is the common antidote to treat snake envenomation, but the high-cost, lack of efficacy, side effects, and limited availability, necessitates the development of new strategies and approaches for therapeutic treatments. Herein, we describe the neutralization ability of anti-disintegrin polyclonal antibody on the activities of isolated disintegrins, P-II/P-III SVMPs, and crude venoms. Our results show disintegrin activity on platelet aggregation in whole blood and the migration of the SK-Mel-28 cells that can be neutralized with anti-disintegrin polyclonal antibody. We characterized a SVMP and found that anti-disintegrin was also able to inhibit its activity in an in vitro proteolytic assay. Moreover, we found that anti-disintegrin could neutralize the proteolytic and hemorrhagic activities from crude Crotalus atrox venom. Our results suggest that anti-disintegrin polyclonal antibodies have the potential for a targeted approach to neutralize SVMPs in the treatment of snakebite envenomations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelby S. Szteiter
- National Natural Toxins Research Center (NNTRC), Texas A&M University-Kingsville, MSC 224, 975 West Avenue B, Kingsville, TX 78363, USA; (S.S.S.); (I.N.D.); (J.O.); (E.M.S.); (A.C.); (A.R.); (O.S.); (M.S.); (E.S.)
| | - Ilse N. Diego
- National Natural Toxins Research Center (NNTRC), Texas A&M University-Kingsville, MSC 224, 975 West Avenue B, Kingsville, TX 78363, USA; (S.S.S.); (I.N.D.); (J.O.); (E.M.S.); (A.C.); (A.R.); (O.S.); (M.S.); (E.S.)
| | - Jonathan Ortegon
- National Natural Toxins Research Center (NNTRC), Texas A&M University-Kingsville, MSC 224, 975 West Avenue B, Kingsville, TX 78363, USA; (S.S.S.); (I.N.D.); (J.O.); (E.M.S.); (A.C.); (A.R.); (O.S.); (M.S.); (E.S.)
| | - Eliana M. Salinas
- National Natural Toxins Research Center (NNTRC), Texas A&M University-Kingsville, MSC 224, 975 West Avenue B, Kingsville, TX 78363, USA; (S.S.S.); (I.N.D.); (J.O.); (E.M.S.); (A.C.); (A.R.); (O.S.); (M.S.); (E.S.)
| | - Abcde Cirilo
- National Natural Toxins Research Center (NNTRC), Texas A&M University-Kingsville, MSC 224, 975 West Avenue B, Kingsville, TX 78363, USA; (S.S.S.); (I.N.D.); (J.O.); (E.M.S.); (A.C.); (A.R.); (O.S.); (M.S.); (E.S.)
| | - Armando Reyes
- National Natural Toxins Research Center (NNTRC), Texas A&M University-Kingsville, MSC 224, 975 West Avenue B, Kingsville, TX 78363, USA; (S.S.S.); (I.N.D.); (J.O.); (E.M.S.); (A.C.); (A.R.); (O.S.); (M.S.); (E.S.)
| | - Oscar Sanchez
- National Natural Toxins Research Center (NNTRC), Texas A&M University-Kingsville, MSC 224, 975 West Avenue B, Kingsville, TX 78363, USA; (S.S.S.); (I.N.D.); (J.O.); (E.M.S.); (A.C.); (A.R.); (O.S.); (M.S.); (E.S.)
| | - Montamas Suntravat
- National Natural Toxins Research Center (NNTRC), Texas A&M University-Kingsville, MSC 224, 975 West Avenue B, Kingsville, TX 78363, USA; (S.S.S.); (I.N.D.); (J.O.); (E.M.S.); (A.C.); (A.R.); (O.S.); (M.S.); (E.S.)
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University-Kingsville, MSC 161, Kingsville, TX 78363, USA
| | - Emelyn Salazar
- National Natural Toxins Research Center (NNTRC), Texas A&M University-Kingsville, MSC 224, 975 West Avenue B, Kingsville, TX 78363, USA; (S.S.S.); (I.N.D.); (J.O.); (E.M.S.); (A.C.); (A.R.); (O.S.); (M.S.); (E.S.)
| | - Elda E. Sánchez
- National Natural Toxins Research Center (NNTRC), Texas A&M University-Kingsville, MSC 224, 975 West Avenue B, Kingsville, TX 78363, USA; (S.S.S.); (I.N.D.); (J.O.); (E.M.S.); (A.C.); (A.R.); (O.S.); (M.S.); (E.S.)
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University-Kingsville, MSC 161, Kingsville, TX 78363, USA
| | - Jacob A. Galan
- National Natural Toxins Research Center (NNTRC), Texas A&M University-Kingsville, MSC 224, 975 West Avenue B, Kingsville, TX 78363, USA; (S.S.S.); (I.N.D.); (J.O.); (E.M.S.); (A.C.); (A.R.); (O.S.); (M.S.); (E.S.)
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University-Kingsville, MSC 161, Kingsville, TX 78363, USA
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Zhao J, Mohan N, Nussinov R, Ma B, Wu WJ. Trastuzumab Blocks the Receiver Function of HER2 Leading to the Population Shifts of HER2-Containing Homodimers and Heterodimers. Antibodies (Basel) 2021; 10:antib10010007. [PMID: 33557368 PMCID: PMC7931022 DOI: 10.3390/antib10010007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
HER2, a member of the Erythroblastosis Protein B/Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (ErbB/HER) family of receptor tyrosine kinase, is overexpressed in 20~30% of human breast cancers. Trastuzumab, a HER2-targeted therapeutic monoclonal antibody, was developed to interfere with the homodimerization of HER2 in HER2-overexpressing breast cancer cells, which attenuates HER2-mediated signaling. Trastuzumab binds to the domain IV of the HER2 extracellular domain and does not directly block the dimerization interface of HER2-HER2 molecules. The three-dimensional structures of the tyrosine kinase domains of ErbB/HER family receptors show asymmetrical packing of the two monomers with distinct conformations. One monomer functions as an activator, whereas the other acts as a receiver. Once activated, the receiver monomer phosphorylates the activator or other proteins. Interestingly, in our previous work, we found that the binding of trastuzumab induced phosphorylation of HER2 with the phosphorylation pattern of HER2 that is different from that mediated by epidermal growth factor (EGF) in human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-positive breast cancer. Binding of trastuzumab to HER2 promoted an allosteric effect of HER2, in both tyrosine kinase domain and ectodomain of HER2 although details of allosteric regulation were missing. In this study, we utilized molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to model the allosteric consequences of trastuzumab binding to HER2 homodimers and heterodimers, along with the apo forms as controls. We focused on the conformational changes of HER2 in its monomeric and dimeric forms. The data indicated the apparent dual role of trastuzumab as an antagonist and an agonist. The molecular details of the simulation provide an atomic level description and molecular insight into the action of HER2-targeted antibody therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhao
- Division of Biotechnology Review and Research 1, Office of Biotechnology Products, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA;
- Interagency Oncology Task Force (IOTF) Fellowship: Oncology Product Research/Review Fellow, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
- Correspondence: (J.Z.); (W.J.W.); Tel.: +1-240-402-6715 (W.J.W.)
| | - Nishant Mohan
- Division of Biotechnology Review and Research 1, Office of Biotechnology Products, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA;
| | - Ruth Nussinov
- Basic Science Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Cancer and Inflammation Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (R.N.)
| | - Buyong Ma
- Basic Science Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Cancer and Inflammation Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (R.N.)
| | - Wen Jin Wu
- Division of Biotechnology Review and Research 1, Office of Biotechnology Products, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA;
- Correspondence: (J.Z.); (W.J.W.); Tel.: +1-240-402-6715 (W.J.W.)
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9
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Tarasov SA, Gorbunov EA, Don ES, Emelyanova AG, Kovalchuk AL, Yanamala N, Schleker ASS, Klein-Seetharaman J, Groenestein R, Tafani JP, van der Meide P, Epstein OI. Insights into the Mechanism of Action of Highly Diluted Biologics. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 205:1345-1354. [PMID: 32727888 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The therapeutic use of Abs in cancer, autoimmunity, transplantation, and other fields is among the major biopharmaceutical advances of the 20th century. Broader use of Ab-based drugs is constrained because of their high production costs and frequent side effects. One promising approach to overcome these limitations is the use of highly diluted Abs, which are produced by gradual reduction of an Ab concentration to an extremely low level. This technology was used to create a group of drugs for the treatment of various diseases, depending on the specificity of the used Abs. Highly diluted Abs to IFN-γ (hd-anti-IFN-γ) have been demonstrated to be efficacious against influenza and other respiratory infections in a variety of preclinical and clinical studies. In the current study, we provide evidence for a possible mechanism of action of hd-anti-IFN-γ. Using high-resolution solution nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, we show that the drug induced conformational changes in the IFN-γ molecule. Chemical shift changes occurred in the amino acids located primarily at the dimer interface and at the C-terminal region of IFN-γ. These molecular changes could be crucial for the function of the protein, as evidenced by an observed hd-anti-IFN-γ-induced increase in the specific binding of IFN-γ to its receptor in U937 cells, enhanced induced production of IFN-γ in human PBMC culture, and increased survival of influenza A-infected mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey A Tarasov
- OOO "NPF "Materia Medica Holding," 127473 Moscow, Russian Federation.,The Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, 125315 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | | | - Elena S Don
- OOO "NPF "Materia Medica Holding," 127473 Moscow, Russian Federation.,The Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, 125315 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Alexandra G Emelyanova
- OOO "NPF "Materia Medica Holding," 127473 Moscow, Russian Federation.,The Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, 125315 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | | | - Naveena Yanamala
- Department of Structural Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15260
| | - A Sylvia S Schleker
- Department of Structural Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15260
| | - Judith Klein-Seetharaman
- Department of Structural Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15260
| | | | | | | | - Oleg I Epstein
- OOO "NPF "Materia Medica Holding," 127473 Moscow, Russian Federation.,The Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, 125315 Moscow, Russian Federation
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10
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Nonga OE, Lavogina D, Ivan T, Viht K, Enkvist E, Uri A. Discovery of strong inhibitory properties of a monoclonal antibody of PKA and use of the antibody and a competitive photoluminescent orthosteric probe for analysis of the protein kinase. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2020; 1868:140427. [PMID: 32283249 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2020.140427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 03/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We show that the antibody, clone mAb(D38C6), of the α isoform of the catalytic subunit of PKA (PKAcα) inhibits the kinase-catalyzed phosphorylation with low-nanomolar inhibitory potency (Ki = 2.4 nM). This property of the antibody was established by its capacity to displace a synthetic small-molecule active site-binding (orthosteric) photoluminescent ARC-Lum(Fluo) probe from the complex with PKAcα. Likely, the competitiveness of association of the two binders with the protein is coming from two excluding conformations of PKAcα to which the binders bind. mAb(D38C6) possesses a linear peptide epitope and it binds to the disordered C-tail of unliganded inactive conformer of PKAcα. ARC-Lum(Fluo) probes bind to the ordered and active conformation of PKAcα with Phe327 residue from the C-tail taking part in the formation of the active core. Consecutive application of these competitive PKAcα binders was used to develop an immunoassay allowing the determination of PKAcα concentration in complex biological solutions. At first, PKAcα was captured from the solution by the isoform-specific antibody and thereafter a high-affinity ARC-Lum(Fluo) probe was used to displace PKAcα from the binary complex. The developed immunoassay could be used for quantification of small amounts (starting from 93 pg, 2.3 fmol) of PKAcα in cell lysates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Etebe Nonga
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Tartu, 14A Ravila St., 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Darja Lavogina
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Tartu, 14A Ravila St., 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Taavi Ivan
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Tartu, 14A Ravila St., 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Kaido Viht
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Tartu, 14A Ravila St., 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Erki Enkvist
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Tartu, 14A Ravila St., 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Asko Uri
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Tartu, 14A Ravila St., 50411 Tartu, Estonia.
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11
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Chiang MH, Yang YS, Sun JR, Wang YC, Kuo SC, Lee YT, Chuang YP, Chen TL. Confronting Tigecycline-Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii via Immunization Against Conserved Resistance Determinants. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:536. [PMID: 32296411 PMCID: PMC7136391 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial-resistant (AMR) bacterial infections, including those caused by Acinetobacter baumannii, have emerged as a clinical crisis worldwide. Immunization with AMR determinants has been suggested as a novel approach to combat AMR bacteria, but has not been validated. The present study targeted tigecycline (TGC) resistance determinants in A. baumannii to test the feasibility of this approach. Using bioinformatic tools, four candidates, AdeA, AdeI, AdeK, and TolC, belonging to the resistance-nodulation-division (RND) efflux pump were identified as highly conserved and exposed antigens from 15 A. baumannii genomes. Antisera generated from recombinant proteins showed the capability to reserve Hoechst 33342, a substrate of the efflux pump, in bacterial cells. The rTolC antisera had the highest complement-dependent killing and opsonophagocytosis effect compared to the sera from phosphate-buffered saline immunized mice. Among the antisera, anti-rAdeK-specific antisera decreased the minimal inhibitory concentration of TGC in 26.7% of the tested isolates. Immunization with rAdeK significantly potentiated TGC efficacy in treating TGC-resistant A. baumannii pneumonia in the murine model. The bacterial load (7.5 × 105 vs. 3.8 × 107, p < 0.01) and neutrophil infiltration in the peri-bronchial vasculature region of immunized mice was significantly lower compared to the PBS-immunized mice when TGC was administrated concomitantly. Collectively, these results suggest that active immunization against resistance determinants might be a feasible approach to combat multidrug-resistant pathogens in high risk population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Hsien Chiang
- Department and Graduate Institute of Biology and Anatomy, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Sung Yang
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jun-Ren Sun
- Institute of Preventive Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Chih Wang
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Chen Kuo
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Tzu Lee
- School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Emergency Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ping Chuang
- Department and Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Te-Li Chen
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
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12
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Lukic I, Filipovic A, Inic-Kanada A, Marinkovic E, Miljkovic R, Stojanovic M. Cooperative binding of anti-tetanus toxin monoclonal antibodies: Implications for designing an efficient biclonal preparation to prevent tetanus toxin intoxication. Vaccine 2018; 36:3764-3771. [PMID: 29773320 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.05.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Revised: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Oligoclonal combinations of several monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) are being considered for the treatment of various infectious pathologies. These combinations are less sensitive to antigen structural changes than individual MAbs; at the same time, their characteristics can be more efficiently controlled than those of polyclonal antibodies. The main goal of this study was to evaluate the binding characteristics of six biclonal equimolar preparations (BEP) of tetanus toxin (TeNT)-specific MAbs and to investigate how the MAb combination influences the BEPs' protective capacity. We show that a combination of TeNT-specific MAbs, which not only bind TeNT but also exert positive cooperative effects, results in a BEP with superior binding characteristics and protective capacity, when compared with the individual component MAbs. Furthermore, we show that a MAb with only partial protective capacity but positive effects on the binding of the other BEP component can be used as a valuable constituent of the BEP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Lukic
- Department of Research and Development, Institute of Virology, Vaccines and Sera - TORLAK, Vojvode Stepe 458, 11152 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ana Filipovic
- Department of Research and Development, Institute of Virology, Vaccines and Sera - TORLAK, Vojvode Stepe 458, 11152 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Aleksandra Inic-Kanada
- OCUVAC - LBCE, Institute of Specific Prophylaxis and Tropical Medicine, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Kinderspitalgasse 15, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Emilija Marinkovic
- Department of Research and Development, Institute of Virology, Vaccines and Sera - TORLAK, Vojvode Stepe 458, 11152 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Radmila Miljkovic
- Department of Research and Development, Institute of Virology, Vaccines and Sera - TORLAK, Vojvode Stepe 458, 11152 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marijana Stojanovic
- Department of Research and Development, Institute of Virology, Vaccines and Sera - TORLAK, Vojvode Stepe 458, 11152 Belgrade, Serbia.
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13
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Lin M, Krawitz D, Callahan MD, Deperalta G, Wecksler AT. Characterization of ELISA Antibody-Antigen Interaction using Footprinting-Mass Spectrometry and Negative Staining Transmission Electron Microscopy. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2018; 29:961-971. [PMID: 29512051 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-017-1883-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We describe epitope mapping data using multiple covalent labeling footprinting-mass spectrometry (MS) techniques coupled with negative stain transmission electron microscopy (TEM) data to analyze the antibody-antigen interactions in a sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA). Our hydroxyl radical footprinting-MS data using fast photochemical oxidation of proteins (FPOP) indicates suppression of labeling across the antigen upon binding either of the monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) utilized in the ELISA. Combining these data with Western blot analysis enabled the identification of the putative epitopes that appeared to span regions containing N-linked glycans. An additional structural mapping technique, carboxyl group footprinting-mass spectrometry using glycine ethyl ester (GEE) labeling, was used to confirm the epitopes. Deglycosylation of the antigen resulted in loss of potency in the ELISA, supporting the FPOP and GEE labeling data by indicating N-linked glycans are necessary for antigen binding. Finally, mapping of the epitopes onto the antigen crystal structure revealed an approximate 90° relative spatial orientation, optimal for a noncompetitive binding ELISA. TEM data shows both linear and diamond antibody-antigen complexes with a similar binding orientation as predicted from the two footprinting-MS techniques. This study is the first of its kind to utilize multiple bottom-up footprinting-MS techniques and TEM visualization to characterize the monoclonal antibody-antigen binding interactions of critical reagents used in a quality control (QC) lot-release ELISA. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret Lin
- Analytical Operations, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Denise Krawitz
- CMC Paradigms LLC, 49 Oak Springs Drive, San Anselmo, CA, 94960, USA
| | - Matthew D Callahan
- Protein Analytical Chemistry, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Galahad Deperalta
- Protein Analytical Chemistry, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Aaron T Wecksler
- Protein Analytical Chemistry, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA.
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14
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Kiseleva EP, Mikhailopulo KI, Zdorovenko EL, Knirel YA, Novik GI. Linear α-(1 → 6)-d-glucan from Bifidobacterium bifidum BIM В-733D is low molecular mass biopolymer with unique immunochemical properties. Carbohydr Res 2017; 466:39-50. [PMID: 29422338 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2017.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Revised: 12/02/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Role of microorganisms in induction of/protection from autoimmune diseases is proven though molecular mechanisms and bacterial/viral/yeast biopolymers responsible for these effects are in the research stage. Autoantobodies (AAbs) to thyroid peroxidase (anti-TPO) and thyroglobulin (anti-Tg) as well as AAbs to transglutaminase 2 (anti-TG2) and antibodies to gliadins (anti-gliadins) are serological markers of autoimmune thyroid disease and celiac disease, respectively, and players in pathogenesis of these autoimmune diseases. In current study, biopolymer of Bifidobacterium bifidum BIM В-733D that interacts selectively with anti-gliadins (Bb-Ganti-gliadins) was isolated by affinity chromatography with anti-gliadins, purified by size exclusion chromatography on TSK 40 gel and identified by NMR as linear α-(1 → 6)-d-glucan with molecular mass about 5000 Da. It was proven that compounds Bb-Ganti-gliadins and Bb-Ganti-TPO/Bb-Ganti-Tg isolated early from the same strain [Kiseleva, E. P. et al., Benef Microbes.2013, 4, 375 -391] are the same substance designated GBb. Its unique immunochemical property is the ability to interact selectively with anti-TPO, anti-Tg, anti-TG2 and anti-gliadins in presence of no less than 10-fold excess of total immunoglobulins of class G (tIgG), as it was proven by ELISA. Synthesis of GBb-bovine serum albumin (GBb-BSA) conjugate is an example of increasing the reliability and reproducibility of ELISA results by mediated immobilization of a polysaccharide covalently attached to a well-adsorbed protein. Taking into account that there are population of bispecific anti-gliadins (anti-gliadins and anti-TG2 simultaneously) we regard our data as first argument in favor of hypothesis that GBb differentiates between human AAbs per se and other human Ig (e.g. antibodies to antigens of infectious agents) due to its binding with a yet unidentified site which is present in the molecules of all AAbs (independently on their specificity) and absent in other human Igs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena P Kiseleva
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Minsk, Belarus.
| | | | - Evelina L Zdorovenko
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Yuriy A Knirel
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Galina I Novik
- Institute of Microbiology, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Minsk, Belarus
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15
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Ettayapuram Ramaprasad AS, Uddin S, Casas-Finet J, Jacobs DJ. Decomposing Dynamical Couplings in Mutated scFv Antibody Fragments into Stabilizing and Destabilizing Effects. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:17508-17517. [PMID: 29139290 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b09268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Conformational fluctuations within scFv antibodies are characterized by a novel perturbation-response decomposition of molecular dynamics trajectories. Both perturbation and response profiles are stratified into stabilizing and destabilizing conditions. The linker between the VH and VL domains exhibits the dominant dynamical response by being coupled to nearly the entire protein, responding to both stabilizing and destabilizing perturbations. Perturbations within complementarity-determining regions (CDR) induce rich behavior in dynamic response. Among many effects, stabilizing any CDR loop in the VH domain triggers a destabilizing response in all CDR loops in the VL domain and vice versa. Destabilizing residues within the VL domain are likely to stabilize all CDR loops in the VH domain, and, when these residues are not buried, the CDR loops in the VL domain are also likely to be stabilized. These effects, described by shifts in normal mode characteristics, initiate a propensity for dynamic allostery with possible functional implications in bispecific antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shahid Uddin
- Formulation Sciences, MedImmune Ltd. , Cambridge CB21 6GH, United Kingdom
| | - Jose Casas-Finet
- Analytical Biochemistry Department, MedImmune LLC , Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878, United States
| | - Donald J Jacobs
- Department of Physics and Optical Science, University of North Carolina at Charlotte , Charlotte, North Carolina 28223, United States
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16
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Epitope-dependent mechanisms of CD27 neutralization revealed by X-ray crystallography. Mol Immunol 2017; 83:92-99. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2017.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2016] [Revised: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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17
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Tan W, Meng Y, Li H, Chen Y, Han S, Zeng J, Huang A, Li B, Zhang Y, Guo Y. A bispecific antibody against two different epitopes on hepatitis B surface antigen has potent hepatitis B virus neutralizing activity. MAbs 2015; 5:946-55. [PMID: 24492346 DOI: 10.4161/mabs.26390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Treatment of chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection with interferon and viral reverse transcriptase inhibitor regimens results in poor viral clearance, loss of response, and emergence of drug-resistant mutant virus strains. These problems continue to drive the development of new therapeutic approaches to combat HBV. Here, we engineered a bispecific antibody using two monoclonal antibodies cloned from hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)-specific memory B cells from recombinant HBsAg-vaccinated healthy volunteers. Next, we evaluated its efficacy in neutralizing HBV in HepaRG cells. This bispecific antibody, denoted as C4D2-BsAb, had superior HBV-neutralizing activity compared with the combination of both parental monoclonal antibodies, possibly through steric hindrance or induction of HBsAg conformational changes. Moreover, C4D2-BsAb has superior endocytotic characteristics into hepatocytes, which inhibits the secretion of HBsAg. These results suggest that the anti-HBsAg bispecific antibody may be an effective treatment method against HBV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenlong Tan
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology; Institutes of Medical Sciences; Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; Shanghai, China
| | - Yanchun Meng
- International Joint Cancer Institute; Second Military Medical University; Shanghai, China
| | - Hui Li
- PLA General Hospital Cancer Center; PLA School of Medical Sciences; Beijing, China
| | - Yang Chen
- PLA General Hospital Cancer Center; PLA School of Medical Sciences; Beijing, China
| | - Siqi Han
- PLA General Hospital Cancer Center; PLA School of Medical Sciences; Beijing, China
| | - Jing Zeng
- PLA General Hospital Cancer Center; PLA School of Medical Sciences; Beijing, China
| | - Ang Huang
- PLA General Hospital Cancer Center; PLA School of Medical Sciences; Beijing, China
| | - Bohua Li
- International Joint Cancer Institute; Second Military Medical University; Shanghai, China
| | - Yanyun Zhang
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology; Institutes of Medical Sciences; Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; Shanghai, China
| | - Yajun Guo
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology; Institutes of Medical Sciences; Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; Shanghai, China; International Joint Cancer Institute; Second Military Medical University; Shanghai, China; PLA General Hospital Cancer Center; PLA School of Medical Sciences; Beijing, China
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18
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Jones LM, B Sperry J, A Carroll J, Gross ML. Fast photochemical oxidation of proteins for epitope mapping. Anal Chem 2011; 83:7657-61. [PMID: 21894996 DOI: 10.1021/ac2007366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The growing use of monoclonal antibodies as therapeutics underscores the importance of epitope mapping as an essential step in characterizing antibody-antigen complexes. The use of protein footprinting coupled with mass spectrometry, which is emerging as a tool in structural biology, offers opportunities to map antibody-binding regions of antigens. We report here the use of footprinting via fast photochemical oxidation of proteins (FPOP) with OH radicals to characterize the epitope of the serine protease thrombin. The data correlate well with previously published results that determined the epitope of thrombin. This study marks the first time oxidative labeling has been used for epitope mapping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M Jones
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, USA.
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19
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Evidence for the presence of GPRC6A receptors in rat mesenteric arteries. Cell Calcium 2008; 44:210-9. [PMID: 18221783 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2007.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2007] [Revised: 10/10/2007] [Accepted: 11/24/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the presence of GPRC6A receptors in rat mesenteric artery was investigated. In artery homogenates, GPRC6A mRNA was detected and Western blotting showed the presence of GPRC6A protein. Immunohistochemical studies revealed GPRC6A in both endothelial cells and myocytes. In whole vessel segments, the GPRC6A activators, 300 microM l-ornithine and 100 microM Al(3+), induced endothelium-dependent myocyte hyperpolarizations sensitive to 10 microM TRAM-34, a blocker of intermediate conductance, Ca(2+)-sensitive K(+) channels (IK(Ca)). Activation of IK(Ca) with calindol (300 nM; a positive allosteric Ca(2+)-sensing receptor - CaR - modulator) was inhibited by 500 nM ouabain (inhibition of rat type 2 and type 3 Na(+)/K(+)-ATPases) but unaffected by 30 microM Ba(2+) (blockade of inwardly rectifying K(+) channels). Neither l-ornithine nor Al(3+) activated CaRs heterologously expressed in CHO or HEK293 cells. In the presence of 300 microM l-ornithine or 100 microM Al(3+), myocyte hyperpolarizations to calindol were potentiated whereas this potentiation and hyperpolarizations to l-ornithine were lost following incubation with an anti-GPRC6A antibody. It is concluded that GPRC6A receptors are present on mesenteric artery endothelial cells and myocytes and that their activation selectively opens IK(Ca) channels. This triggers a ouabain-sensitive myocyte hyperpolarization suggesting a close functional relationship between GPRC6A, the IK(Ca) channel and type 2 and/or type 3 Na(+)/K(+)-ATPases.
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20
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Neutralization of hemorrhagic snake venom metalloproteinase HR1a from Protobothrops flavoviridis by human monoclonal antibody. Toxicon 2007; 51:345-52. [PMID: 18061641 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2007.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2007] [Revised: 10/11/2007] [Accepted: 10/12/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Human monoclonal antibodies (HuMAbs) against HR1a from Protobothrops (formerly Trimeresurus) flavoviridis venom were obtained by the fusion of SP2/0-Ag14 myeloma cells and spleen cells from KM mice immunized with purified HR1a. The ability of HuMAbs to neutralize the HR1a was determined by in vitro neutralization assay and by neutralization of the hemorrhagic activity. The initial screening of over 300 hybridoma fusion wells resulted in the establishment of 80 HR1a-reactive hybridomas. Of the reactive clones, HuMAb HR1a-7 and HR1a-18 neutralized both proteolytic and hemorrhagic activity of HR1a. Mapping of epitope recognized by the reactive clones was performed by using an ELISA that measured antibody binding to overlapping peptides (15 amino acid peptide offset frameshifted by three residues) covering the metalloproteinase domain sequence of HR1a. HuMAbs HR1a-7 and HR1a-18 neutralized HR1a by reacting with peptides of EQQRYLNNFRFIELV and IVNTLNETYRYL. The three-dimensional structure of HR1a based on a homology modeling predicted that these two epitopes are surface exposed.
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21
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Loureiro ME, Marino VJ, Mathieu PA, Duhalde M, Roguin LP, Peña C, Retegui LA. Properties of cryptic epitopes and their corresponding antibodies as indicated by the study of human and ovine growth hormones. Immunol Invest 2007; 36:159-74. [PMID: 17365017 DOI: 10.1080/08820130600941179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Antibodies (Ab) directed to hidden antigenic determinants (cryptotopes) are undesirable because they are not neutralizing. Additionally, we have previously demonstrated a close association between the extent of Ab to cryptic determinants and the expression of autoantibodies (autoAb) under some experimental conditions. Thus, the first objective of this work was to establish the physicochemical characteristics of Ab to cryptotopes and the second one was to examine the structural features of cryptic epitopes themselves. Using human and ovine growth hormones (hGH and oGH) as antigenic models and competition ELISA under different conditions of temperature, pH or ionic strength, we did not find any difference between the binding properties of anti-cryptic epitope antibodies (Ab) and anti-native epitope Ab. Then, using synthetic peptides and tryptic digests and direct and competition ELISAs we studied the structures of cryptic hGH and oGH epitopes. Isolated peptides either in solution or adsorbed on microplates failed to react. Partially digested hGH was recognized only when insolubilized on microplates, and anti-oGH Ab only reacted with a large fragment of the hormone either in solution or insolubilized. These results indicate that, at least in the case of hGH and oGH, cryptic epitopes are not simple linear sequences, as commonly referred without any evidence, but new exposed conformational structures different from those found in the native antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Loureiro
- Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas (UBA-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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22
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Cohen-Kashi Malina K, Ganor Y, Levite M, Teichberg VI. Autoantibodies against an extracellular peptide of the GluR3 subtype of AMPA receptors activate both homomeric and heteromeric AMPA receptor channels. Neurochem Res 2006; 31:1181-90. [PMID: 16967334 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-006-9143-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2006] [Accepted: 08/15/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Autoantibodies to the GluR3-subtype of AMPA/glutamate receptors are found in the sera and cerebrospinal fluid of some individuals with epilepsy. They could possibly play a role in the pathophysiology of epilepsy since anti-GluR3 sera display glutamatergic agonist activity. We have investigated here the ability of affinity-purified antibodies (Abs) directed against the immunogenic peptide GluR3B (amino-acid 372-395) to interact with and activate recombinant GluR3-receptor channels expressed by Xenopus oocytes. We report here that the affinity-purified anti-GluR3B Abs directly activate GluR3-containing homomeric and heteromeric AMPA receptor complexes without the requirement of neuronal, glial or blood ancillary molecules. We present some of the properties of the purified anti-GluR3B Abs and discuss the possible physiological or pathological consequences of their activation of glutamate receptors.
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23
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Liu T, Whitten ST, Hilser VJ. Ensemble-based signatures of energy propagation in proteins: a new view of an old phenomenon. Proteins 2006; 62:728-38. [PMID: 16284972 DOI: 10.1002/prot.20749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The ability of a protein to transmit the energetic effects of binding from one site to another constitutes the underlying basis for allosterism and signal transduction. Despite clear experimental evidence indicating the ability of proteins to transmit the effects of binding, the means by which this propagation is facilitated is not well understood. Using our previously developed ensemble-based description of the equilibrium, we investigated the physical basis of energy propagation and identified several fundamental and general aspects of energetic coupling between residues in a protein. First, partitioning of a conformational ensemble into four distinct sub-ensembles allows for explanation of the range of experimentally observed coupling behaviors (i.e., positive, neutral, and negative coupling between various regions of the protein structure). Second, the relative thermodynamic properties of these four sub-ensembles define the energetic coupling between residues as either positive, neutral, or negative. Third, analysis of the structural and thermodynamic features of the states within each sub-ensemble reveals significant variability. This third result suggests that a quantitative description of energy propagation in proteins requires an understanding of the structural and energetic features of more than just one or a few low-energy states, but also of many high-energy states. Such findings illuminate the difficulty in interpreting energy propagation in proteins in terms of a structural pathway that physically links coupled sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Liu
- Department of Human Biological Chemistry and Genetics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, USA
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Michel S, Collomb-Clerc E, Geourjon C, Charrier JP, Passagot J, Courty Y, Deléage G, Jolivet-Reynaud C. Selective recognition of enzymatically active prostate-specific antigen (PSA) by anti-PSA monoclonal antibodies. J Mol Recognit 2005; 18:225-35. [PMID: 15593306 DOI: 10.1002/jmr.729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is widely used as a serum marker for the diagnosis of prostate cancer. To evaluate two anti-free PSA monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) as potential tools in new generations of more relevant PSA assays, we report here their properties towards the recognition of specific forms of free PSA in seminal fluids, LNCaP supernatants, 'non-binding' PSA and sera from cancer patients. PSA from these different origins was immunopurified by the two anti-free PSA mAbs (5D3D11 and 6C8D8) as well as by an anti-total PSA mAb. The composition of the different immunopurified PSA fractions was analysed and their respective enzymatic activities were determined. In seminal fluid, enzymatically active PSA was equally purified with the three mAbs. In LNCaP supernatants and human sera, 5D3D11 immunopurified active PSA mainly, whereas 6C8D8 immunopurified PSA with residual activity. In sera of prostate cancer patients, we identified the presence of a mature inactive PSA form which can be activated into active PSA by use of high saline concentration or capture by an anti-total PSA mAb capable of enhancing PSA activity. According to PSA models built by comparative modelling with the crystal structure of horse prostate kallikrein described previously, we assume that active and activable PSA could correspond to mature intact PSA with open and closed conformations of the kallikrein loop. The specificity of 5D3D11 was restricted to both active and activable PSA, whereas 6C8D8 recognized all free PSA including intact PSA, proforms and internally cleaved PSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine Michel
- Unité Mixte de Recherche UMR 2714 CNRS/bioMérieux, IFR128 BioSciences Lyon-Gerland, France
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