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Dai J, Xu Z, Fang Z, Zheng X, Cao L, Kang T, Xu Y, Zhang X, Zhan Q, Wang H, Hu Y, Zhao C. NAC Transcription Factor PpNAP4 Promotes Chlorophyll Degradation and Anthocyanin Synthesis in the Skin of Peach Fruit. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:19826-19837. [PMID: 39213503 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c03924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Chlorophyll (Chl) catabolism and anthocyanin synthesis play pivotal roles in determining the final skin color of fruits during maturation. However, in peach (Prunus persica) fruit, the regulatory mechanism governing skin color, especially the Chl catabolism, remains largely elusive. In this study, we identified ten Chl catabolic genes (CCGs), with PpSGR emerging as a key regulator in Chl degradation in peaches. Furthermore, a NAC-like, activated by AP3/P1 (NAP) transcription factor (TF), PpNAP4, was identified as a positive modulator of Chl breakdown. PpNAP4 induced the expression of PpSGR and other CCGs, including PpPPH, PpPAO, and PpTIC55-2, by directly binding to their promoters. Overexpression of PpNAP4 resulted in a heightened expression of these genes and accelerated Chl degradation. Notably, PpNAP4 also positively regulated the expression of PpANS and PpMYB10.1, one key structural gene and a core transcriptional regulator of anthocyanin synthesis, thereby contributing to fruit coloration. In summary, our findings elucidate that PpNAP4 serves as a pivotal regulator in determining the final skin color of peach by orchestrating Chl degradation and anthocyanin accumulation through direct activation of multiple CCGs and anthocyanin related genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieyu Dai
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, P.R. China
| | - Ze Xu
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, P.R. China
- Institute of Fruit Tree Research, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of South Subtropical Fruit Biology and Genetic Resource Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510640, P.R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fruit Tree Research, Guangzhou 510640, P.R. China
| | - Zhouheng Fang
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, P.R. China
| | - Xuyang Zheng
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, P.R. China
| | - Lijun Cao
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
- Department of Biology, Box 90338, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Tongyang Kang
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, P.R. China
| | - Yuting Xu
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, P.R. China
| | - Xingzhen Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, P.R. China
| | - Qianjin Zhan
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, P.R. China
| | - Hong Wang
- Institute of Fruit and Floriculture Research, Gansu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anning, Lanzhou 730070, P.R. China
| | - Yanan Hu
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, P.R. China
| | - Caiping Zhao
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, P.R. China
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Ai Y, Chen Y, Wang N, Li J, Liu J, Shen L, Sun X, Han L, Chao Y. Overexpression of MtIPT gene enhanced drought tolerance and delayed leaf senescence of creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera L.). BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 24:734. [PMID: 39085786 PMCID: PMC11293197 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-024-05442-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Isopentenyltransferases (IPT) serve as crucial rate-limiting enzyme in cytokinin synthesis, playing a vital role in plant growth, development, and resistance to abiotic stress. RESULTS Compared to the wild type, transgenic creeping bentgrass exhibited a slower growth rate, heightened drought tolerance, and improved shade tolerance attributed to delayed leaf senescence. Additionally, transgenic plants showed significant increases in antioxidant enzyme levels, chlorophyll content, and soluble sugars. Importantly, this study uncovered that overexpression of the MtIPT gene not only significantly enhanced cytokinin and auxin content but also influenced brassinosteroid level. RNA-seq analysis revealed that differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between transgenic and wild type plants were closely associated with plant hormone signal transduction, steroid biosynthesis, photosynthesis, flavonoid biosynthesis, carotenoid biosynthesis, anthocyanin biosynthesis, oxidation-reduction process, cytokinin metabolism, and wax biosynthesis. And numerous DEGs related to growth, development, and stress tolerance were identified, including cytokinin signal transduction genes (CRE1, B-ARR), antioxidase-related genes (APX2, PEX11, PER1), Photosynthesis-related genes (ATPF1A, PSBQ, PETF), flavonoid synthesis genes (F3H, C12RT1, DFR), wax synthesis gene (MAH1), senescence-associated gene (SAG20), among others. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that the MtIPT gene acts as a negative regulator of plant growth and development, while also playing a crucial role in the plant's response to abiotic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Ai
- School of Grassland Science of Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- Engineering and Technology Research Center for Sports Field and Slope Protection Turf, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing, China
- UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, The UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Yinglong Chen
- UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, The UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Ning Wang
- Shenzhen Tidyfield System Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jiaxing Li
- School of Grassland Science of Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- Engineering and Technology Research Center for Sports Field and Slope Protection Turf, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing, China
| | - Jinnan Liu
- School of Grassland Science of Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- Engineering and Technology Research Center for Sports Field and Slope Protection Turf, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing, China
| | - Liangying Shen
- School of Grassland Science of Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- Engineering and Technology Research Center for Sports Field and Slope Protection Turf, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing, China
| | - Xinbo Sun
- College of Agronomy, State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation/Key Laboratory of Crop Growth Regulation of Hebei Province, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Liebao Han
- School of Grassland Science of Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China.
- Engineering and Technology Research Center for Sports Field and Slope Protection Turf, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing, China.
| | - Yuehui Chao
- School of Grassland Science of Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China.
- Engineering and Technology Research Center for Sports Field and Slope Protection Turf, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing, China.
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Yoshida K. Chemical and biological study of flavonoid-related plant pigment: current findings and beyond. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2024; 88:705-718. [PMID: 38632052 DOI: 10.1093/bbb/zbae048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Flavonoids are polyphenolic plant constituents. Anthocyanins are flavonoid pigments found in higher plants that show a wide variety of colors ranging from red through purple to blue. The blue color of the flowers is mostly attributed to anthocyanins. However, only a few types of anthocyanidin, chromophore of anthocyanin, exist in nature, and the extracted pigments are unstable with the color fading away. Therefore, the wide range and stable nature of colors in flowers have remained a mystery for more than a century. The mechanism underlying anthocyanin-induced flower coloration was studied using an interdisciplinary method involving chemistry and biology. Furthermore, the chemical studies on flavonoid pigments in various edible plants, synthetic and biosynthetic studies on anthocyanins were conducted. The results of these studies have been outlined in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumi Yoshida
- Emeritus professor, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, Japan
- Faculty of Food and Health Sciences, Aichi Shukutoku University, Katahira, Nagakute, Japan
- Faculty of Engineering, Aichi Institute of Technology, Yachigusa, Yakusa, Toyota, Japan
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Cai O, Zhang H, Yang L, Wu H, Qin M, Yao W, Huang F, Li L, Lin S. Integrated Transcriptome and Metabolome Analyses Reveal Bamboo Culm Color Formation Mechanisms Involved in Anthocyanin Biosynthetic in Phyllostachys nigra. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1738. [PMID: 38339012 PMCID: PMC10855043 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Phyllostachys nigra has green young culms (S1) and purple black mature culms (S4). Anthocyanins are the principal pigment responsible for color presentation in ornamental plants. We employ a multi-omics approach to investigate the regulatory mechanisms of anthocyanins in Ph. nigra. Firstly, we found that the pigments of the culm of Ph. nigra accumulated only in one to four layers of cells below the epidermis. The levels of total anthocyanins and total flavonoids gradually increased during the process of bamboo culm color formation. Metabolomics analysis indicated that the predominant pigment metabolites observed were petunidin 3-O-glucoside and malvidin O-hexoside, exhibiting a significant increase of up to 9.36-fold and 13.23-fold, respectively, during pigmentation of Ph. nigra culm. Transcriptomics sequencing has revealed that genes involved in flavonoid biosynthesis, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, and starch and sucrose metabolism pathways were significantly enriched, leading to color formation. A total of 62 differentially expressed structural genes associated with anthocyanin synthesis were identified. Notably, PnANS2, PnUFGT2, PnCHI2, and PnCHS1 showed significant correlations with anthocyanin metabolites. Additionally, certain transcription factors such as PnMYB6 and PnMYB1 showed significant positive or negative correlations with anthocyanins. With the accumulation of sucrose, the expression of PnMYB6 is enhanced, which in turn triggers the expression of anthocyanin biosynthesis genes. Based on these findings, we propose that these key genes primarily regulate the anthocyanin synthesis pathway in the culm and contribute to the accumulation of anthocyanin, ultimately resulting in the purple-black coloration of Ph. nigra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ou Cai
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (O.C.); (H.Z.); (L.Y.); (H.W.); (M.Q.); (W.Y.); (F.H.)
- Bamboo Research Institute, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Hanjiao Zhang
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (O.C.); (H.Z.); (L.Y.); (H.W.); (M.Q.); (W.Y.); (F.H.)
- Bamboo Research Institute, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Lu Yang
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (O.C.); (H.Z.); (L.Y.); (H.W.); (M.Q.); (W.Y.); (F.H.)
- Bamboo Research Institute, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Hongyu Wu
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (O.C.); (H.Z.); (L.Y.); (H.W.); (M.Q.); (W.Y.); (F.H.)
- Bamboo Research Institute, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Min Qin
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (O.C.); (H.Z.); (L.Y.); (H.W.); (M.Q.); (W.Y.); (F.H.)
- Bamboo Research Institute, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Wenjing Yao
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (O.C.); (H.Z.); (L.Y.); (H.W.); (M.Q.); (W.Y.); (F.H.)
- Bamboo Research Institute, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Feiyi Huang
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (O.C.); (H.Z.); (L.Y.); (H.W.); (M.Q.); (W.Y.); (F.H.)
- Bamboo Research Institute, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Long Li
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (O.C.); (H.Z.); (L.Y.); (H.W.); (M.Q.); (W.Y.); (F.H.)
- Bamboo Research Institute, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Shuyan Lin
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (O.C.); (H.Z.); (L.Y.); (H.W.); (M.Q.); (W.Y.); (F.H.)
- Bamboo Research Institute, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
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Jiang T, He Y, Wu Z, Cui Y, Wang X, Huang H, Fan Y, Han M, Wang J, Wang S, Chen X, Lu X, Wang D, Guo L, Zhao L, Hao F, Ye W. Enhancing stimulation of cyaniding, GhLDOX3 activates reactive oxygen species to regulate tolerance of alkalinity negatively in cotton. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 267:115655. [PMID: 37924802 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023]
Abstract
Anthocyanins belong to flavonoid secondary metabolites that act as plant pigments to give flowers and fruits different colors and as "scavengers" of reactive oxygen species (ROS) to protect plants from abiotic and biotic stresses. Few studies linked anthocyanins to alkaline resistance so far. In this study, anthocyanin synthesis-related gene leucoanthocyanidin dioxygenase (LDOX) was screened as a candidate gene to explore its relationship with alkali stress. The results found that pYL156: GhLDOX3 lines treated with 50 mM Na2CO3 (pH 11.11) for 24 h showed a significant increase in peroxidase (POD) activity, a decrease in total anthocyanin content and an increase in cyanidin content and a decrease in ROS accumulation compared to pYL156. The overexpressed (OE) lines, ldox mutant and wild-type (WT) lines in Arabidopsis were treated with 50 mM Na2CO3, 100 mM Na2CO3 and 150 mM Na2CO3 for 8 d, respectively. The wilted degree of the OE lines was more severe than WT lines, and less severe in the mutant lines in the 150 mM Na2CO3 treatment. After treatment, the expression levels of AtCAT and AtGSH genes related to antioxidant system in OE lines were significantly lower than in WT, and the expression levels of AtCAT and AtGSH in mutant lines were significantly higher than in WT. In conclusion, the above results suggest GhLDOX3 played a negative regulatory role in the mechanism of resisting Na2CO3 stress. Therefore, it can be considered in cotton breeding to improve the alkali tolerance of cotton by regulating the expression of related genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiantian Jiang
- Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences / Research Base, Anyang Institute of Technology, National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, Anyang 455000, Henan, China; National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization / School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, Henan, China
| | - Yunxin He
- Hunan Institute of Cotton Science, Changde 415101, Hunan, China
| | - Zhe Wu
- Institute of Coastal Agriculture, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Tangshan 063299, Hebei, China
| | - Yupeng Cui
- Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences / Research Base, Anyang Institute of Technology, National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, Anyang 455000, Henan, China
| | - Xiuping Wang
- Institute of Coastal Agriculture, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Tangshan 063299, Hebei, China
| | - Hui Huang
- Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences / Research Base, Anyang Institute of Technology, National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, Anyang 455000, Henan, China
| | - Yapeng Fan
- Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences / Research Base, Anyang Institute of Technology, National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, Anyang 455000, Henan, China
| | - Mingge Han
- Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences / Research Base, Anyang Institute of Technology, National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, Anyang 455000, Henan, China
| | - Junjuan Wang
- Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences / Research Base, Anyang Institute of Technology, National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, Anyang 455000, Henan, China
| | - Shuai Wang
- Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences / Research Base, Anyang Institute of Technology, National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, Anyang 455000, Henan, China
| | - Xiugui Chen
- Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences / Research Base, Anyang Institute of Technology, National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, Anyang 455000, Henan, China
| | - Xuke Lu
- Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences / Research Base, Anyang Institute of Technology, National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, Anyang 455000, Henan, China
| | - Delong Wang
- Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences / Research Base, Anyang Institute of Technology, National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, Anyang 455000, Henan, China
| | - Lixue Guo
- Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences / Research Base, Anyang Institute of Technology, National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, Anyang 455000, Henan, China
| | - Lanjie Zhao
- Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences / Research Base, Anyang Institute of Technology, National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, Anyang 455000, Henan, China
| | - Fushun Hao
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization / School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, Henan, China.
| | - Wuwei Ye
- Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences / Research Base, Anyang Institute of Technology, National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, Anyang 455000, Henan, China; National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization / School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, Henan, China.
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Li J, Tan Q, Yi M, Yu Z, Xia Q, Zheng L, Chen J, Zhou X, Zhang XQ, Guo HR. Identification of key genes responsible for green and white colored spathes in Anthurium andraeanum (Hort.). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1208226. [PMID: 37745994 PMCID: PMC10511891 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1208226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Modern anthuriums, Anthurium andraeanum (Hort.) are among the most popular flowering plants and widely used for interior decoration. Their popularity is largely attributed to the exotic spathes with different colors. Previous studies have reported color development in red spathe cultivars, but limited information is available on key genes regulating white and green colored spathes. This study analyzed anthocyanin, chlorophyll, and carotenoid contents as well as transcript differences in spathes of eight cultivars that differed in spathe colors ranging from red to white and green. Results showed that increased expression of a transcription factor AaMYB2 was associated with elevated levels of anthocyanin in spathes, but decreased expression of AaMYB2 and increased expression of AaLAR (leucoanthocyanidin reductase) and AaANR (anthocyanidin reductase) were accompanied with the accumulation of colorless proanthocyanidin, thus the white spathe. As to the green colored spathe, chlorophyll content in the green spathe cultivar was substantially higher than the other cultivars. Correspondingly, transcripts of chlorophyll biosynthesis-related genes AaHemB (porphobilinogen synthase) and AaPor (protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase) were highly upregulated but almost undetectable in white and red spathes. The increased expression of AaHemB and AaPor was correlated with the expression of transcription factor AaMYB124. Subsequently, qRT-PCR analysis confirmed their expression levels in nine additional cultivars with red, white, and green spathes. A working model for the formation of white and green spathes was proposed. White colored spathes are likely due to the decreased expression of AaMYB2 which results in increased expression of AaLAR and AaANR, and the green spathes are attributed to AaMYB124 enhanced expression of AaHemB and AaPor. Further research is warranted to test this working model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieni Li
- College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Quanya Tan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Breeding, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Maosheng Yi
- Guangzhou Flower Research Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhengnan Yu
- College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qing Xia
- Guangzhou Flower Research Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lu Zheng
- College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianjun Chen
- Mid-Florida Research and Education Center, Environmental Horticulture Department, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Apopka, FL, United States
| | - Xiaoyun Zhou
- Guangzhou Flower Research Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiang-Qian Zhang
- College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - He-Rong Guo
- College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Breeding, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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Feng Y, Yang S, Li W, Mao J, Chen B, Ma Z. Genome-Wide Identification and Expression Analysis of ANS Family in Strawberry Fruits at Different Coloring Stages. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12554. [PMID: 37628740 PMCID: PMC10454780 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241612554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
To elucidate the structural characteristics, phylogeny and biological function of anthocyanin synthase (ANS) and its role in anthocyanin synthesis, members of the strawberry ANS gene family were obtained by whole genome retrieval, and their bioinformatic analysis and expression analysis at different developmental stages of fruit were performed. The results showed that the strawberry ANS family consisted of 141 members distributed on 7 chromosomes and could be divided into 4 subfamilies. Secondary structure prediction showed that the members of this family were mainly composed of random curls and α-helices, and were mainly located in chloroplasts, cytoplasm, nuclei and cytoskeletons. The promoter region of the FvANS gene family contains light-responsive elements, abiotic stress responsive elements and hormone responsive elements, etc. Intraspecific collinearity analysis revealed 10 pairs of FvANS genes, and interspecific collinearity analysis revealed more relationships between strawberries and apples, grapes and Arabidopsis, but fewer between strawberries and rice. Chip data analysis showed that FvANS15, FvANS41, FvANS47, FvANS48, FvANS49, FvANS67, FvANS114 and FvANS132 were higher in seed coat tissues and endosperm. FvANS16, FvANS85, FvANS90 and FvANS102 were higher in internal and fleshy tissues. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) showed that the ANS gene was expressed throughout the fruit coloring process. The expression levels of most genes were highest in the 50% coloring stage (S3), such as FvANS16, FvANS19, FvANS31, FvANS43, FvANS73, FvANS78 and FvANS91. The expression levels of FvANS52 were the highest in the green fruit stage (S1), and FvANS39 and FvANS109 were the highest in the 20% coloring stage (S2). These results indicate that different members of the FvANS gene family play a role in different pigmentation stages, with most genes playing a role in the expression level of the rapid accumulation of fruit coloring. This study lays a foundation for further study on the function of ANS gene family.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Zonghuan Ma
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
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Yu H, Wang J, Shen Y, Sheng X, Shaw RK, Branca F, Gu H. A 43 Bp-Deletion in the F3'H Gene Reducing Anthocyanins Is Responsible for Keeping Buds Green at Low Temperatures in Broccoli. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11391. [PMID: 37511150 PMCID: PMC10380335 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Most broccoli cultivars or accessions exhibit green buds under appropriate growth conditions, which turn purple at cold temperatures. However, certain cultivars consistently maintain green buds both during normal growth and at cold temperatures. In this study, we used BSA-seq (bulked segregation analysis-sequencing), along with fine mapping and transcriptome analysis to identify a candidate gene (flavonoid 3'-hydroxylase, F3'H) responsible for reducing anthocyanin accumulation in the mutant GS and HX-16 broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. var. italica), which could retain green buds even at low temperatures. A 43-bp deletion was detected in the coding sequence (CDS) of the F3'H gene in HX-16 and the mutant GS, which significantly decreased F3'H expression and the accumulation of cyanidin and delphinidin in the mutant GS. Furthermore, the expression of F3'H was upregulated at low temperatures in the wild line PS. Our results demonstrated the efficacy of utilizing the 43-bp InDel (Insertion-Deletion) in predicting whether buds in B. oleracea L. will turn purple or remain green at cold temperatures across forty-two germplasm materials. This study provides critical genetic and molecular insights for the molecular breeding of B. oleracea and sheds light on the molecular mechanisms underlying the effect of low temperatures on bud color in broccoli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huifang Yu
- Institute of Vegetable, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Jiansheng Wang
- Institute of Vegetable, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Yusen Shen
- Institute of Vegetable, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Xiaoguang Sheng
- Institute of Vegetable, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Ranjan Kumar Shaw
- Institute of Vegetable, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Ferdinando Branca
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Honghui Gu
- Institute of Vegetable, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
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9
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Liu X, Zhai Y, Liu J, Xue J, Markovic T, Wang S, Zhang X. Comparative transcriptome sequencing analysis to postulate the scheme of regulated leaf coloration in Perilla frutescens. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023:10.1007/s11103-023-01342-8. [PMID: 37155022 PMCID: PMC10165580 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-023-01342-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Perilla as herb, ornamental, oil and edible plant is widely used in East Asia. Until now, the mechanism of regulated leaf coloration is still unclear. In this study, four different kinds of leaf colors were used to measure pigment contents and do transcriptome sequence to postulate the mechanism of leaf coloration. The measurements of chlorophyll, carotenoid, flavonoid, and anthocyanin showed that higher contents of all the aforementioned four pigments were in full purple leaf 'M357', and they may be determined front and back leaf color formation with purple. Meanwhile, the content of anthocyanin was controlled back leaf coloration. The chromatic aberration analysis and correlative analysis between different pigments and L*a*b* values analysis also suggested front and back leaf color change was correlated with the above four pigments. The genes involved in leaf coloration were identified through transcriptome sequence. The expression levels of chlorophyll synthesis and degradation related genes, carotenoid synthesis related genes and anthocyanin synthesis genes showed up-/down-regulated expression in different color leaves and were consistent of accumulation of these pigments. It was suggested that they were the candidate genes regulated perilla leaf color formation, and genes including F3'H, F3H, F3',5'H, DFR, and ANS are probably important for regulating both front and back leaf purple formation. Transcription factors involved in anthocyanin accumulation, and regulating leaf coloration were also identified. Finally, the probable scheme of regulated both full green and full purple leaf coloration and back leaf coloration was postulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoning Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Flower Crops (North China)Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yanning Zhai
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Flower Crops (North China)Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Jingyu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Flower Crops (North China)Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
- College of Landscape and Forestry, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Jingqi Xue
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Flower Crops (North China)Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Tatjana Markovic
- Nstitute for Medicinal Plants Research "Dr Josif Pancic", 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Shunli Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Flower Crops (North China)Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Xiuxin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Flower Crops (North China)Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
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10
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Yu K, Song Y, Lin J, Dixon RA. The complexities of proanthocyanidin biosynthesis and its regulation in plants. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2023; 4:100498. [PMID: 36435967 PMCID: PMC10030370 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2022.100498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Proanthocyanidins (PAs) are natural flavan-3-ol polymers that contribute protection to plants under biotic and abiotic stress, benefits to human health, and bitterness and astringency to food products. They are also potential targets for carbon sequestration for climate mitigation. In recent years, from model species to commercial crops, research has moved closer to elucidating the flux control and channeling, subunit biosynthesis and polymerization, transport mechanisms, and regulatory networks involved in plant PA metabolism. This review extends the conventional understanding with recent findings that provide new insights to address lingering questions and focus strategies for manipulating PA traits in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keji Yu
- National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yushuang Song
- National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Jinxing Lin
- National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Richard A Dixon
- BioDiscovery Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USA; Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
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11
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Abstract
Perilla frutescens, an annual herb of the Labiatae family, has been cultivated in China for more than 2000 years. P. frutescens is the one of the first medicinal and edible plant published by the Ministry of Health. Its leaves, stems and seeds can be used as medicine and edible food. Because of the abundant nutrients and bioactive components in this plant, P. frutescens has been studied extensively in medicine, food, health care and chemical fields with great prospects for development. This paper reviews the cultivation history, chemical compositions and pharmacological activities of P. frutescens, which provides a reference for the development and utilization of P. frutescens resources.
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12
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Singh V, Lone RA, Kumar V, Mohanty CS. Reducing the biosynthesis of condensed tannin in winged bean ( Psophocarpus tetragonolobus (L.) DC.) by virus-induced gene silencing of anthocyanidin synthase (ANS) gene. 3 Biotech 2023; 13:16. [PMID: 36561838 PMCID: PMC9763518 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-022-03435-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The Underutilized legume-winged bean (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus (L.) DC.) and its various parts are infested with condensed tannin (CT) or proanthocyanidin (PA). CT has anti-nutritional effect as it adversely affects the digestion of proteins, minerals and vitamin among ruminants and humans. It is also responsible for low protein digestibility and decreased amino acid availability. One of the probable reasons of underutilization of P. tetragonolobus is due to its infestation with CT. Histochemical staining of various tissues of P. tetragonolobus with dimethylcinnmaldehyde (DMACA) developed a deep-blue colour indicating the presence of polyphenolic condensed tannin. Structural monomeric unit catechin and epi-catechin were reported to be responsible for biosynthesis of CT in P. tetragonolobus. The enzyme anthocyanidin synthase (ANS) and its corresponding transcripts were identified and phylogenetically mapped. The transcript was subjected to virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) through agro-infiltration in P. tetragonolobus for reducing the CT-content. The WbANS-VIGS induced P. tetragonolobus resulted in four-fold decrease of CT as compared to the control P. tetragonolobus. A decrease of 73% of CT level was reported in VIGS silenced Wb-ANS line of P. tetragonolobus. This study resulted and confirmed that, the silencing of (ANS) gene in P. tetragonolobus has a regulatory effect on the condensed tannin biosynthesis. This study will pave way for further manipulation of ANS enzyme for reducing the biosynthesis of the anti-nutrient CT. Reducing the CT content will make this underutilized legume more acceptable. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-022-03435-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinayak Singh
- Plant Genetic Resources and Improvement Division, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, 226001 Uttar Pradesh India
- Department of Biology, Western University, London, Ontario Canada
| | - Rayees Ahmad Lone
- Plant Genetic Resources and Improvement Division, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, 226001 Uttar Pradesh India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, 201002 India
| | - Verandra Kumar
- Plant Genetic Resources and Improvement Division, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, 226001 Uttar Pradesh India
| | - Chandra Sekhar Mohanty
- Plant Genetic Resources and Improvement Division, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, 226001 Uttar Pradesh India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, 201002 India
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13
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Xie G, Zou X, Liang Z, Wu D, He J, Xie K, Jin H, Wang H, Shen Q. Integrated metabolomic and transcriptomic analyses reveal molecular response of anthocyanins biosynthesis in perilla to light intensity. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:976449. [PMID: 36212297 PMCID: PMC9540795 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.976449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The perilla anthocyanins have important medicinal and ornamental value, and their contents are significantly affected by light intensity. In view of their molecular mechanisms were not well understood, we integrated the metabolomic and transcriptomic analyses of the light-sensitive perilla variety under different light intensity. The perilla leave color were obviously affected under different treatments. Totally 140 flavonoid metabolites and 2461 genes showed steady change, among which 60 flavonoid metabolites were increased accumulation and 983 genes were upregulated expression under elevated light intensity treatment. Light treatment prominently affected the expression of genes involved in the main anthocyanin metabolites accumulation in perilla leaves. Using WGCNA analysis, we identified 4 key genes in anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway (CHI, DFR, and ANS) and 147 transcription factors (MYB, bHLH, bZIP, ERF, and NAC) involved in malonylshisonin biosynthesis. Among them, 6 MYBs and 4 bZIPs were predicted to play important roles in light regulation of malonylshisonin biosynthesis based on phylogenetic construction, correlation analysis, cis-acting element identification and qPCR verification. The identified key genes and regulatory factors will help us to understand the potential mechanism of photo-regulated anthocyanin accumulation in perilla.
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14
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Huang F, Duan J, Lei Y, Kang Y, Luo Y, Chen Y, Ding D, Li S. Metabolomic and transcriptomic analyses reveal a MYB gene, CsAN1, involved in anthocyanins accumulation separation in F1 between 'Zijuan' ( Camellia sinensis var. assamica) and 'Fudingdabaicha' ( C. sinensis var. sinensis) tea plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1008588. [PMID: 36212379 PMCID: PMC9532865 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1008588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
'Zijuan' (Camellia sinensis var. assamica), a somatic mutant with purple foliage and stem selected from the Yunnan Daye cultivar, has been well developed owing to abnormal pattern of anthocyanin accumulation. However, the genetic basis for the specific accumulation of phloem glycosides is not clear. Tea plants are self-incompatible, so parents with large differences in foliage color were used for crosses to investigate the genetic mechanism of anthocyanins. In this study, 'Zijuan' and green foliage cultivar 'Fudingdabaicha' (C. sinensis var. sinensis) were used as female and male parents, respectively, to generated F1 hybrid progenies with various anthocyanin contents. In order to decipher the genetic rules of anthocyanins accumulation, we performed widely targeted metabolic and transcriptomic profiling. The results showed that cyanidin-3-O-galactoside, delphinidin-3-O-galactoside and petunidin-3-O-galactoside were the major types of anthocyanins and factors directly led to the color variation between parents and F1 plants. Transcriptomic analyses suggested the significant up-regulation of anthocyanidin synthase gene (CsANS1) and CsAN1, a MYB family gene positively regulated the expression of CsANS1, in anthocyanin-rich tea plants. Furthermore, the deletion mutation of CsAN1 was found by cloning and alignment in anthocyanin-lacking cultivars. Taken together, the function deficiency of CsAN1 is predominantly responsible for the inability of anthocyanins accumulation, and this trait is heritable in progenies through hybridization. The present study elucidated the molecular basis of leaf purple trait formation in 'zijuan' and 'Fudingdabaicha' and their F1 plants, which helps to elucidate the genetic mechanism of leaf anthocyanin accumulation regulation in tea plants, and the results provide a research reference for the selection and breeding of high anthocyanin type tea varieties.
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15
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Wang C, Li J, Zhou T, Zhang Y, Jin H, Liu X. Transcriptional regulation of proanthocyanidin biosynthesis pathway genes and transcription factors in Indigofera stachyodes Lindl. roots. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 22:438. [PMID: 36096752 PMCID: PMC9469613 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-022-03794-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Proanthocyanidins (PAs) have always been considered as important medicinal value component. In order to gain insights into the PA biosynthesis regulatory network in I. stachyodes roots, we analyzed the transcriptome of the I. stachyodes in Leaf, Stem, RootI (one-year-old root), and RootII (two-year-old root). RESULTS In this study, a total of 110,779 non-redundant unigenes were obtained, of which 63,863 could be functionally annotated. Simultaneously, 75 structural genes that regulate PA biosynthesis were identified, of these 6 structural genes (IsF3'H1, IsANR2, IsLAR2, IsUGT72L1-3, IsMATE2, IsMATE3) may play an important role in the synthesis of PAs in I. stachyodes roots. Furthermore, co-expression network analysis revealed that 34 IsMYBs, 18 IsbHLHs, 15 IsWRKYs, 9 IsMADSs, and 3 IsWIPs hub TFs are potential regulators for PA accumulation. Among them, IsMYB24 and IsMYB79 may be closely involved in the PA biosynthesis in I. stachyodes roots. CONCLUSIONS The biosynthesis of PAs in I. stachyodes roots is mainly produced by the subsequent pathway of cyanidin. Our work provides new insights into the molecular pathways underlying PA accumulation and enhances our global understanding of transcriptome dynamics throughout different tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chongmin Wang
- Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Jun Li
- Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, 550025, China.
| | - Tao Zhou
- Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Yongping Zhang
- Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Haijun Jin
- Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Xiaoqing Liu
- Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, 550025, China
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16
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Sharma H, Chawla N, Dhatt AS. Role of phenylalanine/tyrosine ammonia lyase and anthocyanidin synthase enzymes for anthocyanin biosynthesis in developing Solanum melongena L. genotypes. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2022; 174:e13756. [PMID: 36281844 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Solanum melongena is a widely consumed vegetable crop comprising health-benefiting phenolic compounds. It has a complex network of biosynthetic enzymes involved in synthesizing nutraceuticals, including anthocyanins. The present study was conducted to investigate the activities of key enzymes involved in biosynthesis and accumulation of anthocyanins in developing genotypes, such as phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), tyrosine ammonia lyase (TAL), and anthocyanidin synthase (ANS). As inadequate information is available in this context, fruit and leaf tissues were analyzed for enzyme activities and anthocyanin accumulation. The study included characterization of extracted anthocyanin followed by expression studies for gateway enzyme (ANS) involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis. Delphinidin was a major anthocyanidin present in fruit tissues (1.46-110.49 mg/100 g) of S. melongena. Anthocyanin accumulation is backed up by the correlation between biochemical analysis and expression studies. The study has shown variation for PAL, TAL and ANS enzymes in different tissues at developmental stages. Enzyme activities had a strong positive correlation with anthocyanin biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himanshu Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | - Neena Chawla
- Department of Vegetable Science, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | - Ajmer Singh Dhatt
- Department of Vegetable Science, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
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17
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Li C, Yang J, Yang K, Wu H, Chen H, Wu Q, Zhao H. Tartary buckwheat FtF3'H1 as a metabolic branch switch to increase anthocyanin content in transgenic plant. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:959698. [PMID: 36092410 PMCID: PMC9452690 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.959698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Tartary buckwheat (TB) is a pseudocereal rich in flavonoids, mainly including flavonols and anthocyanins. The flavonoid 3'-hydroxylase (F3'H) is a key enzyme in flavonoid biosynthesis and is encoded by two copies in TB genome. However, its biological function and effects on flavonol and anthocyanin synthesis in TB have not been well validated yet. In this study, we cloned the full-length FtF3'H1 gene highly expressed in all tissues (compared with FtF3'H2) according to TB flowering transcriptome data. The corresponding FtF3'H1 protein contains 534 amino acids with the molecular properties of the typical plant F3'H and belongs to the CYP75B family. During the flowering stage, the FtF3'H1 expression was highest in flowers, and its expression pattern showed a significant and positive correlation with the total flavonoids (R 2 > 0.95). The overexpression of FtF3'H1 in Arabidopsis thaliana, Nicotiana tabacum and TB hairy roots resulted in a significant increase in anthocyanin contents (p < 0.05) but a decrease in rutin (p < 0.05). The average anthocyanin contents were 2.94 mg/g (fresh weight, FW) in A. thaliana (about 135% increase), 1.18 mg/g (FW) in tobacco (about 17% increase), and 1.56 mg/g (FW) TB hairy roots (about 44% increase), and the rutin contents were dropped to about 53.85, 14.99, 46.31%, respectively. However, the expression of genes involved in anthocyanin (DFRs and ANSs) and flavonol (FLSs) synthesis pathways were significantly upregulated (p < 0.05). In particular, the expression level of DFR, a key enzyme that enters the anthocyanin branch, was upregulated thousand-fold in A. thaliana and in N. tabacum. These results might be attributed to FtF3'H1 protein with a higher substrate preference for anthocyanin synthesis substrates. Altogether, we identified the basic biochemical activity of FtF3'H1 in vivo and investigated its involvement in anthocyanin and flavonol metabolism in plant.
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18
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Cheng J, Shi Y, Wang J, Duan C, Yu K. Transcription factor VvibHLH93 negatively regulates proanthocyanidin biosynthesis in grapevine. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1007895. [PMID: 36092430 PMCID: PMC9449495 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1007895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Proanthocyanidins (PAs) derived from grape berries determine the astringency and bitterness of red wines. The two leucoanthocyanidin reductases (VviLAR1 and VviLAR2) are crucial for PA accumulation in grapevine. Our previous studies show that the promoter of VviLAR1 contains multiple proposed bHLH transcription factor binding sites, but the corresponding bHLH family regulators remain unknown. Here we identified and functionally characterized VvibHLH93 as a new bHLH transcription factor in PA pathway. Yeast one-hybrid and electrophoretic mobility shift assays showed that VvibHLH93 bound the E/G-box in VviLAR1 promoter. And VvibHLH93 gene was mainly expressed in grape flowers, tendrils, stems and berries at PA active stages. Overexpression of VvibHLH93 suppressed PA accumulation in grape callus, which was linked to the repression of the transcript levels of two VviLARs. The gene expression analysis in transgenic grape callus and the dual-luciferase assay in tobacco leaves together revealed that VvibHLH93 targeted a broad set of structural genes and transcription factors in flavonoid pathway. This research enriches the regulatory mechanism of the two VviLAR genes, and provides new insights into regulating PA content in grape berries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Cheng
- Center for Viticulture and Enology, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Viticulture and Enology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China
- Jiangsu Agri-Animal Husbandry Vocational College, Taizhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ying Shi
- Center for Viticulture and Enology, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Viticulture and Enology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Center for Viticulture and Enology, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Viticulture and Enology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China
| | - Changqing Duan
- Center for Viticulture and Enology, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Viticulture and Enology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China
| | - Keji Yu
- Center for Viticulture and Enology, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Viticulture and Enology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China
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19
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Yang B, Wei Y, Liang C, Guo J, Niu T, Zhang P, Wen P. VvANR silencing promotes expression of VvANS and accumulation of anthocyanin in grape berries. PROTOPLASMA 2022; 259:743-753. [PMID: 34448083 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-021-01698-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) technology was applied to silence VvANR in cv. Zaoheibao grape berries, and the effects of VvANR silencing on berries phenotype; gene expression level of ANS, LAR1, LAR2, and UFGT; enzyme activity of ANS; and accumulations of anthocyanin and flavan-3-ol were investigated. At the third day after treatment, the VvANR silenced grape berries began to turn red slightly, which was 2 days earlier than that of the control group. And the flavan-3-ol content in VvANR-silenced grape berries had been remarkable within 1 to 5 days, the ANR enzyme activity in VvANR-silenced grapes extremely significantly decreased in 3 days, and LAR enzyme activity also decreased, but the difference was not striking. The ANS enzyme activity of the transformed berries was significantly higher than that of the control after 3 days of infection, and it was exceedingly significantly higher than that of the control after 5 to 10 days. The content of anthocyanin in transformed berries increased of a very marked difference within 3 to 15 days. pTRV2-ANR infection resulted in an extremely significant decrease in the expression of VvANR gene, and the expression of VvLAR1, VvLAR2, VvMYBPA1, VvMYBPA2, and VvDFR were also down-regulated. However, the expression of VvANS and VvUFGT was up-regulated significantly. After VvANR silencing via VIGS, VvANR expression in grape berries was extremely significantly decreased, resulting in decreased ANR enzyme activity and flavan-3-ol content; berries turned red and deeper in advance. In addition, VvANR silencing can induce up-regulation of VvANS and VvUFGT expression, significantly increase ANS enzyme activity, and increase of anthocyanin accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Yang
- College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, Shanxi, China
| | - Ying Wei
- College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, Shanxi, China
| | - Changmei Liang
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, Shanxi, China
| | - Jianyong Guo
- College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, Shanxi, China
| | - Tiequan Niu
- College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, Shanxi, China
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Germplasm Improvement and Utilization in Pomology, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, Shanxi, China
| | - Pengfei Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, Shanxi, China
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Germplasm Improvement and Utilization in Pomology, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, Shanxi, China
| | - Pengfei Wen
- College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, Shanxi, China.
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Germplasm Improvement and Utilization in Pomology, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, Shanxi, China.
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20
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Wang Y, Chen L, Yang Q, Hu Z, Guo P, Xie Q, Chen G. New insight into the pigment composition and molecular mechanism of flower coloration in tulip (Tulipa gesneriana L.) cultivars with various petal colors. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 317:111193. [PMID: 35193742 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2022.111193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Pigmentation of various components leads to different colors in tulip flowers. To understand the molecular basis of the petal coloration in tulip, integrative analyses of the pigment components and transcriptome profiles were conducted on four tulip cultivars with different petal colors. A total of four major anthocyanins and 46 carotenoids were identified. The anthocyanin cyanidin 3-O-galactoside showed markedly higher abundances in the B cultivar than in the other varieties, and among the 46 kinds of carotenoids, (E/Z)-phytoene, violaxanthin myristate and violaxanthin palmitate were the major components. The RNA-seq and qRT-PCR results indicated that the pigment accumulation was linked to the expression of genes involved in the anthocyanin and carotenoid biosynthesis pathways. Yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) assays showed the interaction between different regulator factors in tulip MYB-bHLH-WD40 (MBW) complexes. Co-expression analyses of genes were performed, which include anthocyanin and carotenoid biosynthesis genes and transcription factors involved in MYB, bHLH, WRKY, AUX-IAA and MADS-box. The co-expression network and related analysis provide a basis for the discovery of color regulatory factors. Taken together, our study sheds light on the anthocyanin and carotenoid synthesis pathways and candidate regulatory transcription factors underlying flower coloration and shows the potential of flower breeding or pigments engineering in tulips.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunshu Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Tomato, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, People's Republic of China.
| | - Liujun Chen
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Tomato, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, People's Republic of China.
| | - Qingling Yang
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Tomato, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zongli Hu
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Tomato, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, People's Republic of China.
| | - Pengyu Guo
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Tomato, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, People's Republic of China.
| | - Qiaoli Xie
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Tomato, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, People's Republic of China.
| | - Guoping Chen
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Tomato, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, People's Republic of China.
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21
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Wang J, Zhang C, Li Y. Genome-Wide Identification and Expression Profiles of 13 Key Structural Gene Families Involved in the Biosynthesis of Rice Flavonoid Scaffolds. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13030410. [PMID: 35327963 PMCID: PMC8951560 DOI: 10.3390/genes13030410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Flavonoids are a class of key polyphenolic secondary metabolites with broad functions in plants, including stress defense, growth, development and reproduction. Oryza sativa L. (rice) is a well-known model plant for monocots, with a wide range of flavonoids, but the key flavonoid biosynthesis-related genes and their molecular features in rice have not been comprehensively and systematically characterized. Here, we identified 85 key structural gene candidates associated with flavonoid biosynthesis in the rice genome. They belong to 13 families potentially encoding chalcone synthase (CHS), chalcone isomerase (CHI), flavanone 3-hydroxylase (F3H), flavonol synthase (FLS), leucoanthocyanidin dioxygenase (LDOX), anthocyanidin synthase (ANS), flavone synthase II (FNSII), flavanone 2-hydroxylase (F2H), flavonoid 3′-hydroxylase (F3′H), flavonoid 3′,5′-hydroxylase (F3′5′H), dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (DFR), anthocyanidin reductase (ANR) and leucoanthocyanidin reductase (LAR). Through structural features, motif analyses and phylogenetic relationships, these gene families were further grouped into five distinct lineages and were examined for conservation and divergence. Subsequently, 22 duplication events were identified out of a total of 85 genes, among which seven pairs were derived from segmental duplication events and 15 pairs were from tandem duplications, demonstrating that segmental and tandem duplication events play important roles in the expansion of key flavonoid biosynthesis-related genes in rice. Furthermore, these 85 genes showed spatial and temporal regulation in a tissue-specific manner and differentially responded to abiotic stress (including six hormones and cold and salt treatments). RNA-Seq, microarray analysis and qRT-PCR indicated that these genes might be involved in abiotic stress response, plant growth and development. Our results provide a valuable basis for further functional analysis of the genes involved in the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway in rice.
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Oxidative Transformation of Dihydroflavonols and Flavan-3-ols by Anthocyanidin Synthase from Vitis vinifera. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27031047. [PMID: 35164310 PMCID: PMC8839691 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27031047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Twelve polyphenols from three distinct families (dihydroflavonols, flavan-3-ols, and flavanones) were studied as potential substrates of anthocyanidin synthase from Vitis vinifera (VvANS). Only flavan-3-ols of (2R,3S) configuration having either a catechol or gallol group on ring B are accepted as substrates. Only dihydroflavonols of (2R,3R) configuration are accepted as substrates, but a catechol or gallol group is not mandatory. Flavanones are not substrates of VvANS. HPLC and MS/MS analyses of the enzymatic products showed that the VvANS-catalyzed oxidative transformation of (+)-dihydroflavonols, such as dihydroquercetin, dihydrokaempferol and dihydromyricetin, leads only to the corresponding flavonols. Among the flavan-3-ols recognized as substrates, (+)-gallocatechin was only transformed into delphinidin by VvANS, whereas (+)-catechin was transformed into three products, including two major products that were an ascorbate-cyanidin adduct and a dimer of oxidized catechin, and a minor product that was cyanidin. Data from real-time MS monitoring of the enzymatic transformation of (+)-catechin suggest that its products are all derived from the initial C3-hydroxylation intermediate, i.e., a 3,3-gem-diol, and their most likely formation mechanism is discussed.
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23
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Wang Y, Shi Y, Li K, Yang D, Liu N, Zhang L, Zhao L, Zhang X, Liu Y, Gao L, Xia T, Wang P. Roles of the 2-Oxoglutarate-Dependent Dioxygenase Superfamily in the Flavonoid Pathway: A Review of the Functional Diversity of F3H, FNS I, FLS, and LDOX/ANS. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26216745. [PMID: 34771153 PMCID: PMC8588099 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26216745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase (2-OGD) superfamily is one of the largest protein families in plants. The main oxidation reactions they catalyze in plants are hydroxylation, desaturation, demethylation, epimerization, and halogenation. Four members of the 2-OGD superfamily, i.e., flavonone 3β-hydroxylase (F3H), flavones synthase I (FNS I), flavonol synthase (FLS), and anthocyanidin synthase (ANS)/leucoanthocyanidin dioxygenase (LDOX), are present in the flavonoid pathway, catalyzing hydroxylation and desaturation reactions. In this review, we summarize the recent research progress on these proteins, from the discovery of their enzymatic activity, to their functional verification, to the analysis of the response they mediate in plants towards adversity. Substrate diversity analysis indicated that F3H, FNS Ⅰ, ANS/LDOX, and FLS perform their respective dominant functions in the flavonoid pathway, despite the presence of functional redundancy among them. The phylogenetic tree classified two types of FNS Ⅰ, one mainly performing FNS activity, and the other, a new type of FNS present in angiosperms, mainly involved in C-5 hydroxylation of SA. Additionally, a new class of LDOXs is highlighted, which can catalyze the conversion of (+)-catechin to cyanidin, further influencing the starter and extension unit composition of proanthocyanidins (PAs). The systematical description of the functional diversity and evolutionary relationship among these enzymes can facilitate the understanding of their impacts on plant metabolism. On the other hand, it provides molecular genetic evidence of the chemical evolution of flavonoids from lower to higher plants, promoting plant adaptation to harsh environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueyue Wang
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China; (Y.W.); (K.L.); (D.Y.); (N.L.); (L.Z.); (X.Z.)
| | - Yufeng Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China;
| | - Kaiyuan Li
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China; (Y.W.); (K.L.); (D.Y.); (N.L.); (L.Z.); (X.Z.)
| | - Dong Yang
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China; (Y.W.); (K.L.); (D.Y.); (N.L.); (L.Z.); (X.Z.)
| | - Nana Liu
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China; (Y.W.); (K.L.); (D.Y.); (N.L.); (L.Z.); (X.Z.)
| | - Lingjie Zhang
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; (L.Z.); (Y.L.)
| | - Lei Zhao
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China; (Y.W.); (K.L.); (D.Y.); (N.L.); (L.Z.); (X.Z.)
| | - Xinfu Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China; (Y.W.); (K.L.); (D.Y.); (N.L.); (L.Z.); (X.Z.)
| | - Yajun Liu
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; (L.Z.); (Y.L.)
| | - Liping Gao
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; (L.Z.); (Y.L.)
- Correspondence: (L.G.); (T.X.); (P.W.)
| | - Tao Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China;
- Correspondence: (L.G.); (T.X.); (P.W.)
| | - Peiqiang Wang
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China; (Y.W.); (K.L.); (D.Y.); (N.L.); (L.Z.); (X.Z.)
- Correspondence: (L.G.); (T.X.); (P.W.)
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24
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Sakuta M, Tanaka A, Iwase K, Miyasaka M, Ichiki S, Hatai M, Inoue YT, Yamagami A, Nakano T, Yoshida K, Shimada S. Anthocyanin synthesis potential in betalain-producing Caryophyllales plants. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2021; 134:1335-1349. [PMID: 34477986 PMCID: PMC8930957 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-021-01341-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Although anthocyanins are widely distributed in higher plants, betalains have replaced anthocyanins in most species of the order Caryophyllales. The accumulation of flavonols in Caryophyllales plants implies that the late step of anthocyanin biosynthesis from dihydroflavonols to anthocyanins may be blocked in Caryophyllales. The isolation and characterization of functional dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (DFR) and anthocyanidin synthase (ANS) from Caryophyllales plants has indicated a lack of anthocyanins due to suppression of DFR and ANS. In this study, we demonstrated that overexpression of DFR and ANS from Spinacia oleracea (SoDFR and SoANS, respectively) with PhAN9, which encodes glutathione S-transferase (required for anthocyanin sequestration) from Petunia induces ectopic anthocyanin accumulation in yellow tepals of the cactus Astrophytum myriostigma. A promoter assay of SoANS showed that the Arabidopsis MYB transcription factor PRODUCTION OF ANTHOCYANIN PIGMENT1 (PAP1) activated the SoANS promoter in Arabidopsis leaves. The overexpression of Arabidopsis transcription factors with PhAN9 also induced ectopic anthocyanin accumulation in yellow cactus tepals. PAP homologs from betalain-producing Caryophyllales did not activate the promoter of ANS. In-depth characterization of Caryophyllales PAPs and site-directed mutagenesis in the R2R3-MYB domains identified the amino acid residues affecting transactivation of Caryophyllales PAPs. The substitution of amino acid residues recovered the transactivation ability of Caryophyllales PAPs. Therefore, loss of function in MYB transcription factors may suppress expression of genes involved in the late stage of anthocyanin synthesis, resulting in a lack of anthocyanin in betalain-producing Caryophyllales plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaaki Sakuta
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ochanomizu University, 112-8610, Tokyo, Japan.
- Organization for the Strategic Coordination of Research and Intellectual Properties, Meiji University, 214-8571, Kanagawa, Japan.
| | - Asuka Tanaka
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ochanomizu University, 112-8610, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kaori Iwase
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ochanomizu University, 112-8610, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mizuki Miyasaka
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ochanomizu University, 112-8610, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sachiko Ichiki
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ochanomizu University, 112-8610, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Miho Hatai
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ochanomizu University, 112-8610, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoriko T Inoue
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ochanomizu University, 112-8610, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ayumi Yamagami
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, 606-8502, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takeshi Nakano
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, 606-8502, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kazuko Yoshida
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ochanomizu University, 112-8610, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Setsuko Shimada
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ochanomizu University, 112-8610, Tokyo, Japan
- Synthetic Genomics Research group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 230-0045, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
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25
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Jiang D, Li G, Chen G, Lei J, Cao B, Chen C. Genome-Wide Identification and Expression Profiling of 2OGD Superfamily Genes from Three Brassica Plants. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12091399. [PMID: 34573381 PMCID: PMC8465909 DOI: 10.3390/genes12091399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The 2-oxoglutarate and Fe(II)-dependent dioxygenase (2OGD) superfamily is the second largest enzyme family in the plant genome, and its members are involved in various oxygenation and hydroxylation reactions. Due to their important biochemical significance in metabolism, a systematic analysis of the plant 2OGD genes family is necessary. Here, we identified 160, 179, and 337 putative 2OGDs from Brassica rapa, Brassica oleracea, and Brassica napus. According to their gene structure, domain, phylogenetic features, function, and previous studies, we also divided 676 2OGDs into three subfamilies: DOXA, DOXB, and DOXC. Additionally, homologous and phylogenetic comparisons of three subfamily genes provided valuable insight into the evolutionary characteristics of the 2OGD genes from Brassica plants. Expression profiles derived from the transcriptome and Genevestigator database exhibited distinct expression patterns of the At2OGD, Br2OGD, and Bo2OGD genes in different developmental stages, tissues, or anatomical parts. Some 2OGD genes showed high expression levels in various tissues, such as callus, seed, silique, and root tissues, while other 2OGD genes were expressed at very low levels in other tissues. Analysis of six Bo2OGD genes in different tissues by qRT-PCR indicated that these genes are involved in the metabolism of gibberellin, which in turn regulates plant growth and development. Our working system analysed 2OGD gene families of three Brassica plants and laid the foundation for further study of their functional characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ding Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Enhancement of Horticultural Crops in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (D.J.); (G.C.); (J.L.); (B.C.)
- Guangzhou Institute of Agriculture Science, Guangzhou 510335, China;
| | - Guangguang Li
- Guangzhou Institute of Agriculture Science, Guangzhou 510335, China;
| | - Guoju Chen
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Enhancement of Horticultural Crops in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (D.J.); (G.C.); (J.L.); (B.C.)
| | - Jianjun Lei
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Enhancement of Horticultural Crops in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (D.J.); (G.C.); (J.L.); (B.C.)
| | - Bihao Cao
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Enhancement of Horticultural Crops in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (D.J.); (G.C.); (J.L.); (B.C.)
| | - Changming Chen
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Enhancement of Horticultural Crops in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (D.J.); (G.C.); (J.L.); (B.C.)
- Correspondence:
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26
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Li N, Wang X, Ma B, Wu Z, Zheng L, Qi Z, Wang Y. A leucoanthocyanidin dioxygenase gene (RtLDOX2) from the feral forage plant Reaumuria trigyna promotes the accumulation of flavonoids and improves tolerance to abiotic stresses. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2021; 134:1121-1138. [PMID: 34037878 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-021-01315-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Reaumuria trigyna, a Tamaricaceae archaic recretohalophyte, is an important feral forage plant in the desert steppe of northwestern China. We identified two significantly differentially expressed leucoanthocyanidin dioxygenase genes (RtLDOX/RtLDOX2) and investigated the function and characteristics of RtLDOX2. RtLDOX2 from R. trigyna was rapidly upregulated by salt, drought, and abscisic acid, consistent with the stress-related cis-regulatory elements in the promoter region. Recombinant RtLDOX2 converted dihydrokaempferol to kaempferol in vitro, and was thus interchangeable with flavonol synthase, a dioxygenase in the flavonoid pathway. Transgenic plants overexpressing RtLDOX2 accumulated more anthocyanin and flavonols under abiotic stresses, speculating that RtLDOX2 may act as a multifunctional dioxygenase in the synthesis of anthocyanins and flavonols. Overexpression of RtLDOX2 enhanced the primary root length, biomass accumulation, and chlorophyll content of salt-, drought-, and ultraviolet-B-stressed transgenic Arabidopsis. Antioxidant enzyme activity; proline content; and expression of antioxidant enzyme, proline biosynthesis, and ion-transporter genes were increased in transgenic plants. Therefore, RtLDOX2 confers tolerance to abiotic stress on transgenic Arabidopsis by promoting the accumulation of anthocyanins and flavonols. This in turn increases reactive oxygen species scavenging and activates other stress responses, such as osmotic adjustment and ion transport, and so improves tolerance to abiotic stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningning Li
- College of Agricultural, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010019, China
- The Key Laboratory of Herbage and Endemic Crop Biology, Ministry of Education, the State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock, and College of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, 24 Zhaojun Road, Hohhot, 010070, China
| | - Xue Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Herbage and Endemic Crop Biology, Ministry of Education, the State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock, and College of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, 24 Zhaojun Road, Hohhot, 010070, China
| | - Binjie Ma
- The Key Laboratory of Herbage and Endemic Crop Biology, Ministry of Education, the State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock, and College of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, 24 Zhaojun Road, Hohhot, 010070, China
| | - Zhigang Wu
- The Key Laboratory of Herbage and Endemic Crop Biology, Ministry of Education, the State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock, and College of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, 24 Zhaojun Road, Hohhot, 010070, China
| | - Linlin Zheng
- The Key Laboratory of Herbage and Endemic Crop Biology, Ministry of Education, the State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock, and College of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, 24 Zhaojun Road, Hohhot, 010070, China
| | - Zhi Qi
- The Key Laboratory of Herbage and Endemic Crop Biology, Ministry of Education, the State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock, and College of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, 24 Zhaojun Road, Hohhot, 010070, China
| | - Yingchun Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Herbage and Endemic Crop Biology, Ministry of Education, the State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock, and College of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, 24 Zhaojun Road, Hohhot, 010070, China.
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27
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Biosynthetic Pathway of Proanthocyanidins in Major Cash Crops. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10091792. [PMID: 34579325 PMCID: PMC8472070 DOI: 10.3390/plants10091792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Proanthocyanidins (PAs) are a group of oligomers or polymers composed of monomeric flavanols. They offer many benefits for human fitness, such as antioxidant, anticancer, and anti-inflammatory activities. To date, three types of PA have been observed in nature: procyanidins, propelargonidins, and prodelphinidins. These are synthesized as some of the end-products of the flavonoid pathway by different consecutive enzymatic activities, from the same precursor—naringenin. Although the general biosynthetic pathways of PAs have been reported in a few model plant species, little is known about the species-specific pathways in major crops containing different types of PA. In the present study, we identified the species-specific pathways in 10 major crops, based on the presence/absence of flavanol-based intermediates in the metabolic pathway, and found 202 orthologous genes in the reference genomic database of each species, which may encode for key enzymes involved in the biosynthetic pathways of PAs. Parallel enzymatic reactions in the pathway are responsible for the ratio between PAs and anthocyanins, as well as among the three types of PAs. Our study suggests a promising strategy for molecular breeding, to regulate the content of PAs and anthocyanins and improve the nutritional quality of food sources globally.
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28
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Busche M, Acatay C, Martens S, Weisshaar B, Stracke R. Functional Characterisation of Banana ( Musa spp.) 2-Oxoglutarate-Dependent Dioxygenases Involved in Flavonoid Biosynthesis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:701780. [PMID: 34484266 PMCID: PMC8415913 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.701780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Bananas (Musa) are non-grass, monocotyledonous, perennial plants that are well known for their edible fruits. Their cultivation provides food security and employment opportunities in many countries. Banana fruits contain high levels of minerals and phytochemicals, including flavonoids, which are beneficial for human nutrition. To broaden the knowledge on flavonoid biosynthesis in this major crop plant, we aimed to identify and functionally characterise selected structural genes encoding 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases, involved in the formation of the flavonoid aglycon. Musa candidates genes predicted to encode flavanone 3-hydroxylase (F3H), flavonol synthase (FLS) and anthocyanidin synthase (ANS) were assayed. Enzymatic functionalities of the recombinant proteins were confirmed in vivo using bioconversion assays. Moreover, transgenic analyses in corresponding Arabidopsis thaliana mutants showed that MusaF3H, MusaFLS and MusaANS were able to complement the respective loss-of-function phenotypes, thus verifying functionality of the enzymes in planta. Knowledge gained from this work provides a new aspect for further research towards genetic engineering of flavonoid biosynthesis in banana fruits to increase their antioxidant activity and nutritional value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mareike Busche
- Genetics and Genomics of Plants, Faculty of Biology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Christopher Acatay
- Genetics and Genomics of Plants, Faculty of Biology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Stefan Martens
- Fondazione Edmund Mach, Research and Innovation Centre, San Michele All’ Adige, Italy
| | - Bernd Weisshaar
- Genetics and Genomics of Plants, Faculty of Biology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Ralf Stracke
- Genetics and Genomics of Plants, Faculty of Biology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
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29
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Aoki T, Kawaguchi M, Imaizumi-Anraku H, Akao S, Ayabe SI, Akashi T. Mutants of Lotus japonicus deficient in flavonoid biosynthesis. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2021; 134:341-352. [PMID: 33570676 PMCID: PMC7929969 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-021-01258-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Spatiotemporal features of anthocyanin accumulation in a model legume Lotus japonicus (Regel) K.Larsen were elucidated to develop criteria for the genetic analysis of flavonoid biosynthesis. Artificial mutants and wild accessions, with lower anthocyanin accumulation in the stem than the standard wild type (B-129 'Gifu'), were obtained by ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) mutagenesis and from a collection of wild-grown variants, respectively. The loci responsible for the green stem of the mutants were named as VIRIDICAULIS (VIC). Genetic and chemical analysis identified two loci, namely, VIC1 and VIC2, required for the production of both anthocyanins and proanthocyanidins (condensed tannins), and two loci, namely, VIC3 and VIC4, required for the steps specific to anthocyanin biosynthesis. A mutation in VIC5 significantly reduced the anthocyanin accumulation. These mutants will serve as a useful system for examining the effects of anthocyanins and proanthocyanidins on the interactions with herbivorous pests, pathogenic microorganisms and nitrogen-fixing symbiotic bacteria, Mesorhizobium loti.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshio Aoki
- Department of Applied Biological Sciences, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Kawaguchi
- Division of Symbiotic Systems, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8585, Japan.
| | - Haruko Imaizumi-Anraku
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8634, Japan
| | - Shoichiro Akao
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8634, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Ayabe
- Department of Applied Biological Sciences, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Japan
| | - Tomoyoshi Akashi
- Department of Applied Biological Sciences, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Japan.
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30
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Shi Q, Du J, Zhu D, Li X, Li X. Metabolomic and Transcriptomic Analyses of Anthocyanin Biosynthesis Mechanisms in the Color Mutant Ziziphus jujuba cv. Tailihong. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:15186-15198. [PMID: 33300333 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c05334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The purplish-red color of "Tailihong" jujube fruit skins is caused primarily by anthocyanin accumulation, but the mechanisms that underlie anthocyanin biosynthesis in jujube fruit have rarely been studied. We performed metabolomic and transcriptomic analyses of jujube fruit skins at different developmental stages and identified a total of 158 flavonoids, among which cyanidin-3-O-rutinoside and peonidin-3,5-O-diglucoside were the primary anthocyanins. During fruit development and maturation, the anthocyanin content was strongly correlated with the expression of ZjANS and ZjUGT79B1, suggesting that these are key genes in the anthocyanin biosynthesis process. Transcriptomic analysis indicated that the transcription factors ZjMYB5, ZjTT8, and ZjWDR3 regulated anthocyanin biosynthesis in jujube fruit skins. Subcellular localization experiments confirmed that ZjANS and ZjUGT79B1 were localized to the nucleus and the endoplasmic reticulum. ZjMYB5 and ZjTT8 were found only in the nucleus, whereas strong fluorescence signals from ZjWDR3 were observed in the nucleus and cytoplasm. Prokaryotic expression and in vitro enzyme activity assays showed that the recombinant ZjANS protein catalyzed the formation of cyanidin from (+)-catechin. Secondary glycosylation by ZjUFGT79B1 modified cyanidin-3-O-glucoside to produce cyanidin-3-O-rutinoside, and ZjCCoAOMT readily catalyzed the production of the methylated anthocyanin peonidin-3,5-O-diglucoside from cyanidin 3,5-O-glucoside. Dual-Luciferase and GUS activity assays showed that the ZjANS and ZjUGT79B1 promoters were activated by ZjMYB5, ZjTT8, and ZjWDR3. All data indicated that these three transcription factors played important roles in anthocyanin biosynthesis in the color mutant Ziziphus jujuba cv. Tailihong, contributing to anthocyanin accumulation by enhancing the expression of ZjANS and ZjUGT79B1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Shi
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, Shaanxi, China
- Key Comprehensive Laboratory of Forestry of Shaanxi Province, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jiangtao Du
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, Shaanxi, China
- Key Comprehensive Laboratory of Forestry of Shaanxi Province, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Dajun Zhu
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, Shaanxi, China
- Key Comprehensive Laboratory of Forestry of Shaanxi Province, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xi Li
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, Shaanxi, China
- Key Comprehensive Laboratory of Forestry of Shaanxi Province, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xingang Li
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, Shaanxi, China
- Key Comprehensive Laboratory of Forestry of Shaanxi Province, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, Shaanxi, China
- Research Center for Jujube Engineering and Technology of State Forestry Administration, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, Shaanxi, China
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Yoshida K, Teppabut Y, Sawaguchi R, Nakane Y, Hayashi E, Oyama KI, Nishizaki Y, Goda Y, Kondo T. 5,7,3',4'-Tetrahydroxyflav-2-en-3-ol 3-O-glucoside, a new biosynthetic precursor of cyanidin 3-O-glucoside in the seed coat of black soybean, Glycine max. Sci Rep 2020; 10:17184. [PMID: 33057015 PMCID: PMC7560818 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-74098-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The seed coat of mature black soybean, Glycine max, accumulates a high amount of cyanidin 3-O-glucoside (Cy3G), which is the most abundant anthocyanin in nature. In the pod, it takes two months for the seed coat color change from green to black. However, immature green beans rapidly adopt a black color within one day when the shell is removed. We analyzed the components involved in the color change of the seed coat and detected a new precursor of Cy3G, namely 5,7,3',4'-tetrahydroxyflav-2-en-3-ol 3-O-glucoside (2F3G). Through quantitative analysis using purified and synthetic standard compounds, it was clarified that during this rapid color change, an increase in the Cy3G content was observed along with the corresponding decrease in the 2F3G content. Chemical conversion from 2F3G to Cy3G at pH 5 with air and ferrous ion was observed. Our findings allowed us to propose a new biosynthetic pathway of Cy3G via a colorless glucosylated compound, 2F3G, which was oxidized to give Cy3G.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumi Yoshida
- Graduate School of Informatics, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan.
| | - Yada Teppabut
- Graduate School of Informatics, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Reo Sawaguchi
- Graduate School of Informatics, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Yuhsuke Nakane
- Graduate School of Information Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Emi Hayashi
- Graduate School of Information Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Kin-Ichi Oyama
- Research Center for Materials Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
| | - Yuzo Nishizaki
- National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 210-9501, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Goda
- National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 210-9501, Japan
| | - Tadao Kondo
- Graduate School of Informatics, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
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A New Intra-Specific and High-Resolution Genetic Map of Eggplant Based on a RIL Population, and Location of QTLs Related to Plant Anthocyanin Pigmentation and Seed Vigour. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11070745. [PMID: 32635424 PMCID: PMC7397344 DOI: 10.3390/genes11070745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Eggplant is the second most important solanaceous berry-producing crop after tomato. Despite mapping studies based on bi-parental progenies and GWAS approaches having been performed, an eggplant intraspecific high-resolution map is still lacking. We developed a RIL population from the intraspecific cross ‘305E40’, (androgenetic introgressed line carrying the locus Rfo-Sa1 conferring Fusarium resistance) x ‘67/3’ (breeding line whose genome sequence was recently released). One hundred and sixty-three RILs were genotyped by a genotype-by-sequencing (GBS) approach, which allowed us to identify 10,361 polymorphic sites. Overall, 267 Gb of sequencing data were generated and ~773 M Illumina paired end (PE) reads were mapped against the reference sequence. A new linkage map was developed, including 7249 SNPs assigned to the 12 chromosomes and spanning 2169.23 cM, with iaci@liberoan average distance of 0.4 cM between adjacent markers. This was used to elucidate the genetic bases of seven traits related to anthocyanin content in different organs recorded in three locations as well as seed vigor. Overall, from 7 to 17 QTLs (at least one major QTL) were identified for each trait. These results demonstrate that our newly developed map supplies valuable information for QTL fine mapping, candidate gene identification, and the development of molecular markers for marker assisted selection (MAS) of favorable alleles.
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Zhao J, Li P, Xia T, Wan X. Exploring plant metabolic genomics: chemical diversity, metabolic complexity in the biosynthesis and transport of specialized metabolites with the tea plant as a model. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2020; 40:667-688. [PMID: 32321331 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2020.1752617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The diversity and complexity of secondary metabolites in tea plants contribute substantially to the popularity of tea, by determining tea flavors and their numerous health benefits. The most significant characteristics of tea plants are that they concentrate the complex plant secondary metabolites into one leaf: flavonoids, alkaloids, theanine, volatiles, and saponins. Many fundamental questions regarding tea plant secondary metabolism remain unanswered. This includes how tea plants accumulate high levels of monomeric galloylated catechins, unlike the polymerized flavan-3-ols in most other plants, as well as how they are evolved to selectively synthesize theanine and caffeine, and how tea plants properly transport and store these cytotoxic products and then reuse them in defense. Tea plants coordinate many metabolic pathways that simultaneously take place in young tea leaves in response to both developmental and environmental cues. With the available genome sequences of tea plants and high-throughput metabolomic tools as great platforms, it is of particular interest to launch metabolic genomics studies using tea plants as a model system. Plant metabolic genomics are to investigate all aspects of plant secondary metabolism at the genetic, genome, and molecular levels. This includes plant domestication and adaptation, divergence and convergence of secondary metaboloic pathways. The biosynthesis, transport, storage, and transcriptional regulation mechanisms of all metabolites are of core interest in the plant as a whole. This review highlights relevant contexts of metabolic genomics, outstanding questions, and strategies for answering them, with aim to guide future research for genetic improvement of nutrition quality for healthier plant foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Penghui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Tao Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Xiaochun Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
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Hu J, Fang H, Wang J, Yue X, Su M, Mao Z, Zou Q, Jiang H, Guo Z, Yu L, Feng T, Lu L, Peng Z, Zhang Z, Wang N, Chen X. Ultraviolet B-induced MdWRKY72 expression promotes anthocyanin synthesis in apple. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 292:110377. [PMID: 32005382 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2019.110377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 12/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation promotes anthocyanin synthesis in many plants. Although several transcription factors promote anthocyanin synthesis in response to UV-B radiation, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. In this study, the MdWRKY72 transcription factor gene was isolated from the 'Taishanzaoxia' apple genome. Quantitative real-time PCR analyses revealed that the genes encoding enzymes and transcription factors involved in the anthocyanin synthesis pathway (MdANS, MdDFR, MdUFGT, and MdMYB1) were more highly expressed in MdWRKY72-overexpressing transgenic calli than in the wild-type 'Orin' apple calli. The results indicated that MdWRKY72 increases anthocyanin synthesis in transgenic calli exposed to UV-B radiation. The results of a gel shift assay and chromatin immunoprecipitation proved that MdWRKY72 promotes MdMYB1 expression indirectly by binding to a W-box element in the MdHY5 promoter and directly by binding to a W-box element in the MdMYB1 promoter. Thus, MdWRKY72 increases anthocyanin synthesis via direct and indirect mechanisms. These findings may be useful for elucidating the molecular mechanism underlying UV-B-induced anthocyanin synthesis mediated by MdWRKY72.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiafei Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, China; College of Horticulture Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, China
| | - Hongcheng Fang
- College of Forestry, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, China; State Forestry and Grassland Administration Key Laboratory of Silviculture in Downstream Areas of the Yellow River, Tai'an, Shandong, China
| | - Jie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, China; College of Horticulture Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, China
| | - Xuanxuan Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, China; College of Horticulture Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, China
| | - Mengyu Su
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, China; College of Horticulture Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, China
| | - Zuolin Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, China; College of Horticulture Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, China
| | - Qi Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, China; College of Horticulture Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, China
| | - Huiyan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, China; College of Horticulture Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, China
| | - Zhangwen Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, China; College of Horticulture Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, China
| | - Lei Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, China; College of Horticulture Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, China
| | - Tian Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, China; College of Horticulture Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, China
| | - Le Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, China; College of Horticulture Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, China
| | - Zhenge Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, China; College of Horticulture Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, China
| | - Zongying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, China; College of Horticulture Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, China
| | - Nan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, China; College of Horticulture Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, China.
| | - Xuesen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, China; College of Horticulture Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, China.
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Wu X, Zhou Y, Yao D, Iqbal S, Gao Z, Zhang Z. DNA methylation of LDOX gene contributes to the floral colour variegation in peach. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 246-247:153116. [PMID: 31981816 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2020.153116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Peach is an important fruit and ornamental plant around the globe. Variegation in flowers often captures consumers' attention, and variegated plants are of high ornamental value. To determine the relationship between DNA methylation and phenotype, we obtained the first single-nucleotide resolution DNA methylation of variegation cultivars in peach through bisulfite sequencing. In this study, a similar methylation rate of 12.90 % in variegated flower buds (VF) and 11.96 % in red flower buds (RF) was determined. The methyl-CG (mCG) was the main context in both samples. We identified 503 differentially methylated regions (DMRs) in all chromosomes. These DMRs were focused on 96 genes and 156 promoters. Associated with the transcriptional and proteome analysis, 106 differently expressed genes and 52 different proteins had varying degrees of methylation. Silent genes exhibited higher methylation levels than expressed genes. The methylation state of the leucoanthocyanidin dioxygenase (LDOX) promoter in VF was higher than RF at flower stages 2 (FS2) based on bisulfite sequencing PCR (BSP) results. Moreover, further experiments showed LDOX gene expression and enzyme activity in RF was higher than VF. The DNA methylation trend consisted of the gene expression and flower colour phenotype. Several cis-acting regulatory elements on BSP sequences were involved in phytohormones, transcription factors, and light responsiveness, which could affect gene expression. The higher level of LDOX gene expression promoted synthesis of colourful anthocyanidins, which caused red spots on the petal. Together, this study identified the context and level of methylation at each site with bisulfite sequencing (BS). These results are helpful in uncovering the mechanism of variegated flower petal formation in peach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxin Wu
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, No. 1 Weigang, Nanjing 210095, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, No. 50 Zhongling Street, Nanjing 210014, China.
| | - Yong Zhou
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, No. 1 Weigang, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Dan Yao
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, No. 1 Weigang, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Shahid Iqbal
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, No. 1 Weigang, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Zhihong Gao
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, No. 1 Weigang, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Zhen Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, No. 1 Weigang, Nanjing 210095, China.
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Page A, Gibson J, Meyer RS, Chapman MA. Eggplant Domestication: Pervasive Gene Flow, Feralization, and Transcriptomic Divergence. Mol Biol Evol 2020; 36:1359-1372. [PMID: 31039581 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msz062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In the context of food security, examining the genomics of domestication will help identify genes underlying adaptive and economically important phenotypes, for example, larger fruit, improved taste, and loss of agronomically inferior phenotypes. Examination of genome-scale single nucleotide polymorphisms demonstrates the relationships between wild ancestors of eggplant (Solanum melongena L.), confirming that Solanum insanum L. is the wild progenitor. This species is split roughly into an Eastern (Malaysian, Thai, and Vietnamese) and Western (Indian, Madagascan, and Sri Lankan) group, with domesticates derived from the former. Additional "wild" accessions from India appear to be feral escapes, derived multiple times from domesticated varieties through admixture. Accessions with small egg-shaped fruit are generally found intermixed with East Asian Solanum insanum confirming they are primitive relative to the large-fruited domesticates. Comparative transcriptomics was used to track the loci under selection. Sequence analysis revealed a genetic bottleneck reducing variation by almost 50% in the primitive accessions relative to the wild species and a further 10% in the landraces. We also show evidence for selection on genes with a role in response to wounding and apoptosis. Genes showing a significant difference in expression between wild and primitive or between primitive and landrace genepools were mostly (>75%) downregulated in the derived populations and enriched for gene ontologies related to defense, flowering, signaling, and response to biotic and abiotic stimuli. This work reveals genomic changes involved in crop domestication and improvement, and the population genetics work explains why defining the eggplant domestication trajectory has been so challenging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Page
- Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Jane Gibson
- Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel S Meyer
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Mark A Chapman
- Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
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Solopova A, van Tilburg AY, Foito A, Allwood JW, Stewart D, Kulakauskas S, Kuipers OP. Engineering Lactococcus lactis for the production of unusual anthocyanins using tea as substrate. Metab Eng 2019; 54:160-169. [PMID: 30978503 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2019.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Revised: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Plant material rich in anthocyanins has been historically used in traditional medicines, but only recently have the specific pharmacological properties of these compounds been the target of extensive studies. In addition to their potential to modulate the development of various diseases, coloured anthocyanins are valuable natural alternatives commonly used to replace synthetic colourants in food industry. Exploitation of microbial hosts as cell factories is an attractive alternative to extraction of anthocyanins and other flavonoids from plant sources or chemical synthesis. In this study, we present the lactic acid bacterium Lactococcus lactis as an ideal host for the production of high-value plant-derived bioactive anthocyanins using green tea as substrate. Besides the anticipated red-purple compounds cyanidin and delphinidin, orange and yellow pyranoanthocyanidins with unexpected methylation patterns were produced from green tea by engineered L. lactis strains. The pyranoanthocyanins are currently attracting significant interest as one of the most important classes of anthocyanin derivatives and are mainly formed during the aging of wine, contributing to both colour and sensory experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Solopova
- Molecular Genetics, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands.
| | | | - Alexandre Foito
- Environmental and Biochemical Sciences Group, The James Hutton Institute, Dundee, UK.
| | - J William Allwood
- Environmental and Biochemical Sciences Group, The James Hutton Institute, Dundee, UK.
| | - Derek Stewart
- Environmental and Biochemical Sciences Group, The James Hutton Institute, Dundee, UK; School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Institute of Mechanical, Process and Energy Engineering, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, UK.
| | - Saulius Kulakauskas
- Micalis Institute, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France.
| | - Oscar P Kuipers
- Molecular Genetics, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands.
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Zhang JR, Trossat-Magnin C, Bathany K, Delrot S, Chaudière J. Oxidative Transformation of Leucocyanidin by Anthocyanidin Synthase from Vitis vinifera Leads Only to Quercetin. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:3595-3604. [PMID: 30865451 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b06968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Anthocyanidin synthase from Vitis vinifera ( VvANS) catalyzes the in vitro transformation of the natural isomer of leucocyanidin, 2 R,3 S,4 S- cis-leucocyanidin, into 2 R,4 S-flavan-3,3,4-triol ([M + H]+, m/ z 323) and quercetin. The C3-hydroxylation product 2 R,4 S-flavan-3,3,4-triol is first produced and its C3,C4-dehydration product is in tautomeric equilibrium with (+)-dihydroquercetin. The latter undergoes a second VvANS-catalyzed C3-hydroxylation leading to a 4-keto-2 R-flavan-3,3-gem-diol which upon dehydration gives quercetin. The unnatural isomer of leucocyanidin, 2 R,3 S,4 R- trans-leucocyanidin, is similarly transformed into quercetin upon C3,C4-dehydration, but unlike 3,4- cis-leucocyanidin, it also undergoes some C2,C3-dehydration followed by an acid-catalyzed hydroxyl group extrusion at C4 to give traces of cyanidin. Overall, the C3,C4- trans isomer of leucocyanidin is transformed into 2 R,4 R-flavan-3,3,4-triol (M + 1, m/ z 323), (+)-DHQ, (-)-epiDHQ, quercetin, and traces of cyanidin. Our data bring the first direct observation of 3,4- cis-leucocyanidin- and 3,4- trans-leucocyanidin-derived 3,3-gem-diols, supporting the idea that the generic function of ANS is to catalyze the C3-hydroxylation of its substrates. No cyanidin is produced with the natural cis isomer of leucocyanidin, and only traces with the unnatural trans isomer, which suggests that anthocyanidin synthase requires other substrate(s) for the in vivo formation of anthocyanidins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Rong Zhang
- Chimie et Biologie des Membranes et des Nano-objets (CBMN, UMR 5248) , Université de Bordeaux , 33615 Pessac , France
| | - Claudine Trossat-Magnin
- Institut des Sciences de la Vigne et du Vin (ISVV, UMR 1287) , Université de Bordeaux , 33140 Villenave d'Ornon , France
| | - Katell Bathany
- Chimie et Biologie des Membranes et des Nano-objets (CBMN, UMR 5248) , Université de Bordeaux , 33615 Pessac , France
| | - Serge Delrot
- Institut des Sciences de la Vigne et du Vin (ISVV, UMR 1287) , Université de Bordeaux , 33140 Villenave d'Ornon , France
| | - Jean Chaudière
- Chimie et Biologie des Membranes et des Nano-objets (CBMN, UMR 5248) , Université de Bordeaux , 33615 Pessac , France
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Rothenberg DO, Yang H, Chen M, Zhang W, Zhang L. Metabolome and Transcriptome Sequencing Analysis Reveals Anthocyanin Metabolism in Pink Flowers of Anthocyanin-Rich Tea ( Camellia sinensis). Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24061064. [PMID: 30889908 PMCID: PMC6471635 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24061064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Almost all flowers of the tea plant (Camellia sinensis) are white, which has caused few researchers to pay attention to anthocyanin accumulation and color changing in tea flowers. A new purple-leaf cultivar, Baitang purple tea (BTP) was discovered in the Baitang Mountains of Guangdong, whose flowers are naturally pink, and can provide an opportunity to understand anthocyanin metabolic networks and flower color development in tea flowers. In the present study, twelve anthocyanin components were identified in the pink tea flowers, namely cyanidin O-syringic acid, petunidin 3-O-glucoside, pelargonidin 3-O-beta-d-glucoside, which marks the first time these compounds have been found in the tea flowers. The presence of these anthocyanins seem most likely to be the reason for the pink coloration of the flowers. Twenty-one differentially expressed genes (DEGs) involved in anthocyanin pathway were identified using KEGG pathway functional enrichment, and ten of these DEG’s screened using venn and KEGG functional enrichment analysis during five subsequent stages of flower development. By comparing DEGs and their expression levels across multiple flower development stages, we found that anthocyanin biosynthesis and accumulation in BTP flowers mainly occurred between the third and fourth stages (BTP3 to BTP4). Particularly, during the period of peak anthocyanin synthesis 17 structural genes were upregulated, and four structural genes were downregulated only. Ultimately, eight critical genes were identified using weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA), which were found to have direct impact on biosynthesis and accumulation of three flavonoid compounds, namely cyanidin 3-O-glucoside, petunidin 3-O-glucoside and epicatechin gallate. These results provide useful information about the molecular mechanisms of coloration in rare pink tea flower of anthocyanin-rich tea, enriching the gene resource and guiding further research on anthocyanin accumulation in purple tea.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Haijun Yang
- Center of Experimental Teaching for Common Basic Courses, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Meiban Chen
- College of Horticulture Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Wenting Zhang
- College of Horticulture Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Lingyun Zhang
- College of Horticulture Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510640, China.
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Michel L, Peña Á, Pastenes C, Berríos P, Rombolà AD, Covarrubias JI. Sustainable Strategies to Prevent Iron Deficiency, Improve Yield and Berry Composition in Blueberry ( Vaccinium spp.). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:255. [PMID: 30930913 PMCID: PMC6423480 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this investigation was to study the effect of sustainable strategies to correct iron deficiency in blueberries, based on Fe-heme applications or intercropping with graminaceous species, on yield, and berry quality variables. The experiment was conducted in a blueberry orchard established in a sub-alkaline soil. The association with grasses increased the crop load and yield (only Festuca rubra), and decreased the skin/flesh ratio. In addition, these treatments increased anthocyanins as well as some hydroxybenzoic acids, hydroxycinnamic acids, flavanols, and flavonol concentrations in skins with a similar effectiveness as Fe-EDDHA, whereas the Fe-heme applications did not influence such parameters. Moreover, data revealed that the association with both grasses decreased the firmness of the berries, whereas none of the treatments assessed changed the soluble solids, pH, acidity, and the soluble solids/acidity rate compared to the control. These results suggest that Fe nutrition is crucial for yield and berry quality in blueberry, and that intercropping with grasses may be an effective and sustainable alternative to counteract Fe deficiency in blueberry, with a similar effect on berries to that achieved with Fe-EDDHA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucía Michel
- Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Álvaro Peña
- Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudio Pastenes
- Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pablo Berríos
- Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Wang Z, Wang S, Wu M, Li Z, Liu P, Li F, Chen Q, Yang A, Yang J. Evolutionary and functional analyses of the 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase genes involved in the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway in tobacco. PLANTA 2019; 249:543-561. [PMID: 30293202 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-018-3019-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/23/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION This study illustrates the differences in the gene structure of 2-oxoglutarate-dependent oxygenase involved in flavonoid biosynthesis (2ODD-IFB), and their potential roles in regulating tobacco flavonoid biosynthesis and plant growth. Flavonol synthase (FLS), anthocyanidin synthase (ANS), and flavanone 3β-hydroxylase belong to the 2-oxoglutarate-dependent (2ODD) oxygenase family, and each performs crucial functions in the biosynthesis of flavonoids. We identified two NtFLS genes, two NtANS genes, and four NtF3H genes from Nicotiana tabacum genome, as well as their homologous genes in the N. sylvestris and N. tomentosiformis genomes. Our phylogenetic analysis indicated that these three types of genes split from each other before the divergence of gymnosperms and angiosperms. FLS evolved faster in the eudicot plants, whereas ANS evolved faster in the monocot plants. Gene structure analysis revealed two fragment insertions occurred at different times in the intron one position of tobacco FLS genes. Homologous protein modeling revealed distinct structures in the N terminus of the tobacco 2ODD oxygenases. We found that the expression patterns of genes encoding tobacco 2ODD oxygenases in flavonoids biosynthesis (2ODD-IFB) did not determine the accumulation patterns of flavonoids among various tobacco tissues, but strongly affected the concentration of flavonoids in the tissues, where they were biosynthesized. More carbon resource flowed to the flavonol biosynthesis when NtANS gene was silenced, otherwise more anthocyanidin accumulated when NtFLS gene was repressed. This study illustrates the 2ODD-IFB gene structure evolution, differences among their protein structures, and provides a foundation for regulating plant development and altering flavonoid content and/or composition through the manipulation of plant 2ODD-IFB genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong Wang
- China Tobacco Gene Research Center, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Shanshan Wang
- China Tobacco Gene Research Center, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Mingzhu Wu
- China Tobacco Gene Research Center, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Zefeng Li
- China Tobacco Gene Research Center, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Pingping Liu
- China Tobacco Gene Research Center, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Feng Li
- China Tobacco Gene Research Center, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Qiansi Chen
- China Tobacco Gene Research Center, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Aiguo Yang
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, China
| | - Jun Yang
- China Tobacco Gene Research Center, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
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Oyama KI, Kimura Y, Iuchi S, Koga N, Yoshida K, Kondo T. Conversion of flavonol glycoside to anthocyanin: an interpretation of the oxidation–reduction relationship of biosynthetic flavonoid-intermediates. RSC Adv 2019; 9:31435-31439. [PMID: 35527956 PMCID: PMC9072432 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra06986k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
An efficient conversion of rutin to the corresponding anthocyanin, cyanidin 3-O-rutinoside, was established. Clemmensen-type reduction of rutin gave a mixture of flav-2-en-3-ol and two flav-3-en-3-ols, which were easily oxidised by air to give the anthocyanin. The interconversion reactions of these flavonoids provide insight into their biosynthetic pathway. An efficient conversion of rutin to the corresponding anthocyanin, cyanidin 3-O-rutinoside by Clemmensen-type reduction followed by air oxidation was established.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Kin-ichi Oyama
- Research Institute for Materials Science
- Nagoya University
- Nagoya 464-8602
- Japan
| | - Yuki Kimura
- Graduate School of Information Sciences
- Nagoya University
- Nagoya 464-8601
- Japan
| | - Satoru Iuchi
- Graduate School of Informatics
- Nagoya University
- Nagoya 464-8601
- Japan
| | - Nobuaki Koga
- Graduate School of Informatics
- Nagoya University
- Nagoya 464-8601
- Japan
| | - Kumi Yoshida
- Graduate School of Informatics
- Nagoya University
- Nagoya 464-8601
- Japan
| | - Tadao Kondo
- Graduate School of Informatics
- Nagoya University
- Nagoya 464-8601
- Japan
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Sato H, Saito K, Yamazaki M. Acceleration of Mechanistic Investigation of Plant Secondary Metabolism Based on Computational Chemistry. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:802. [PMID: 31293608 PMCID: PMC6606707 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
This review describes the application of computational chemistry to plant secondary metabolism, focusing on the biosynthetic mechanisms of terpene/terpenoid, alkaloid, flavonoid, and lignin as representative examples. Through these biosynthetic studies, we exhibit several computational methods, including density functional theory (DFT) calculations, theozyme calculation, docking simulation, molecular dynamics (MD) simulation, and quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) calculation. This review demonstrates how modern computational chemistry can be employed as an effective tool for revealing biosynthetic mechanisms and the potential of computational chemistry-for example, elucidating how enzymes regulate regio- and stereoselectivity, finding the key catalytic residue of an enzyme, and assessing the viability of hypothetical pathways. Furthermore, insights for the next research objective involving application of computational chemistry to plant secondary metabolism are provided herein. This review will be helpful for plant scientists who are not well versed with computational chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajime Sato
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
- Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Advanced Elements Chemistry Laboratory, Cluster for Pioneering Research (CPR), RIKEN, Saitama, Japan
| | - Kazuki Saito
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Mami Yamazaki
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
- *Correspondence: Mami Yamazaki,
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Jun JH, Xiao X, Rao X, Dixon RA. Proanthocyanidin subunit composition determined by functionally diverged dioxygenases. NATURE PLANTS 2018; 4:1034-1043. [PMID: 30478357 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-018-0292-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Proanthocyanidins (PAs) are primarily composed of the flavan-3-ol subunits (-)-epicatechin and/or (+)-catechin, but the basis for their different starter and extension unit compositions remains unclear. Genetic and biochemical analyses show that, in the model legume Medicago truncatula, two 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases, anthocyanidin synthase (ANS) and its homologue leucoanthocyanidin dioxygenase (LDOX), are involved in parallel pathways to generate, respectively, the (-)-epicatechin extension and starter units of PAs, with (+) catechin being an intermediate in the formation of the (-)-epicatechin starter unit. The presence/absence of the LDOX pathway accounts for natural differences in PA compositions across species, and engineering loss of function of ANS or LDOX provides a means to obtain PAs with different compositions and degrees of polymerization for use in food and feed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hyung Jun
- BioDiscovery Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
| | - Xirong Xiao
- BioDiscovery Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
| | - Xiaolan Rao
- BioDiscovery Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
| | - Richard A Dixon
- BioDiscovery Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA.
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Li J, Zhao A, Yu M, Li Y, Liu X, Chen X. Function analysis of anthocyanidin synthase from Morus alba L. by expression in bacteria and tobacco. ELECTRON J BIOTECHN 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejbt.2018.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Yang N, Zhao K, Li X, Zhao R, Aslam MZ, Yu L, Chen L. Comprehensive analysis of wintersweet flower reveals key structural genes involved in flavonoid biosynthetic pathway. Gene 2018; 676:279-289. [PMID: 30121381 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2018.08.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2018] [Revised: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Wintersweet (Chimonanthus praecox (L.)), with an over-one-thousand-years long history in cultivation, is still a popular ornamental woody plant in China. The tepals of wintersweet flower are waxy in nature and the overall color of the flower is yellow, while the inner tepals range from yellow to red, which makes it an ideal plant to study floral color formation in ornamental shrubs. In our current work, HPLC analysis revealed that the principal pigments in tepals were the metabolite of flavonoids. All the tepals were containing quercetin, kaempferol 3‑O‑rutinoside and rutin while cyanidin‑3‑O‑glucoside and cyanidin‑3‑O‑rutinoside were only found in the in the red tepals. Moreover, we found the rutin as the principal component of all the pigments revealed. As well as in this study, a reference transcriptome library constructed from two varieties H29 and H64 flower. Further, 30 proteins of flavonoid biosynthesis pathway were identified in H29 flower using proteome analysis. Based on these dataset, the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway was also speculated. After quantitative analysis of gene expression, we found that ANS act as an on-off switch for the accumulation of red pigments and had positive correlations with various steps genes of the flavonoid pathway. This expression profiling demonstrates that no gene products compete for common substrates to redirect the metabolic flux in wintersweet. It is also demonstrated that high expression of F3'H would provide sufficient content of the precursor, dihydroquercetin, for both flavonol and anthocyanin biosynthesis. The results help us to deepen and enrich the gene resource of color formation in wintersweet flower, and provide specific breeding strategies for increasing diversity of flower color.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (HZAU), MOE, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Kaige Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (HZAU), MOE, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Xiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (HZAU), MOE, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Rong Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (HZAU), MOE, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Muhammad Z Aslam
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (HZAU), MOE, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Li Yu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (HZAU), MOE, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Longqing Chen
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (HZAU), MOE, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; Southwest Research Center for Engineering Technology of Landscape Architecture (State Forestry Administration), Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China.
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Levisson M, Patinios C, Hein S, de Groot PA, Daran JM, Hall RD, Martens S, Beekwilder J. Engineering de novo anthocyanin production in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Microb Cell Fact 2018; 17:103. [PMID: 29970082 PMCID: PMC6029064 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-018-0951-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anthocyanins are polyphenolic pigments which provide pink to blue colours in fruits and flowers. There is an increasing demand for anthocyanins, as food colorants and as health-promoting substances. Plant production of anthocyanins is often seasonal and cannot always meet demand due to low productivity and the complexity of the plant extracts. Therefore, a system of on-demand supply is useful. While a number of other (simpler) plant polyphenols have been successfully produced in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, production of anthocyanins has not yet been reported. RESULTS Saccharomyces cerevisiae was engineered to produce pelargonidin 3-O-glucoside starting from glucose. Specific anthocyanin biosynthetic genes from Arabidopsis thaliana and Gerbera hybrida were introduced in a S. cerevisiae strain producing naringenin, the flavonoid precursor of anthocyanins. Upon culturing, pelargonidin and its 3-O-glucoside were detected inside the yeast cells, albeit at low concentrations. A number of related intermediates and side-products were much more abundant and were secreted into the culture medium. To optimize titers of pelargonidin 3-O-glucoside further, biosynthetic genes were stably integrated into the yeast genome, and formation of a major side-product, phloretic acid, was prevented by engineering the yeast chassis. Further engineering, by removing two glucosidases which are known to degrade pelargonidin 3-O-glucoside, did not result in higher yields of glycosylated pelargonidin. In aerated, pH controlled batch reactors, intracellular pelargonidin accumulation reached 0.01 µmol/gCDW, while kaempferol and dihydrokaempferol were effectively exported to reach extracellular concentration of 20 µM [5 mg/L] and 150 µM [44 mg/L], respectively. CONCLUSION The results reported in this study demonstrate the proof-of-concept that S. cerevisiae is capable of de novo production of the anthocyanin pelargonidin 3-O-glucoside. Furthermore, while current conversion efficiencies are low, a number of clear bottlenecks have already been identified which, when overcome, have huge potential to enhance anthocyanin production efficiency. These results bode very well for the development of fermentation-based production systems for specific and individual anthocyanin molecules. Such systems have both great scientific value for identifying and characterising anthocyanin decorating enzymes as well as significant commercial potential for the production of, on-demand, pure bioactive compounds to be used in the food, health and even pharma industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Levisson
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Constantinos Patinios
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sascha Hein
- Department of Food Quality and Nutrition, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Centro Ricerca e Innovazione, Via E. Mach, 1, 38010 San Michele all’Adige, TN Italy
| | - Philip A. de Groot
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Jean-Marc Daran
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Robert D. Hall
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Wageningen Plant Research, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan Martens
- Department of Food Quality and Nutrition, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Centro Ricerca e Innovazione, Via E. Mach, 1, 38010 San Michele all’Adige, TN Italy
| | - Jules Beekwilder
- Wageningen Plant Research, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Sato H, Wang C, Yamazaki M, Saito K, Uchiyama M. Computational study on a puzzle in the biosynthetic pathway of anthocyanin: Why is an enzymatic oxidation/ reduction process required for a simple tautomerization? PLoS One 2018; 13:e0198944. [PMID: 29897974 PMCID: PMC5999093 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0198944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
In the late stage of anthocyanin biosynthesis, dihydroflavonol reductase (DFR) and anthocyanidin synthase (ANS) mediate a formal tautomerization. However, such oxidation/reduction process requires high energy and appears to be unnecessary, as the oxidation state does not change during the transformation. Thus, a non-enzymatic pathway of tautomerization has also been proposed. To resolve the long-standing issue of whether this non-enzymatic pathway is the main contributor for the biosynthesis, we carried out density functional theory (DFT) calculations to examine this non-enzymatic pathway from dihydroflavonol to anthocyanidin. We show here that the activation barriers for the proposed non-enzymatic tautomerization are too high to enable the reaction to proceed under normal aqueous conditions in plants. The calculations also explain the experimentally observed requirement for acidic conditions during the final step of conversion of 2-flaven-3,4-diol to anthocyanidin; a thermodynamically and kinetically favorable concerted pathway can operate under these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajime Sato
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
- Elements Chemistry Laboratory, RIKEN, and RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science (Wako campus) 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Chao Wang
- Elements Chemistry Laboratory, RIKEN, and RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science (Wako campus) 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Mami Yamazaki
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Kazuki Saito
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science (Yokohama campus) 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Masanobu Uchiyama
- Elements Chemistry Laboratory, RIKEN, and RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science (Wako campus) 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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Ibort P, Molina S, Ruiz-Lozano JM, Aroca R. Molecular Insights into the Involvement of a Never Ripe Receptor in the Interaction Between Two Beneficial Soil Bacteria and Tomato Plants Under Well-Watered and Drought Conditions. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2018; 31:633-650. [PMID: 29384430 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-12-17-0292-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Management of plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) can be implemented to deal with sustainable intensification of agriculture. Ethylene is an essential component for plant growth and development and in response to drought. However, little is known about the effects of bacterial inoculation on ethylene transduction pathway. Thus, the present study sought to establish whether ethylene perception is critical for growth induction by two different PGPB strains under drought conditions and the analysis of bacterial effects on ethylene production and gene expression in tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum). The ethylene-insensitive never ripe (nr) and its isogenic wild-type (wt) cv. Pearson line were inoculated with either Bacillus megaterium or Enterobacter sp. strain C7 and grown until the attainment of maturity under both well-watered and drought conditions. Ethylene perception is crucial for B. megaterium. However, it is not of prime importance for Enterobacter sp. strain C7 PGPB activity under drought conditions. Both PGPB decreased the expression of ethylene-related genes in wt plants, resulting in stress alleviation, while only B. megaterium induced their expression in nr plants. Furthermore, PGPB inoculation affected transcriptomic profile dependency on strain, genotype, and drought. Ethylene sensitivity determines plant interaction with PGPB strains. Enterobacter sp. strain C7 could modulate amino-acid metabolism, while nr mutation causes a partially functional interaction with B. megaterium, resulting in higher oxidative stress and loss of PGPB activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Ibort
- Departamento de Microbiología del Suelo y Sistemas Simbióticos, Estación Experimental del Zaidín (EEZ-CSIC), Profesor Albareda 1, 18008 Granada, Spain
| | - Sonia Molina
- Departamento de Microbiología del Suelo y Sistemas Simbióticos, Estación Experimental del Zaidín (EEZ-CSIC), Profesor Albareda 1, 18008 Granada, Spain
| | - Juan Manuel Ruiz-Lozano
- Departamento de Microbiología del Suelo y Sistemas Simbióticos, Estación Experimental del Zaidín (EEZ-CSIC), Profesor Albareda 1, 18008 Granada, Spain
| | - Ricardo Aroca
- Departamento de Microbiología del Suelo y Sistemas Simbióticos, Estación Experimental del Zaidín (EEZ-CSIC), Profesor Albareda 1, 18008 Granada, Spain
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Okitsu N, Mizuno T, Matsui K, Choi SH, Tanaka Y. Molecular cloning of flavonoid biosynthetic genes and biochemical characterization of anthocyanin O-methyltransferase of Nemophila menziesii Hook. and Arn. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY (TOKYO, JAPAN) 2018; 35:9-16. [PMID: 31275032 PMCID: PMC6543731 DOI: 10.5511/plantbiotechnology.18.0104a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Blue flower color of Nemophila menziesii Hook. and Arn. is derived from a metalloanthocyanin, nemophilin, which comprises petunidin-3-O-[6-O-(trans-p-coumaroyl)-β-glucoside]-5-O-[6-O-(malonyl)-β-glucoside], apigenin-7-O-β-glucoside-4'-O-(6-O-malonyl)-β-glucoside, and Mg2+ and Fe3+ ions. The flavonoid biosynthetic pathway of nemophilin has not yet been characterized. RNA-Seq analysis of the petals yielded 61,491 contigs. These were searched using BLAST against petunia or torenia flavonoid biosynthetic proteins, which identified 11 putative full-length protein sequences belonging to the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway. RT-PCR using primers designed on the basis of these sequences yielded 14 sequences. Spatio-temporal transcriptome analysis indicated that genes involved in the early part of the pathway are strongly expressed during early-petal development and that those in the late part at late-flower opening stages, but they are rarely expressed in leaves. Flavanone 3-hydroxylase and flavonoid 3',5'-hydroxylase cDNAs were successfully expressed in yeast to confirm their activities. Recombinant anthocyanin O-methyltransferase cDNA (NmAMT6) produced using Escherichia coli was subjected to biochemical characterization. Km of NmAMT6 toward delphinidin 3-O-glucoside was 22 µM, which is comparable with Km values of anthocyanin O-methyltransferases from other plants. With delphinidin 3-O-glucoside as substrate, NmAMT6 almost exclusively yielded petunidin 3-O-glucoside rather than malvidin 3-O-glucoside. This specificity is consistent with the anthocyanin composition of Nemophila petals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Okitsu
- Research Institute, Suntory Global Innovation Center Ltd., Soraku-Gun, Kyoto 619-0284, Japan
| | - Takayuki Mizuno
- Department of Botany, National Museum of Nature and Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0005, Japan
| | - Keisuke Matsui
- Research Institute, Suntory Global Innovation Center Ltd., Soraku-Gun, Kyoto 619-0284, Japan
| | - Sun Hee Choi
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Tanaka
- Research Institute, Suntory Global Innovation Center Ltd., Soraku-Gun, Kyoto 619-0284, Japan
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