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Wu J, Zang M, Wang S, Zhao B, Bai J, Xu C, Shi Y, Qiao X. Nisin: From a structural and meat preservation perspective. Food Microbiol 2023; 111:104207. [PMID: 36681394 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2022.104207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Nisin is a posttranslationally modified antimicrobial peptide that is widely used as a food preservative. It contains five cyclic thioethers of varying sizes. Nisin activity and stability are closely related to its primary and three dimensional structures. It has nine reported natural variants. Nisin A is the most studied nisin as it was the first one purified. Here, we review the sequence feature of nisin A and its natural variants, and their biosynthesis pathway, mode of action and application as a meat preservative. We systematically illustrate the functional domains of the main enzymes (NisB, NisC, and NisP) involved in nisin synthesis. NisB was shown to dehydrate its substrate NisA via a tRNA associated glutamylation mechanism. NisC catalysed the cyclization of the didehydro amino acids with the neighboring cysteine residues. After cyclization, the leader peptide is removed by the protease NisP. According to multiple sequence alignments, we detected five conserved sites Dha5, Pro9, Gly14, Leu16, and Lys22. These residues are probably the structural and functional important ones that can be modified to produce peptides versions with enhanced antimicrobial activity. Through comparing various application methods of nisin in different meats, the antimicrobial effects of nisin used individually or in combination with other natural substances were clarified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajia Wu
- China Meat Research Center, Beijing Academy of Food Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Meat Processing Technology, 100068, Beijing, China
| | - Mingwu Zang
- China Meat Research Center, Beijing Academy of Food Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Meat Processing Technology, 100068, Beijing, China.
| | - Shouwei Wang
- China Meat Research Center, Beijing Academy of Food Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Meat Processing Technology, 100068, Beijing, China
| | - Bing Zhao
- China Meat Research Center, Beijing Academy of Food Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Meat Processing Technology, 100068, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Bai
- China Meat Research Center, Beijing Academy of Food Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Meat Processing Technology, 100068, Beijing, China
| | - Chenchen Xu
- China Meat Research Center, Beijing Academy of Food Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Meat Processing Technology, 100068, Beijing, China
| | - Yuxuan Shi
- China Meat Research Center, Beijing Academy of Food Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Meat Processing Technology, 100068, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoling Qiao
- China Meat Research Center, Beijing Academy of Food Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Meat Processing Technology, 100068, Beijing, China.
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2
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Knospe CV, Kamel M, Spitz O, Hoeppner A, Galle S, Reiners J, Kedrov A, Smits SHJ, Schmitt L. The structure of MadC from Clostridium maddingley reveals new insights into class I lanthipeptide cyclases. Front Microbiol 2023; 13:1057217. [PMID: 36741885 PMCID: PMC9889658 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1057217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The rapid emergence of microbial multi-resistance against antibiotics has led to intense search for alternatives. One of these alternatives are ribosomally synthesized and post-translationally modified peptides (RiPPs), especially lantibiotics. They are active in a low nanomolar range and their high stability is due to the presence of characteristic (methyl-) lanthionine rings, which makes them promising candidates as bacteriocides. However, innate resistance against lantibiotics exists in nature, emphasizing the need for artificial or tailor-made lantibiotics. Obviously, such an approach requires an in-depth mechanistic understanding of the modification enzymes, which catalyze the formation of (methyl-)lanthionine rings. Here, we determined the structure of a class I cyclase (MadC), involved in the modification of maddinglicin (MadA) via X-ray crystallography at a resolution of 1.7 Å, revealing new insights about the structural composition of the catalytical site. These structural features and substrate binding were analyzed by mutational analyses of the leader peptide as well as of the cyclase, shedding light into the mode of action of MadC.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Vivien Knospe
- Institute of Biochemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Michael Kamel
- Synthetic Membrane Systems, Institute of Biochemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Olivia Spitz
- Institute of Biochemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Astrid Hoeppner
- Center for Structural Studies, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Stefanie Galle
- Center for Structural Studies, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jens Reiners
- Center for Structural Studies, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Alexej Kedrov
- Synthetic Membrane Systems, Institute of Biochemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Sander H. J. Smits
- Institute of Biochemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany,Center for Structural Studies, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Lutz Schmitt
- Institute of Biochemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany,*Correspondence: Lutz Schmitt, ✉
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3
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Weixler D, Berghoff M, Ovchinnikov KV, Reich S, Goldbeck O, Seibold GM, Wittmann C, Bar NS, Eikmanns BJ, Diep DB, Riedel CU. Recombinant production of the lantibiotic nisin using Corynebacterium glutamicum in a two-step process. Microb Cell Fact 2022; 21:11. [PMID: 35033086 PMCID: PMC8760817 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-022-01739-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The bacteriocin nisin is naturally produced by Lactococcus lactis as an inactive prepeptide that is modified posttranslationally resulting in five (methyl-)lanthionine rings characteristic for class Ia bacteriocins. Export and proteolytic cleavage of the leader peptide results in release of active nisin. By targeting the universal peptidoglycan precursor lipid II, nisin has a broad target spectrum including important human pathogens such as Listeria monocytogenes and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains. Industrial nisin production is currently performed using natural producer strains resulting in rather low product purity and limiting its application to preservation of dairy food products. RESULTS We established heterologous nisin production using the biotechnological workhorse organism Corynebacterium glutamicum in a two-step process. We demonstrate successful biosynthesis and export of fully modified prenisin and its activation to mature nisin by a purified, soluble variant of the nisin protease NisP (sNisP) produced in Escherichia coli. Active nisin was detected by a L. lactis sensor strain with strictly nisin-dependent expression of the fluorescent protein mCherry. Following activation by sNisP, supernatants of the recombinant C. glutamicum producer strain cultivated in standard batch fermentations contained at least 1.25 mg/l active nisin. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate successful implementation of a two-step process for recombinant production of active nisin with C. glutamicum. This extends the spectrum of bioactive compounds that may be produced using C. glutamicum to a bacteriocin harboring complex posttranslational modifications. Our results provide a basis for further studies to optimize product yields, transfer production to sustainable substrates and purification of pharmaceutical grade nisin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Weixler
- Institute of Microbiology and Biotechnology, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Max Berghoff
- Institute of Microbiology and Biotechnology, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Kirill V Ovchinnikov
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Sebastian Reich
- Institute of Microbiology and Biotechnology, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Oliver Goldbeck
- Institute of Microbiology and Biotechnology, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Gerd M Seibold
- Institute of Microbiology and Biotechnology, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany.,Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Christoph Wittmann
- Institute of Systems Biotechnology, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Nadav S Bar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Bernhard J Eikmanns
- Institute of Microbiology and Biotechnology, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Dzung B Diep
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Christian U Riedel
- Institute of Microbiology and Biotechnology, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany.
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Shlla B, Gazioglu O, Shafeeq S, Manzoor I, Kuipers OP, Ulijasz A, Hiller NL, Andrew PW, Yesilkaya H. The Rgg1518 transcriptional regulator is a necessary facet of sugar metabolism and virulence in Streptococcus pneumoniae. Mol Microbiol 2021; 116:996-1008. [PMID: 34328238 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Rggs are a group of transcriptional regulators with diverse roles in metabolism and virulence. Here, we present work on the Rgg1518/SHP1518 quorum sensing system of Streptococcus pneumoniae. The activity of Rgg1518 is induced by its cognate peptide, SHP1518. In vitro analysis showed that the Rgg1518 system is active in conditions rich in galactose and mannose, key nutrients during nasopharyngeal colonization. Rgg1518 expression is highly induced in the presence of these sugars and its isogenic mutant is attenuated in growth on galactose and mannose. When compared with other Rgg systems, Rgg1518 has the largest regulon on galactose. On galactose it controls up- or downregulation of a functionally diverse set of genes involved in galactose metabolism, capsule biosynthesis, iron metabolism, protein translation, as well as other metabolic functions, acting mainly as a repressor of gene expression. Rgg1518 is a repressor of capsule biosynthesis, and binds directly to the capsule regulatory region. Comparison with other Rggs revealed inter-regulatory interactions among Rggs. Finally, the rgg1518 mutant is attenuated in colonization and virulence in a mouse model of colonization and pneumonia. We conclude that Rgg1518 is a virulence determinant that contributes to a regulatory network composed of multiple Rgg systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bushra Shlla
- Department of Respiratory Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK.,Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Mosul, Mosul, Iraq
| | - Ozcan Gazioglu
- Department of Respiratory Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Sulman Shafeeq
- Molecular Genetics, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Irfan Manzoor
- Molecular Genetics, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Oscar P Kuipers
- Molecular Genetics, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Andrew Ulijasz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois, USA
| | - N Luisa Hiller
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Peter W Andrew
- Department of Respiratory Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Hasan Yesilkaya
- Department of Respiratory Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
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5
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Bothwell IR, Caetano T, Sarksian R, Mendo S, van der Donk WA. Structural Analysis of Class I Lanthipeptides from Pedobacter lusitanus NL19 Reveals an Unusual Ring Pattern. ACS Chem Biol 2021; 16:1019-1029. [PMID: 34085816 PMCID: PMC9845027 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.1c00106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Lanthipeptides are ribosomally synthesized and post-translationally modified peptide natural products characterized by the presence of lanthionine and methyllanthionine cross-linked amino acids formed by dehydration of Ser/Thr residues followed by conjugate addition of Cys to the resulting dehydroamino acids. Class I lanthipeptide dehydratases utilize glutamyl-tRNAGlu as a cosubstrate to glutamylate Ser/Thr followed by glutamate elimination. A vast majority of lanthipeptides identified from class I synthase systems have been from Gram-positive bacteria. Herein, we report the heterologous expression and modification in Escherichia coli of two lanthipeptides from the Gram-negative Bacteroidetes Pedobacter lusitanus NL19. These peptides are representative of a group of compounds frequently encoded in Pedobacter genomes. Structural characterization of the lanthipeptides revealed a novel ring pattern as well as an unusual ll-lanthionine stereochemical configuration and a cyclase that lacks the canonical zinc ligands found in most LanC enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian R. Bothwell
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 South Mathews Ave, Urbana, IL 61822
| | - Tânia Caetano
- Molecular Biotechnology Laboratory, CESAM & Departamento de Biologia
- Campus de Santiago, University of Aveiro, 3810-189 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Raymond Sarksian
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 South Mathews Ave, Urbana, IL 61822
| | - Sónia Mendo
- Molecular Biotechnology Laboratory, CESAM & Departamento de Biologia
- Campus de Santiago, University of Aveiro, 3810-189 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Wilfred A. van der Donk
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 South Mathews Ave, Urbana, IL 61822
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6
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O'Sullivan JN, O'Connor PM, Rea MC, Field D, Hill C, Ross RP. Nisin variants from Streptococcus and Staphylococcus successfully express in NZ9800. J Appl Microbiol 2021; 131:2223-2234. [PMID: 33876507 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Increases in antimicrobial resistance have meant that the antimicrobial potential of lantibiotics is now being investigated irrespective of the nature of the producing organism. The aim of this study was to investigate whether natural nisin variants produced by non-Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS) strains, such as nisin H, nisin J and nisin P, could be expressed in a well-characterized GRAS host. METHODS AND RESULTS This study involved cloning the nisin A promoter and leader sequence fused to nisin H, nisin J or nisin P structural gene sequences originally produced by Streptococcus hyointestinalis DPC 6484, Staphylococcus capitis APC 2923 and Streptococcus agalactiae DPC 7040, respectively. This resulted in their expression in Lactococcus lactis NZ9800, a genetically modified strain that does not produce nisin A. CONCLUSIONS Induction of the nisin controlled gene expression system demonstrates that these three nisin variants could be acted on by nisin A machinery provided by the host strain. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Describes the first successful heterologous production of three natural nisin variants by a GRAS strain, and demonstrates how such systems could be harnessed not only for lantibiotic production but also in the expansion of their structural diversity and development for use as future biotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- J N O'Sullivan
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Co. Cork, Ireland.,School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - P M O'Connor
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Co. Cork, Ireland.,APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - M C Rea
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Co. Cork, Ireland.,APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - D Field
- School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - C Hill
- School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - R P Ross
- School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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7
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Lagedroste M, Smits SHJ, Schmitt L. Importance of the leader peptide sequence on the lanthipeptide secretion level. FEBS J 2021; 288:4348-4363. [PMID: 33482024 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Lanthipeptides are ribosomally synthesized and posttranslationally modified peptides. Their precursor peptide comprises of an N-terminal leader peptide and a C-terminal core peptide. Here, the leader peptide is crucial for enzyme recognition especially for the modification enzymes and acts furthermore as a secretion signal for the lanthipeptide exporter. The core peptide is the target site for the posttranslational modifications and contains dehydrated amino acids and lanthionine rings. Nisin produced by the Gram-positive bacterium Lactococcus lactis is one of the best-studied lanthipeptides and used as a model system to study their modification and secretion processes. Nisin is secreted as a precursor peptide. Here, we present an in vivo secretion analysis of NisT in the absence of the modification machinery allowing the secretion of leader peptide mutants and their impact solely on the secretion activity of NisT. Additionally, we created leader peptide hybrids to provide new insights, how the secretion is effected by unnatural leader peptides. The focus on the secretion activity of the transporter alone enabled us to determine the recognition site of NisT within the leader peptide of nisin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Lagedroste
- Institute of Biochemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Sander H J Smits
- Institute of Biochemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Lutz Schmitt
- Institute of Biochemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany
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8
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Reiners J, Lagedroste M, Gottstein J, Adeniyi ET, Kalscheuer R, Poschmann G, Stühler K, Smits SHJ, Schmitt L. Insights in the Antimicrobial Potential of the Natural Nisin Variant Nisin H. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:573614. [PMID: 33193179 PMCID: PMC7606277 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.573614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Lantibiotics are a growing class of antimicrobial peptides, which possess antimicrobial activity against mainly Gram-positive bacteria including the highly resistant strains such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus or vancomycin-resistant enterococci. In the last decades numerous lantibiotics were discovered in natural habitats or designed with bioengineering tools. In this study, we present an insight in the antimicrobial potential of the natural occurring lantibiotic nisin H from Streptococcus hyointestinalis as well as the variant nisin H F1I. We determined the yield of the heterologously expressed peptide and quantified the cleavage efficiency employing the nisin protease NisP. Furthermore, we analyzed the effect on the modification via mass spectrometry analysis. With standardized growth inhibition assays we benchmarked the activity of pure nisin H and the variant nisin H F1I, and their influence on the activity of the nisin immunity proteins NisI and NisFEG from Lactococcus lactis and the nisin resistance proteins SaNSR and SaNsrFP from Streptococcus agalactiae COH1. We further checked the antibacterial activity against clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus faecalis via microdilution method. In summary, nisin H and the nisin H F1I variant possessed better antimicrobial potency than the natural nisin A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Reiners
- Institute of Biochemistry, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.,Center for Structural Studies, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Marcel Lagedroste
- Institute of Biochemistry, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Julia Gottstein
- Institute of Biochemistry, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Emmanuel T Adeniyi
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Rainer Kalscheuer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Gereon Poschmann
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Kai Stühler
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.,Molecular Proteomics Laboratory, BMFZ, Heinrich-Heine-University-Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Sander H J Smits
- Institute of Biochemistry, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.,Center for Structural Studies, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Lutz Schmitt
- Institute of Biochemistry, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
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9
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Subcellular Localization and Assembly Process of the Nisin Biosynthesis Machinery in Lactococcus lactis. mBio 2020; 11:mBio.02825-20. [PMID: 33173006 PMCID: PMC7667030 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02825-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Nisin is the model peptide for LanBC-modified lantibiotics that are commonly modified and exported by a putative synthetase complex. Although the mechanism of maturation, transport, immunity, and regulation is relatively well understood, and structural information is available for some of the proteins involved (B. Li, J. P. J. Yu, J. S. Brunzelle, G. N. Moll, et al., Science 311:1464–1467, 2006, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1121422; M. A. Ortega, Y. Hao, Q. Zhang, M. C. Walker, et al., Nature 517:509–512, 2015, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature13888; C. Hacker, N. A. Christ, E. Duchardt-Ferner, S. Korn, et al., J Biol Chem 290:28869–28886, 2015, https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M115.679969; Y. Y. Xu, X. Li, R. Q. Li, S. S. Li, et al., Acta Crystallogr D Biol Crystallogr 70:1499–1505, 2014, https://doi.org/10.1107/S1399004714004234), the subcellular localization and assembly process of the biosynthesis complex remain to be elucidated. In this study, we determined the spatial distribution of nisin synthesis-related enzymes and the transporter, revealing that the modification and secretion of the precursor nisin mainly occur at the old cell poles of L. lactis and that the transporter NisT is probably recruited later to this spot after the completion of the modification reactions by NisB and NisC. Fluorescently labeled nisin biosynthesis machinery was visualized directly by fluorescence microscopy. To our knowledge, this is the first study to provide direct evidence of the existence of such a complex in vivo. Importantly, the elucidation of the “order of assembly” of the complex will facilitate future endeavors in the investigation of the nisin secretion mechanism and even the isolation and structural characterization of the complete complex. Nisin, a class I lantibiotic, is synthesized as a precursor peptide by a putative membrane-associated lanthionine synthetase complex consisting of the dehydratase NisB, the cyclase NisC, and the ABC transporter NisT. Here, we characterize the subcellular localization and the assembly process of the nisin biosynthesis machinery in Lactococcus lactis by mutational analyses and fluorescence microscopy. Precursor nisin, NisB, and NisC were found to be mainly localized at the cell poles, with a preference for the old poles. They were found to be colocalized at the same spots in these old pole regions, functioning as a nisin modification complex. In contrast, the transporter NisT was found to be distributed uniformly and circumferentially in the membrane. When nisin secretion was blocked by mutagenesis of NisT, the nisin biosynthesis machinery was also visualized directly at a polar position using fluorescence microscopy. The interactions between NisB and other components of the machinery were further studied in vivo, and therefore, the “order of assembly” of the complex was revealed, indicating that NisB directly or indirectly plays the role of a polar “recruiter” in the initial assembly process. Additionally, a potential domain that is located at the surface of the elimination domain of NisB was identified to be crucial for the polar localization of NisB. Based on these data, we propose a model wherein precursor nisin is first completely modified by the nisin biosynthesis machinery, preventing the premature secretion of partially modified peptides, and subsequently secreted by recruited NisT, preferentially at the old pole regions.
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10
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Abstract
Gram-positive bacteria employ an array of secreted peptides to control population-level behaviors in response to environmental cues. We review mechanistic and functional features of secreted peptides produced by the human pathogen Streptococcus pneumoniae. We discuss sequence features, mechanisms of transport, and receptors for 3 major categories of small peptides: the double-glycine peptides, the Rap, Rgg, NprR, PlcR, and PrgX (RRNPP)-binding peptides, and the lanthionine-containing peptides. We highlight the impact of factors that contribute to carriage and pathogenesis, specifically genetic diversity, microbial competition, biofilm development, and environmental adaptation. A recent expansion in pneumococcal peptide studies reveals a complex network of interacting signaling systems where multiple peptides are integrated into the same signaling pathway, allowing multiple points of entry into the pathway and extending information content in new directions. In addition, since peptides are present in the extracellular milieu, there are opportunities for crosstalk, quorum sensing (QS), as well as intra- and interstrain and species interactions. Knowledge on the manner that population-level behaviors contribute to disease provides an avenue for the design and development of anti-infective strategies.
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11
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NisI Maturation and Its Influence on Nisin Resistance in Lactococcus lactis. Appl Environ Microbiol 2020; 86:AEM.01306-20. [PMID: 32709730 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01306-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
NisI confers immunity against nisin, with high substrate specificity to prevent a suicidal effect in nisin-producing Lactococcus lactis strains. However, the NisI maturation process as well as its influence on nisin resistance has not been characterized. Here, we report the roles of lipoprotein signal peptidase II (Lsp) and prolipoprotein diacylglyceryl transferase (Lgt) in NisI maturation and nisin resistance of L. lactis F44. We found that the resistance of nisin of an Lsp-deficient mutant remarkably decreased, while no significant differences in growth were observed. We demonstrated that Lsp could cleave signal peptide of NisI precursor in vitro Moreover, diacylglyceryl modification of NisI catalyzed by Lgt played a decisive role in attachment of NisI on the cell envelope, while it exhibited no effects on cleavage of the signal peptides of NisI precursor. The dissociation constant (KD ) for the interaction between nisin and NisI exhibited a 2.8-fold increase compared with that between nisin and pre-NisI with signal peptide by surface plasmon resonance (SPR) analysis, providing evidence that Lsp-catalyzed signal peptide cleavage was critical for the immune activity of NisI. Our study revealed the process of NisI maturation in L. lactis and presented a potential strategy to enhance industrial nisin production.IMPORTANCE Nisin, a safe and natural antimicrobial peptide, has a long and impressive history as a food preservative and is also considered a novel candidate to alleviate the increasingly serious threat of antibiotic resistance. Nisin is produced by certain L. lactis strains. The nisin immunity protein NisI, a membrane-bound lipoprotein, is expressed by nisin producers to avoid suicidal action. Here, we report the roles of Lsp and Lgt in NisI maturation and nisin resistance of L. lactis F44. The results verified the importance of Lsp to NisI-conferred immunity and Lgt to localization. Our study revealed the process of NisI maturation in L. lactis and presented a potential strategy to enhance industrial nisin production.
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12
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Lagedroste M, Reiners J, Smits SHJ, Schmitt L. Impact of the nisin modification machinery on the transport kinetics of NisT. Sci Rep 2020; 10:12295. [PMID: 32703992 PMCID: PMC7378552 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-69225-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Lanthipeptides are ribosomally synthesized and post-translationally modified peptides containing dehydrated amino acids and (methyl-)lanthionine rings. One of the best-studied examples is nisin produced by Lactococcus lactis. Nisin is synthesized as a precursor peptide comprising of an N-terminal leader peptide and a C-terminal core peptide. Amongst others, the leader peptide is crucial for enzyme recognition and acts as a secretion signal for the ABC transporter NisT that secretes nisin in a proposed channeling mechanism. Here, we present an in vivo secretion analysis of this process in the presence and absence of the nisin maturation machinery, consisting of the dehydratase NisB and the cyclase NisC. Our determined apparent secretion rates of NisT show how NisB and NisC modulate the transport kinetics of NisA. Additional in vitro studies of the detergent-solubilized NisT revealed how these enzymes and the substrates again influence the activity of transporter. In summary, this study highlights the pivotal role of NisB for NisT in the secretion process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Lagedroste
- Institute of Biochemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jens Reiners
- Institute of Biochemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany.,Center for Structural Studies, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Sander H J Smits
- Institute of Biochemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Lutz Schmitt
- Institute of Biochemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany.
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13
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Lagedroste M, Reiners J, Knospe CV, Smits SHJ, Schmitt L. A Structural View on the Maturation of Lanthipeptides. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1183. [PMID: 32582108 PMCID: PMC7296275 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Lanthipeptides are ribosomally synthesized and posttranslationally modified peptides, which display diverse bioactivities (e.g., antifungal, antimicrobial, and antiviral). One characteristic of these lanthipeptides is the presence of thioether bonds, which are termed (methyl-) lanthionine rings. These modifications are installed by corresponding modification enzymes in a two-step modality. First, serine and threonine residues are dehydrated followed by a subsequent catalyzed cyclization reaction, in which the dehydrated serine and threonine residues are undergoing a Michael-type addition with cysteine residues. The dedicated enzymes are encoded by one or two genes and the classification of lanthipeptides is pending on this. The modification steps form the basis of distinguishing the different classes of lanthipeptides and furthermore reflect also important mechanistic differences. Here, we will summarize recent insights into the mechanisms and the structures of the participating enzymes, focusing on the two core modification steps - dehydration and cyclization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Lagedroste
- Institute of Biochemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jens Reiners
- Institute of Biochemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.,Center for Structural Studies, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - C Vivien Knospe
- Institute of Biochemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Sander H J Smits
- Institute of Biochemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.,Center for Structural Studies, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Lutz Schmitt
- Institute of Biochemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
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14
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Fael H, Demirel AL. Nisin/polyanion layer-by-layer films exhibiting different mechanisms in antimicrobial efficacy. RSC Adv 2020; 10:10329-10337. [PMID: 35498610 PMCID: PMC9050377 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra10135g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Nisin/polyanion Layer-by-Layer (LbL) films are reported to exhibit different mechanisms in antimicrobial efficacy depending on the type of polyanion. LbL films consisting of nisin as the polycationic component were prepared using two different polyanionic constituents: poly acrylic acid (PAA) and dextran sulfate (DX). Due to the weaker interaction strength of carboxylate groups with nisin compared to sulfate/nisin, a larger molecular weight of PAA was needed to achieve LbL assembly. PAA-100K/nisin and DX-15K/nisin multilayer films exhibited significantly different properties. PAA–nisin films grew faster compared to DX–nisin films and showed, for 60 bilayer films, an average bilayer thickness of 21.6 nm compared to that of 6.1 nm in DX–nisin films. The total amount of nisin was found to be 17.1 ± 2.2 μg cm−2 in (PAA–nisin)60 and 6.8 ± 0.4 μg cm−2 in (DX–nisin)60 films. The stability of the films was investigated at three different pH values of 6.0, 7.4 and 9.5. (PAA–nisin)60 films exhibited the release of nisin into the solution which resulted in the disintegration of the film over several hours. A burst release was observed in the first hour followed by a slower release and disintegration over 24 hours with a complete release at pH 9.5. The bacterial growth inhibition test against Staphylococcus epidermidis confirmed the antimicrobial activity of nisin released from PAA–nisin films. PAA was found to stabilize nisin and the film-released nisin retained its antimicrobial activity in the neutral and alkaline pH values. Unlike PAA–nisin films, (DX–nisin)60 films were stable at the physiological conditions up to 14 days with no release of nisin. DX–nisin films were found to inhibit the attachment of Staphylococcus epidermidis and prevent biofilm formation. These results clearly demonstrate the effect of different polyanions on nisin LbL films to achieve different mechanisms in antimicrobial efficacy and show the potential of PAA–nisin multilayer films as promising local delivery systems for treatment of burns and wounds, while DX–nisin multilayer films can be employed as stable coatings against bacterial attachment and biofilm formation. Polyanion–nisin multilayer films exhibit antimicrobial activity by controlled release of nisin or as stable biofilm inhibiting coatings depending on polyanion.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanan Fael
- Department of Chemistry
- Koç University
- Istanbul
- Turkey
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15
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Fusieger A, Perin LM, Teixeira CG, de Carvalho AF, Nero LA. The ability of Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis bv. diacetylactis strains in producing nisin. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 2019; 113:651-662. [DOI: 10.1007/s10482-019-01373-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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16
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Influence of nisin hinge-region variants on lantibiotic immunity and resistance proteins. Bioorg Med Chem 2019; 27:3947-3953. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2019.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Revised: 07/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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17
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Malin JJ, de Leeuw E. Therapeutic compounds targeting Lipid II for antibacterial purposes. Infect Drug Resist 2019; 12:2613-2625. [PMID: 31692545 PMCID: PMC6711568 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s215070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Resistance against commonly used antibiotics has emerged in all bacterial pathogens. In fact, there is no antibiotic currently in clinical use against which resistance has not been reported. In particular, rapidly increasing urbanization in developing nations are sites of major concern. Additionally, the widespread practice by physicians to prescribe antibiotics in cases of viral infections puts selective pressure on antibiotics that still remain effective and it will only be a matter of time before resistance develops on a large scale. The biosynthesis pathway of the bacterial cell wall is well studied and a validated target for the development of antibacterial agents. Cell wall biosynthesis involves two major processes; 1) the biosynthesis of cell wall teichoic acids and 2) the biosynthesis of peptidoglycan. Key molecules in these pathways, including enzymes and precursor molecules are attractive targets for the development of novel antibacterial agents. In this review, we will focus on the major class of natural antibacterial compounds that target the peptidoglycan precursor molecule Lipid II; namely the glycopeptides, including the novel generation of lipoglycopeptides. We will discuss their mechanism-of-action and clinical applications. Further, we will briefly discuss additional peptides that target Lipid II such as the lantibiotic nisin and defensins. We will highlight recent developments and future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob J Malin
- University of Cologne, Department I of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Erik de Leeuw
- Institute of Human Virology and Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry of the University of Maryland, Baltimore School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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18
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Lagedroste M, Reiners J, Smits SHJ, Schmitt L. Systematic characterization of position one variants within the lantibiotic nisin. Sci Rep 2019; 9:935. [PMID: 30700815 PMCID: PMC6353901 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-37532-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Lantibiotics are a growing class of natural compounds, which possess antimicrobial activity against a broad range of Gram-positive bacteria. Their high potency against human pathogenic strains such as MRSA and VRE makes them excellent candidates as substitutes for classic antibiotics in times of increasing multidrug resistance of bacterial strains. New lantibiotics are detected in genomes and can be heterologously expressed. The functionality of these novel lantibiotics requires a systematic purification and characterization to benchmark them against for example the well-known lantibiotic nisin. Here, we used a standardized workflow to characterize lantibiotics consisting of six individual steps. The expression and secretion of the lantibiotic was performed employing the promiscuous nisin modification machinery. We mutated the first amino acid of nisin into all proteinaceous amino acids and compared their bactericidal potency against sensitive strains as well as strains expressing nisin resistance proteins. Interestingly, we can highlight four distinct groups based on the residual activity of nisin against sensitive as well as resistant L. lactis strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Lagedroste
- Institute of Biochemistry, Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf, Universitaetsstrasse 1, 40225, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Jens Reiners
- Institute of Biochemistry, Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf, Universitaetsstrasse 1, 40225, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Sander H J Smits
- Institute of Biochemistry, Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf, Universitaetsstrasse 1, 40225, Duesseldorf, Germany.
| | - Lutz Schmitt
- Institute of Biochemistry, Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf, Universitaetsstrasse 1, 40225, Duesseldorf, Germany.
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19
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Yu L, Liu X, O'Sullivan DJ. Use of Lactococcus lactis as a production system for peptides and enzymes encoded by a Lantibiotic gene cluster from Bifidobacterium longum. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2018; 164:1481-1490. [PMID: 30339118 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.000721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Bifidobacterium longum DJO10A was previously demonstrated to be able to produce a broad-spectrum lantibiotic, but production in media was very limited and only periodically on solid media. Given the difficulty of obtaining these lantibiotic peptides using B. longum DJO10A due to its tightly controlled production, genes predicted to be required for its production and immunity were designed and codon optimized according to the preferred codon used by Lactococcus lactis. Since the lanR1 gene within this lantibiotic gene cluster was the only one without a characterized analogue from other lantibiotic gene clusters, its annotation was re-examined as it was previously suggested to be a regulatory protein. Lack of DNA binding motifs did not support this, and one current analysis suggested a high likelihood of it interacting with LanD. Therefore, gene lanR1 together with lanADMIT were codon optimized and synthesized. Those genes were then cloned into an efficient dual-plasmid nisin-controlled expression system in L. lactis. The addition of the lanR1 gene exhibited toxicity in E. coli, specifically causing a shorter cell size as observed by SEM. No toxicity was observed in L. lactis. While this production system did not result in the production of a bioactive lantibiotic by L. lactis, it did successfully produce all the peptides and enzymes encoded by the original lantibiotic gene cluster from B. longum, as confirmed by LC-MS. This will now facilitate efforts into determining the proper conditions required for these enzymes to produce a bioactive lantibiotic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Yu
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Center for Microbial and Plant Genomics, University of Minnesota, 1500 Gortner Ave., St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Xindi Liu
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Center for Microbial and Plant Genomics, University of Minnesota, 1500 Gortner Ave., St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Daniel J O'Sullivan
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Center for Microbial and Plant Genomics, University of Minnesota, 1500 Gortner Ave., St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
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20
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Crystal Structure of NisI in a Lipid-Free Form, the Nisin Immunity Protein, from Lactococcus lactis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2018; 62:AAC.01966-17. [PMID: 29311076 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01966-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Nisin is a lantibiotic, a member of a family of polypeptides containing lanthionine with antimicrobial activity. Nisin-producing microorganisms require immunity proteins for self-protection from nisin itself. Lactococcus lactis, a microorganism that synthesizes nisin, has an integral NisFEG ABC transporter and an NisI lipoprotein that function in nisin immunity. Here, we present the crystal structure of the full length of NisI22-C, a lipid-free form of NisI, determined at 1.9-Å resolution. As with the nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) structures of the N- and C-terminal domains of NisI, NisI22-C is composed of N- and C-terminal domains, both of which display a fold similar to that found in SpaI, a lipoprotein with immunity against subtilin in Bacillus subtilis The full-length structure of NisI22-c reveals a large, deep cleft by the interdomain association, one side of which is occupied by the residues important for immunity. Opposite the cleft, a shallow groove is found where nisin-interacting residues are distributed in the periphery composed of the C-terminal negative patch. Based on a sulfate ion found in the large and deep cleft, a model of NisI in complex with a farnesyl diphosphate backbone of lipid II is proposed, suggesting a mechanism for increasing the chances of encountering nisin.
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21
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Hatziioanou D, Gherghisan-Filip C, Saalbach G, Horn N, Wegmann U, Duncan SH, Flint HJ, Mayer MJ, Narbad A. Discovery of a novel lantibiotic nisin O from Blautia obeum A2-162, isolated from the human gastrointestinal tract. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2017; 163:1292-1305. [PMID: 28857034 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.000515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A novel lanC-like sequence was identified from the dominant human gut bacterium Blautia obeum strain A2-162. This sequence was extended to reveal a putative lantibiotic operon with biosynthetic and transport genes, two sets of regulatory genes, immunity genes, three identical copies of a nisin-like lanA gene with an unusual leader peptide, and a fourth putative lanA gene. Comparison with other nisin clusters showed that the closest relationship was to nisin U. B. obeum A2-162 demonstrated antimicrobial activity against Clostridium perfringens when grown on solid medium in the presence of trypsin. Fusions of predicted nsoA structural sequences with the nisin A leader were expressed in Lactococcus lactis containing the nisin A operon without nisA. Expression of the nisA leader sequence fused to the predicted structural nsoA1 produced a growth defect in L. lactis that was dependent upon the presence of biosynthetic genes, but failed to produce antimicrobial activity. Insertion of the nso cluster into L. lactis MG1614 gave an increased immunity to nisin A, but this was not replicated by the expression of nsoI. Nisin A induction of L. lactis containing the nso cluster and nisRK genes allowed detection of the NsoA1 pre-peptide by Western hybridization. When this heterologous producer was grown with nisin induction on solid medium, antimicrobial activity was demonstrated in the presence of trypsin against C. perfringens, Clostridium difficile and L. lactis. This research adds to evidence that lantibiotic production may be an important trait of gut bacteria and could lead to the development of novel treatments for intestinal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane Hatziioanou
- Gut Health and Food Safety Institute Strategic Programme, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Colney, Norwich, NR4 7UA, UK
| | - Cristina Gherghisan-Filip
- Gut Health and Food Safety Institute Strategic Programme, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Colney, Norwich, NR4 7UA, UK
| | | | - Nikki Horn
- Gut Health and Food Safety Institute Strategic Programme, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Colney, Norwich, NR4 7UA, UK
| | - Udo Wegmann
- Gut Health and Food Safety Institute Strategic Programme, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Colney, Norwich, NR4 7UA, UK
| | - Sylvia H Duncan
- Gut Health Group, Rowett Institute, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Harry J Flint
- Gut Health Group, Rowett Institute, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Melinda J Mayer
- Gut Health and Food Safety Institute Strategic Programme, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Colney, Norwich, NR4 7UA, UK
| | - Arjan Narbad
- Gut Health and Food Safety Institute Strategic Programme, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Colney, Norwich, NR4 7UA, UK
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22
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Lagedroste M, Smits SHJ, Schmitt L. Substrate Specificity of the Secreted Nisin Leader Peptidase NisP. Biochemistry 2017; 56:4005-4014. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.7b00524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Lagedroste
- Institute of Biochemistry, Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf, Universitaetsstrasse 1, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Sander H. J. Smits
- Institute of Biochemistry, Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf, Universitaetsstrasse 1, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Lutz Schmitt
- Institute of Biochemistry, Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf, Universitaetsstrasse 1, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
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23
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Jeong JH, Ha SC. Full-length nisin immunity protein NisI from Lactococcus lactis in a lipid-free form: crystallization and X-ray analysis. Acta Crystallogr F Struct Biol Commun 2017; 73:404-408. [PMID: 28695849 PMCID: PMC5505245 DOI: 10.1107/s2053230x17008214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
NisI is a lantibiotic-binding lipoprotein that is specific for nisin. Nisin-producing microorganisms use NisI as an immunity protein for self-protection against nisin. Here, the purification, crystallization and preliminary X-ray diffraction of full-length NisI from Lactobacillus lactis in a lipid-free form (NisI22-C) are reported. Importantly, reductive methylation of the lysine residues in NisI22-C was essential for initial crystallization. Only methylated NisI22-C crystallized. The optimized crystals of methylated NisI22-C were grown in 30-40 mM ammonium sulfate, 0.1 M sodium acetate pH 4.6, 16-18% PEG 4000 at 295 K and diffracted to 1.9 Å resolution. The crystal belonged to space group P212121, with unit-cell parameters a = 45.99, b = 76.67, c = 76.39 Å, α = β = γ = 90.0°. Assuming the presence of one molecule in the asymmetric unit, the estimated Matthews coefficient (VM) is 2.58 Å3 Da-1 and the estimated solvent content is 52.3%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Hee Jeong
- Beamline Department, Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 80 Jigok-ro 127 beon-gil, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Chul Ha
- Beamline Department, Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 80 Jigok-ro 127 beon-gil, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea
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24
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Reiners J, Abts A, Clemens R, Smits SHJ, Schmitt L. Stoichiometry and structure of a lantibiotic maturation complex. Sci Rep 2017; 7:42163. [PMID: 28169337 PMCID: PMC5294574 DOI: 10.1038/srep42163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Lantibiotics are ribosomally synthesized antimicrobial peptides secreted by mainly Gram-positive bacteria. Class 1 lantibiotics mature via two modification steps introduced by a modification LanBC complex. For the lantibiotic nisin, the dehydratase NisB catalyzes the dehydration of serine and threonine residues in the so-called core peptide. Second, five (methyl)-lanthionine rings are introduced in a regio- and stereospecific manner by the cyclase NisC. Here, we characterized the assembly of the NisBC complex in vitro, which is only formed in the presence of the substrate. The complex is composed of a NisB dimer, a monomer of NisC and one prenisin molecule. Interestingly, the presence of the last lanthionine ring prevented complex formation. This stoichiometry was verified by small-angle X-ray scattering measurements, which revealed the first structural glimpse of a LanBC complex in solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Reiners
- Institute of Biochemistry, Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf, Universitaetsstraße 1, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - André Abts
- Institute of Biochemistry, Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf, Universitaetsstraße 1, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Rebecca Clemens
- Institute of Biochemistry, Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf, Universitaetsstraße 1, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Sander H J Smits
- Institute of Biochemistry, Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf, Universitaetsstraße 1, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Lutz Schmitt
- Institute of Biochemistry, Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf, Universitaetsstraße 1, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
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25
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Repka LM, Chekan JR, Nair SK, van der Donk WA. Mechanistic Understanding of Lanthipeptide Biosynthetic Enzymes. Chem Rev 2017; 117:5457-5520. [PMID: 28135077 PMCID: PMC5408752 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 313] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
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Lanthipeptides
are ribosomally synthesized and post-translationally
modified peptides (RiPPs) that display a wide variety of biological
activities, from antimicrobial to antiallodynic. Lanthipeptides that
display antimicrobial activity are called lantibiotics. The post-translational
modification reactions of lanthipeptides include dehydration of Ser
and Thr residues to dehydroalanine and dehydrobutyrine, a transformation
that is carried out in three unique ways in different classes of lanthipeptides.
In a cyclization process, Cys residues then attack the dehydrated
residues to generate the lanthionine and methyllanthionine thioether
cross-linked amino acids from which lanthipeptides derive their name.
The resulting polycyclic peptides have constrained conformations that
confer their biological activities. After installation of the characteristic
thioether cross-links, tailoring enzymes introduce additional post-translational
modifications that are unique to each lanthipeptide and that fine-tune
their activities and/or stability. This review focuses on studies
published over the past decade that have provided much insight into
the mechanisms of the enzymes that carry out the post-translational
modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay M Repka
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Chemistry, ‡Department of Biochemistry, and §Center for Biophysics and Computational Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Jonathan R Chekan
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Chemistry, ‡Department of Biochemistry, and §Center for Biophysics and Computational Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Satish K Nair
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Chemistry, ‡Department of Biochemistry, and §Center for Biophysics and Computational Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Wilfred A van der Donk
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Chemistry, ‡Department of Biochemistry, and §Center for Biophysics and Computational Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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26
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Holmes NA, Innocent TM, Heine D, Bassam MA, Worsley SF, Trottmann F, Patrick EH, Yu DW, Murrell JC, Schiøtt M, Wilkinson B, Boomsma JJ, Hutchings MI. Genome Analysis of Two Pseudonocardia Phylotypes Associated with Acromyrmex Leafcutter Ants Reveals Their Biosynthetic Potential. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:2073. [PMID: 28082956 PMCID: PMC5183585 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.02073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The attine ants of South and Central America are ancient farmers, having evolved a symbiosis with a fungal food crop >50 million years ago. The most evolutionarily derived attines are the Atta and Acromyrmex leafcutter ants, which harvest fresh leaves to feed their fungus. Acromyrmex and many other attines vertically transmit a mutualistic strain of Pseudonocardia and use antifungal compounds made by these bacteria to protect their fungal partner against co-evolved fungal pathogens of the genus Escovopsis. Pseudonocardia mutualists associated with the attines Apterostigma dentigerum and Trachymyrmex cornetzi make novel cyclic depsipeptide compounds called gerumycins, while a mutualist strain isolated from derived Acromyrmex octospinosus makes an unusual polyene antifungal called nystatin P1. The novelty of these antimicrobials suggests there is merit in exploring secondary metabolites of Pseudonocardia on a genome-wide scale. Here, we report a genomic analysis of the Pseudonocardia phylotypes Ps1 and Ps2 that are consistently associated with Acromyrmex ants collected in Gamboa, Panama. These were previously distinguished solely on the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequencing but genome sequencing of five Ps1 and five Ps2 strains revealed that the phylotypes are distinct species and each encodes between 11 and 15 secondary metabolite biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs). There are signature BGCs for Ps1 and Ps2 strains and some that are conserved in both. Ps1 strains all contain BGCs encoding nystatin P1-like antifungals, while the Ps2 strains encode novel nystatin-like molecules. Strains show variations in the arrangement of these BGCs that resemble those seen in gerumycin gene clusters. Genome analyses and invasion assays support our hypothesis that vertically transmitted Ps1 and Ps2 strains have antibacterial activity that could help shape the cuticular microbiome. Thus, our work defines the Pseudonocardia species associated with Acromyrmex ants and supports the hypothesis that Pseudonocardia species could provide a valuable source of new antimicrobials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil A Holmes
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia (UEA) Norwich, UK
| | - Tabitha M Innocent
- Centre for Social Evolution, University of Copenhagen Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Daniel Heine
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, John Innes Centre Norwich, UK
| | - Mahmoud Al Bassam
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia (UEA) Norwich, UK
| | - Sarah F Worsley
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia (UEA) Norwich, UK
| | - Felix Trottmann
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, John Innes Centre Norwich, UK
| | - Elaine H Patrick
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia (UEA) Norwich, UK
| | - Douglas W Yu
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia (UEA)Norwich, UK; State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of ZoologyKunming, China
| | - J C Murrell
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia (UEA) Norwich, UK
| | - Morten Schiøtt
- Centre for Social Evolution, University of Copenhagen Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Barrie Wilkinson
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, John Innes Centre Norwich, UK
| | - Jacobus J Boomsma
- Centre for Social Evolution, University of Copenhagen Copenhagen, Denmark
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Schafhauser T, Kirchner N, Kulik A, Huijbers MM, Flor L, Caradec T, Fewer DP, Gross H, Jacques P, Jahn L, Jokela J, Leclère V, Ludwig-Müller J, Sivonen K, van Berkel WJ, Weber T, Wohlleben W, van Pée KH. The cyclochlorotine mycotoxin is produced by the nonribosomal peptide synthetase CctN inTalaromyces islandicus(‘Penicillium islandicum’). Environ Microbiol 2016; 18:3728-3741. [DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.13294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Revised: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Schafhauser
- Mikrobiologie und Biotechnologie, Interfakultäres Institut für Mikrobiologie und Infektionsmedizin; Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen; Auf der Morgenstelle 28 72076 Tübingen Germany
| | - Norbert Kirchner
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology; Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Tübingen; Auf der Morgenstelle 8 72076 Tübingen Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner site Tübingen; 72076 Tübingen Germany
| | - Andreas Kulik
- Mikrobiologie und Biotechnologie, Interfakultäres Institut für Mikrobiologie und Infektionsmedizin; Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen; Auf der Morgenstelle 28 72076 Tübingen Germany
| | - Mieke M.E. Huijbers
- Laboratory of Biochemistry; Wageningen University; Dreijenlaan 3 6703 HA Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - Liane Flor
- Allgemeine Biochemie, Technische Universität Dresden; 01069 Dresden Germany
| | - Thibault Caradec
- Research Laboratory in Agro-Food and Biotechnology; Charles Viollette Institute, Team ProBioGEM, Polytech-Lille, Université Lille1- Sciences et Technologies; 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq France
| | - David P. Fewer
- Microbiology and Biotechnology Division, Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki; Viikinkaari 9 FIN-00014 Helsinki Finland
| | - Harald Gross
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology; Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Tübingen; Auf der Morgenstelle 8 72076 Tübingen Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner site Tübingen; 72076 Tübingen Germany
| | - Philippe Jacques
- Research Laboratory in Agro-Food and Biotechnology; Charles Viollette Institute, Team ProBioGEM, Polytech-Lille, Université Lille1- Sciences et Technologies; 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq France
| | - Linda Jahn
- Institut für Botanik; Technische Universität Dresden; 01062 Dresden Germany
| | - Jouni Jokela
- Microbiology and Biotechnology Division, Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki; Viikinkaari 9 FIN-00014 Helsinki Finland
| | - Valérie Leclère
- Research Laboratory in Agro-Food and Biotechnology; Charles Viollette Institute, Team ProBioGEM, Polytech-Lille, Université Lille1- Sciences et Technologies; 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq France
| | | | - Kaarina Sivonen
- Microbiology and Biotechnology Division, Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki; Viikinkaari 9 FIN-00014 Helsinki Finland
| | - Willem J.H. van Berkel
- Laboratory of Biochemistry; Wageningen University; Dreijenlaan 3 6703 HA Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - Tilmann Weber
- Mikrobiologie und Biotechnologie, Interfakultäres Institut für Mikrobiologie und Infektionsmedizin; Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen; Auf der Morgenstelle 28 72076 Tübingen Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner site Tübingen; 72076 Tübingen Germany
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark; Kogle Alle 6 2970 Hørsholm Denmark
| | - Wolfgang Wohlleben
- Mikrobiologie und Biotechnologie, Interfakultäres Institut für Mikrobiologie und Infektionsmedizin; Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen; Auf der Morgenstelle 28 72076 Tübingen Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner site Tübingen; 72076 Tübingen Germany
| | - Karl-Heinz van Pée
- Allgemeine Biochemie, Technische Universität Dresden; 01069 Dresden Germany
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Shin JM, Gwak JW, Kamarajan P, Fenno JC, Rickard AH, Kapila YL. Biomedical applications of nisin. J Appl Microbiol 2016; 120:1449-65. [PMID: 26678028 DOI: 10.1111/jam.13033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 302] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Revised: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Nisin is a bacteriocin produced by a group of Gram-positive bacteria that belongs to Lactococcus and Streptococcus species. Nisin is classified as a Type A (I) lantibiotic that is synthesized from mRNA and the translated peptide contains several unusual amino acids due to post-translational modifications. Over the past few decades, nisin has been used widely as a food biopreservative. Since then, many natural and genetically modified variants of nisin have been identified and studied for their unique antimicrobial properties. Nisin is FDA approved and generally regarded as a safe peptide with recognized potential for clinical use. Over the past two decades the application of nisin has been extended to biomedical fields. Studies have reported that nisin can prevent the growth of drug-resistant bacterial strains, such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Enterococci and Clostridium difficile. Nisin has now been shown to have antimicrobial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative disease-associated pathogens. Nisin has been reported to have anti-biofilm properties and can work synergistically in combination with conventional therapeutic drugs. In addition, like host-defence peptides, nisin may activate the adaptive immune response and have an immunomodulatory role. Increasing evidence indicates that nisin can influence the growth of tumours and exhibit selective cytotoxicity towards cancer cells. Collectively, the application of nisin has advanced beyond its role as a food biopreservative. Thus, this review will describe and compare studies on nisin and provide insight into its future biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Shin
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - J W Gwak
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - P Kamarajan
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - J C Fenno
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - A H Rickard
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Y L Kapila
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Maricic N, Anderson ES, Opipari AE, Yu EA, Dawid S. Characterization of a Multipeptide Lantibiotic Locus in Streptococcus pneumoniae. mBio 2016; 7:e01656-15. [PMID: 26814178 PMCID: PMC4742701 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01656-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Bacterial communities are established through a combination of cooperative and antagonistic interactions between the inhabitants. Competitive interactions often involve the production of antimicrobial substances, including bacteriocins, which are small antimicrobial peptides that target other community members. Despite the nearly ubiquitous presence of bacteriocin-encoding loci, inhibitory activity has been attributed to only a small fraction of gene clusters. In this study, we characterized a novel locus (the pld locus) in the pathogen Streptococcus pneumoniae that drives the production of a bacteriocin called pneumolancidin, which has broad antimicrobial activity. The locus encodes an unusual tandem array of four inhibitory peptides, three of which are absolutely required for antibacterial activity. The three peptide sequences are similar but appear to play distinct roles in regulation and inhibition. A modification enzyme typically found in loci encoding a class of highly modified bacteriocins called lantibiotics was required for inhibitory activity. The production of pneumolancidin is controlled by a two-component regulatory system that is activated by the accumulation of modified peptides. The locus is located on a mobile element that has been found in many pneumococcal lineages, although not all elements carry the pld genes. Intriguingly, a minimal region containing only the genes required for pneumolancidin immunity was found in several Streptococcus mitis strains. The pneumolancidin-producing strain can inhibit nearly all pneumococci tested to date and provided a competitive advantage in vivo. These peptides not only represent a unique strategy for bacterial competition but also are an important resource to guide the development of new antimicrobials. IMPORTANCE Successful colonization of a polymicrobial host surface is a prerequisite for the subsequent development of disease for many bacterial pathogens. Bacterial factors that directly inhibit the growth of neighbors may provide an advantage during colonization if the inhibition of competitors outweighs the energy for production. In this work, we found that production of a potent antimicrobial called pneumolancidin conferred a competitive advantage to the pathogen Streptococcus pneumoniae. S. pneumoniae secreting pneumolancidin inhibits a wide array of Gram-positive organisms, including all but one tested pneumococcal strain. The pneumolancidin genetic locus is of particular interest because it encodes three similar modified peptides (lantibiotics), each of which has a distinct role in the function of the locus. Lantibiotics represent a relatively untapped resource for the development of clinically useful antibiotics which are desperately needed. The broad inhibitory activity of pneumolancidin makes it an ideal candidate for further characterization and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Maricic
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Erica S Anderson
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - AnneMarie E Opipari
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Emily A Yu
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Suzanne Dawid
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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30
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Lantibiotic Reductase LtnJ Substrate Selectivity Assessed with a Collection of Nisin Derivatives as Substrates. Appl Environ Microbiol 2015; 81:3679-87. [PMID: 25795677 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00475-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Lantibiotics are potent antimicrobial peptides characterized by the presence of dehydrated amino acids, dehydroalanine and dehydrobutyrine, and (methyl)lanthionine rings. In addition to these posttranslational modifications, some lantibiotics exhibit additional modifications that usually confer increased biological activity or stability on the peptide. LtnJ is a reductase responsible for the introduction of D-alanine in the lantibiotic lacticin 3147. The conversion of L-serine into D-alanine requires dehydroalanine as the substrate, which is produced in vivo by the dehydration of serine by a lantibiotic dehydratase, i.e., LanB or LanM. In this work, we probe the substrate specificity of LtnJ using a system that combines the nisin modification machinery (dehydratase, cyclase, and transporter) and the stereospecific reductase LtnJ in Lactococcus lactis. We also describe an improvement in the production yield of this system by inserting a putative attenuator from the nisin biosynthesis gene cluster in front of the ltnJ gene. In order to clarify the sequence selectivity of LtnJ, peptides composed of truncated nisin and different mutated C-terminal tails were designed and coexpressed with LtnJ and the nisin biosynthetic machinery. In these tails, serine was flanked by diverse amino acids to determine the influence of the surrounding residues in the reaction. LtnJ successfully hydrogenated peptides when hydrophobic residues (Leu, Ile, Phe, and Ala) were flanking the intermediate dehydroalanine, while those in which dehydroalanine was flanked by one or two polar residues (Ser, Thr, Glu, Lys, and Asn) or Gly were either less prone to be modified by LtnJ or not modified at all. Moreover, our results showed that dehydrobutyrine cannot serve as a substrate for LtnJ.
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31
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Structure and mechanism of the tRNA-dependent lantibiotic dehydratase NisB. Nature 2014; 517:509-12. [PMID: 25363770 DOI: 10.1038/nature13888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Lantibiotics are a class of peptide antibiotics that contain one or more thioether bonds. The lantibiotic nisin is an antimicrobial peptide that is widely used as a food preservative to combat food-borne pathogens. Nisin contains dehydroalanine and dehydrobutyrine residues that are formed by the dehydration of Ser/Thr by the lantibiotic dehydratase NisB (ref. 2). Recent biochemical studies revealed that NisB glutamylates Ser/Thr side chains as part of the dehydration process. However, the molecular mechanism by which NisB uses glutamate to catalyse dehydration remains unresolved. Here we show that this process involves glutamyl-tRNA(Glu) to activate Ser/Thr residues. In addition, the 2.9-Å crystal structure of NisB in complex with its substrate peptide NisA reveals the presence of two separate domains that catalyse the Ser/Thr glutamylation and glutamate elimination steps. The co-crystal structure also provides insights into substrate recognition by lantibiotic dehydratases. Our findings demonstrate an unexpected role for aminoacyl-tRNA in the formation of dehydroamino acids in lantibiotics, and serve as a basis for the functional characterization of the many lantibiotic-like dehydratases involved in the biosynthesis of other classes of natural products.
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32
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Dimov S, Ivanova P, Harizanova N, Ivanova I. Bioactive Peptides used by Bacteria in the Concur-Rence for the Ecological Niche: General Classification and Mode of Action (Overview). BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/13102818.2005.10817185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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Sandiford SK. Advances in the arsenal of tools available enabling the discovery of novel lantibiotics with therapeutic potential. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2014; 9:283-97. [PMID: 24410252 DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2014.877882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Lantibiotics are ribosomally synthesised peptides, which undergo extensive post-translational modification. Their mode of action and effectiveness against multi-drug-resistant pathogens, and relatively low toxicity, makes them attractive therapeutic options. AREAS COVERED This article provides background information on the four classes of lanthipeptides that have been described to date. Due to the clinical potential of these agents, specifically those from Class I and II, it is essential to identify organisms that harbour potentially interesting clusters encoding novel lantibiotics. Multiple emerging technologies have been applied to address this issue, including genome mining and specific bioinformatics programs designed to identify lantibiotic clusters present within the genome sequences. These clusters can then be effectively expressed using optimised heterologous expression systems, which are ideally amenable to large-scale production. EXPERT OPINION The continuing expansion of publicly available genomes, particularly genomes from microorganisms isolated from under-explored environments, combined with powerful bioinformatics tools able to accurately identify clusters of interest are of paramount importance in the discovery of novel lantibiotics. Detailed analysis of clusters drastically reduces dereplication time, which was often problematic when using the traditional method of isolation, purification and then identification. Allowing a more focused direction of 'wet lab' work, targeting the most promising agents, greatly increases the chance of novel lantibiotic discovery and development. High-throughput screening strategies are also required to enable the efficient analysis of these potentially clinically relevant agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Kate Sandiford
- Leiden University, Institute of Biology, Molecular Biotechnology, Sylvius Laboratories , Wassenaarseweg 72, 2333 BE, Leiden , The Netherlands +31 71 527 4759 ; +31 71 527 4900 ;
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Khusainov R, Moll GN, Kuipers OP. Identification of distinct nisin leader peptide regions that determine interactions with the modification enzymes NisB and NisC. FEBS Open Bio 2013; 3:237-42. [PMID: 23772400 PMCID: PMC3678300 DOI: 10.1016/j.fob.2013.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2013] [Revised: 05/16/2013] [Accepted: 05/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Nisin is the most prominent and applied bacteriocin that serves as a model for class I lantibiotics. The nisin leader peptide importantly determines interactions between precursor nisin and its modification enzymes NisB and NisC that mature nisin posttranslationally. NisB dehydrates serines and threonines, while NisC catalyzes the subsequent coupling of the formed dehydroamino acids to form lanthionines. Currently, little is known about how the nisin leader interacts with NisB and even less is known about its interactions with NisC. To investigate the nisin leader peptide requirements for functional interaction with the modification enzymes NisB and NisC, we systematically replaced six regions, of 2–4 amino acids each, with all-alanine regions. By performing NisB and NisC co-purification studies with these mutant leader peptides, we demonstrate that the nisin leader regions STKD(-22-19), FNLD(-18-15) and PR(-2-1) importantly contribute to the interactions of precursor nisin with both NisB and NisC, whereas the nisin leader region LVSV(-14-11) additionally contributes to the interaction of precursor nisin with NisC. Not all nisin leader regions are crucial for the interactions with modifying enzymes. The leader region STKD(-22-19) is important for the interactions with NisB and NisC. The nisin leader region FNLD(-18-15) is important for the interactions with NisB and NisC. The nisin leader region PR(-2-1) is important for the interactions with NisB and NisC. The leader region LVSV(-14-11) is additionally important for the interactions with NisC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rustem Khusainov
- Molecular Genetics Dept., University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands ; Synthetic Biology Centre, University of Groningen, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Arnison PG, Bibb MJ, Bierbaum G, Bowers AA, Bugni TS, Bulaj G, Camarero JA, Campopiano DJ, Challis GL, Clardy J, Cotter PD, Craik DJ, Dawson M, Dittmann E, Donadio S, Dorrestein PC, Entian KD, Fischbach MA, Garavelli JS, Göransson U, Gruber CW, Haft DH, Hemscheidt TK, Hertweck C, Hill C, Horswill AR, Jaspars M, Kelly WL, Klinman JP, Kuipers OP, Link AJ, Liu W, Marahiel MA, Mitchell DA, Moll GN, Moore BS, Müller R, Nair SK, Nes IF, Norris GE, Olivera BM, Onaka H, Patchett ML, Piel J, Reaney MJT, Rebuffat S, Ross RP, Sahl HG, Schmidt EW, Selsted ME, Severinov K, Shen B, Sivonen K, Smith L, Stein T, Süssmuth RD, Tagg JR, Tang GL, Truman AW, Vederas JC, Walsh CT, Walton JD, Wenzel SC, Willey JM, van der Donk WA. Ribosomally synthesized and post-translationally modified peptide natural products: overview and recommendations for a universal nomenclature. Nat Prod Rep 2013; 30:108-60. [PMID: 23165928 DOI: 10.1039/c2np20085f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1433] [Impact Index Per Article: 130.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
This review presents recommended nomenclature for the biosynthesis of ribosomally synthesized and post-translationally modified peptides (RiPPs), a rapidly growing class of natural products. The current knowledge regarding the biosynthesis of the >20 distinct compound classes is also reviewed, and commonalities are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul G Arnison
- Prairie Plant Systems Inc, Botanical Alternatives Inc, Suite 176, 8B-3110 8th Street E, Saskatoon, SK, S7H 0W2, Canada
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Field D, Begley M, O’Connor PM, Daly KM, Hugenholtz F, Cotter PD, Hill C, Ross RP. Bioengineered nisin A derivatives with enhanced activity against both Gram positive and Gram negative pathogens. PLoS One 2012; 7:e46884. [PMID: 23056510 PMCID: PMC3466204 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0046884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2012] [Accepted: 09/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Nisin is a bacteriocin widely utilized in more than 50 countries as a safe and natural antibacterial food preservative. It is the most extensively studied bacteriocin, having undergone decades of bioengineering with a view to improving function and physicochemical properties. The discovery of novel nisin variants with enhanced activity against clinical and foodborne pathogens has recently been described. We screened a randomized bank of nisin A producers and identified a variant with a serine to glycine change at position 29 (S29G), with enhanced efficacy against S. aureus SA113. Using a site-saturation mutagenesis approach we generated three more derivatives (S29A, S29D and S29E) with enhanced activity against a range of Gram positive drug resistant clinical, veterinary and food pathogens. In addition, a number of the nisin S29 derivatives displayed superior antimicrobial activity to nisin A when assessed against a range of Gram negative food-associated pathogens, including E. coli, Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium and Cronobacter sakazakii. This is the first report of derivatives of nisin, or indeed any lantibiotic, with enhanced antimicrobial activity against both Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Des Field
- Department of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Maire Begley
- Department of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | | | - Karen M. Daly
- Department of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Floor Hugenholtz
- Department of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Paul D. Cotter
- Teagasc, Moorepark Food Research Centre, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland
- Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- * E-mail: (PDC); (CH)
| | - Colin Hill
- Department of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- * E-mail: (PDC); (CH)
| | - R. Paul Ross
- Teagasc, Moorepark Food Research Centre, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland
- Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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Gupta V, Prasanna R. WITHDRAWN: Cyanobacterial bioactive molecules - Biosynthesis and genetic regulation. Microbiol Res 2012:S0944-5013(12)00091-2. [PMID: 23031424 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2012.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2012] [Revised: 07/07/2012] [Accepted: 07/09/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
This article has been withdrawn at the request of the editor. The Publisher apologizes for any inconvenience this may cause. The full Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal can be found at http://www.elsevier.com/locate/withdrawalpolicy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishal Gupta
- Division of Microbiology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), New Delhi 110012, India
| | - Radha Prasanna
- Division of Microbiology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), New Delhi 110012, India.
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38
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Contribution of the Actinobacteria to the growing diversity of lantibiotics. Biotechnol Lett 2012; 34:2133-45. [PMID: 22927113 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-012-1024-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2012] [Accepted: 07/17/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Currently, 76 lantibiotics have been described; the vast majority being produced by members of the Firmicute phylum of bacteria. There is a growing number being identified from the Actinobacteria phylum and some of these exhibit novel modifications leading to an increased functional diversity among lantibiotics. In this review, we discuss the currently characterized lantibiotics highlighting the expanding diversity provided by those from the Actinobacteria. This increased diversity has the potential to expand lantibiotic applications as antimicrobials in foods and pharmaceuticals. In addition, a phylogenetic classification system based on the full prepropeptide sequences showed remarkable consistency with current classification systems and may provide a more rapid and convenient means for classifying lantibiotics.
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Karakas-Sen A, Narbad A. Heterologous expression and purification of NisA, the precursor peptide of lantibiotic nisin from Lactococcus lactis. ACTA BIOLOGICA HUNGARICA 2012; 63:301-10. [PMID: 22695527 DOI: 10.1556/abiol.63.2012.2.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The lantibiotic nisin is a ribosomally synthesised and post-translationally modified antimicrobial peptide produced by strains of Lactococcus lactis, and used as safe and natural preservative in food industry. The nisA structural gene encodes ribosomally synthesised and biologically inactive a 57 amino acid precursor peptide (NisA) which undergoes several post-translational modifications. In this study, we report the expression of precursor nisin as a His6-tagged peptide in Escherichia coli and its purification using a nickel affinity column. The technique of spliced-overlap extension PCR was used to amplify the nisA gene and the T7 promoter region of pET-15b vector. This approach was used to introduce six histidine residues at the C-terminus of prenisin. The identity of the expressed peptide was confirmed by N-terminal sequencing. The expressed His-tagged prenisin was purified under denaturing conditions, and named as prenisin-His6. The purified prenisin-His6 was analyzed by SDS-PAGE, Western blotting and mass spectroscopy. These results showed that the nisin precursor peptide can be successfully produced using an E. coli expression system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asuman Karakas-Sen
- Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich NR4 7UA, UK.
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Halgand F, Zabrouskov V, Bassilian S, Souda P, Loo JA, Faull KF, Wong DT, Whitelegge JP. Defining intact protein primary structures from saliva: a step toward the human proteome project. Anal Chem 2012; 84:4383-95. [PMID: 22509742 DOI: 10.1021/ac203337s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Top-down mass spectrometry has been used to investigate structural diversity within some abundant salivary protein families. In this study, we report the identification of two isoforms of protein II-2 which differed in mass by less than 1 Da, the determination of a sequence for protein IB8a that was best satisfied by including a mutation and a covalent modification in the C-terminal part, and the assignment of a sequence of a previously unreported protein of mass 10433 Da. The final characterization of Peptide P-J was achieved, and the discovery of a truncated form of this peptide was reported. The first sequence assignment was done at low resolution using a hybrid quadrupole time-of-flight instrument to quickly identify and characterize proteins, and data acquisition was switched to Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance (FTICR) for proteins that required additional sequence coverage and certainty of assignment. High-resolution and high mass accuracy mass spectrometry on a FTICR-mass spectrometry (MS) instrument combined with electron-capture dissociation (ECD) provided the most informative data sets, with the more frequent presence of "unique" ions that unambiguously define the primary structure. A mixture of predictable and unusual post-translational modifications in the protein sequence precluded the use of shotgun-annotated databases at this stage, requiring manual iterations of sequence refinement in many cases. This led us to propose guidelines for an iterative processing workflow of MS and MSMS data sets that allow researchers to completely assign the identity and the structure of a protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Halgand
- NPI-Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90024, United States.
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Alkhatib Z, Abts A, Mavaro A, Schmitt L, Smits SHJ. Lantibiotics: how do producers become self-protected? J Biotechnol 2012; 159:145-54. [PMID: 22329892 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2012.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2011] [Revised: 01/13/2012] [Accepted: 01/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Lantibiotics are small peptides produced by Gram-positive bacteria, which are ribosomally synthesized as a prepeptide. Their genes are highly organized in operons containing all the genes required for maturation, transport, immunity and synthesis. The best-characterized lantibiotic is nisin from Lactococcus lactis. Nisin is active against other Gram-positive bacteria via various modes of actions. To prevent activity against its producer strain, an autoimmunity system has developed consisting of different proteins, the ABC transporter NisFEG and a membrane anchored protein NisI. Together, they circumvent the ability of nisin to fulfill its action and cause cell death of L. lactis. Within this review, the mechanism of regulation, biosynthesis and activity of the immunity machinery will be discussed. Furthermore a short description about the application of these immunity proteins in both medical and industrial fields is highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zainab Alkhatib
- Institute of Biochemistry, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstrasse 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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Khusainov R, Heils R, Lubelski J, Moll GN, Kuipers OP. Determining sites of interaction between prenisin and its modification enzymes NisB and NisC. Mol Microbiol 2011; 82:706-18. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2011.07846.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Heterologous expression and purification of the dehydratase NisB involved in the biosynthesis of lantibiotic nisin. ANN MICROBIOL 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s13213-011-0351-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
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Mavaro A, Abts A, Bakkes PJ, Moll GN, Driessen AJM, Smits SHJ, Schmitt L. Substrate recognition and specificity of the NisB protein, the lantibiotic dehydratase involved in nisin biosynthesis. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:30552-30560. [PMID: 21757717 PMCID: PMC3162415 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.263210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2011] [Revised: 07/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Nisin is a posttranslationally modified antimicrobial peptide containing the cyclic thioether amino acids lanthionine and methyllanthionine. Although much is known about its antimicrobial activity and mode of action, knowledge about the nisin modification process is still rather limited. The dehydratase NisB is believed to be the initial interaction partner in modification. NisB dehydrates specific serine and threonine residues in prenisin, whereas the cyclase NisC catalyzes the (methyl)lanthionine formation. The fully modified prenisin is exported and the leader peptide is cleaved off by the extracellular protease NisP. Light scattering analysis demonstrated that purified NisB is a dimer in solution. Using size exclusion chromatography and surface plasmon resonance, the interaction of NisB and prenisin, including several of its modified derivatives, was studied. Unmodified prenisin binds to NisB with an affinity of 1.05 ± 0.25 μm, whereas the dehydrated and the fully modified derivatives bind with respective affinities of 0.31 ± 0.07 and 10.5 ± 1.7 μm. The much lower affinity for the fully modified prenisin was related to a >20-fold higher off-rate. For all three peptides the stoichiometry of binding was 1:1. Active nisin, which is the equivalent of fully modified prenisin lacking the leader peptide did not bind to NisB, nor did prenisin in which the highly conserved FNLD box within the leader peptide was mutated to AAAA. Taken together our data indicate that the leader peptide is essential for initial recognition and binding of prenisin to NisB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonino Mavaro
- Institute of Biochemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - André Abts
- Institute of Biochemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Patrick J Bakkes
- Institute of Biochemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Gert N Moll
- BiOMaDe Technology Foundation, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Arnold J M Driessen
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials and the Kluyver Centre for the Genomics of Industrial Microorganisms, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sander H J Smits
- Institute of Biochemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Lutz Schmitt
- Institute of Biochemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
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Lin Y, Teng K, Huan L, Zhong J. Dissection of the bridging pattern of bovicin HJ50, a lantibiotic containing a characteristic disulfide bridge. Microbiol Res 2011; 166:146-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2010.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2010] [Revised: 04/27/2010] [Accepted: 05/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Field D, Hill C, Cotter PD, Ross RP. The dawning of a ‘Golden era’ in lantibiotic bioengineering. Mol Microbiol 2010; 78:1077-87. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2010.07406.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Moll GN, Kuipers A, Rink R. Microbial engineering of dehydro-amino acids and lanthionines in non-lantibiotic peptides. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 2010; 97:319-33. [PMID: 20140513 DOI: 10.1007/s10482-010-9418-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2009] [Accepted: 01/25/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
This minireview focuses on the use of bacteria to introduce dehydroresidues and (methyl)lanthionines in (poly)peptides. It mainly describes the broad exploitation of bacteria containing lantibiotic enzymes for the engineering of these residues in a wide variety of peptides in particular in peptides unrelated to lantibiotics. Lantibiotic dehydratases dehydrate serines and threonines present in peptides preceded by a lantibiotic leader peptide thus forming dehydroalanine and dehydrobutyrine, respectively. These dehydroresidues can be coupled to cysteines thus forming (methyl)lanthionines. This coupling is catalysed by lantibiotic cyclases. The design, synthesis, and export of microbially engineered dehydroresidue and or lanthionine-containing peptides in non-lantibiotic peptides are reviewed, illustrated by some examples which demonstrate the high relevance of these special residues. This minireview is the first with special focus on the microbial engineering of nonlantibiotic peptides by exploiting lantibiotic enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gert N Moll
- BiOMaDe Technology Foundation, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Rahman LU, Kouno H, Hashiguchi Y, Yamamoto H, Narbad A, Parr A, Walton N, Ikenaga T, Kitamura Y. HCHL expression in hairy roots of Beta vulgaris yields a high accumulation of p-hydroxybenzoic acid (pHBA) glucose ester, and linkage of pHBA into cell walls. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2009; 100:4836-4842. [PMID: 19457657 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2009.04.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2009] [Revised: 04/02/2009] [Accepted: 04/19/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
As part of a study to explore the potential for new or modified bio-product formation, Beta vulgaris (sugar beet) has been genetically modified to express in root-organ culture a bacterial gene of phenylpropanoid catabolism. The HCHL gene, encoding p-hydroxycinnamoyl-CoA hydratase/lyase, was introduced into B. vulgaris under the control of a CaMV 35S promoter, using Agrobacterium rhizogenes LBA 9402. Hairy root clones expressing the HCHL gene, together with non-expressing clones, were analysed and revealed that one expression-positive clone accumulated the glucose ester of p-hydroxybenzoic acid (pHBA) at about 14% on a dry weight basis. This is the best yield achieved in plant systems so far. Determination of cell-wall components liberated by alkaline hydrolysis confirmed that the ratio of pHBA to ferulic acid was considerably higher in the HCHL-expressing clones, whereas only ferulic acid was detected in a non-expressing clone. The change in cell-wall components also resulted in a decrease in tensile strength in the HCHL-expressing clones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laiq ur Rahman
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki, Japan
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McIntosh JA, Donia MS, Schmidt EW. Ribosomal peptide natural products: bridging the ribosomal and nonribosomal worlds. Nat Prod Rep 2009; 26:537-59. [PMID: 19642421 PMCID: PMC2975598 DOI: 10.1039/b714132g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Ribosomally synthesized bacterial natural products rival the nonribosomal peptides in their structural and functional diversity. The last decade has seen substantial progress in the identification and characterization of biosynthetic pathways leading to ribosomal peptide natural products with new and unusual structural motifs. In some of these cases, the motifs are similar to those found in nonribosomal peptides, and many are constructed by convergent or even paralogous enzymes. Here, we summarize the major structural and biosynthetic categories of ribosomally synthesized bacterial natural products and, where applicable, compare them to their homologs from nonribosomal biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A. McIntosh
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Utah, 30 South 2000 East Rm 201, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA
| | - Mohamed S. Donia
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Utah, 30 South 2000 East Rm 201, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA
| | - Eric W. Schmidt
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Utah, 30 South 2000 East Rm 201, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA
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