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Park SY, Koh WG, Lee HJ. Enhanced hepatotoxicity assessment through encapsulated HepG2 spheroids in gelatin hydrogel matrices: Bridging the gap from 2D to 3D culture. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2024; 202:114417. [PMID: 39013493 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2024.114417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Revised: 07/07/2024] [Accepted: 07/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024]
Abstract
Conventional 2D drug screening often fails to accurately predict clinical outcomes. We present an innovative approach to improve hepatotoxicity assessment by encapsulating HepG2 spheroids in gelatin hydrogel matrices with different mechanical properties. Encapsulated spheroids exhibit sustained liver-specific functionality, enhanced expression of drug-metabolizing enzymes, and increased drug sensitivity compared to 2D cultures. The platform detects critical variations in drug response, with significant differences in IC50 values between 2D and spheroid cultures ranging from 1.3-fold to > 13-fold, particularly for acetaminophen. Furthermore, drug-metabolizing enzyme expression varies across hydrogel concentrations, suggesting a role for matrix mechanical properties in modulating hepatocyte function. This novel spheroid-hydrogel platform offers a transformative approach to hepatotoxicity assessment, providing increased sensitivity, improved prediction, and a more physiologically relevant environment. The use of such advanced in vitro models can accelerate drug development, reduce animal testing, and contribute to improved patient safety and clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se Yeon Park
- School of Chemical, Biological and Battery Engineering, Gachon University, 1342 Seongnam-daero, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 13120, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Gun Koh
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hyun Jong Lee
- School of Chemical, Biological and Battery Engineering, Gachon University, 1342 Seongnam-daero, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 13120, Republic of Korea.
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2
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Nascimento D, Azevedo P, Carreira LM. Insights into Atresia Ani Type IV in Felis catus: Preliminary Epidemiolocal Findings Associated with Surgery. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1738. [PMID: 38929357 PMCID: PMC11200850 DOI: 10.3390/ani14121738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Atresia Ani (AA) is a rare congenital anomaly in companion animals affecting rectal and anal development. Its incidence in cats remains unreported. This retrospective study aimed to characterize age, body condition, fistula size, and perioperative outcomes in Type IV Atresia Ani (with recto-vaginal fistula) in female cats. Surgical intervention is the primary treatment. Conducted over 2 years, the study included nine female cats diagnosed with Type IV Atresia Ani and recto-vaginal fistula undergoing surgery. Statistical analysis used the R program (version 4.2.1) with Rstudio®® extension. Significant results were observed at a 95% confidence interval and p < 0.05. The condition had an incidence of 4.7% among the 192 cats evaluated over a 2-year period. The findings suggest that a body condition score of 3, an age of 3 to 4 weeks, and a fistula length of 1 to 2 mm correlated with better surgical outcomes, reducing the likelihood of fecal incontinence and anal stenosis development, and enhancing defecation awareness during the perioperative period. This study is the first to report the disease incidence in cats undergoing surgery, according to the authors' knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diogo Nascimento
- Anjos of Assis Veterinary Medicine Centre—CMVAA, Rua D.ª Francisca da Azambuja Nº9 -9A, 2830-077 Barreiro, Portugal; (D.N.); (P.A.)
| | - Pedro Azevedo
- Anjos of Assis Veterinary Medicine Centre—CMVAA, Rua D.ª Francisca da Azambuja Nº9 -9A, 2830-077 Barreiro, Portugal; (D.N.); (P.A.)
- Faculty of American Laser Study Club—ALSC, Altamonte Springs, FL 32714, USA
| | - L. Miguel Carreira
- Anjos of Assis Veterinary Medicine Centre—CMVAA, Rua D.ª Francisca da Azambuja Nº9 -9A, 2830-077 Barreiro, Portugal; (D.N.); (P.A.)
- Faculty of American Laser Study Club—ALSC, Altamonte Springs, FL 32714, USA
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon (FMV/ULisboa), Av. da Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Research in Animal Health (CIISA), University of Lisbon, (FMV/ULisboa) Av. da Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
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Molina CC, Dias MJ, Domingues TD, Englar RE, Leal RO. Clinical findings and prognostic factors for mortality in hospitalized dogs with leishmaniosis: aretrospective study. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2023; 101:102041. [PMID: 37634471 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2023.102041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
This retrospective study evaluated factors responsible for mortality of dogs hospitalized for Canine Leishmaniosis. Medical records of 31 dogs with leishmaniosis from a Portuguese Veterinary Teaching Hospital were examined between August 2018 and January 2022. Females (n = 18) and pure breed dogs (n = 27) were overrepresented, with higher frequency of Labrador Retriever (n = 4). Median age was 7 years (interquartile range=7). Most had historical findings of lethargy (n = 26) and the commonest clinicopathological abnormality was hypoalbuminemia (n = 26). Eleven dogs were classified as LeishVet stage II, 10 stage III and 10 stage IV. Fourteen dogs (45.2%) died or were euthanized, with azotemia, leukocytosis, stage IV, absence of diagnosis before hospitalization and lack of leishmaniosis specific treatment during hospitalization contributing to mortality. Absence of hypoalbuminemia and stages II/III increased survival. Mean hospitalization length prior to discharge was 5.41days ( ± 1.84) and diarrhea prolonged hospital stay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlota Carvalho Molina
- Hospital Escolar Veterinário, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - Maria Joana Dias
- Hospital Escolar Veterinário, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal; Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health (CIISA) , Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal; Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), Lisbon, Portugal.
| | | | - Ryane E Englar
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Arizona, Oro Valley, USA.
| | - Rodolfo Oliveira Leal
- Hospital Escolar Veterinário, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal; Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health (CIISA) , Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal; Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), Lisbon, Portugal.
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Terradas Crespo E, Martin LG, Davidow EB. Retrospective evaluation of indications, transfusion protocols, and acute transfusion reactions associated with the administration of lyophilized canine albumin: 53 cases (2009-2020). J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2023; 33:567-576. [PMID: 37528743 DOI: 10.1111/vec.13316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To describe the administration of lyophilized canine albumin (LCA) and determine the increase in serum albumin concentrations post-LCA transfusion. To describe the incidence and types of acute transfusion reactions (TRs) and associated outcome in dogs presenting to a veterinary teaching hospital. DESIGN Retrospective and descriptive study from 2009 to 2020. SETTING University teaching hospital. ANIMALS Fifty-three client-owned dogs included in the study if they received an LCA transfusion and had vital sign monitoring recorded for at least for 4 hours after starting the LCA transfusion. INTERVENTIONS None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS The 53 dogs available for study inclusion received 64 LCA transfusions. Signalment; underlying disease; indications for LCA transfusion; pre- and posttransfusion serum albumin concentration; volume, concentration, and dose of LCA; duration of transfusion; administration of other blood products or synthetic colloids; occurrence, timing, and type of TR; length of hospitalization; and outcome were recorded. Serum albumin concentrations increased post-LCA transfusion, with a median dose of 0.56 g/kg and a median posttransfusion serum albumin increase of 3 g/L (0.3 g/dL) (P = 0.008). TRs occurred in 13 of 64 (20.3%) transfusion events. Volume per kilogram, dose (g/kg), concentration, duration of transfusion, and additional administration of synthetic colloids were not associated with TRs. Three (23%) TRs were classified as febrile nonhemolytic transfusion reaction, 5 (38.5%) as transfusion-associated dyspnea (development of respiratory distress and limited diagnostics), and 5 (38.5%) had clinical signs that could not be defined by any 1 TR category. Six (46.1%) of 13 events were nonsevere, 5 (38.5%) were severe, and 2 (15.4%) were life-threatening. CONCLUSIONS Administration of LCA can be used to increase serum albumin concentrations, although the clinical implications of this increase are unknown. Acute TRs associated with LCA are relatively frequent and can be life-threatening. Careful monitoring is vital.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Terradas Crespo
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Linda G Martin
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Elizabeth B Davidow
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
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Schneider S, Hartmann K, Dörfelt R. Influence of intravenous 10% amino acids infusion on serum albumin concentration in hypoalbuminemic dogs. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1198534. [PMID: 37342623 PMCID: PMC10277565 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1198534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective To evaluate the effect of parenteral amino acid application in hospitalized hypoalbuminemic dogs. Materials and methods Medical records of client-owned hypoalbuminemic dogs (albumin ≤ 25 g/L) were analyzed. Dogs receiving amino acids for only 1-2 days, receiving transfusions or surgery, or <6 months of age were excluded. Dogs were grouped as those receiving intravenous amino acids (AA, 80 dogs) over 3 days and longer, and those without additional amino acid treatment (CON, 78 dogs). Duration of hospitalization, albumin, and total protein concentrations were compared between groups by Mann-Whitney U test. Course of albumin and total protein concentration was evaluated by Friedman test and Dunn's multiple comparison test. Significance was set to p ≤ 0.05. Results Dogs in group AA received 10% amino acid solution intravenously over median 4 days (3-11 days). No significant differences regarding survival and adverse effects were observed between groups. Dogs of group AA had significantly longer duration of hospitalization (median 8 days; 3-33 days) compared to group CON dogs (median 6 days, 3-24 days; p < 0.001). Initial albumin concentration was lower in group AA compared to CON (p < 0.001). This difference was no longer present on day 2 (p = 0.134). Conclusions and clinical relevance Intravenous application of 10% amino acid solution in hypoalbuminemic dogs can improve albumin concentration after 2 days, but does not influence outcome.
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Gal A, Odunayo A. Diabetes Ketoacidosis and Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic Syndrome in Companion Animals. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2023; 53:531-550. [PMID: 36898859 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2023.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a common endocrinopathy in dogs and cats. Diabetes ketoacidosis (DKA) and hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state (HHS) are life-threatening complications of diabetes resulting from an imbalance between insulin and the glucose counter-regulatory hormones. The first part of this review focuses on the pathophysiology of DKA and HHS, and rarer complications such as euglycemic DKA and hyperosmolar DKA. The second part of this review focuses on the diagnosis and treatment of these complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnon Gal
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1008 West Hazelwood Drive, Urbana, IL 61820, USA.
| | - Adesola Odunayo
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, 2015 Southwest 16th Avenue, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA
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Sahagian MJ, Mastrocco A, Weltman JG, Woods S, Prittie JE. Retrospective analysis of the use of canine-specific albumin in 125 critically ill dogs. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2023; 33:192-200. [PMID: 36799878 DOI: 10.1111/vec.13286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the clinical use of canine-specific albumin (CSA) in critically ill dogs, report adverse events, and evaluate measurable clinical effects of CSA administration. DESIGN Retrospective case series from 2019 to 2020. SETTING Large, urban, private-practice referral and emergency center. ANIMALS Consecutive sample of 125 client-owned dogs administered CSA transfusions. INTERVENTIONS None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS The conditions most commonly associated with the use of CSA were surgical (32/125) and nonsurgical (20/125) gastrointestinal disease. Both serum albumin and total plasma protein concentrations were significantly increased posttransfusion (P < 0.001), and 16% albumin transfusions produced the greatest magnitude increase in serum albumin (P = 0.0015). Concurrent crystalloid administration did not affect change in albumin. While there was no significant improvement in blood pressure seen in those patients that received albumin, a significant improvement in shock index was identified (P = 0.02). Adverse events were uncommon; however, 8 critically ill dogs died during CSA administration. CONCLUSIONS CSA appears to be a relatively safe alternative to synthetic colloids and complementary to crystalloids in critically ill patients. More concentrated solutions may be more effective in raising serum albumin concentration. Further investigation into the indications for and efficacy of CSA will continue to improve our knowledge of this blood product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Sahagian
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care, Animal Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Alicia Mastrocco
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care, Animal Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Joel G Weltman
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care, Animal Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Sarah Woods
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care, Animal Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jennifer E Prittie
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care, Animal Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
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Wang Y, Li Y, Xun L, Song Z. Construction of diagnostic prediction model for Wilson's disease. Front Surg 2023; 9:1065053. [PMID: 36684333 PMCID: PMC9849747 DOI: 10.3389/fsurg.2022.1065053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Wilson's disease, also known as hepatolenticular degeneration, is a rare human autosomal recessive inherited disorder of copper metabolism. The clinical manifestations are diverse, and the diagnosis and treatment are often delayed. The purpose of this study is to establish a new predictive diagnostic model of Wilson's disease and evaluate its predictive efficacy by multivariate regression analysis of small trauma, good accuracy, low cost, and quantifiable serological indicators, in order to identify Wilson's disease early, improve the diagnosis rate, and clarify the treatment plan. Methods A retrospective analysis was performed on 127 patients with Wilson's disease admitted to the First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province from January 2003 to May 2022 as the experimental group and 73 patients with normal serological indicators who were not diagnosed with Wilson's disease. SPSS version 26.0 software was used for single factor screening and a multivariate binary logistic regression analysis to screen out independent factors. R version 4.1.0 software was used to establish an intuitive nomogram prediction model for the independent influencing factors included. The accuracy of the nomogram prediction model was evaluated and quantified by calculating the concordance index (C-index) and drawing the calibration curve. At the same time, the area under the curve (AUC) of the nomogram prediction model and the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve of the Leipzig score was calculated to compare the predictive ability of the nomogram model and the current Leipzig score for Wilson's disease. Results Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (AKP), albumin (ALB), uric acid (UA), serum calcium (Ca), serum phosphorus (P), and hemoglobin (HGB) are closely related to the occurrence of Wilson's disease (p < 0.1). The prediction model of Wilson's disease contains seven independent predictors: ALT, AST, AKP, ALB, UA, Ca, and P. The AUC value of the prediction model was 0.971, and the C-index value was 0.972. The calibration curve was well fitted with the ideal curve. The nomogram prediction model had a good predictive effect on the occurrence of Wilson's disease; the ROC curve of Leipzig score was drawn, and the AUC value was calculated. The AUC of the Leipzig score was 0.969, indicating that the prediction model and the scoring system had predictive value, and the nomogram prediction model had a better predictive effect on the research objects of the center. Conclusion ALT, AST, AKP, ALB, UA, Ca, and P are independent predictors of Wilson's disease, and can be used as early predictors. Based on the nomogram prediction model, the optimal threshold was determined to be 0.698, which was an important reference index for judging Wilson's disease. Compared with the Leipzig score, the nomogram prediction model has a relatively high sensitivity and specificity and has a good clinical application value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Wang
- Medical Faculty of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Affiliated with the First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, China,Department of Gastroenterology, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, China
| | - Yulian Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, China
| | - Linting Xun
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, China
| | - Zhengji Song
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, China,Correspondence: Zheng-Ji Song
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Almeida M, Mugford A, Defauw P. Successful Use of Mycophenolate Mofetil as Adjunct to Prednisolone for Treatment of Acute Kidney Injury Secondary to Human Serum Albumin Administration in a Dog. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2023; 59:45-50. [PMID: 36584313 DOI: 10.5326/jaaha-ms-7287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The use of human serum albumin (HSA) is described in dogs receiving critical care. However, despite the high degree of homology, anaphylactic and delayed hypersensitivity reactions are reported. Delayed type III hypersensitivity reactions can lead to glomerulonephritis and acute kidney injury (AKI). Undiluted 20% HSA was administered to a 4.8 yr old intact male Labrador Retriever with severe hypoalbuminemia, following surgical management of septic peritonitis of gastrointestinal origin. Nineteen days after HSA administration, the dog developed peracute high magnitude renal proteinuria and AKI. Rapid immunosuppression, using a combination of prednisolone and mycophenolate mofetil, resulted in full resolution of AKI, hypoalbuminemia, and proteinuria. Addition of mycophenolate mofetil may have resulted in the first documented case of full renal recovery from hypersensitivity-induced AKI caused by HSA administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Almeida
- From Lumbry Park Veterinary Specialists, Alton, United Kingdom (M.A., P.D.)
| | - Adam Mugford
- Anderson Moores Veterinary Specialists, Linnaeus, Mars Veterinary Health, Winchester, United Kingdom (A.M.)
| | - Pieter Defauw
- From Lumbry Park Veterinary Specialists, Alton, United Kingdom (M.A., P.D.)
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Baptista L, Pollard D, Di Bella A. Evaluation of Resting Serum Bile Acid Concentrations in Dogs with Sepsis. Vet Sci 2022; 9:627. [PMID: 36423076 PMCID: PMC9695002 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9110627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Revised: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies in the human literature suggest that serum bile acid concentrations could be an early predictor of short-term survival in critically ill patients. However, there is no available information in the veterinary literature regarding serum bile acid concentrations in dogs with sepsis. We aimed to evaluate if resting serum bile acid concentrations differ between septic and non-septic dogs. This was a retrospective observational study, of medical records at a single referral center over a twelve-year period. Twenty-six client-owned dogs diagnosed with sepsis were identified. Twenty-one dogs presenting with a non-hepatobiliary systemic disease and twenty-nine dogs admitted for an elective orthopedic procedure, considered otherwise healthy, were selected as control groups. Resting serum bile acid concentrations were significantly higher in the septic compared to the non-septic groups (ill control and orthopedic control groups). However, when assessing bile acid concentrations between groups individually, no difference was identified between the septic and the orthopedic control group. These results should be interpreted cautiously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Baptista
- Paragon Veterinary Referrals, Red Hall Cres, Wakefield WF1 2DF, UK
| | - Danica Pollard
- Independent Researcher, The Rodhams, Christchurch PE14 9NU, UK
| | - Andrea Di Bella
- Southern Counties Veterinary Specialists, Forest Corner Farm, Ringwood BH24 3JW, UK
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Singh M, Manikandan R, Kumar De U, Chander V, Rudra Paul B, Ramakrishnan S, Maramreddy D. Canine parvovirus-2: An Emerging Threat to Young Pets. Vet Med Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.104846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine parvovirus-2 (CPV-2) is a highly contagious and key enteropathogen affecting the canine population around the globe by causing canine parvoviral enteritis (CPVE) and vomition. CPVE is one of the the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in puppies and young dogs. Over the years, five distinct antigenic variants of CPV-2, namely CPV-2a, CPV-2b, new CPV-2a, new CPV-2b, and CPV-2c, have emerged throughout the world. CPV-2 infects a diverse range of wild animals, and the newer variants of CPV-2 have expanded their host range to include felines. Despite the availability of highly specific diagnostics and efficacious vaccines, CPV-2 outbreaks have been reported globally due to the emergence of newer antigenic variants, expansion of the viral host range, and vaccination failures. The present chapter describes the latest information pertaining to virus properties and replication, disease manifestations in animals, and an additional recent updates on diagnostic, prevention and control strategies of CPV-2.
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Vlasakova K, Bourque J, Bailey WJ, Patel S, Besteman EG, Gonzalez RJ, Sistare FD, Glaab WE. Universal Accessible Biomarkers of Drug-Induced Tissue Injury and Systemic Inflammation in Rat: Performance Assessment of TIMP-1, A2M, AGP, NGAL and Albumin. Toxicol Sci 2022; 187:219-233. [PMID: 35285504 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfac030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to monitor for general drug-induced tissue injury (DITI) or systemic inflammation in any tissue using blood-based accessible biomarkers would provide a valuable tool in early exploratory animal studies to understand potential drug liabilities. Here we describe the evaluation of four biomarkers of tissue remodeling and inflammation [α2-macroglobin (A2M), α1-acid glycoprotein (AGP), neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMP-1)] as well as the traditional serum parameter albumin as potential blood-based biomarkers of DITI and systemic inflammatory response (SIR). Biomarker performance was assessed in 51 short-term rat in vivo studies with various end-organ toxicities or SIR and receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curves were generated to compare relative performances. All four biomarkers performed well in their ability to detect DITI and SIR with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.82 - 0.78, however TIMP-1 achieved the best sensitivity (at 95% specificity) of 61%; AGP, NGAL, and A2M sensitivity was 51-52%. AUC for albumin was 0.72 with sensitivity of 39%. A2M was the best performer in studies with only SIR (AUC 0.91). In the subset of studies with drug-induced vascular injury, TIMP-1 performed best with an AUC of 0.96. Poor performance of all tested biomarkers was observed in samples with CNS toxicity. In summary, TIMP-1, A2M, AGP and NGAL demonstrated performance as sensitive accessible biomarkers of DITI and SIR, supporting their potential application as universal accessible tissue toxicity biomarkers to quickly identify dose levels associated with drug-induced injury in early exploratory rat safety and other studies.
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13
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Klainbart S, Segev G, Kelmer E, Chen H. Therapeutic plasma exchange for the management of a type III hypersensitivity reaction and suspected immune-mediated vasculitis assumed to be caused by human albumin administration in a dog. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2022; 32:532-538. [PMID: 35234339 DOI: 10.1111/vec.13188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Revised: 11/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the successful treatment of a life-threatening type III hypersensitivity reaction suspected to have been related to human serum albumin (HSA) administration in a dog with therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE). CASE SUMMARY A 3-year-old neutered male mixed breed dog was suspected to have developed immune-mediated vasculitis 2 weeks after the administration of HSA (740 mg/kg) for the management of hypoalbuminemia resulting from septic peritonitis. The dog was presented with fever, edema, hypoalbuminemia (26 g/L [2.6 g/dL]; reference interval, 30-44 g/L [3.0-4.4 g/dL]), and coagulopathy. The dog was treated with fresh frozen plasma (FFP) and glucocorticoids but remained hypoalbuminemic (18 g/L [1.8 g/dL]) and developed acute kidney injury (AKI). Over 4 days, 3 TPE treatments were performed, with a total of 2.7 plasma volumes exchanged. Replacement fluids consisted of a combination of FFP, hydroxyethyl starch 6%, and 0.9% saline solution. Following TPE treatments, serum albumin concentration increased (from 18 g/L [1.8 g/dL] to 25 g/L [2.5 g/dL]), serum creatinine concentration decreased (from 340 μmol/L [3.9 mg/dL] to 87 μmol/L [0.98 mg/dL]), and clotting times normalized (activated partial thromboplastin time decreased from 33 seconds to 14.5 seconds). There was a gradual but consistent clinical improvement of the edema and overall demeanor of the dog. No significant adverse effects were noted during the TPE treatments, and the dog was discharged after 8 days of hospitalization. Following discharge, the dog had complete clinical resolution of edema and AKI. NEW/UNIQUE INFORMATION: This is the first report describing successful use of TPE for the management of an immune-mediated reaction (type III hypersensitivity) following HSA administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigal Klainbart
- Department of Small Animal Emergency and Critical Care, The Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Gilad Segev
- Department of Small Animal Internal Medicine, The Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Efrat Kelmer
- Department of Small Animal Emergency and Critical Care, The Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Hilla Chen
- Department of Small Animal Internal Medicine, The Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
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Vigano’ F, Carminati N, Blasi C, Carli S. Evaluation and clinical characterization of hypersensitivity reactions following administration of 5% human serum albumin in seventy-three ill dogs. Top Companion Anim Med 2022; 48:100636. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tcam.2022.100636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Fages A, Soler C, Fernández-Salesa N, Conte G, Degani M, Briganti A. Perioperative Outcome in Dogs Undergoing Emergency Abdominal Surgery: A Retrospective Study on 82 Cases (2018-2020). Vet Sci 2021; 8:vetsci8100209. [PMID: 34679039 PMCID: PMC8540698 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci8100209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Emergency abdominal surgery carries high morbidity and mortality rates in human medicine; however, there is less evidence characterising the outcome of these surgeries as a single group in dogs. The aim of the study was to characterise the clinical course, associated complications and outcome of dogs undergoing emergency abdominal surgery. A retrospective study was conducted. Dogs undergoing emergency laparotomy were included in the study. Logistic regression analysis was performed to identify variables correlated with death and complications. Eighty-two dogs were included in the study. The most common reason for surgery was a gastrointestinal foreign body. Overall, the 15-day mortality rate was 20.7% (17/82). The median (range) length of hospitalisation was 3 (0.5-15) days. Of the 82 patients, 24 (29.3%) developed major complications and 66 (80.5%) developed minor complications. Perioperative factors significantly associated with death included tachycardia (p < 0.001), hypothermia (p < 0.001), lactate acidosis (p < 0.001), shock index > 1 (p < 0.001), leukopenia (p < 0.001) and thrombocytopenia (p < 0.001) at admission, as well as intraoperative hypotension (p < 0.001) and perioperative use of blood products (p < 0.001). The results of this study suggest that mortality and morbidity rates after emergency abdominal surgery in dogs are high.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aida Fages
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Veterinary Teaching Hospital “Mario Modenato”, University of Pisa, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (M.D.); (A.B.)
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Catholic University of Valencia “San Vicente Mártir”, UCV, 46018 Valencia, Spain; (C.S.); (N.F.-S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-659-654-391
| | - Carme Soler
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Catholic University of Valencia “San Vicente Mártir”, UCV, 46018 Valencia, Spain; (C.S.); (N.F.-S.)
- Small Animal Medicine and Surgery Department, Catholic University of Valencia “San Vicente Mártir”, UCV, 46018 Valencia, Spain
| | - Nuria Fernández-Salesa
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Catholic University of Valencia “San Vicente Mártir”, UCV, 46018 Valencia, Spain; (C.S.); (N.F.-S.)
| | - Giuseppe Conte
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, 56100 Pisa, Italy;
| | - Massimiliano Degani
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Veterinary Teaching Hospital “Mario Modenato”, University of Pisa, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (M.D.); (A.B.)
| | - Angela Briganti
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Veterinary Teaching Hospital “Mario Modenato”, University of Pisa, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (M.D.); (A.B.)
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Mastrocco A, Cazzolli D, Prittie J. The effect of storage at 4°C on canine-specific albumin on product sterility and albumin concentration. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2021; 31:574-577. [PMID: 34297893 DOI: 10.1111/vec.13090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine if lyophilized canine-specific albumin (CSA) can be stored beyond the manufacturer recommended 6 hours post-reconstitution without significant concern for bacterial growth. DESIGN Laboratory research. SETTING Large private teaching hospital. INTERVENTIONS Six bottles of lyophilized CSA were retrieved from a medical grade (4°C) refrigerator and were reconstituted with 0.9% NaCl to a 5% solution. Time to complete dissolution of all bottles at room temperature without agitation was recorded in minutes. A 1.5-mL sample was collected from each bottle at the following time points: time 0 (at the time of complete dissolution), and then 6, 12, and 24 hours after removal from 4°C. Each aliquot was inoculated into a blood culture tube and was immediately submitted for aerobic and anaerobic bacterial culture. A positive and negative control were cultured at the 24-hour time point. At each time point, an additional 0.5-mL aliquot from each albumin bottle was collected, and these were combined to determine the average albumin concentration (g/L, g/dL) as measured by an in-house analyzer. The albumin was stored at 4°C between sample collection. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS The reconstitution of CSA and storage at 4°C for up to 24 hours did not result in anaerobic or aerobic bacterial growth in any of the 24 cultured samples. Storage did not have a clinically significant effect on the albumin concentration of the solution. The average albumin concentration of all samples was 42 g/L (4.2 g/dL). No growth was noted in the negative control, and the positive control grew 4 strains of bacteria. CONCLUSIONS It appears safe to use lyophilized CSA up to 24 hours post-reconstitution without significant risk of bacterial growth or change in albumin concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Mastrocco
- Section of Emergency and Critical Care, The Animal Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Dava Cazzolli
- Section of Emergency and Critical Care, The Animal Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jennifer Prittie
- Section of Emergency and Critical Care, The Animal Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
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Adamik KN, Yozova ID. Colloids Yes or No? - a "Gretchen Question" Answered. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:624049. [PMID: 34277747 PMCID: PMC8282815 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.624049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Colloid solutions, both natural and synthetic, had been widely accepted as having superior volume expanding effects than crystalloids. Synthetic colloid solutions were previously considered at least as effective as natural colloids, as well as being cheaper and easily available. As a result, synthetic colloids (and HES in particular) were the preferred resuscitation fluid in many countries. In the past decade, several cascading events have called into question their efficacy and revealed their harmful effects. In 2013, the medicines authorities placed substantial restrictions on HES administration in people which has resulted in an overall decrease in their use. Whether natural colloids (such as albumin-containing solutions) should replace synthetic colloids remains inconclusive based on the current evidence. Albumin seems to be safer than synthetic colloids in people, but clear evidence of a positive effect on survival is still lacking. Furthermore, species-specific albumin is not widely available, while xenotransfusions with human serum albumin have known side effects. Veterinary data on the safety and efficacy of synthetic and natural colloids is limited to mostly retrospective evaluations or experimental studies with small numbers of patients (mainly dogs). Large, prospective, randomized, long-term outcome-oriented studies are lacking. This review focuses on advantages and disadvantages of synthetic and natural colloids in veterinary medicine. Adopting human guidelines is weighed against the particularities of our specific patient populations, including the risk-benefit ratio and lack of alternatives available in human medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja-Nicole Adamik
- Division of Small Animal Emergency and Critical Care, Department of Clinical Veterinary Science, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ivayla D. Yozova
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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Ribeiro AG, Alves JEF, Soares JCS, dos Santos KL, Jacob ÍTT, da Silva Ferreira CJ, dos Santos JC, de Azevedo RDS, de Almeida SMV, de Lima MDCA. Albumin roles in developing anticancer compounds. Med Chem Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-021-02748-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Rudloff E, Hopper K. Crystalloid and Colloid Compositions and Their Impact. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:639848. [PMID: 33869319 PMCID: PMC8044465 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.639848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This manuscript will review crystalloid (hypo-, iso-, and hyper-tonic) and colloid (synthetic and natural) fluids that are available for intravenous administration with a focus on their electrolyte, acid-base, colligative, and rheological effects as they relate to each solution's efficacy and safety. The goal is for the reader to better understand the differences between each fluid and the influence on plasma composition, key organ systems, and their implications when used therapeutically in animals with critical illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elke Rudloff
- BluePearl Specialty + Pet Emergency, Glendale, WI, United States
| | - Kate Hopper
- Department of Veterinary Surgical & Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
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Acid-base variables in acute and chronic form of nontuberculous mycobacterial infection in growing goats experimentally inoculated with Mycobacterium avium subsp. hominissuis or Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0243892. [PMID: 33315933 PMCID: PMC7735625 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0243892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In current literature, data assessing the acid-base equilibrium in animals and humans during bacterial infection are rare. This study aimed to evaluate acid-base deteriorations in growing goats with experimentally induced NTM (nontuberculous mycobacteria) infections by application of the traditional Henderson-Hasselbalch approach and the strong ion model. NTM-challenged animals were orally inoculated with either Mycobacterium avium subsp. hominissuis (MAH; n = 18) or Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP; n = 48). Twenty-five goats served as non-infected controls. Until 51st week post-inoculation (wpi), blood gas analysis, serum biochemical analysis, and serum electrophoresis were performed on venous blood. Fifty percent (9/18) of goats inoculated with MAH developed acute clinical signs like apathy, fever, and diarrhea. Those animals died or had to be euthanized within 11 weeks post-inoculation. This acute form of NTM-infection was characterized by significantly lower concentrations of sodium, calcium, albumin, and total protein, as well as significantly higher concentrations of gamma globulin, associated with reduced albumin/globulin ratio. Acid-base status indicated alkalosis, but normal base excess and HCO3- concentrations, besides significantly reduced levels of SID (strong ion difference), Atot Alb (total plasma concentration of weak non-volatile acids, based on albumin), Atot TP (Atot based on total protein) and markedly lower SIG (strong ion gap). The remaining fifty percent (9/18) of MAH-infected goats and all goats challenged with MAP survived and presented a more sub-clinical, chronic form of infection mainly characterized by changes in serum protein profiles. With the progression of the disease, concentrations of gamma globulin, and total protein increased while albumin remained lower compared to controls. Consequently, significantly reduced albumin/globulin ratio and lower Atot Alb as well as higher Atot TP were observed. Changes were fully compensated with no effect on blood pH. Only the strong ion variables differentiated alterations in acid-base equilibrium during acute and chronic NTM-infection.
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21
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Fauzan MR, Dahlan CK, Taslim NA, Syam A. The effect of giving fish extract (Pujimin Plus) on intake of protein and hemoglobin hypoalbuminemic patients. ENFERMERIA CLINICA 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enfcli.2020.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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22
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Fink O, Buysse A, Drobatz KJ, Bentley A. Identification of risk factors for recurrent secondary septic peritonitis following initial surgical treatment of secondary septic peritonitis in dogs. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2020; 30:213-220. [PMID: 32096303 DOI: 10.1111/vec.12939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2018] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To report the incidence of and risk factors for development of recurrent secondary septic peritonitis (RSSP) in dogs. To report the outcome of dogs treated surgically for RSSP. DESIGN Retrospective study. SETTING University teaching hospital. ANIMALS One hundred forty-nine client-owned dogs treated surgically for secondary septic peritonitis (SSP). INTERVENTIONS None. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS The medical records database was searched for dogs that underwent surgery to treat SSP. Of 149 dogs that met the inclusion criteria, 15 (10.1%) dogs developed RSSP following surgery and 134 (89.9%) did not. Dogs with RSSP had significantly lower albumin prior to the first surgery to treat secondary septic peritonitis (SPsx1) (median 18 g/L [1.8 g/dL] vs 22 g/L [2.2 g/dL], P = 0.005) and significantly higher PCV prior to SPsx1 (median 52% vs 45%, P = 0.028). Dogs with septic peritonitis of gastrointestinal (GI) origin were significantly more likely to develop recurrent peritonitis than those with sepsis from a non-GI source (odds ratio [OR], 4.4, 95% CI: 0.95-20, P = 0.041). Of dogs with sepsis of GI origin, those with sepsis due to a foreign body were significantly more likely to develop RSSP than those with GI sepsis from a non-foreign body cause (OR, 7.2, 95% CI: 1.6-43, P = 0.0018). Of the 15 dogs in the RSSP group, 8 were euthanized without further treatment. Relaparotomy was performed in the remaining 7 cases; 3 of these (42.9%) survived. CONCLUSIONS There was a 10.1% rate of RSSP following SPsx1. Preoperative albumin was significantly lower and preoperative PCV was significantly higher in dogs that developed recurrence. Dogs with GI sepsis were at increased risk of recurrence and, among dogs with GI sepsis, the presence of a foreign body was an additional risk factor for recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Owen Fink
- Department of Clinical Studies, Matthew J. Ryan Veterinary Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Allison Buysse
- Department of Clinical Studies, Matthew J. Ryan Veterinary Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Kenneth J Drobatz
- Department of Clinical Studies, Matthew J. Ryan Veterinary Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Adrienne Bentley
- Department of Clinical Studies, Matthew J. Ryan Veterinary Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
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23
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Kim Y, Shin E, Jung W, Kim MK, Chong Y. A Near-infrared Turn-on Fluorescent Sensor for Sensitive and Specific Detection of Albumin from Urine Samples. SENSORS 2020; 20:s20041232. [PMID: 32102360 PMCID: PMC7070906 DOI: 10.3390/s20041232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A readily synthesizable fluorescent probe DMAT-π-CAP was evaluated for sensitive and selective detection of human serum albumin (HSA). DMAT-π-CAP showed selective turn-on fluorescence at 730 nm in the presence of HSA with more than 720-fold enhancement in emission intensity ([DMAT-π-CAP] = 10 μM), and rapid detection of HSA was accomplished in 3 s. The fluorescence intensity of DMAT-π-CAP was shown to increase in HSA concentration-dependent manner (Kd = 15.4 ± 3.3 μM), and the limit of detection of DMAT-π-CAP was determined to be 10.9 nM (0.72 mg/L). The 1:1 stoichiometry between DMAT-π-CAP and HSA was determined, and the displacement assay revealed that DMAT-π-CAP competes with hemin for the unique binding site, which rarely accommodates drugs and endogenous compounds. Based on the HSA-selective turn-on NIR fluorescence property as well as the unique binding site, DMAT-π-CAP was anticipated to serve as a fluorescence sensor for quantitative detection of the HSA level in biological samples with minimized background interference. Thus, urine samples were directly analyzed by DMAT-π-CAP to assess albumin levels, and the results were comparable to those obtained from immunoassay. The similar sensitivity and specificity to the immunoassay along with the simple, cost-effective, and fast detection of HSA warrants practical application of the NIR fluorescent albumin sensor, DMAT-π-CAP, in the analysis of albumin levels in various biological environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoonjeong Kim
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Bio/Molecular Informatics Center, Konkuk University, Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 143-701, Korea; (Y.K.); (E.S.)
| | - Eunryeol Shin
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Bio/Molecular Informatics Center, Konkuk University, Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 143-701, Korea; (Y.K.); (E.S.)
| | - Woong Jung
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, Seoul 134-727, Korea;
| | - Mi Kyoung Kim
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Bio/Molecular Informatics Center, Konkuk University, Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 143-701, Korea; (Y.K.); (E.S.)
- Correspondence: (M.K.K.); (Y.C.); Tel.: +82-2-2049-6100 (Y.C.)
| | - Youhoon Chong
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Bio/Molecular Informatics Center, Konkuk University, Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 143-701, Korea; (Y.K.); (E.S.)
- Correspondence: (M.K.K.); (Y.C.); Tel.: +82-2-2049-6100 (Y.C.)
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24
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Culler CA, Balakrishnan A, Yaxley PE, Guillaumin J. Clinical use of cryopoor plasma continuous rate infusion in critically ill, hypoalbuminemic dogs. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2019; 29:314-320. [PMID: 31012237 DOI: 10.1111/vec.12834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Revised: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the impact of cryopoor plasma (CPP) continuous rate infusion (CRI) on albumin concentration and colloid osmotic pressure (COP) in critically ill dogs with hypoalbuminemia. DESIGN Retrospective study between 2013 and 2015 with a 90-day follow-up on survivors. SETTING University teaching hospital. ANIMALS Ten hypoalbuminemic dogs receiving a CPP CRI for albumin replacement or oncotic support. All patients with documented hypoalbuminemia or low COP receiving CPP administration for albumin or oncotic support during the study period were included. INTERVENTIONS CRI of CPP. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Mean age was 7.4 ± 4.5 years. Mean survival prediction index score was 0.66 ± 0.13. Seven dogs were septic, with 2 of 7 in septic shock and 5 of 7 having septic peritonitis. The mean pre- and postinfusion albumin was 15 ± 4 g/L and 21 ± 2 g/L, respectively. The median pre- and postinfusion COP was 8.6 mm Hg (4.9-9.7 mm Hg) and 10.2 mm Hg (8.1-13.3 mm Hg), respectively. The median duration of CRI was 16 hours (11-121 h). The mean CPP rate was 1.8 ± 0.6 mL/kg/h, the mean crystalloid rate administered concurrently was 0.8 ± 0.9 mL/kg/h, and the mean hydroxyethyl starch rate administered concurrently was 1.2 ± 0.9 mL/kg/h. The difference in pre- and postinfusion albumin was significantly correlated with CPP rate (P = 0.0004), whereas the difference in pre- and postinfusion COP was correlated with hydroxyethyl starch rate (P = 0.0128). Mean duration of hospitalization was 8.6 ± 3.9 days. Mann-Whitney U and Fisher's exact tests were used to compare survivors and nonsurvivors. Survivors were significantly younger than nonsurvivors (3.5 vs 11.5 y, P = 0.033). No side effects were reported. Survival to discharge was 40% with identical 90-day survival. Of the nonsurvivors, 50% died naturally. CONCLUSIONS There was an association between the rate of CPP and the change in albumin after CPP CRI in critically ill dogs, suggesting that CPP may be a viable option for treatment of hypoalbuminemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine A Culler
- Department of Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, NC
| | - Anusha Balakrishnan
- The Emergency and Critical Care Service, Cornell Veterinary Specialists, Stamford, CT
| | - Page E Yaxley
- The Emergency and Critical Care Service, The Ohio State University Veterinary Medical Center Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Columbus, OH
| | - Julien Guillaumin
- The Emergency and Critical Care Service, The Ohio State University Veterinary Medical Center Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Columbus, OH
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25
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Nguyen VP, Palanikumar L, Kennel SJ, Alves DS, Ye Y, Wall JS, Magzoub M, Barrera FN. Mechanistic insights into the pH-dependent membrane peptide ATRAM. J Control Release 2019; 298:142-153. [PMID: 30763623 PMCID: PMC6408977 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2019.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Revised: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
pH-responsive peptides are promising therapeutic molecules that can specifically target the plasma membrane in the acidified extracellular medium that bathes cells in tumors. We designed the acidity-triggered rational membrane (ATRAM) peptide to have a pH-responsive membrane interaction. At physiological pH, ATRAM binds to the membrane surface in a largely unstructured conformation, while in acidic conditions it inserts into lipid bilayers forming a transmembrane helix. However, the molecular mechanism ATRAM uses to target and insert into tumor cells remains poorly understood. Here, we determined that ATRAM inserts into cancer cells with a preferential membrane orientation, where the C-terminus of the peptide traverses the plasma membrane and explores the cytoplasm. Using biophysical techniques, we determined that the membrane interaction of ATRAM is contingent on the concentration of the peptide. Kinetic studies showed that membrane insertion occurs in at least three steps, where only the first step was affected by the membrane density of ATRAM. These observations, combined with membrane binding and leakage data, indicate that the interaction of ATRAM with lipid membranes is dependent on its oligomerization state. SPECT/CT imaging in mice revealed that ATRAM accumulates in the blood pool, where it has a prolonged circulation time (> 4 h). Since fast peptide clearance and degradation in circulation are major problems for clinical development, we studied the mechanism ATRAM uses to remain in the blood stream. Using binding and transfer assays, we determined that ATRAM binds reversibly to human serum albumin. We propose that ATRAM uses albumin as a carrier in the blood stream to evade clearance and proteolysis before interacting with the plasma membrane of cancer cells. We also show that ATRAM is able to be deliver liposomes to cells in a pH dependent way. Our data highlight the potential of ATRAM as a specific therapeutic agent for diseases that lead to acidic tissues, including cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa P Nguyen
- Department of Biochemistry & Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Loganathan Palanikumar
- Biology Program, Division of Science, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Stephen J Kennel
- Departments of Medicine & Radiology, University of Tennessee Medical Center, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Daiane S Alves
- Department of Biochemistry & Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Yujie Ye
- Department of Biochemistry & Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Jonathan S Wall
- Departments of Medicine & Radiology, University of Tennessee Medical Center, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Mazin Magzoub
- Biology Program, Division of Science, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Francisco N Barrera
- Department of Biochemistry & Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States.
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Vigano F, Blasi C, Carminati N, Giudice E. Prospective Review of Clinical Hypersensitivity Reactions After Administration of 5% Human Serum Albumin in 40 Critically Ill Cats. Top Companion Anim Med 2019; 35:38-41. [PMID: 31122686 DOI: 10.1053/j.tcam.2019.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 03/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
This prospective study assesses the presence of immediate and delayed clinical hypersensitivity reactions in 40 hypoalbuminemic critically ill cats during and after an intravenous administration of 5% human serum albumin (HSA). Twenty hypoalbuminemic critically ill cats with no known exposure to HSA (control group) were also checked in order to highlight any clinical signs related to the underlying disease which could mimic hypersensitivity reactions. The administration of 10-20 mL/kg of 5% HSA at 2 mL/kg/h in critically ill cats did not lead to clinical signs of types I and III hypersensitivity reactions at days 0, 7, 14, 21, and 28, unlike previous findings with 25% HSA in this species.
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27
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Shutava TG, Livanovich KS, Pankov VV. Synergetic effect of polyethylene glycol-grafted chitosan and bovine serum albumin on colloidal stability of polyelectrolyte nanocapsules. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2017.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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28
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Nazhat SA, Kitahara G, Kozuka N, Mido S, Sadawy M, Ali HES, Osawa T. Associations of periparturient plasma biochemical parameters, endometrial leukocyte esterase and myeloperoxidase, and bacterial detection with clinical and subclinical endometritis in postpartum dairy cows. J Vet Med Sci 2018; 80:302-310. [PMID: 29332864 PMCID: PMC5836768 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.17-0478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was aimed at demonstrating associations between peripheral biochemical
parameters, endometrial leukocyte esterase (LE) and myeloperoxidase (MPO), and bacterial
detection with the degree of endometrial inflammation, and determining the best time
postpartum for diagnosing endometritis to predict subsequent fertility in dairy cows.
Plasma albumin, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), total cholesterol (T-cho), NEFA, and BHBA
concentrations were analyzed in 43 Holstein cows at 3, 5 and 7 weeks postpartum (W3, W5
and W7). Endometrial samples were collected at W3, W5 and W7 to examine LE and MPO
activities, bacterial detection rates, and PMN% profiles. The 43 cows were divided into
healthy (HE), subclinical endometritis (SE), and clinical endometritis (CE) groups,
classified differently at W3, W5 and W7 based on the definitions of SE and CE for each of
the three weeks pp. LE level had an association with PMN% in all weeks pp
(P<0.05). Albumin and BUN levels had weak negative associations with
endometrial PMN% at W3. Pathogenic bacterial detection rates were higher in the cows with
endometritis at W3 and W5. Conception rate at first artificial insemination tended to be
lower (P=0.057) in the cows diagnosed with endometritis at W3 than in the
healthy cows. In conclusion, associations were found between endometrial LE and
endometritis, but not for MPO and endometritis. Diagnosing endometritis in W3 may be the
best moment to predict subsequent fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayed Ahmad Nazhat
- Graduate School of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Kihara 5200, Kiyotake, Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan.,Laboratory of Theriogenology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Gakuen-kibanadai Nishi 1-1, Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
| | - Go Kitahara
- Graduate School of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Kihara 5200, Kiyotake, Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan.,Laboratory of Theriogenology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Gakuen-kibanadai Nishi 1-1, Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
| | - Nobutoshi Kozuka
- Laboratory of Theriogenology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Gakuen-kibanadai Nishi 1-1, Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
| | - Shogo Mido
- Graduate School of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Kihara 5200, Kiyotake, Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan.,Laboratory of Theriogenology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Gakuen-kibanadai Nishi 1-1, Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
| | - Mohammed Sadawy
- Laboratory of Theriogenology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Gakuen-kibanadai Nishi 1-1, Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan.,Theriogenology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Hossam El-Sheikh Ali
- Laboratory of Theriogenology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Gakuen-kibanadai Nishi 1-1, Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan.,Theriogenology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Takeshi Osawa
- Graduate School of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Kihara 5200, Kiyotake, Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan.,Laboratory of Theriogenology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Gakuen-kibanadai Nishi 1-1, Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
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29
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Culler CA, Iazbik C, Guillaumin J. Comparison of albumin, colloid osmotic pressure, von Willebrand factor, and coagulation factors in canine cryopoor plasma, cryoprecipitate, and fresh frozen plasma. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2017; 27:638-644. [PMID: 29064153 DOI: 10.1111/vec.12671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Revised: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare albumin concentrations, coagulation factors activity, and colloid osmotic pressure (COP) of cryoprecipitate (CRYO) and cryopoor plasma (CPP) to that of source fresh frozen plasma (FFP). DESIGN Prospective in vitro study. SETTING University teaching hospital. ANIMALS Ten healthy, non-Greyhound dogs enrolled in an academic teaching hospital blood donor program. INTERVENTIONS Fresh blood was obtained from canine blood donors and separated into FFP and packed red blood cells. The source FFP was further separated into CRYO and CPP. Albumin and fibrinogen concentrations, COP, activities of coagulation factors II, V, VII, VIII, IX, X, and von Willebrand factor (vWf) were assessed for each FFP, CRYO, and CPP. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS The mean albumin concentration and COP in CPP were significantly higher compared with those found in FFP, with 31.7 g/L (±6) in CPP compared to 28.9 g/L (±0.5) in FFP (P < 0.001) and 14.5 mm Hg (±0.7) in CPP compared to 12.7 mm Hg (±0.3) in FFP (P = 0.03), respectively. CRYO had significantly higher concentrations of fibrinogen (median 3.46 g/L, 95% CI 2.65-4.27), and higher activities of factor VIII (mean activity 427.0%, ±95.4) and vWf (mean activity 504.7%, ±41.39) as compared to the other products. The activities of vitamin K dependent factors II, VII, and X were similar in CPP compared to FFP, although factor IX activity was lower in CPP. There was no significant difference in factor II or VII activities between the 3 products. CONCLUSIONS The mean albumin concentration and COP were highest in CPP, suggesting that CPP may be a potential alternative to FFP for oncotic support and albumin replacement. CRYO contained higher activities of vWf and factor VIII than other products and could be used to treat vWf deficiency and hemophilia A. As vitamin K dependent coagulation factors II, VII, and X in CPP were similar to FFP, CPP may be an option for replacement of most of vitamin K dependent factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine A Culler
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Ohio State University Veterinary Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Cristina Iazbik
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Ohio State University Veterinary Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Julien Guillaumin
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Ohio State University Veterinary Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210
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30
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Garnier R, Cheung CK, Watt KA, Pilkington JG, Pemberton JM, Graham AL. Joint associations of blood plasma proteins with overwinter survival of a large mammal. Ecol Lett 2017; 20:175-183. [DOI: 10.1111/ele.12719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Revised: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Romain Garnier
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; Princeton University; Princeton NJ USA
| | - Christopher K. Cheung
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; Princeton University; Princeton NJ USA
| | - Kathryn A. Watt
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology; School of Biological Sciences; University of Edinburgh; Edinburgh UK
| | - Jill G. Pilkington
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology; School of Biological Sciences; University of Edinburgh; Edinburgh UK
| | - Josephine M. Pemberton
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology; School of Biological Sciences; University of Edinburgh; Edinburgh UK
| | - Andrea L. Graham
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; Princeton University; Princeton NJ USA
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31
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Brooks A, Thomovsky E, Johnson P. Natural and Synthetic Colloids in Veterinary Medicine. Top Companion Anim Med 2016; 31:54-60. [PMID: 27968754 DOI: 10.1053/j.tcam.2016.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
This review article covers basic physiology underlying the clinical use of natural and artificial colloids as well as provide practice recommendations. It also touches on the recent scrutiny of these products in human medicine and how this may have an effect on their use in veterinary medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimee Brooks
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Purdue University College of Veterinary Medicine, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
| | - Elizabeth Thomovsky
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Purdue University College of Veterinary Medicine, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Paula Johnson
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Purdue University College of Veterinary Medicine, West Lafayette, IN, USA
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32
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Yozova ID, Howard J, Adamik KN. Retrospective evaluation of the effects of administration of tetrastarch (hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4) on plasma creatinine concentration in dogs (2010-2013): 201 dogs. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2016; 26:568-77. [PMID: 27144501 DOI: 10.1111/vec.12483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Revised: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine changes in creatinine concentrations following the administration of 6% tetrastarch (hydroxyethyl starch [HES] 130/0.4) compared to crystalloids (CRYSs) in critically ill dogs. DESIGN Retrospective case series (2010-2013). SETTING University teaching hospital. ANIMALS Two hundred and one dogs admitted to the intensive care unit with initial plasma creatinine concentrations not exceeding laboratory reference intervals (52-117 μmol/L [0.6-1.3 mg/dL]) and receiving either CRYSs alone (CRYS group, n = 115) or HES with or without CRYSs (HES group, n = 86) for at least 24 hours. INTERVENTIONS None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Creatinine concentrations at admission to the intensive care unit (T0), and 2-13 days (T1) and 2-12 weeks (T2) after initiation of fluid therapy were analyzed. Creatinine concentrations were analyzed as absolute values and as the maximum percentage change from T0 to T1 (T1max%) and from T0 to T2 (T2max%), respectively. Creatinine concentrations were available for 192 dogs during T1 and 37 dogs during T2. The median cumulative dose of HES was 86 mL/kg (range, 12-336 mL/kg). No difference was detected between the groups for age, gender, body weight, and length of hospitalization. Outcome was significantly different between the HES (66% survived) and the CRYS (87% survived) groups (P = 0.014). No significant difference was detected between groups for creatinine concentrations at T0, T1, T2, T1max%, or T2max%. No significant difference was detected between the groups for T1max% creatinine in dogs subclassified as having systemic inflammatory response syndrome or sepsis. CONCLUSIONS HES administration in this canine population did not result in increased creatinine concentrations compared to administration of CRYSs. Further studies are needed to establish the safety of HES in critically ill dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivayla D Yozova
- Emergency and Critical Care Section, Small Animal Clinic, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Laenggassstrasse 124, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Judith Howard
- Diagnostic Clinical Laboratory, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Laenggassstrasse 124, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Katja-Nicole Adamik
- Emergency and Critical Care Section, Small Animal Clinic, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Laenggassstrasse 124, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
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33
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Adamik KN, Yozova ID, Regenscheit N. Controversies in the use of hydroxyethyl starch solutions in small animal emergency and critical care. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2016; 25:20-47. [PMID: 25655725 DOI: 10.1111/vec.12283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To (1) review the development and medical applications of hydroxyethyl starch (HES) solutions with particular emphasis on its physiochemical properties; (2) critically appraise the available evidence in human and veterinary medicine, and (3) evaluate the potential risks and benefits associated with their use in critically ill small animals. DATA SOURCES Human and veterinary original research articles, scientific reviews, and textbook sources from 1950 to the present. HUMAN DATA SYNTHESIS HES solutions have been used extensively in people for over 30 years and ever since its introduction there has been a great deal of debate over its safety and efficacy. Recently, results of seminal trials and meta-analyses showing increased risks related to kidney dysfunction and mortality in septic and critically ill patients, have led to the restriction of HES use in these patient populations by European regulatory authorities. Although the initial ban on the use of HES in Europe has been eased, proof regarding the benefits and safety profile of HES in trauma and surgical patient populations has been requested by these same European regulatory authorities. VETERINARY DATA SYNTHESIS The veterinary literature is limited mostly to experimental studies and clinical investigations with small populations of patients with short-term end points and there is insufficient evidence to generate recommendations. CONCLUSIONS Currently, there are no consensus recommendations regarding the use of HES in veterinary medicine. Veterinarians and institutions affected by the HES restrictions have had to critically reassess the risks and benefits related to HES usage based on the available information and sometimes adapt their procedures and policies based on their reassessment. Meanwhile, large, prospective, randomized veterinary studies evaluating HES use are needed to achieve relevant levels of evidence to enable formulation of specific veterinary guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja N Adamik
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, Division of Small Animal Emergency and Critical Care, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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34
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Torrente C, Manzanilla EG, Bosch L, Fresno L, Rivera Del Alamo M, Andaluz A, Saco Y, Ruiz de Gopegui R. Plasma iron, C-reactive protein, albumin, and plasma fibrinogen concentrations in dogs with systemic inflammatory response syndrome. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2015; 25:611-9. [PMID: 26172578 DOI: 10.1111/vec.12340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2013] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the diagnostic and prognostic value over time of plasma iron compared with the inflammatory markers albumin, C-reactive protein (CRP), and fibrinogen in dogs with systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS). DESIGN Prospective observational study of sequentially enrolled dogs. SETTING ICU of a veterinary teaching hospital. ANIMALS One hundred and sixteen client-owned dogs: 54 dogs with SIRS or sepsis, 42 with focal inflammation, and 20 clinically healthy dogs. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Blood samples were obtained on admission in all study groups, and then on alternate days until discharge or death in both inflammation groups. On admission, dogs with SIRS had significantly lower plasma iron (65 ± 5.8 μg/dL, P = 0.001) concentrations than dogs with focal inflammation (89.5 ± 6.2 μg/dL, P = 0.001). Plasma iron, albumin, and CRP effectively discriminated the SIRS/sepsis group from those presenting with focal inflammation with areas under the curve for the receiver operating curves of 0.679, 0.834, and 0.704, respectively. The admission values for these variables did not discriminate survivors from nonsurvivors within the SIRS/sepsis group. However, the magnitude of increase in iron concentration and the decrease in CRP concentration from admission to hospital discharge was higher in survivors than in nonsurvivors within the SIRS/septic group (22.8 vs. 2.51 μg/dL, respectively, P = 0.021 for iron; -67.1 vs. -4.1 mg/L, respectively, P = 0.002 for CRP), resulting in iron and CRP concentrations at hospital discharge for survivors similar to those in the focal inflammation group. CONCLUSION Hypoferremia is a sensitive marker of systemic inflammation in dogs. In this study, the increase in iron concentrations during the hospitalization period of SIRS/septic dogs was associated with a better prognosis, suggesting that plasma iron in combination with CRP and albumin concentrations might be used to monitor dogs with inflammatory disease processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Torrente
- Servei d'Emergències i Cures Intensives FHCV-UAB, Facultat de Veterinària de la UAB, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària de la UAB, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Edgar G Manzanilla
- the Departament de Ciència Animal i dels Aliments, Facultat de Veterinària de la UAB, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Luis Bosch
- Servei d'Emergències i Cures Intensives FHCV-UAB, Facultat de Veterinària de la UAB, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària de la UAB, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Fresno
- Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària de la UAB, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Montserrat Rivera Del Alamo
- Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària de la UAB, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Andaluz
- Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària de la UAB, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Yolanda Saco
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia molecular, Facultat de Veterinària de la UAB, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rafael Ruiz de Gopegui
- Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària de la UAB, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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35
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Cazzolli D, Prittie J. The crystalloid-colloid debate: Consequences of resuscitation fluid selection in veterinary critical care. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2015; 25:6-19. [DOI: 10.1111/vec.12281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dava Cazzolli
- Animal Medical Center; Department of Emergency and Critical Care; New York NY
| | - Jennifer Prittie
- Animal Medical Center; Department of Emergency and Critical Care; New York NY
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36
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Sen C, Sharma AK, Dhaliwal PS. Comparative efficacy of crystalloid and colloid-crystalloid combination for the management of hemorrhagic gastroenteritis in dogs. Vet World 2014. [DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2014.1108-1112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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37
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Jitpean S, Pettersson A, Höglund OV, Holst BS, Olsson U, Hagman R. Increased concentrations of Serum amyloid A in dogs with sepsis caused by pyometra. BMC Vet Res 2014; 10:273. [PMID: 25430894 PMCID: PMC4247870 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-014-0273-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 11/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Sepsis is a serious and potentially life-threatening condition and early diagnosis and appropriate treatment is crucial for survival. Pyometra is one of the most common diseases in intact female dogs. The disease often leads to sepsis (systemic inflammatory response syndrome, SIRS, caused by infection). Diagnostic markers for detecting sepsis are gaining increasing interest in veterinary medicine. Acute phase proteins (APPs) such as C-reactive protein (CRP) are useful for detecting systemic inflammation in dogs. Serum amyloid A (SAA) is another major APP in dogs that is not yet as widely used. Albumin is regarded as a negative APP and has earlier been evaluated for prediction of prognosis in septic dogs. The aim of the present study was to determine SAA, CRP and albumin concentrations in dogs with sepsis and pyometra and to evaluate whether these inflammatory markers are associated with length of postoperative hospitalization. Results Thirty-one surgically treated bitches with pyometra were included, whereof 23 septic (SIRS-positive) and eight non-septic (SIRS-negative). Albumin concentrations were analyzed by routine automated methods. SAA and CRP analyses were performed with previously validated commercially available assays (ELISA and immunoturbidimetric). Mean (±SE) serum concentrations of SAA were significantly higher in septic (130.8 ± 8.0 mg/L) compared to non-septic bitches (88.5 ± 12.5 mg/L). Using a cut-off value for SAA of 109.07 mg/L (n = 31 bitches), the sensitivity and specificity for detecting sepsis was 74% and 50%, respectively. Serum albumin concentrations were not significantly different in septic compared to non-septic bitches (mean ± SE, 25 ± 1 g/L and 26 ± 1 g/L, respectively). CRP concentrations were also not significantly different in septic (mean ± SE 225.6 ± 16.0 mg/L) compared to non-septic bitches (mean ± SE, 176.0 ± 27.1 mg/L). None of these inflammatory markers were associated with the outcome as measured by length of hospitalization. Conclusions SAA concentrations were increased in dogs with sepsis induced by pyometra and may be useful as an adjunctive diagnostic marker for sepsis. To evaluate the full potential of SAA as a marker for sepsis also in other diseases, further studies are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supranee Jitpean
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, SE-750 07, Sweden.
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38
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Hopper K, Epstein SE, Kass PH, Mellema MS. Evaluation of acid-base disorders in dogs and cats presenting to an emergency room. Part 1: Comparison of three methods of acid-base analysis. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2014; 24:493-501. [DOI: 10.1111/vec.12215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2013] [Accepted: 07/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kate Hopper
- Departments of Veterinary Surgical and Radiological Sciences; School of Veterinary Medicine; University of California at Davis; Davis CA 95616
| | - Steven E. Epstein
- Departments of Veterinary Surgical and Radiological Sciences; School of Veterinary Medicine; University of California at Davis; Davis CA 95616
| | - Philip H. Kass
- Population, Health and Reproduction; School of Veterinary Medicine; University of California at Davis; Davis CA 95616
| | - Matthew S. Mellema
- Departments of Veterinary Surgical and Radiological Sciences; School of Veterinary Medicine; University of California at Davis; Davis CA 95616
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39
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Torrente C, Manzanilla EG, de Gopegui RR. A comparison of traditional and quantitative analysis of acid-base imbalances in hypoalbuminemic dogs. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2014; 24:509-18. [PMID: 25142816 DOI: 10.1111/vec.12218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2012] [Accepted: 07/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the traditional (HH) and quantitative approaches used for the evaluation of the acid-base balance in hypoalbuminemic dogs. DESIGN Prospective observational study. SETTING ICU of a veterinary teaching hospital. ANIMALS One hundred and five client-owned dogs. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Jugular venous blood samples were collected from each patient on admission to determine: total plasma protein (TP), albumin (Alb), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), glucose (Glu), hematocrit (HCT), Na(+) , Cl(-) , K(+) , phosphate (Pi ), pH, PvCO2, bicarbonate (HCO3 (-) ), anion gap (AG), adjusted anion gap for albumin (AGalb ) or phosphate (AGalb-phos ), standardized base excess (SBE), strong ion difference (SID), concentration of nonvolatile weak buffers (Atot ), and strong ion gap (SIG). Patients were divided in 2 groups according to the severity of the hypoalbuminemia: mild (Alb = 21-25 g/L) and severe (Alb ≤20 g/L). All parameters were compared among groups. Patients with severe hypoalbuminemia showed significant decrease in TP (P = 0.011), Atot (P = 0.050), and a significant increase in adjusted AG (P = 0.048) and the magnitude of SIG (P = 0.011) compared to animals with mild hypoalbuminemia. According to the HH approach, the most frequent imbalances were simple disorders (51.4%), primarily metabolic acidosis (84.7%) associated with a high AG acidosis. However, when using the quantitative method, 58.1% of patients had complex disorders, with SIG acidosis (74.3%) and Atot alkalosis (33.3%) as the most frequent acid-base imbalances. Agreement between methods only matched in 32 cases (kappa < 0.20). CONCLUSIONS The agreement between the HH and quantitative methods for interpretation of acid-base balance was poor and many imbalances detected using the quantitative approach were missed using the HH approach. Further studies are necessary to confirm the clinical utility of using the quantitative approach in the decision-making process of the severely ill hypoalbuminemic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Torrente
- Servei d'Emergències i Cures Intensives de la Fundació Hospital Clínic Veterinari-UAB, Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animal, and Departament de Ciència Animal i dels Aliments, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
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40
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Adams RJ, Doyle RS, Bray JP, Burton CA. Closed Suction Drainage for Treatment of Septic Peritonitis of Confirmed Gastrointestinal Origin in 20 Dogs. Vet Surg 2014; 43:843-51. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1532-950x.2014.12258.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2012] [Accepted: 03/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ronan S. Doyle
- Davies Veterinary Specialists; Higham Gobion United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan P. Bray
- Massey University Veterinary Teaching Hospital; Palmerston North New Zealand
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41
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Abstract
This article reviews the use of transfusion medicine in veterinary medicine and discusses current research regarding donor screening and component therapy. Typing and crossmatching methodologies are discussed. Available components, potential uses, and controversies in treatment are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beth Davidow
- Animal Critical Care and Emergency Services, 11536 Lake City Way Northeast, Seattle, WA 98125, USA.
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42
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Powell C, Thompson L, Murtaugh RJ. Type III hypersensitivity reaction with immune complex deposition in 2 critically ill dogs administered human serum albumin. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2013; 23:598-604. [PMID: 23941553 DOI: 10.1111/vec.12085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2011] [Accepted: 07/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe 2 cases of vasculitis that were attributed to a type III hypersensitivity reaction in critically ill dogs occurring 8-16 days postadministration of human serum albumin (HSA). CASE OR SERIES SUMMARY Skin biopsies were obtained from 3 different sites in 2 critically ill dogs that developed vasculitis 8-16 days following treatment with HSA. Histopathological findings from both dogs indicated epidermal pallor, widespread edema and hemorrhage, degenerative neutrophilic perivascular infiltrates, and multifocal areas of neutrophilic or leukocytoclastic vasculitis. Immunohistochemical staining using an anti-human serum albumin rabbit antibody suggested that the antigen-antibody complexes seen in the dermis were associated with the administration of HSA. NEW OR UNIQUE INFORMATION PROVIDED In this case series, we documented a leukocytoclastic vasculitis and probable antigen-antibody complexes to human albumin in the dermis of 2 critically ill dogs after administration of HSA. Previously, type III hypersensitivity reactions had only been reported in healthy dogs that had received HSA. This report also describes the potential use of immunohistochemical staining to detect the HSA antigen in tissue sections through the use of specifically labeled antibodies.
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43
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Craft EM, Powell LL. The use of canine-specific albumin in dogs with septic peritonitis. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2012; 22:631-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-4431.2012.00819.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2011] [Accepted: 09/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elise M. Craft
- From the Department of Clinical Sciences, Veterinary Medical Center; University of Minnesota; St. Paul; MN; 55108
| | - Lisa L. Powell
- From the Department of Clinical Sciences, Veterinary Medical Center; University of Minnesota; St. Paul; MN; 55108
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44
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Hayes GM, Mathews K, Floras A, Dewey C. Refractometric total plasma protein measurement as a cage-side indicator of hypoalbuminemia and hypoproteinemia in hospitalized dogs. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2011; 21:356-62. [PMID: 21827593 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-4431.2011.00647.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the relationship between total plasma protein (TPP) as measured by refractometry and serum hypoalbuminemia and hypoproteinemia in hospitalized dogs. DESIGN Retrospective, observational study conducted over 6-month period between March and August 2008. SETTING University teaching hospital. ANIMALS Four hundred and three hospitalized dogs in an ICU. INTERVENTIONS None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS TPP, serum albumin, total protein, glucose, urea, cholesterol was measured from dogs enrolled in study. TPP was evaluated as a predictor for hypoalbuminemia defined both as albumin <25 g/L (<2.5 g/dL) and albumin <20 g/L (<2.0 g/dL), and serum hypoproteinemia, defined as serum total protein <40 g/L (<4.0 g/dL), using logistic regression. Impact of glucose, urea, cholesterol, and total bilirubin on refractometric readings were also assessed. TPP predicted hypoalbuminemia at albumin concentrations of <25 g/L (<2.5 g/dL) and <20 g/L (<2.0 g/dL) (P<0.001). A TPP<60 g/L (<6.0 g/dL) predicted albumin <25 g/L (<2.5 g/dL) with 73% sensitivity and 86% specificity. A TPP<58 g/L (<5.8 g/dL) predicted a serum albumin <20 g/L (<2.0 g/dL) with 70% sensitivity and 80% specificity. For dogs with known risk factors where specificity optimization may be appropriate, refractometer TPP<50 g/L (<5.0 g/dL) and <48 g/L (<4.8 g/dL) predicted hypoalbuminemia at each level with >95% specificity, although sensitivity was poor. Refractometer TPP<58 g/L (<5.8 g/dL) predicted serum total protein of <40 g/L (<40 g/dL) with sensitivity of 82% and specificity of 84%. Hypercholesterolemia and hyperglycemia significantly affected TPP readings; an increase in serum glucose by 10 mmol/L (180 mg/dL) was associated with an average independent increase in refractometer TPP of 2.27 g/L (0.23 g/dL) (P<0.001, 95% confidence interval=1.08-3.47) and an increase in serum cholesterol of 1 mmol/L (38.6 mg/dL) was associated with an average independent increase in refractometer TPP of 1.36 g/L (0.14 g/dL) (P<0.001, 95% confidence interval=1.12-1.59). CONCLUSION Suboptimal sensitivity limits the use of refractometric TPP for prediction of hypoalbuminemia in the context of patient screening; a high proportion of false negatives may result. However, identification of a refractometric TPP<58 g/L is strongly indicative of both serum hypoalbuminemia and hypoproteinemia, with high specificity, and warrants further investigation. Refractometric readings may be falsely increased in patients with hyperglycemia or hypercholesterolemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galina M Hayes
- Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada.
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Abstract
Since its emergence in 1978, canine parvoviral enteritis has remained a common and important cause of morbidity and mortality in young dogs. The continued incidence of parvoviral enteritis is partly due to the virus's capability to "reinvent" itself and evolve into new, more virulent and resistant subspecies. This article reviews current knowledge about the virus, its epidemiology, clinical manifestation, diagnosis, management, and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelia Goddard
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, Pretoria 0110, South Africa.
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Factors affecting the occurrence, duration of hospitalization and final outcome in canine parvovirus infection. Res Vet Sci 2010; 89:174-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2010.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2009] [Revised: 11/10/2009] [Accepted: 02/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Snow SJ, Ari Jutkowitz L, Brown AJ. Retrospective Study: Trends in plasma transfusion at a veterinary teaching hospital: 308 patients (1996-1998 and 2006-2008). J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2010; 20:441-5. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-4431.2010.00557.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Viganó F, Perissinotto L, Bosco VRF. Administration of 5% human serum albumin in critically ill small animal patients with hypoalbuminemia: 418 dogs and 170 cats (1994-2008). J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2010; 20:237-43. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-4431.2010.00526.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Crump KL, Seshadri R. Use of therapeutic plasmapheresis in a case of canine immune-mediated hemolytic anemia. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2009; 19:375-80. [PMID: 25164638 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-4431.2009.00431.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the clinical application and potential utility of plasmapheresis in canine immune-mediated hemolytic anemia. CASE SUMMARY A 7-year-old spayed female Maltese diagnosed with immune-mediated hemolytic anemia was initially treated with prednisone, cyclosporine, and received multiple transfusions of packed RBC. Because of the progression of clinical signs despite traditional medical therapy, plasmapheresis was initiated. Plasma immunoglobulin G and immunoglobulin M levels were measured before, during, and after treatment to help determine if there had been a significant decrease in immunoglobulin levels with plasmapheresis. Plasmapheresis was successfully performed over a 2.5-hour period in this dog with minimal complications. Hypocalcemia was identified as a known complication of circuit anticoagulation, and was corrected through calcium supplementation. Post-plasmapheresis there was a decrease in immunoglobulin G and immunoglobulin M levels, and the patient showed clinical improvement. Following discharge the dog had no known complications of therapy, and had complete resolution of the anemia. NEW OR UNIQUE INFORMATION PROVIDED Plasmapheresis was performed successfully with minimal complications. Because transfusion requirements appeared to be reduced, and the procedure was well tolerated, there may be a place for this modality in severe cases to act as a bridge until medical therapy takes full effect. Because of the cost of performing this therapy, and the potential requirement for multiple treatments, it should be reserved for selected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn L Crump
- Advanced Critical Care and Internal Medicine, Tustin, CA 92780
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Wong D, Alcott C, Sponseller B, Young J, Sponseller B. Impaired Intestinal Absorption of Glucose in 4 Foals withLawsonia intracellularisInfection. J Vet Intern Med 2009; 23:940-4. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2009.0334.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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