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Liver fatty acid metabolism associations with reproductive performance of dairy cattle. Anim Reprod Sci 2019; 208:106104. [PMID: 31405453 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2019.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The peri-calving period is characterized by a negative energy balance, which leads to lipid mobilization. Thus, during this period, the liver has important functions related to optimizing milk yield, preventing metabolic and infectious diseases, and improving fertility. To clarify the relationship between liver fatty acid metabolism and reproductive performance, the present study was conducted to assess the abundance of specific hepatic proteins related to lipid metabolism in both plasma and follicular fluid in dairy cattle with different days to conception (DC). Sixteen animals were grouped according to DC, as more and fewer DC (MDC and FDC, respectively). Blood and liver biopsies were sampled 14 days before the expected calving date and 4, 14 and 28 days after calving. The plasma beta-hydroxybutyric acid (BHBA) concentrations and the liver triacylglycerol (TAG) content were greater in the MDC group (P < 0.05), whereas the protein abundance of carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1 was greater in the FDC group (P < 0.05). Additionally, total bilirubin (TBil) concentration was less in the FDC than MDC group on day 28 (P < 0.05). These results indicate lipid mobilization and liver fatty acid oxidation capacity in dairy cows could contribute to the adaptations and reproductive performance.
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Zenobi M, Gardinal R, Zuniga J, Dias A, Nelson C, Driver J, Barton B, Santos J, Staples C. Effects of supplementation with ruminally protected choline on performance of multiparous Holstein cows did not depend upon prepartum caloric intake. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:1088-1110. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-13327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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3
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Drackley JK, Dann HM, Douglas N, Guretzky NAJ, Litherland NB, Underwood JP, Loor JJ. Physiological and pathological adaptations in dairy cows that may increase susceptibility to periparturient diseases and disorders. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.4081/ijas.2005.323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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4
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Effects of live weight adjusted feeding strategy on plasma indicators of energy balance in Holstein cows managed for extended lactation. Animal 2016; 10:633-42. [DOI: 10.1017/s175173111500258x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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McCarthy M, Piepenbrink M, Overton T. Associations between hepatic metabolism of propionate and palmitate in liver slices from transition dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2015; 98:7015-24. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2015-9695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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McCarthy MM, Yasui T, Ryan CM, Pelton SH, Mechor GD, Overton TR. Metabolism of early-lactation dairy cows as affected by dietary starch and monensin supplementation. J Dairy Sci 2015; 98:3351-65. [PMID: 25771049 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2014-8821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of dietary starch content and monensin (MON) on metabolism of dairy cows during early lactation. Before parturition, primiparous (n=21) and multiparous (n=49) Holstein cows were fed a common controlled-energy close-up diet with a daily topdress of either 0 or 400mg/d monensin. From d 1 to 21 postpartum, cows were fed a high-starch (HS; 26.2% starch, 34.3% neutral detergent fiber, 22.7% acid detergent fiber, 15.5% crude protein) or low-starch (LS; 21.5% starch, 36.9% neutral detergent fiber, 25.2% acid detergent fiber, 15.4% crude protein) total mixed ration with a daily topdress of either 0mg/d monensin (CON) or 450mg/d monensin (MON), continuing with prepartum topdress assignment. From d 22 through 63 postpartum, all cows were fed HS and continued with the assigned topdress treatment until d 63. Cows fed HS had higher plasma glucose and insulin and lower nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA) than cows fed LS during d 1 to 21 postpartum. Cows fed LS had elevated early-lactation β-hydroxybutyrate (BHBA) compared with cows fed HS. Cows fed HS had greater insulin resistance and increased plasma haptoglobin in the early lactation period. There was no effect of MON on postpartum plasma NEFA. Cows fed MON had higher plasma glucose compared with CON cows, which was driven by a MON × parity interaction in which primiparous cows fed MON had greater plasma glucose concentrations than cows fed CON. Cows fed MON had lower plasma BHBA compared with CON, which was contributed to by a MON × parity interaction in which primiparous cows fed MON had lower BHBA concentrations than CON. Starch treatment had no effect on overall liver triglyceride content. Primiparous cows fed MON had increased liver triglyceride content compared with CON primiparous cows, and multiparous cows fed MON had decreased liver triglyceride content compared with CON cows. Multiparous cows fed LS with MON had higher liver glycogen content than multiparous cows fed the LS without MON, with no effect of MON treatment for multiparous cows fed HS. There was no effect of starch or MON treatment on liver capacity to oxidize propionate to CO2, and effects of starch on gluconeogenesis were not significant. Cows fed MON tended to have greater capacity to convert propionate to glucose than CON. Supplementation with MON increased the ratio of glucose to CO2, which indicated that cows fed MON had a greater propensity to convert propionate to glucose. Overall, cows fed more propiogenic diets in early lactation (high starch or monensin) exhibited improved energy metabolism during early lactation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M McCarthy
- Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - T Yasui
- Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - C M Ryan
- Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - S H Pelton
- Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - G D Mechor
- Elanco Animal Health, Greenfield, IN 46140
| | - T R Overton
- Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853.
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Astuti A, Obitsu T, Sugino T, Taniguchi K, Okita M, Kurokawa Y. Milk production, plasma metabolite profiles and mammary arterial-venous differences of milk precursors in early lactation cows milked at different frequencies by an automatic milking system. Anim Sci J 2014; 86:499-507. [DOI: 10.1111/asj.12332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andriyani Astuti
- Graduate School of Biosphere Science; Hiroshima University; Higashi-Hiroshima Japan
| | - Taketo Obitsu
- Graduate School of Biosphere Science; Hiroshima University; Higashi-Hiroshima Japan
| | - Toshihisa Sugino
- Graduate School of Biosphere Science; Hiroshima University; Higashi-Hiroshima Japan
| | - Kohzo Taniguchi
- Graduate School of Biosphere Science; Hiroshima University; Higashi-Hiroshima Japan
| | - Miki Okita
- Graduate School of Biosphere Science; Hiroshima University; Higashi-Hiroshima Japan
| | - Yuzo Kurokawa
- Graduate School of Biosphere Science; Hiroshima University; Higashi-Hiroshima Japan
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Assessment of Fatty liver syndrome and its predisposing factors in a dairy herd from Venezuela. ISRN VETERINARY SCIENCE 2013; 2013:191708. [PMID: 23738138 PMCID: PMC3658421 DOI: 10.1155/2013/191708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Accepted: 04/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The present on-farm research evaluated the occurrence of fatty liver syndrome and its predisposing risk factors for multiparous dairy cows from a commercial herd in Venezuela. Liver biopsy samples were collected at 35 days (d) prepartum (Holstein, n = 14; Holstein × Carora crossbred, n = 17) as well as 1 to 7 d (Holstein, n = 8; Holstein × Carora crossbred, n = 11) and 28 to 35 d (Holstein, n = 6; Holstein × Carora crossbred, n = 14) postpartum in order to analyse hepatic triacylglycerols (TAG, % wet basis) and glycogen concentrations. At postpartum, an occurrence of 72.0% for severe fatty liver along with 73.5% of subclinical ketosis (SCK) was found. The multiple regression model that best explained the association between milk production in the previous lactation (MYP) and TAG at first week postpartum was as follows: TAG, % = −11.2 + 3.16 (prepartum body condition) + 0.0009176 (MYP) (R² = 0.36, P < 0.05). Logistic regression indicated that Holstein × Carora crossbred cows tended to have 27% higher relative risk than Holstein to experience SCK, whereas prepartum liver TAG greater than 3% tended to be associated with a higher relative risk for SCK compared to cows with TAG ≤3%.
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Kiani A. Temporal Changes in Plasma Concentration of Leptin, IGF-1, Insulin and Metabolites Under Extended Fasting and Re-Feeding Conditions in Growing Lambs. Int J Endocrinol Metab 2013; 11:34-40. [PMID: 23853618 PMCID: PMC3693659 DOI: 10.5812/ijem.6529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2012] [Revised: 06/06/2012] [Accepted: 06/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A fall in plasma concentration of energy status related hormones (leptin, insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and insulin) and body energy expenditure occurs in response to short term fasting. Nevertheless, the relations of the fasting-induced changes in energy related hormones and metabolites with fasting energy expenditure (FEE) under extended fasting condition have received little attention so far. OBJECTIVES It is not clear how energy status related hormones coordinate to cope with feed deprivation under extended fasting time conditions and how quickly these hormones re-bound to fed-state values in response to re-feeding. Thus the objectives of this study were: 1) to determine the effects of extended fasting on plasma concentration of leptin, IGF-1, insulin, glucose, NEFA, 3-β-hydroxybutyrate (BOHB) and urea; and 2) to study the relations of energy status related hormones with FEE and substrate oxidations under extended fasting conditions. MATERIALS AND METHODS Eighteen six-month-old growing lambs (9 females and 9 males) were fasted for three days. Blood samples were taken one hour before (-1H) and 48 and 72 hours after fasting (48H and 72H) and two hours after re-feeding (+2H) from jugular vein. During the last 22 hours of fasting, gas exchange (CO2 production and O2 consumption) were measured using an open-circuit indirect calorimeter. Respiratory quotient (RQ), FEE and relative proportions of oxidized protein, fat and carbohydrate were calculated. RESULTS Plasma levels of leptin, insulin, IGF-1 and glucose decreased but NEFA and urea levels increased within 48H of fasting. Concentration of insulin significantly increased with extended fasting while leptin and IGF-1 levels remained constant. Glucose was the only blood variable that showed a quick re-bound within two hours after re-feeding. Leptin and IGF-1 showed significant positive relations with glucose and BOHB but negative relations with NEFA and Urea. Carbohydrate, fat and proteins contributed to 17%, 61% and 22% of FEE respectively in three-day-fasted lambs. FEE was negatively correlated with insulin and NEFA concentrations in plasma. CONCLUSIONS Even though plasma levels of leptin and IGF-1 decreased and remained constant under extended fasting, neither leptin nor IGF1 re-bounded to fed-status values within two hours after re-feeding. Under extended fasting condition, firstly an insulin resistance develops and secondly, a fall in FEE through a switch from carbohydrate- to fat-based metabolism occurs and there is an evident negative correlation between FEE and plasma concentration of NEFA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Kiani
- Animal Sciences Group, Lorestan University, Khoramabad, IR Iran
- Corresponding author: Ali Kiani, Animal Sciences Group, Faculty of Agriculture, Lorestan University, Khoramabad, IR Iran. Tel.: +98-4200012, Fax: +98-4200289, E-mail:
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Enriched dietary energy and protein with more frequent milking offers early lactation cows a greater productive potential. Livest Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2010.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Kiani A, Nielsen MO, Tauson AH, Tygesen MP, Husted SM, Chwalibog A. Long-term effects of foetal undernutrition on intermediary metabolism in growing lambs. Arch Anim Nutr 2011; 65:46-54. [DOI: 10.1080/1745039x.2010.533551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Energy intake in late gestation affects blood metabolites in early lactation independently of milk production in dairy cows. Animal 2010; 4:52-60. [PMID: 22443617 DOI: 10.1017/s1751731109990796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The present experiment examined the effect of offering either a high- (H) or low- (L) energy-density diet in late gestation and early lactation on physiological parameters, body condition score (BCS) and milk production in early lactation. In all, 40 multiparous Holstein cows were randomly allocated to one of four treatments in a 2 × 2 factorial design, where the factors were H- or L-energy density in a total mixed ration (TMR) both pre- and post-calving. Consequently, there were four treatment groups: HH, HL, LL and LH. The pre-calving treatment was initiated 100 days prior to expected calving; the H TMR was fed ad libitum whereas the L TMR was restricted to 10 kg dry matter/day during late lactation, and to approximately 75% of energy requirements from drying off until calving. Both diets were offered ad libitum post-calving. Feeding diet H compared to L pre-calving led to higher BCS at calving (2.68 v. 2.34, P < 0.01). Energy corrected milk yield and energy-intake post-calving were not affected by pre-calving diets. Changes in BCS and blood concentrations of non-esterified fatty acids, beta-hydroxybutyrate and glucose in early lactation showed that cows offered diet H pre-calving generally mobilised more body reserves compared to cows offered diet L pre-calving. An interaction between pre- and post-calving diets showed that cows offered diet H pre-calving had lower body tissue mobilisation when offered diet H post-calving compared to diet L. Cows offered diet L pre-calving, did not mobilise differently whether they were offered diet H or L post-calving. The pre- and post-calving diets had no effect on liver triacylglycerol, whereas liver glycogen was higher in cows on treatment HH compared to the other three treatments. Collectively, these results indicate that overfeeding should be avoided in late gestation and that a high-energy-density diet is desirable in early lactation in order to obtain a more favourable metabolic profile.
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Andersen J, Ridder C, Larsen T. Priming the Cow for Mobilization in the Periparturient Period: Effects of Supplementing the Dry Cow with Saturated Fat or Linseed. J Dairy Sci 2008; 91:1029-43. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2007-0437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Allison GG, Horton RA, Rees Stevens P, Jackman R, Moorby JM. Changes in plasma metabolites and muscle glycogen are correlated to bovine spongiform encephalopathy in infected dairy cattle. Res Vet Sci 2007; 83:40-6. [PMID: 17197001 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2006.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2006] [Revised: 11/02/2006] [Accepted: 11/11/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
During the clinical phase of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), a significant decrease was observed in the ratio of muscle glycogen to plasma L-lactic acid concentrations in BSE infected field case and experimentally infected dairy cattle compared with healthy control cattle (P<0.001), this being due to changes in the concentration of both metabolites in the BSE infected cattle compared with the control group. Furthermore, the concentration of plasma alanine was significantly increased (P<0.05) in the infected animals. No significant difference was detected between these two groups in the ratio of hepatic glycogen to plasma lactate. We infer that BSE infected cattle exhibit signs of altered energy metabolism and when applied in conjunction with changes in other metabolite biomarkers these changes may be useful for discriminating BSE infected cattle from healthy cattle or those suffering with other disorders or diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- G G Allison
- Institute of Grassland and Environmental Research, Plas Gogerddan, Aberystwyth SY23 3EB, UK.
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Effect of changes in diet energy density on feed intake, milk yield and metabolic parameters in dairy cows in early lactation. Animal 2007; 1:335-46. [DOI: 10.1017/s1751731107683815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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Andersen JB, Madsen TG, Larsen T, Ingvartsen KL, Nielsen MO. The effects of dry period versus continuous lactation on metabolic status and performance in periparturient cows. J Dairy Sci 2006; 88:3530-41. [PMID: 16162527 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(05)73038-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
It has been argued that dairy cows with a high genetic milk production potential can maintain high milk production even with total omission of the dry period. Further, when omitting the dry period, cows are believed to experience fewer metabolic changes during the transition from late gestation to early lactation compared with cows having a traditional dry period. The performance and metabolic response to omission of the dry period for cows with an expected peak milk yield higher than 45 kg/d were studied in 28 Holstein dairy cows. The cows were followed in late gestation and in the subsequent 5 wk of early lactation. Fourteen cows were milked through late gestation (CM) and another 14 dairy cows underwent a 7-wk dry period (DRY). In the early lactation period, the cows had the same dry matter (DM) intake but cows in the CM group had a 22% reduction in milk yield compared with the cows in the DRY group. At calving, the experimental groups had the same average body weight and body condition score and there were no significant differences in body weight and body condition score changes in early lactation. However, the cows in the CM group compared with the cows in the DRY group had a higher plasma concentration of glucose and insulin and a lower plasma concentration of nonesterified fatty acids and beta-hydroxybutyrate in the following 5 wk of early lactation. Furthermore, the cows in the CM group had lower liver triacylglycerol concentration and higher liver glycogen concentration in the following early lactation. It is concluded that, even in dairy cows with an expected peak milk yield above 45 kg/d, omission of the dry period results in a relatively high reduction in milk yield in the following early lactation. Furthermore, these cows are in less metabolic imbalance in the following early lactation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J B Andersen
- Danish Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Research Centre Foulum, Department of Animal Health and Welfare, PO Box 50, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark
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Andersen JB, Friggens NC, Larsen T, Vestergaard M, Ingvartsen KL. Effect of energy density in the diet and milking frequency on plasma metabolites and hormones in early lactation dairy cows. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 51:52-7. [PMID: 15153073 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0442.2004.00605.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The effects of energy density in the diet [low = 0.86 SFU/kg dry matter (DM) or high = 1.06 SFU/kg DM] and daily milking frequency (two or three times) in early lactation on plasma concentrations of metabolites and hormones were evaluated in 40 Holstein dairy cows arranged in a 2 x 2 factorial block design. The four treatment combinations were L2, L3, H2 and H3, and the experimental period comprised the first 8 weeks of lactation. Plasma glucose, insulin and insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I concentrations were on average 8 (3.43 versus 3.19 mmol/l), 114 (41.6 versus 19.4 pmol/l) and 60% (91.9 versus 57.4 ng/ml) higher, whereas beta-hydroxybutyrate (BOHB), plasma urea nitrogen (PUN) and growth hormone (GH) concentrations were on average 18 (0.73 versus 0.89 mmol/l), 14 (7.18 versus 8.35 mmol/l), and 63% (1.0 versus 2.6 ng/ml) lower for cows fed diet H than for cows fed diet L. Cows milked three times daily had a 6% (3.20 versus 3.42 mmol/l) lower plasma glucose concentration and a 19% (0.88 versus 0.74 mmol/l) higher plasma concentration of BOHB compared with cows milked two times daily. Plasma non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) concentration was not affected by either treatment. Overall, it is concluded that increasing the daily milking frequency creates a higher metabolic imbalance in early lactation. Cows in early lactation will benefit from receiving a high energy density diet and thereby avoid a too high metabolic imbalance when mobilizing body tissue in support of milk production.
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Affiliation(s)
- J B Andersen
- Department of Animal Health and Welfare, Research Centre Forum, Danish Institute for Agricultural Sciences, PO Box 50, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark.
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The effects of low vs. high concentrate level in the diet on performance in cows milked two or three times daily in early lactation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0301-6226(02)00303-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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