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Inglis A, Ubungen R, Farooq S, Mata P, Thiam J, Saleh S, Shibin S, Al-Mohanna FA, Collison KS. Strain-based and sex-biased differences in adrenal and pancreatic gene expression between KK/HlJ and C57BL/6 J mice. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:180. [PMID: 33711921 PMCID: PMC7953684 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-07495-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The ever-increasing prevalence of diabetes and associated comorbidities serves to highlight the necessity of biologically relevant small-animal models to investigate its etiology, pathology and treatment. Although the C57BL/6 J model is amongst the most widely used mouse model due to its susceptibility to diet-induced obesity (DIO), there are a number of limitations namely [1] that unambiguous fasting hyperglycemia can only be achieved via dietary manipulation and/or chemical ablation of the pancreatic beta cells. [2] Heterogeneity in the obesogenic effects of hypercaloric feeding has been noted, together with sex-dependent differences, with males being more responsive. The KK mouse strain has been used to study aspects of the metabolic syndrome and prediabetes. We recently conducted a study which characterized the differences in male and female glucocentric parameters between the KK/HlJ and C57BL/6 J strains as well as diabetes-related behavioral differences (Inglis et al. 2019). In the present study, we further characterize these models by examining strain- and sex-dependent differences in pancreatic and adrenal gene expression using Affymetrix microarray together with endocrine-associated serum analysis. Results In addition to strain-associated differences in insulin tolerance, we found significant elevations in KK/HlJ mouse serum leptin, insulin and aldosterone. Additionally, glucagon and corticosterone were elevated in female mice of both strains. Using 2-factor ANOVA and a significance level set at 0.05, we identified 10,269 pancreatic and 10,338 adrenal genes with an intensity cut-off of ≥2.0 for all 4 experimental groups. In the pancreas, gene expression upregulated in the KK/HlJ strain related to increased insulin secretory granule biofunction and pancreatic hyperplasia, whereas ontology of upregulated adrenal differentially expressed genes (DEGs) related to cell signaling and neurotransmission. We established a network of functionally related DEGs commonly upregulated in both endocrine tissues of KK/HlJ mice which included the genes coding for endocrine secretory vesicle biogenesis and regulation: PCSK2, PCSK1N, SCG5, PTPRN, CHGB and APLP1. We also identified genes with sex-biased expression common to both strains and tissues including the paternally expressed imprint gene neuronatin. Conclusion Our novel results have further characterized the commonalities and diversities of pancreatic and adrenal gene expression between the KK/HlJ and C57BL/6 J strains as well as differences in serum markers of endocrine physiology. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-021-07495-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Inglis
- Department of Cell Biology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre, PO BOX 3354, Riyadh, 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rosario Ubungen
- Department of Cell Biology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre, PO BOX 3354, Riyadh, 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sarah Farooq
- Department of Cell Biology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre, PO BOX 3354, Riyadh, 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Princess Mata
- Department of Cell Biology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre, PO BOX 3354, Riyadh, 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jennifer Thiam
- Department of Cell Biology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre, PO BOX 3354, Riyadh, 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Soad Saleh
- Department of Cell Biology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre, PO BOX 3354, Riyadh, 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sherin Shibin
- Department of Cell Biology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre, PO BOX 3354, Riyadh, 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Futwan A Al-Mohanna
- Department of Cell Biology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre, PO BOX 3354, Riyadh, 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kate S Collison
- Department of Cell Biology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre, PO BOX 3354, Riyadh, 11211, Saudi Arabia.
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VGF has Roles in the Pathogenesis of Major Depressive Disorder and Schizophrenia: Evidence from Transgenic Mouse Models. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2019; 39:721-727. [PMID: 31037515 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-019-00681-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Mental disorders, such as major depressive disorder and schizophrenia, are complex multigenetic conditions, but focused studies of single genes might reveal genes involved in the pathogenesis of mental disorders, including major depressive disorder and schizophrenia. Several candidate genes have been identified using transgenic mice. VGF nerve growth factor inducible (VGF) is a neuropeptide expression of which is induced by nerve growth factor (NGF). VGF is robustly and exclusively synthesized in neuronal and neuroendocrine cells. In central nervous system (CNS), VGF is extensively expressed especially in the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, and hypothalamus. VGF has many roles in the CNS, such as promotion of synaptic plasticity, neurogenesis, and neurite outgrowth. In clinical studies, altered expression and genetic mutations of VGF have been reported in patients with major depressive disorder and schizophrenia. On this basis, studies using transgenic mice to overexpress or knockout VGF have been performed to investigate the roles of upregulation or downregulation of VGF. In this review, we will discuss studies of the roles of VGF using transgenic mice and its relevance to pathologies in major depressive disorder and schizophrenia.
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Abstract
The vgf gene (non-acronymic) is highly conserved and was identified on the basis of its rapid induction in vitro by nerve growth factor, although can also be induced by brain-derived neurotrophic factor, and glial-derived growth factor. The VGF gene gives rise to a 68 kDa precursor polypeptide, which is induced robustly, relatively selectively and is synthesized exclusively in neuronal and neuroendocrine cells. Post-translational processing by neuroendocrine specific prohormone convertases in these cells results in the production of a number of smaller peptides. The VGF gene and peptides are widely expressed throughout the brain, particularly in the hypothalamus and hippocampus, in peripheral tissues including the pituitary gland, the adrenal glands, and the pancreas, and in the gastrointestinal tract in both the myenteric plexus and in endocrine cells. VGF peptides have been associated with a number of neuroendocrine roles, and in this review, we aim to describe these roles to highlight the importance of VGF as therapeutic target for a number of disorders, particularly those associated with energy metabolism, pain, reproduction, and cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jo E. Lewis
- Queen’s Medical Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham Medical School, Nottingham, UK
| | - John M. Brameld
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, UK
| | - Preeti H. Jethwa
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, UK
- *Correspondence: Preeti H. Jethwa, Division of Nutritional Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK e-mail:
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Helwig M, Vivoli M, Fricker LD, Lindberg I. Regulation of neuropeptide processing enzymes by catecholamines in endocrine cells. Mol Pharmacol 2011; 80:304-13. [PMID: 21540292 DOI: 10.1124/mol.111.072090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment of cultured bovine adrenal chromaffin cells with the catecholamine transport blocker reserpine was shown previously to increase enkephalin levels severalfold. To explore the biochemical mechanism of this effect, we examined the effect of reserpine treatment on the activities of three different peptide precursor processing enzymes: carboxypeptidase E (CPE) and the prohormone convertases (PCs) PC1/3 and PC2. Reserpine treatment increased both CPE and PC activity in extracts of cultured chromaffin cells; total protein levels were unaltered for any enzyme. Further analysis showed that the increase in CPE activity was due to an elevated V(max), with no change in the K(m) for substrate hydrolysis or the levels of CPE mRNA. Reserpine activation of endogenous processing enzymes was also observed in extracts prepared from PC12 cells stably expressing PC1/3 or PC2. In vitro experiments using purified enzymes showed that catecholamines inhibited CPE, PC1/3, and PC2, with dopamine quinone the most potent inhibitor (IC(50) values of ∼50-500 μM); dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine exhibited inhibition in the micromolar range. The inhibition of purified CPE with catecholamines was time-dependent and, for dopamine quinone, dilution-independent, suggesting covalent modification of the protein by the catecholamine. Because the catecholamine concentrations found to be inhibitory to PC1/3, PC2, and CPE are well within the physiological range found in chromaffin granules, we conclude that catecholaminergic transmitter systems have the potential to exert considerable dynamic influence over peptidergic transmitter synthesis by altering the activity of peptide processing enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Helwig
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 20 Penn Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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Establishment and characterization of a noradrenergic adrenal chromaffin cell line, tsAM5NE, immortalized with the temperature-sensitive SV40 T-antigen. Cell Biol Int 2011; 35:325-34. [DOI: 10.1042/cbi20090344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Neuropeptides, growth factors, and cytokines: a cohort of informational molecules whose expression is up-regulated by the stress-associated slow transmitter PACAP in chromaffin cells. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2010; 30:1441-9. [PMID: 21107678 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-010-9620-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2010] [Accepted: 10/14/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) is a co-transmitter with acetylcholine at the adrenomedullary synapse, mediating sustained hormone secretion and regulation of cellular plasticity in response to stress at the level of gene transcription. Here we have extended our investigation of PACAP-regulated neuroendocrine cell-specific genes from PC12 cells to PC12 cells expressing physiological levels of the PAC1hop receptor found on chromaffin cells in vivo. PACAP induces in these PC12_bPAC1hop cells an additional cohort of genes, compared to PC12 cells, enriched in informational molecules including cytokines, neuropeptides, and growth factors. Using two newly developed microarray platforms for expressed bovine transcripts, we further examined PACAP-induced genes in bovine chromaffin cells during a period of exposure (6 h) corresponding to a period of prolonged metabolic or psychogenic stress in vivo during which PACAP is released from the splanchnic nerve onto chromaffin cells. As in PC12_bPAC1hop cells, PACAP induced in bovine chromaffin cells a cohort of genes encoding secretory proteins, identified by tiling for cellular localization using Ingenuity Pathway Analysis, which were highly enriched in informational molecules (secreted proteins acting at extracellular receptors). These included cytokines, growth factors and hormones, as well as converting enzymes, or protease inhibitors modulating converting enzyme function. Several neuropeptide prohormone transcripts not previously shown to be PACAP-regulated in chromaffin cells, such as thyrotropin-releasing hormone, and tachykinin precursor 1, were identified. Identification of this cohort of informational molecule-encoding transcripts suggests a wider, more integrative role for PACAP as a co-transmitter specific to stress transduction in the adrenal medulla.
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Thakker-Varia S, Alder J. Neuropeptides in depression: role of VGF. Behav Brain Res 2008; 197:262-78. [PMID: 18983874 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2008.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2008] [Accepted: 10/05/2008] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The monoamine hypothesis of depression is increasingly called into question by newer theories that revolve around changes in neuronal plasticity, primarily in the hippocampus, at both the structural and the functional levels. Chronic stress negatively regulates hippocampal function while antidepressants ameliorate the effects of stress on neuronal morphology and activity. Both stress and antidepressants have been shown to affect levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) whose transcription is dependent on cAMP response element binding protein (CREB). BDNF itself has antidepressant-like actions and can induce transcription of a number of molecules. One class of genes regulated by both BDNF and serotonin (5-HT) are neuropeptides including VGF (non-acryonimic) which has a novel role in depression. Neuropeptides are important modulators of neuronal function but their role in affective disorders is just emerging. Recent studies demonstrate that VGF, which is also a CREB-dependent gene, is upregulated by antidepressant drugs and voluntary exercise and is reduced in animal models of depression. VGF enhances hippocampal synaptic plasticity as well as neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus but the mechanisms of antidepressant-like actions of VGF in behavioral paradigms are not known. We summarize experimental data describing the roles of BDNF, VGF and other neuropeptides in depression and how they may be acting through the generation of new neurons and altered synaptic activity. Understanding the molecular and cellular changes that underlie the actions of neuropeptides and how these adaptations result in antidepressant-like effects will aid in developing drugs that target novel pathways for major depressive disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smita Thakker-Varia
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, 683 Hoes Lane West, Robert Wood Johnson-School of Public Health 357A, Piscataway, NJ 08854-5635, United States
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8
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Martínez-Olivares R, Villanueva I, Racotta R, Piñón M. Depletion and recovery of catecholamines in several organs of rats treated with reserpine. Auton Neurosci 2006; 128:64-9. [PMID: 16723281 DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2006.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2006] [Revised: 04/05/2006] [Accepted: 04/06/2006] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Chemical sympathectomy with reserpine depletes catecholamines in every neuronal or nonneuronal cell producing a nonspecific temporal sympathectomy. After reserpine administration, most of the drug is distributed to tissues based on their blood flow and would then either be metabolized or be reversibly bound in lipid depots from where it might be released. Consequently, reserpine concentration and the catecholamine-depleting effect in the various tissues are expected to differ according to the route of administration. This study was designed to compare the effects of intraperitoneal (i.p.) and subcutaneous (s.c.) administration of reserpine on catecholamine depletion and recovery in the liver, portal vein, and adrenal gland on days 1, 4, and 10 after reserpine dosage. Catecholamine determinations were extended to 25 days after the treatment only in s.c. reserpine-treated rats and adding samples of heart and brown adipose tissue to the testing. I.p. and s.c. reserpine administration had the same norepinephrine-depleting effect in the portal vein and liver but full recovery was present in both tissues only in i.p. reserpine-treated rats. In the adrenal gland, both routes of administration produced the same depleting and recovery effect of norepinephrine and epinephrine concentrations. A significant temporary overshoot in epinephrine levels was observed several days after s.c. reserpine treatment. Except for the liver, reserpine injected s.c. depleted norepinephrine concentrations significantly in all other tissues up to the end of the experiment. Our results suggest that chemical sympathectomy caused by reserpine administered s.c. produces a generalized and prolonged decrease in peripheral sympathetic activity that could be compensated by an increase in activity of the adrenal gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubén Martínez-Olivares
- Depto. de Fisiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Carpio y Plan de Ayala s/n. Col. Santo Tomás, DF. CP. 11340, México
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9
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Germain D, Maysinger D, Glavinovic MI. Vesicular roundness and compound release in PC-12 cells. J Neurosci Methods 2006; 153:27-42. [PMID: 16290198 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2005.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2005] [Revised: 09/22/2005] [Accepted: 10/03/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The principal goals of this study were to establish a quantitative morphological analysis of spatial and regional properties of dense core vesicles, and to use this analysis to assess whether homotypic fusion is prominent in chronically treated PC-12 cells at elevated release levels. Simple computerized image processing of electron-micrographs provided the binary images of vesicular dense cores, whilst the artificial intelligence methods were needed to determine the vesicular membranes. As in the past, the presence of large, highly irregular vesicles, provided the morphological evidence of fused vesicles, but the irregularity of vesicular shape was assessed quantitatively-from its roundness. Free space of each vesicle was determined from the distance to its nearest-neighbor, or from the size of its Voronoi polygon. Within a Voronoi polygon, each point is closer to that vesicle than to any other vesicle. Large vesicles were not less round and did not have larger free space, as expected if they result from fusion of several smaller vesicles. In conclusion, we present a novel and rigorous morphological analysis of spatial and regional properties of dense core vesicles. The results demonstrate that the homotypic fusion is not prominent in PC-12 cells, before or following a chronic treatment that enhances release.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Germain
- Department of Computer Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
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10
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Murata T. [Neurotrophic factor responsiveness of adrenal medullary cell line tsAM5D immortalized with temperature-sensitive SV40 T-antigen]. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2006; 126:265-72. [PMID: 16596016 DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.126.265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We established adrenal medullary cell lines from transgenic mice expressing an oncogene, the temperature-sensitive simian virus 40 large T-antigen, under the control of the tyrosine hydroxylase promoter. A clonal cell line, named tsAM5D, conditionally grew at a permissive temperature of 33 degrees C and exhibited the dopaminergic chromaffin cell phenotype as exemplified by the expression pattern of mRNA for catecholamine synthesizing-enzymes and secretory vesicle-associated proteins. tsAM5D cells proliferated at the permissive temperature in response to glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF). At a nonpermissive temperature of 39 degrees C, GDNF and CNTF acted synergistically to differentiate tsAM5D cells into neuron-like cells. In addition, tsAM5D cells caused to differentiate by GDNF plus CNTF at 39 degrees C became dependent solely on nerve growth factor for their survival and showed markedly enhanced neurite outgrowth. In the presence of GDNF plus CNTF, the morphological change induced by the temperature shift was associated with up-regulated expression of neuronal marker genes including microtubule-associated protein 2, neuron-specific enolase, neurofilament, and growth-associated protein-43, indicating that the cells underwent neuronal differentiation. Thus, we demonstrated that tsAM5D cells could proliferate at permissive 33 degrees C, and also had the capacity to terminally differentiate into neuron-like cells in response to GDNF plus CNTF when the oncogene was inactivated by shifting the temperature to nonpermissive 39 degrees C. These results suggest that tsAM5D cells should be a good tool to allow a detailed study of mechanisms regulating neuronal differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomiyasu Murata
- Department of Analytical Neurobiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Nagoya, Japan.
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Levi A, Ferri GL, Watson E, Possenti R, Salton SRJ. Processing, distribution, and function of VGF, a neuronal and endocrine peptide precursor. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2004; 24:517-33. [PMID: 15233376 DOI: 10.1023/b:cemn.0000023627.79947.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
1. The vgf gene encodes a neuropeptide precursor with a restricted pattern of expression that is limited to a subset of neurons in the central and peripheral nervous systems and to specific populations of endocrine cells in the adenohypophysis, adrenal medulla, gastrointestinal tract, and pancreas. In responsive neurons, vgf transcription is upregulated by neurotrophins. the basis for the original identification of VGF as nerve growth factor- (NGF) inducible in PC12 cells (A. Levi, J. D. Eldridge, and B. M. Paterson, Science 229:393-395, 1985). 2. In this review, we shall summarize data concerning the transcriptional regulation of vgf in vitro, the structural organization of the vgf promoter as well as the transcription factors which regulate its activity. 3. On the basis of in situ hybridization and immunohistochemical studies, the in vivo tissue-specific expression of VGF during differentiation and in the adult will be summarized. 4. Parallel biochemical data will be reviewed, addressing the proteolytical processing of the pro-VGF precursor within the secretory compartment of neuroendocrine cells. 5. Finally, analysis of the phenotype of VGF knockout mice will be discussed, implying a nonredundant role of VGF products in the regulation of energy storage and expenditure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Levi
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
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12
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Murata T, Hikita K, Tsuboi M, Niwa K, Suzuki M, Kaneda N. Temperature-dependent, neurotrophic factor-elicited, neuronal differentiation in adrenal chromaffin cell line immortalized with temperature-sensitive SV40 T-antigen. J Neurochem 2003; 85:1126-38. [PMID: 12753072 DOI: 10.1046/j.1471-4159.2003.01765.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We established adrenal medullary cell lines from transgenic mice expressing an oncogene, the temperature-sensitive simian virus 40 large T-antigen, under the control of the tyrosine hydroxylase promoter. A clonal cell line, named tsAM5D, conditionally grew at a permissive temperature of 33 degrees C and exhibited the dopaminergic chromaffin cell phenotype as exemplified by the expression pattern of mRNA for catecholamine-synthesizing enzymes and secretory vesicle-associated proteins. tsAM5D cells proliferated at the permissive temperature in response to basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF). At a non-permissive temperature of 39 degrees C, bFGF and CNTF acted synergistically to differentiate tsAM5D cells into neuron-like cells. In addition, tsAM5D cells caused to differentiate by bFGF plus CNTF at 39 degrees C became dependent solely on nerve growth factor for their survival and showed markedly enhanced neurite outgrowth. In the presence of bFGF and CNTF, the morphological change induced by the temperature shift was associated with up-regulated expression of neuronal marker genes including neuron-specific enolase, growth-associated protein-43, microtubule-associated protein 2, neurofilament, and p75 neurotrophin receptor, indicating that the cells underwent neuronal differentiation. Thus, we demonstrated that tsAM5D cells could proliferate at permissive 33 degrees C, and also had the capacity to terminally differentiate into neuron-like cells in response to bFGF and CNTF when the oncogene was inactivated by shifting the temperature to non-permissive 39 degrees C. These results suggest that tsAM5D cells should be a good tool to allow a detailed study of mechanisms regulating neuronal differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomiyasu Murata
- Department of Analytical Neurobiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Tempaku, Nagoya, Japan
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Mahata SK, Mahapatra NR, Mahata M, O'Connor DT. Neuroendocrine cell type-specific and inducible expression of chromogranin/secretogranin genes: crucial promoter motifs. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2002; 971:27-38. [PMID: 12438085 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2002.tb04429.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The chromogranin/secretogranins (Cg/Sg) are a family of soluble, acidic proteins representing major constituents in secretory vesicle cores of virtually all neuroendocrine tissues. We and others have identified the cyclic adenosine monophosphate response element (CRE) as the crucial promoter element responsible for neuroendocrine cell type-specific expression of the Cg/Sg genes. In addition to CRE, GC-rich domains in chromogranin B (CgB) and serum response element (SRE) in secretogranin II (SgII) promoters appear to play important roles in neuroendocrine cell type-specific expression of CgB and SgII genes. Nicotinic-cholinergic and peptidergic chromaffin cell stimuli evoke catecholamine secretion and augment biosynthesis of Cg/Sg genes. These stimuli signal to CgA gene transcription through the CRE in cis and through protein kinase A, protein kinase C, and mitogen-activated protein kinase and CRE-binding protein in trans. In addition to CRE, a GC-rich domain in CgB and SRE in SgII promoters also play important roles in mediating inducible expression of the CgB and SgII genes. We conclude that CRE, GC-rich domains, and SRE are crucial determinants of both cell type-specific and secretagogue-inducible expression of the Cg/Sg genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushil K Mahata
- Department of Medicine, University of California, and San Diego VA Healthcare System, San Diego, California 92093-0838, USA.
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Haddad A, Bowman GR, Turkewitz AP. New class of cargo protein in Tetrahymena thermophila dense core secretory granules. EUKARYOTIC CELL 2002; 1:583-93. [PMID: 12456006 PMCID: PMC117993 DOI: 10.1128/ec.1.4.583-593.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Regulated exocytosis of dense core secretory granules releases biologically active proteins in a stimulus-dependent fashion. The packaging of the cargo within newly forming granules involves a transition: soluble polypeptides condense to form water-insoluble aggregates that constitute the granule cores. Following exocytosis, the cores generally disassemble to diffuse in the cell environment. The ciliates Tetrahymena thermophila and Paramecium tetraurelia have been advanced as genetically manipulatable systems for studying exocytosis via dense core granules. However, all of the known granule proteins in these organisms condense to form the architectural units of lattices that are insoluble both before and after exocytosis. Using an approach designed to detect new granule proteins, we have now identified Igr1p (induced during granule regeneration). By structural criteria, it is unrelated to the previously characterized lattice-forming proteins. It is distinct in that it is capable of dissociating from the insoluble lattice following secretion and therefore represents the first diffusible protein identified in ciliate granules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Haddad
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
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Chandramohan G, Ni XP, Kalinyak JE, Humphreys MH. Dietary sodium modulates mRNA abundance of enzymes involved in pituitary processing of proopiomelanocortin. Pituitary 2001; 4:231-7. [PMID: 12501973 DOI: 10.1023/a:1020746414046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The messenger RNA abundance of proopiome-lanocortin (POMC) is increased in neurointermediate lobe (NIL) of rat pituitary when ingesting a high sodium diet (8%; HSD), as is the plasma concentration of the natriuretic peptide gamma-melanocyte stimulating hormone (gammay-MSH) derived from it. We examined whether the HSD also increases the mRNA abundance in rat NIL of proconvertases 1 and 2 (PC1, PC2), enzymes involved in the processing of POMC into gamma-MSH. PC1 mRNA increased by 40% after two weeks of the HSD and by 84% after three weeks. PC2 mRNA increased by 40% after two weeks and by more than 3 fold after three weeks. These results for PC2 were confined to NIL as shown by in situ hybridization at one and two weeks, and were accompanied by a significant increase in NIL PC2 protein after three weeks of the HSD as measured by immunoblotting. The increases in PC1 and PC2 mRNA abundance were paralleled by an increase in POMC mRNA level in NIL. Plasma gamma-MSH immunoreactivity averaged 35.1 +/- 3.3 fmol/ml in rats on the LSD, but increased to 70.9 +/- 4.8 fmol/ml after 3 weeks of the HSD (p < 0.002 vs LSD). These results confirm that the HSD increases the plasma concentration of gamma-MSH, consistent with a role for it as a circulating natriuretic peptide. The increased NIL expression of PC1 and PC2 in parallel with POMC in response to the HSD suggests that these changes are part of the coordinated response to states of sodium surfeit.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Chandramohan
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital and University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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Bauer R, Hoflehner J, Doblinger A, Kapeller I, Laslop A. Regulation of the biosynthesis and processing of chromogranins in organotypic slices: influence of depolarization, forskolin and differentiating factors. Eur J Neurosci 2000; 12:2746-56. [PMID: 10971617 DOI: 10.1046/j.1460-9568.2000.00157.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Slices from rat hippocampus in organotypic culture were used to study the biosynthesis regulation of chromogranins A and B and secretogranin II. Additionally, we investigated the proteolytic conversion of secretogranin II and the levels of prohormone convertases putatively involved. Forskolin treatment and depolarization with potassium plus BayK 8644 led to significant increases in secretogranin II mRNA in the principal cells of the hippocampus. Enhanced expression of secretogranin II was also reflected by a rise in peptide levels. Despite this induction of biosynthesis the extensive processing to secretoneurin normally observed in brain was maintained. Both forskolin and depolarization upregulated the prohormone convertase (PC)1, but not PC2, indicating that PC1 levels are critical for secretoneurin production under stimulating conditions. Results obtained for chromogranins A and B were less consistent. For chromogranin A mRNA, changes were restricted to granule cells; for chromogranin B, a response in granule cells was observed to depolarization but not to forskolin, and effects in pyramidal neurons were weak. Accordingly, we were unable to detect alterations in chromogranin A and B protein levels. Furthermore, we tested several neurotrophic growth factors and found that only basic fibroblast growth factor raised secretogranin II expression without affecting chromogranins A and B. The hippocampal slice preparation allowed well controlled treatment with identification of neuronal subpopulations and yielded data largely matching experiments in vivo and in cell culture. The pronounced regulation of secretogranin II and its effective processing underlines the importance of the resulting peptide secretoneurin as an active neuropeptide in the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Bauer
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Innsbruck, Peter-Mayr-Strasse 1a, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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Aunis D. Exocytosis in chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 1998; 181:213-320. [PMID: 9522458 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(08)60419-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The chromaffin cell has been used as a model to characterize releasable components present in secretory granules and to understand the cellular mechanisms involved in catecholamine release. Recent physiological and biochemical developments have revealed that molecular mechanisms implicated in granule trafficking are conserved in all eukaryotic species: a rise in intracellular calcium triggers regulated exocytosis, and highly conserved proteins are essential elements which interact with each other to form a molecular scaffolding, ensuring the docking of granules at the plasma membrane, and perhaps membrane fusion. However, the mechanisms regulating secretion are multiple and cell specific. They operate at different steps along the life of a granule, from the time of granule biosynthesis up to the last step of exocytosis. With regard to cell specificity, noradrenaline and adrenaline chromaffin cells display different receptor and signaling characteristics that may be important to exocytosis. Characterization of regulated exocytosis in chromaffin cells provides not only fundamental knowledge of neurosecretion but is of additional importance as these cells are used for therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Aunis
- Biologie de la Communication Cellulaire, Unité INSERM U-338, Strasbourg, France
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Winkler H, Fischer-Colbrie R. Regulation of the biosynthesis of large dense-core vesicles in chromaffin cells and neurons. Cell Mol Neurobiol 1998; 18:193-209. [PMID: 9535290 DOI: 10.1023/a:1022516919932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
1. The proteins of large dense-core vesicles (LDV) in neuroendocrine tissues are well characterized. Secretory components comprise chromogranins and neuropeptides. Intrinsic membrane proteins include cytochrome b-561, transporters, SV2, synaptotagmin, and synaptobrevin. 2. The effects of stimulation and of second messengers on the biosynthesis of LDV have been studied in detail. 3. Regulation of biosynthesis is complex. The cell can adapt to prolonged stimulation either by producing vesicles of normal size filled with a higher quantum of secretory peptides or by forming larger vesicles. In addition, some components, e.g., enzymes, can be upregulated specifically.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Winkler
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Innsbruck, Austria
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Tsunashima K, Wolkersdorfer M, Schwarzer C, Sperk G, Fischer-Colbrie R. Limbic seizures induce neuropeptide and chromogranin mRNA expression in rat adrenal medulla. BRAIN RESEARCH. MOLECULAR BRAIN RESEARCH 1997; 51:42-8. [PMID: 9427505 DOI: 10.1016/s0169-328x(97)00214-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Rats treated with kainic acid develop limbic seizures and have elevated levels of circulating catecholamines resulting from an extensive stimulation of the adrenal gland. We investigated the levels of several constituents of chromaffin granules in rat adrenal medulla after injection of kainic acid. This treatment increased mRNA steady-state levels of enkephalin, neuropeptide Y and chromogranin B 2-6-fold. Elevated levels of these constituents were found as early as 2 h after treatment and lasted up to 24 h. Chromogranin A and secretogranin II mRNA levels, on the other hand, remained unchanged. Adrenal catecholamine concentrations were reduced by 80%. Pre-treatment of rats with thiopental prior to kainic acid prevented seizures, the decline in catecholamines and the elevation of enkephalin and neuropeptide Y mRNAs but not that of chromogranin B. On the other hand, the peripherally acting ganglionic blocker chlorisondamine did not protect from the kainic acid-induced up-regulation of chromogranin B mRNA, suggesting that chromogranin B mRNA may be regulated by a direct effect of kainic acid on chromaffin cells. The pattern of changes in mRNA expression differed from that seen after insulin hypoglycemia or reserpine treatment. Thus, stimulation of the splanchnic innervation in vivo by various means leads to an individual and independent regulation of granule constituents by quite different mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Tsunashima
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Innsbruck, Austria
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22
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Haddad A, Turkewitz AP. Analysis of exocytosis mutants indicates close coupling between regulated secretion and transcription activation in Tetrahymena. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1997; 94:10675-80. [PMID: 9380694 PMCID: PMC23444 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.94.20.10675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Stimulation of regulated secretory cells promotes protein release via the fusion of cytoplasmic storage vesicles with the plasma membrane. In Tetrahymena thermophila, brief exposure to secretagogue results in synchronous fusion of the entire set of docked dense-core granules with the plasma membrane. We show that stimulation is followed by rapid new dense-core granule synthesis involving gene induction. Two genes encoding granule matrix proteins, GRL1 and GRL4, are shown to undergo induction following stimulation, resulting in approximately 10-fold message accumulation within 1 h. The mechanism of induction involves transcriptional regulation, and the upstream region of GRL1 functions in vivo as an inducible promoter in a heterologous reporter construct using the gene encoding green fluorescent protein. Taking advantage of the characterized exocytosis (exo-) mutants available in this system, we asked whether the signals for regranulation were generated directly by the initial stimulation, or whether downstream events were required for transcription activation. Three mutants, with defects at three distinct stages in the regulated secretory pathway, failed to show induction of GRL1 and GRL4 after exposure to secretagogue. These results argue that regranulation depends upon signals generated by the final steps in exocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Haddad
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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23
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Winkler H. Membrane composition of adrenergic large and small dense cored vesicles and of synaptic vesicles: consequences for their biogenesis. Neurochem Res 1997; 22:921-32. [PMID: 9239747 DOI: 10.1023/a:1022410506476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The membrane proteins of adrenergic large dense cored vesicles, in particular those of chromaffin granules, have been characterized in detail. With the exception of the nucleotide carrier all major peptides have been cloned. There has been a controversy whether these vesicles contain antigens like synaptophysin, synaptotagmin and VAMP or synaptobrevin found in high concentration in synaptic vesicles. One can now conclude that large dense core vesicles also contain these peptides although in lower concentrations. The biosynthesis of large dense core vesicles is analogous to that of other peptide secreting vesicles of the regulated pathway. One cannot yet definitely define the biosynthesis of small dense core vesicles which apparently have a very similar membrane composition to that of large dense core vesicles. They may form directly from large dense core vesicles when their membranes have been retrieved after exocytosis. These membranes may become sorted in an endosomal compartment where peptides may be deleted or added. Such an addition could be derived from synaptophysin-rich vesicles present in adrenergic axons. However small dense core vesicle peptides may also be transported axonally independent of large dense core vesicles. For proving one of these possibilities some crucial experiments have been suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Winkler
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Innsbruck, Austria
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Abstract
vgf is an inducible gene, highly sensitive to nerve growth factor (NGF) and remarkably upregulated in the "early-delayed" phase of response (within a few hours). It encodes a 617-amino acid polypeptide (VGF protein) bearing no significant homology with known sequences and restricted to certain peptide/amine-producing endocrine cells, and neurons (for example, adenohypophysial and adrenal medullary cells, or hypothalamic neuroendocrine neurons). VGF is stored and transported in secretory granules and processed to intermediate-small molecular weight products, which are preferentially released. Striking changes in both VGF mRNA and immunolocalization are found in physiological conditions (for example, estrous cycle) and in experimental models of stimulation affecting hypothalamic and other neurons. Functional roles of VGF are to be sought in secretory granule formation and regulation, and/or in the production of potentially bioactive peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- G L Ferri
- Neuro and Endocrine Research, Department of Cytomorphology, University of Cagliari, Cagliari Italy; Oasi IRCCS, Troina, Italy
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Wolkersdorfer M, Egger C, Laslop A, Fischer-Colbrie R. Nicotine and prostaglandin E induce secretogranin II levels in bovine chromaffin cells. BRAIN RESEARCH. MOLECULAR BRAIN RESEARCH 1996; 38:260-6. [PMID: 8793114 DOI: 10.1016/0169-328x(95)00343-q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis regulation of secretogranin II was investigated in bovine chromaffin cells by treatment with various first messengers. Nicotine and prostaglandin E2 elevated secretogranin II mRNA and protein up to three-fold. Angiotensin II, atrial natriuretic peptide, apomorphine, bradykinin and clonidine on the other hand had no effect. The prostaglandin E induced elevation of secretogranin II mRNA was transduced via the calcium/calmodulin pathway but not via the protein kinase A or C pathways as shown by using specific inhibitors. Exposure of chromaffin cells to drugs specifically activating second messenger pathways both elevated and decreased secretogranin II mRNA. The calcium channel agonist Bay K, forskolin and phorbol esters increased secretogranin II mRNA whereas 8-Br-cGMP repressed the secretogranin II message. Thus, although secretogranin II expression can be altered by all major second messenger transduction systems, regulation of secretogranin II in vivo occurs mainly via the calcium/calmodulin pathway. Chromogranin A and B mRNA were not changed by any of the first messengers investigated indicating a differential synthesis regulation of components co-stored in bovine chromaffin granules.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Wolkersdorfer
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Innsbruck, Austria
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Tschernitz C, Laslop A, Eiter C, Kroesen S, Winkler H. Biosynthesis of large dense-core vesicles in PC12 cells: effects of depolarization and second messengers on the mRNA levels of their constituents. BRAIN RESEARCH. MOLECULAR BRAIN RESEARCH 1995; 31:131-40. [PMID: 7476021 DOI: 10.1016/0169-328x(95)00045-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
mRNA levels of various constituents of large dense-core vesicles were determined in PC12 cells during depolarization and/or in the presence of BayK 8644, forskolin or phorbolester. For the soluble (secretory) proteins of the vesicles the mRNAs of chromogranin A and B, secretogranin II, neuropeptide Y and VGF were analyzed. Depolarization in the presence of BayK induced a strong up-regulation of the messages for chromogranin B, neuropeptide Y and VGF. Addition of forskolin enhanced this response for neuropeptide Y and VGF, phorbolester did the same only for VGF. Partly membrane-bound and membrane-spanning components analyzed were carboxypeptidase H, dopamine beta-hydroxylase and glycoprotein III (clusterin), peptidylglycine alpha-amidating mono-oxygenase and cytochrome b-561, respectively. Changes of mRNAs for these components were in general smaller and delayed. Six days of depolarization caused an up-regulation of glycoprotein III, peptidylglycine alpha-amidating mono-oxygenase and carboxypeptidase H mRNA levels which were not further increased by cyclic AMP and phorbolester. The dopamine beta-hydroxylase message increased after 6 days of depolarization, however, addition of phorbolester reduced this effect. For cytochrome b-561 there was no change after any of the conditions employed. These in vitro results are compared with those obtained for the biosynthesis regulation of large dense-core vesicles under in vivo conditions. It is suggested that in vivo acetylcholine and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide released from splanchnic nerve induce a differential change in the biosynthesis of large dense-core vesicles by acting via calcium and protein kinase A and C.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Tschernitz
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Innsbruck, Austria
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Fischer-Colbrie R, Laslop A, Kirchmair R. Secretogranin II: molecular properties, regulation of biosynthesis and processing to the neuropeptide secretoneurin. Prog Neurobiol 1995; 46:49-70. [PMID: 7568909 DOI: 10.1016/0301-0082(94)00060-u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Secretogranin II is an acidic secretory protein in large dense core vesicles of endocrine, neuroendocrine and neuronal tissues. It comprises, together with chromogranins A and B, the class of proteins collectively called chromogranins. In this review the physico-chemical properties, genomic organization, tissue distribution, synthesis regulation, ontogeny and physiological function of this protein are discussed. Secretogranin II gained interest recently for mainly three reasons: (1) secretogranin II is an excellent marker for the regulated secretory pathway due to its simple and specific metabolic labeling by inorganic sulfate; (2) secretogranin II occurs in a variety of neoplasms arising from endocrine and neuroendocrine cells and was shown to be a useful histological tumor marker for these cells; (3) secretogranin II is the precursor of the recently discovered neuropeptide secretoneurin which induces dopamine release in the striatum of the rat brain.
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