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Dang DK, Duong CX, Nam Y, Shin EJ, Lim YK, Jeong JH, Jang CG, Nah SY, Nabeshima T, Kim HC. Inhibition of protein kinase (PK) Cδattenuates methamphetamine-induced dopaminergic toxicity via upregulation of phosphorylation of tyrosine hydroxylase at Ser40by modulation of protein phosphatase 2A and PKA. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2015; 42:192-201. [DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.12341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Revised: 11/02/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Duy-Khanh Dang
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program; College of Pharmacy; Kangwon National University; Chunchon South Korea
| | - Chu X Duong
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program; College of Pharmacy; Kangwon National University; Chunchon South Korea
- Cantho University of Medicine and Pharmacy; Cantho City Vietnam
| | - Yunsung Nam
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program; College of Pharmacy; Kangwon National University; Chunchon South Korea
| | - Eun-Joo Shin
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program; College of Pharmacy; Kangwon National University; Chunchon South Korea
| | - Yong Kwang Lim
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program; College of Pharmacy; Kangwon National University; Chunchon South Korea
| | - Ji Hoon Jeong
- Department of Pharmacology; College of Medicine; Chung-Ang University; Seoul South Korea
| | - Choon-Gon Jang
- Department of Pharmacology; School of Pharmacy; Sungkyunkwan University; Suwon South Korea
| | - Seung-Yeol Nah
- Department of Physiology; Ginseng Research Laboratory; College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio/Molecular Informatics Center; Konkuk University; Seoul South Korea
| | - Toshitaka Nabeshima
- Department of Chemical Pharmacology; Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Meijo University; Nagoya Japan
| | - Hyoung-Chun Kim
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program; College of Pharmacy; Kangwon National University; Chunchon South Korea
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Yang X, Mertens B, Lehtonen E, Vercammen L, Bockstael O, Chtarto A, Levivier M, Brotchi J, Michotte Y, Baekelandt V, Sarre S, Tenenbaum L. Reversible neurochemical changes mediated by delayed intrastriatal glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor gene delivery in a partial Parkinson's disease rat model. J Gene Med 2009; 11:899-912. [PMID: 19639608 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.1377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Efficient protection of dopaminergic neurons against a subsequent 6-hydroxydopamine lesion by glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) gene delivery has been demonstrated. By contrast, the neurorestorative effects of GDNF administered several weeks after the toxin have been less characterized. In particular, whether these were permanent or dependent on the continuous presence of GDNF remains elusive. METHODS A tetracycline-inducible adeno-associated virus (AAV)-1 vector expressing human GDNF cDNA was administered unilaterally in the rat striatum 5 weeks after 6-hydroxydopamine. Rats were treated with doxycycline (dox) or untreated from the day of vector injection until sacrifice (4 or 14 weeks). A sub-group was dox-treated for 7 weeks then untreated until 14 weeks. The motor behavior was assessed by amphetamine-induced rotations and spontaneous forelimb asymmetry. The amounts of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), serine-40-phosphorylated TH (S40-TH) and aromatic amino acid decarboxylase (AADC) proteins were compared by western blotting and the dopamine levels quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography. RESULTS Dox-dependent behavioral improvements were demonstrated 4 weeks post-vector injection. At later time points, spontaneous partial recovery was observed in all rats, but no further improvement was found in dox-treated animals. TH levels were significantly increased in dox-treated rats at all time points. By contrast, striatal dopamine and S40-TH were increased at 4 weeks, but not 14 weeks, and AADC remained unchanged. Dox withdrawal after 7 weeks, resulted in TH levels comparable to the controls at 14 weeks. CONCLUSIONS Delayed GDNF gene delivery only transiently improved dopaminergic function. Over the long term, TH was more abundant, but not functional, and the increase was lost when GDNF gene expression was switched off.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yang
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurosurgery, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
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Qu N, Wan B, Guo LH. Label-free electrochemical differentiation of phosphorylated and non-phosphorylated peptide by electro-catalyzed tyrosine oxidation. Analyst 2008; 133:1246-9. [DOI: 10.1039/b807133k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Urbanavicius J, Ferreira M, Costa G, Abin-Carriquiry JA, Wonnacott S, Dajas F. Nicotine induces tyrosine hydroxylase plasticity in the neurodegenerating striatum. J Neurochem 2007; 102:723-30. [PMID: 17437548 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2007.04560.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
It has been shown that nicotine prevents the loss of dopamine (DA) in the corpus striatum (CS) after 6-hydroxydopamine injection in the substantia nigra. To study the role of the enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase (TH; EC 1.14.16.2) in this experimental paradigm, we have examined its activity by assessing the accumulation of l-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine after inhibiting the subsequent enzyme in the DA synthetic pathway, aromatic l-amino acid decarboxylase, with 3-hydroxybenzylhydrazine. In addition the amount of TH protein was assessed by western blotting and its distribution in the CS was examined using immunohistochemical methods. 6-hydroxydopamine injection produced a significant decrease in DA levels and l-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine accumulation, as well as decreases in TH protein and TH immunoreactive fibres in the CS. After nicotine treatment, the decrease in TH protein in the CS was significantly reduced, with a concomitant preservation of TH activity, but nicotine did not alter the number of TH immunoreactive fibres. The activity and amount of TH did not change in the contralateral (intact) CS. Thus, nicotine induces long lasting TH plasticity in the degenerating CS. A synergistic action of nicotine-activated and lesion-originated signals appears necessary for the expression of this neuronal molecular plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessika Urbanavicius
- Department of Neurochemistry, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Montevideo, Uruguay
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Cruz-Muros I, Afonso-Oramas D, Abreu P, Barroso-Chinea P, Rodríguez M, González MC, Hernández TG. Aging of the rat mesostriatal system: Differences between the nigrostriatal and the mesolimbic compartments. Exp Neurol 2007; 204:147-61. [PMID: 17112516 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2006.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2006] [Revised: 10/05/2006] [Accepted: 10/09/2006] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The impairment of the mesostriatal dopaminergic system has been considered responsible for motor and affective disturbances associated with aging and a risk factor for Parkinson's disease. However, the basic mechanisms underlying this phenomenon are still unknown. Here we used biochemical, molecular and morphological techniques directed at detecting flaws in the dopamine synthesis route and signs of dopaminergic degeneration in the rat mesostriatal system during normal aging. We found two different age-related processes. One is characterized by a dopa decarboxylase decrease, and involves both the nigrostriatal and mesolimbic compartments, and is responsible for a moderate dopamine loss in the dorsal striatum, where other parameters of dopamine synthesis are not affected. The other is characterized by axonal degeneration with aggregation of phosphorylated forms of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and amyloid precursor protein in degenerate terminals, and alpha-synuclein in their original somata. This process is restricted to mesolimbic regions and is responsible for the decline of TH activity and l-dopa levels and the greater decrease in dopamine levels in this compartment. These findings suggest that both the nigrostriatal and the mesolimbic systems are vulnerable to aging, but in contrast to what occurs in Parkinson's disease, the mesolimbic system is more vulnerable to aging than the nigrostriatal one.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Cruz-Muros
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of La Laguna, Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
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6
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Dunkley PR, Bobrovskaya L, Graham ME, von Nagy-Felsobuki EI, Dickson PW. Tyrosine hydroxylase phosphorylation: regulation and consequences. J Neurochem 2004; 91:1025-43. [PMID: 15569247 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2004.02797.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 351] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The rate-limiting enzyme in catecholamine synthesis is tyrosine hydroxylase. It is phosphorylated at serine (Ser) residues Ser8, Ser19, Ser31 and Ser40 in vitro, in situ and in vivo. A range of protein kinases and protein phosphatases are able to phosphorylate or dephosphorylate these sites in vitro. Some of these enzymes are able to regulate tyrosine hydroxylase phosphorylation in situ and in vivo but the identity of the kinases and phosphatases is incomplete, especially for physiologically relevant stimuli. The stoichiometry of tyrosine hydroxylase phosphorylation in situ and in vivo is low. The phosphorylation of tyrosine hydroxylase at Ser40 increases the enzyme's activity in vitro, in situ and in vivo. Phosphorylation at Ser31 also increases the activity but to a much lesser extent than for Ser40 phosphorylation. The phosphorylation of tyrosine hydroxylase at Ser19 or Ser8 has no direct effect on tyrosine hydroxylase activity. Hierarchical phosphorylation of tyrosine hydroxylase occurs both in vitro and in situ, whereby the phosphorylation at Ser19 increases the rate of Ser40 phosphorylation leading to an increase in enzyme activity. Hierarchical phosphorylation depends on the state of the substrate providing a novel form of control of tyrosine hydroxylase activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter R Dunkley
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia.
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Lindgren N, Xu ZQ, Lindskog M, Herrera-Marschitz M, Goiny M, Haycock J, Goldstein M, Hökfelt T, Fisone G. Regulation of tyrosine hydroxylase activity and phosphorylation at Ser(19) and Ser(40) via activation of glutamate NMDA receptors in rat striatum. J Neurochem 2000; 74:2470-7. [PMID: 10820208 DOI: 10.1046/j.1471-4159.2000.0742470.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The activity of tyrosine hydroxylase, the rate-limiting enzyme in the biosynthesis of dopamine, is stimulated by phosphorylation. In this study, we examined the effects of activation of NMDA receptors on the state of phosphorylation and activity of tyrosine hydroxylase in rat striatal slices. NMDA produced a time-and concentration-dependent increase in the levels of phospho-Ser(19)-tyrosine hydroxylase in nigrostriatal nerve terminals. This increase was not associated with any changes in the basal activity of tyrosine hydroxylase, measured as DOPA accumulation. Forskolin, an activator of adenylyl cyclase, stimulated tyrosine hydroxylase phosphorylation at Ser(40) and caused a significant increase in DOPA accumulation. NMDA reduced forskolin-mediated increases in both Ser(40) phosphorylation and DOPA accumulation. In addition, NMDA reduced the increase in phospho-Ser(40)-tyrosine hydroxylase produced by okadaic acid, an inhibitor of protein phosphatase 1 and 2A, but not by a cyclic AMP analogue, 8-bromo-cyclic AMP. These results indicate that, in the striatum, glutamate decreases tyrosine hydroxylase phosphorylation at Ser(40) via activation of NMDA receptors by reducing cyclic AMP production. They also provide a mechanism for the demonstrated ability of NMDA to decrease tyrosine hydroxylase activity and dopamine synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Lindgren
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Witkovsky P, Gabriel R, Haycock JW, Meller E. Influence of light and neural circuitry on tyrosine hydroxylase phosphorylation in the rat retina. J Chem Neuroanat 2000; 19:105-16. [PMID: 10936746 DOI: 10.1016/s0891-0618(00)00055-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Light has been shown to increase dopamine synthesis and release in vertebrate retinas, but the retinal circuits mediating the light signal are unknown. We utilized three antibodies which recognize phosphorylated forms of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) at serines 19, 31, and 40 to study the effects of light and neuroactive drugs on TH phosphorylation in the rat retina. Phosphorylated TH and total TH immunoreactivities were co-localized exclusively in retinal neurons whose shape and location are characteristic of dopaminergic interplexiform cells. Phosphorylated TH was weak to absent in darkness, but light strongly stimulated phosphorylation in all the three serine residues. Light-induced phosphorylation of TH induction by light was uniformly blocked by a combination of NMDA and AMPA glutamate receptor antagonists. In darkness, the combination of NMDA+AMPA induced phosphosphorylation of TH at serines 19 and 40 but it was weak at serine 31. A GABA(A) antagonist had the same effect. An agonist of depolarizing (ON) bipolar cells, L-(+)-2-amino-4-phosphonobutyric acid, did not prevent light-induced phosphorylated TH formation. Carbachol, a non-specific cholinergic agonist, selectively induced phosphorylation of TH at serine 31 in darkness, an effect which was blocked by the nicotinic antagonist, d-tubocurarine. These results show that retinal circuits involving glutamatergic, GABAergic and cholinergic synapses influence phospho-TH formation at different serine residues in this enzyme. Gamma amino butyric acid (GABA) and glutamate influence TH phosphorylation at serines 19 and 40, whereas cholinergic inputs affect its phosphorylation at serine 31.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Witkovsky
- Department of Ophthalmology, New York University School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, 10016, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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Lew JY, Garcia-Espana A, Lee KY, Carr KD, Goldstein M, Haycock JW, Meller E. Increased site-specific phosphorylation of tyrosine hydroxylase accompanies stimulation of enzymatic activity induced by cessation of dopamine neuronal activity. Mol Pharmacol 1999; 55:202-9. [PMID: 9927609 DOI: 10.1124/mol.55.2.202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of striatal dopamine (DA) neurons by neuroleptic treatment or by electrical stimulation of the nigrostriatal pathway increases the activity of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH). The increase is mediated by phosphorylation of the enzyme. However, abolition of DA neuronal activity [by gamma-butyrolactone (GBL) treatment or transection of the nigrostriatal pathway] also increases TH activity. Quantitative blot immunolabeling experiments using site- and phosphorylation state-specific antibodies to TH demonstrated that GBL treatment (750 mg/kg, 35 min) significantly increased phosphorylation at Ser19 (+40%) and Ser40 (+217%) without altering Ser31 phosphorylation. Concomitantly, GBL treatment [along with the 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (dopa) decarboxylase inhibitor NSD-1015, 100 mg/kg, 30 min] increased in vivo striatal dopa accumulation and in vitro TH activity 3-fold. Likewise, cerebral hemitransection of the nigrostriatal pathway significantly increased phosphorylation of TH at Ser19 (+89%) and Ser40 (+158%) but not at Ser31; dopa levels were increased accordingly (+191%). Kinetic analysis of TH activity established that GBL treatment and hemitransection primarily decreased the Km for the cofactor tetrahydrobiopterin (3-fold). The effects of GBL and hemitransection were abolished or attenuated by pretreatment with the DA agonist R-(-)-N-n-propylnorapomorphine (NPA; 30 microgram/kg, 40 min), presumably via stimulation of inhibitory presynaptic DA autoreceptors. NPA dose-response curves for reversal of GBL-induced dopa accumulation and Ser40 phosphorylation were identical; however, only the highest dose of NPA reversed the small and variable increase in Ser19 phosphorylation. Thus, TH activity seems to be regulated by phosphorylation in both hyper- and hypoactive striatal DA neurons; in the latter case, activation seems to be caused by selective phosphorylation of Ser40.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Y Lew
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
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Yan JX, Packer NH, Gooley AA, Williams KL. Protein phosphorylation: technologies for the identification of phosphoamino acids. J Chromatogr A 1998; 808:23-41. [PMID: 9652109 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(98)00115-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Protein phosphorylation plays a central role in many biological and biomedical phenomena. In this review, while a brief overview of the occurrence and function of protein phosphorylation is given, the primary focus is on studies related to the detection and analysis of phosphorylation both in vivo and in vitro. We focus on phosphorylation of serine, threonine and tyrosine, the most commonly phosphorylated amino acids in eukaryotes. Technologies such as radiolabelling, antibody recognition, chromatographic methods (HPLC, TLC), electrophoresis, Edman sequencing and mass spectrometry are reviewed. We consider the speed, simplicity and sensitivity of tools for detection and identification of protein phosphorylation, as well as quantitation and site characterisation. The limitations of currently available methods are summarised.
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Affiliation(s)
- J X Yan
- Macquarie University Centre for Analytical Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney NSW, Australia
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Zheng J, Zhang P, Hexum TD. Neuropeptide Y inhibits chromaffin cell nicotinic receptor-stimulated tyrosine hydroxylase activity through a receptor-linked G protein-mediated process. Mol Pharmacol 1997; 52:1027-33. [PMID: 9415712 DOI: 10.1124/mol.52.6.1027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Acetylcholine stimulation of bovine chromaffin cells results in increased norepinephrine and epinephrine secretion accompanied by a corresponding increase in synthesis. The addition of neuropeptide Y (NPY) to the culture medium prevents the increase in catecholamine synthesis but not secretion. Treatment of chromaffin cells with nicotine produces a concentration-dependent increase in tyrosine hydroxylase activity (IC50 = 1.2 microM) that is reduced if NPY is present during stimulation. Tyrosine hydroxylase activity decreases in a concentration-dependent fashion if increasing amounts of NPY are included in the culture medium, IC50 = 0.2 nM. Treatment with pertussis toxin completely prevents the effect of NPY. The rank order of potency for inhibition of tyrosine hydroxylase activity is NPY > or = [Leu31,Pro34]NPY > or = peptide YY > NPY2-36 > NPY13-36 > NPY18-36 > or = NPY26-36 >> NPY1-30, suggesting a NPY-Y1 receptor subtype. Examination of the effect of NPY on nicotine stimulation of chromaffin cell protein phosphorylation showed that NPY produces a concentration-dependent decrease in a 60-kDa protein, IC50 = 6.4 nM. The effect of NPY is pertussis toxin-sensitive. The rank order of potency is [Leu31,Pro34]NPY > or = NPY >> NPY18-36. Immunoprecipitation confirmed the identity of the 60-kDa protein as tyrosine hydroxylase.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Zheng
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha 68198-6260, USA
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The Importance of Protein Co- and Post-Translational Modifications in Proteome Projects. PROTEOME RESEARCH: NEW FRONTIERS IN FUNCTIONAL GENOMICS 1997. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-662-03493-4_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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