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Pisoschi AM, Iordache F, Stanca L, Cimpeanu C, Furnaris F, Geicu OI, Bilteanu L, Serban AI. Comprehensive and critical view on the anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory role of natural phenolic antioxidants. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 265:116075. [PMID: 38150963 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.116075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
The immune response encompasses innate and adaptive immunity, each with distinct and specific activities. The innate immune system is constituted by phagocytic cells, macrophages, monocytes and neutrophils, the cascade system, and different classes of receptors such as toll-like receptors that are exploited by the innate immune cells. The adaptive immune system is antigen-specific, encompassing memory lymphocytes and the corresponding specific receptors. Inflammation is understood as an activation of different signaling pathways such as toll-like receptors or nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells, with an increase in nitric oxide, inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Increased oxidative stress has been identified as main source of chronic inflammation. Phenolic antioxidants modulate the activities of lymphocytes and macrophages by impacting cytokines and nitric oxide release, exerting anti-inflammatory effect. The nuclear-factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells signaling pathway and the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway are targeted, alongside an increase in nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor mediated antioxidant response, triggering the activity of antioxidant enzymes. The inhibitive potential on phospholipase A2, cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase in the arachidonic acid pathway, and the subsequent reduction in prostaglandin and leukotriene generation, reveals the potential of phenolics as inflammation antagonists. The immunomodulative potential encompasses the capacity to interfere with proinflammatory cytokine synthesis and with the expression of the corresponding genes. A diet rich in antioxidants can result in prevention of inflammation-related pathologies. More investigations are necessary to establish the role of these antioxidants in therapy. The appropriate delivery system and the prooxidant effects exhibited at large doses, or in the presence of heavy metal cations should be regarded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurelia Magdalena Pisoschi
- University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department Preclinical Sciences, 105 Splaiul Independentei, 050097, Bucharest, Romania.
| | - Florin Iordache
- University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department Preclinical Sciences, 105 Splaiul Independentei, 050097, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Loredana Stanca
- University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department Preclinical Sciences, 105 Splaiul Independentei, 050097, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Carmen Cimpeanu
- University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest, Faculty of Land Reclamation and Environmental Engineering, 59 Marasti Blvd, 011464, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Florin Furnaris
- University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department Preclinical Sciences, 105 Splaiul Independentei, 050097, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ovidiu Ionut Geicu
- University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department Preclinical Sciences, 105 Splaiul Independentei, 050097, Bucharest, Romania; University of Bucharest, Faculty of Biology, Department Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 91-95 Splaiul Independentei, 050095, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Liviu Bilteanu
- Molecular Nanotechnology Laboratory, National Institute for Research and Development in Microtechnologies, 126A, Erou Iancu Nicolae Street, 077190, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Andreea Iren Serban
- University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department Preclinical Sciences, 105 Splaiul Independentei, 050097, Bucharest, Romania; University of Bucharest, Faculty of Biology, Department Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 91-95 Splaiul Independentei, 050095, Bucharest, Romania
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Zhu Y, Tang Y, Huang L, Nguyen M, Liu Y, Robert A, Meunier B. The Specific Copper(II) Chelator TDMQ20 Is Efficient for the Treatment of Wilson's Disease in Mice. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2719. [PMID: 38140060 PMCID: PMC10747306 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15122719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: In patients with Wilson's disease, the deficiency of the copper carrier ATP7B causes the accumulation of copper in the liver, brain and various other organs. Lifelong treatment is therefore mandatory, using copper chelators to increase the excretion of copper and to avoid life-threatening damage. The clinically used reference drug, D-penicillamine, exhibit numerous adverse effects, especially a frequent severe and irreversible neurological worsening, mainly due to its lack of metal selectivity; (2) Methods: A new tetradentate ligand based on an 8-aminoquinoline entity, named TDMQ20, which is highly selective for copper compared with other metal ions, is evaluated in "toxic milk" TX mice as an oral treatment of this Wilson's disease murine model; (3) Results: The concentration of copper in the liver of "toxic milk" TX mice decreased and the fecal excretion of copper increased upon oral treatment with TDMQ20. Both effects are dose-dependent, and more pronounced than those of D-penicillamine; (4) Conclusions: The TDMQ20 copper chelator is more efficient than the reference drug D-penicillamine for the treatment of a Wilson's disease murine model. Pharmacological data obtained with TDMQ20 on the TX mouse model strongly support the selection of this ligand as a drug candidate for this genetic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingshan Zhu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology (GDUT), Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, China; (Y.Z.); (Y.T.); (L.H.)
| | - Ying Tang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology (GDUT), Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, China; (Y.Z.); (Y.T.); (L.H.)
| | - Lan Huang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology (GDUT), Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, China; (Y.Z.); (Y.T.); (L.H.)
| | - Michel Nguyen
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination du CNRS, Inserm ERL 1289, 205 Route de Narbonne, CEDEX 4, 31077 Toulouse, France; (M.N.); (A.R.)
| | - Yan Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology (GDUT), Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, China; (Y.Z.); (Y.T.); (L.H.)
| | - Anne Robert
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination du CNRS, Inserm ERL 1289, 205 Route de Narbonne, CEDEX 4, 31077 Toulouse, France; (M.N.); (A.R.)
| | - Bernard Meunier
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology (GDUT), Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, China; (Y.Z.); (Y.T.); (L.H.)
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination du CNRS, Inserm ERL 1289, 205 Route de Narbonne, CEDEX 4, 31077 Toulouse, France; (M.N.); (A.R.)
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Hall AG, King JC. The Molecular Basis for Zinc Bioavailability. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076561. [PMID: 37047530 PMCID: PMC10095312 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Zinc is an essential micronutrient, and its deficiency is perhaps the most prevalent and least understood worldwide. Recent advances have expanded the understanding of zinc’s unique chemistry and molecular roles in a vast array of critical functions. However, beyond the concept of zinc absorption, few studies have explored the molecular basis of zinc bioavailability that determines the proportion of dietary zinc utilized in zinc-dependent processes in the body. The purpose of this review is to merge the concepts of zinc molecular biology and bioavailability with a focus on the molecular determinants of zinc luminal availability, absorption, transport, and utilization.
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Pierce ES, Barkhaus P, Beauchamp M, Bromberg M, Carter GT, Goslinga J, Greeley D, Kihuwa-Mani S, Levitsky G, Lund I, McDermott C, Pattee G, Pierce K, Polak M, Ratner D, Wicks P, Bedlack R. ALSUntangled #66: antimycobacterial antibiotics. Amyotroph Lateral Scler Frontotemporal Degener 2022:1-5. [PMID: 35913017 DOI: 10.1080/21678421.2022.2104650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Several infections have been associated with motor neuron diseases resembling ALS, including species of viruses, bacteria, and parasites. Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP), most known for its probable etiologic association with Crohn's disease, has been suggested as another possible infectious cause of motor neuron disease. Two published case reports describe the successful treatment of ALS-like symptoms with antimycobacterial antibiotics. Both cases had atypical features. Based on these, we believe it would be reasonable to begin performing chest imaging in PALS who have features of their history or exam that are atypical for ALS such as pain, fevers, or eye movement abnormalities. If the chest imaging is abnormal, more specific testing for mycobacteria may be indicated. Until there is more clear evidence of an association between mycobacteria and ALS, we cannot endorse the widespread use of potentially toxic antimycobacterial antibiotics for PALS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paul Barkhaus
- Department of Neurology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Morgan Beauchamp
- UNC Neurosciences Clinical Trials Unit, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Mark Bromberg
- Department of Neurology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Gregory T Carter
- Department of Rehabilitation, Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, USA
| | - Jill Goslinga
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - David Greeley
- Northwest Neurological Associates, PLLC, Spokane, WA, USA
| | | | | | - Isaac Lund
- Undergraduate, Green Hope High School, Cary, NC, USA
| | | | - Gary Pattee
- Department of Neurology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Kaitlyn Pierce
- Department of Neuroscience, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Meraida Polak
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Emory, GA, USA
| | - Dylan Ratner
- Undergraduate, Longmeadow High School, Longmeadow, MA, USA
| | - Paul Wicks
- Independent Consultant, Lichfield, England, UK
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SOD1 gains pro-oxidant activity upon aberrant oligomerization: change in enzymatic activity by intramolecular disulfide bond cleavage. Sci Rep 2022; 12:11750. [PMID: 35817830 PMCID: PMC9273606 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-15701-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Copper-zinc superoxide dismutase (SOD1) has been proposed as one of the causative proteins of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). The accumulation of non-native conformers, oligomers, and aggregates of SOD1 in motor neurons is considered responsible for this disease. However, it remains unclear which specific feature of these species induces the onset of ALS. In this study, we showed that disulfide-linked oligomers of denatured SOD1 exhibit pro-oxidant activity. Substituting all the cysteine residues in the free thiol state with serine resulted in the loss of both the propensity to oligomerize and the increase in pro-oxidant activity after denaturation. In contrast, these cysteine mutants oligomerized and acquired the pro-oxidant activity after denaturation in the presence of a reductant that cleaves the intramolecular disulfide bond. These results indicate that one of the toxicities of SOD1 oligomers is the pro-oxidant activity induced by scrambling of the disulfide bonds. Small oligomers such as dimers and trimers exhibit stronger pro-oxidant activity than large oligomers and aggregates, consistent with the trend of the cytotoxicity of oligomers and aggregates reported in previous studies. We propose that the cleavage of the intramolecular disulfide bond accompanied by the oligomerization reduces the substrate specificity of SOD1, leading to the non-native enzymatic activity.
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Yoshida S. Therapeutic Strategies and Metal-Induced Oxidative Stress: Application of Synchrotron Radiation Microbeam to Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis in the Kii Peninsula of Japan. Front Neurol 2022; 13:884439. [PMID: 35837234 PMCID: PMC9273737 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.884439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of extensive gene-environment studies on amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and Parkinsonism–dementia complex (PDC) in Guam Island, USA, and the Kii Peninsula of Japan, including Auyu Jakai, West New Guinea, have led us to hypothesize that a prolonged low calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) intake, especially over generation, may cause oxidative stress to motor and nigral neurons by an increased uptake of environment metallic elements, i.e., aluminum (Al), manganese (Mn), and iron (Fe). Otherwise, 5–10% of total ALS cases are familial ALS (fALS), of which 20% of the fALS cases linked to a point mutation of Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD1). In the vicinity of the Kii Peninsula, about 7% of the ALS cases are also linked to the SOD1 mutation. Using synchrotron radiation (SR) microbeam, conglomerate inclusion (SOD1 aggregates) within a spinal motor neuron of the fALS case in the vicinity revealed a loss of copper (Cu) in contrast to extremely high contents of Zinc (Zn) and Ca. That means an exceptionally low Cu/Zn ratio with an increased Ca content, indicating the abnormalities of the active site of SOD1 protein of the fALS. Furthermore, sALS in the southernmost high incidence areas of the Kii Peninsula showed a low Cu/Zn ratio within a motor neuron, suggesting a fragility of SOD1 proteins. From the perspective of gene–environment interactions, the above two research trends may show a common oxidative stress underlying the neuronal degenerative process of ALS/PDC in the Kii Peninsula of Japan. Therefore, it is a crucial point for the prospect of therapeutic strategy to clarify a role of transition metals in the oxidative process in both ALS/PDC, including ALS elsewhere in the world. This paper reviews a history of the genetic epidemiological studies, especially from the aspect of gene–environment interaction, on ALS/PDC in the Kii and Guam high incidence foci and the results of a series of analytical research on trace metallic elements within neurons of both sALS and fALS cases, especially using a synchrotron radiation (SR) microbeam of Spring-8 and Photon Factory of Japan. The SR microbeam is an ideal X-ray source, which supplies an extremely high brilliance (high-intensity photon) and tunability (energy variability) to investigate trace metallic elements contained in biological specimens at the cellular level, even more without any damages. This research will provide a valuable information about the mechanism of oxidative stress involved in neuronal cell death in ALS and related neurodegenerative disorders. To elucidate the physicochemical mechanism of the oxidative process in neuronal degeneration, it will shed a new light on the therapeutic strategies for ALS/PDC in near future.
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Garg P, Semmler S, Baudouin C, Velde CV, Plotkin SS. Misfolding-Associated Exposure of Natively Buried Residues in Mutant SOD1 Facilitates Binding to TRAF6. J Mol Biol 2022; 434:167697. [PMID: 35753527 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2022.167697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/18/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease primarily impacting motor neurons. Mutations in superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) are the second most common cause of familial ALS. Several of these mutations lead to misfolding or toxic gain of function in the SOD1 protein. Recently, we reported that misfolded SOD1 interacts with TNF receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6) in the SOD1G93A rat model of ALS. Further, we showed in cultured cells that several mutant SOD1 proteins, but not wildtype SOD1 protein, interact with TRAF6 via the MATH domain. Here, we sought to uncover the structural details of this interaction through molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of a dimeric model system, coarse grained using the AWSEM force field. We used direct MD simulations to identify buried residues, and predict binding poses by clustering frames from the trajectories. Metadynamics simulations were also used to deduce preferred binding regions on the protein surfaces from the potential of the mean force in orientation space. Well-folded SOD1 was found to bind TRAF6 via co-option of its native homodimer interface. However, if loops IV and VII of SOD1 were disordered, as typically occurs in the absence of stabilizing Zn2+ ion binding, these disordered loops now participated in novel interactions with TRAF6. On TRAF6, multiple interaction hot-spots were distributed around the equatorial region of the MATH domain beta barrel. Expression of TRAF6 variants with mutations in this region in cultured cells demonstrated that TRAF6T475 facilitates interaction with different SOD1 mutants. These findings contribute to our understanding of the disease mechanism and uncover potential targets for the development of therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pranav Garg
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Sabrina Semmler
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec H3A 2B4, Canada; Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Charlotte Baudouin
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec H2X 0A9, Canada; Université Catholique de Louvain, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Christine Vande Velde
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec H2X 0A9, Canada; Department of Neurosciences, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Steven S Plotkin
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada; Genome Sciences and Technology Program, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada.
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Liu Y, Bao Z, Lin Z, Xue Q. Genome-wide identification and characterization of superoxide dismutases in four oyster species reveals functional differentiation in response to biotic and abiotic stress. BMC Genomics 2022; 23:378. [PMID: 35585505 PMCID: PMC9118643 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-022-08610-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Oysters inhabit in the intertidal zone and may be suffered from environmental stresses, which can increase the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), resulting in mass mortality. Superoxide dismutases (SODs) protect oysters from ROS damage through different mechanisms compared with vertebrates. However, the molecular and functional differentiation in oyster SODs were rarely analyzed. Result In this study, a total of 13, 13, 10, and 8 candidate SODs were identified in the genome of Crassostrea gigas, Crassostrea virginica, Crassostrea hongkongensis, and Saccostrea glomerata respectively. The domain composition, gene structure, subcellular locations, conserved ligands, and cis-elements elucidated the SODs into five groups (Mn-SODs, Cu-only-SODs, Cu/Zn ion ligand Cu/Zn-SOD with enzyme activity, Zn-only-SODs, and no ligand metal ions Cu/Zn-SODs). For single domain Cu/Zn-SODs, only one cytosolic Cu/Zn-SOD (cg_XM_034479061.1) may conserve enzymatic activity while most extracellular Cu/Zn-SOD proteins appeared to lose SOD enzyme activity according to conserved ligand amino acid analysis and expression pattern under biotic and abiotic stress in C. gigas. Further, multi-domain-SODs were identified and some of them were expressed in response to biotic and abiotic stressors in C. gigas. Moreover, the expression patterns of these genes varied in response to different stressors, which may be due to the cis-elements in the gene promoter. Conclusion These findings revealed the most extracellular Cu/Zn-SOD proteins appeared to lose SOD enzyme activity in oysters. Further, our study revealed that only one cytosolic Cu/Zn-SOD (cg_XM_034479061.1) may conserve enzymatic activity of SOD. Moreover, the expression patterns of these genes varied in response to different stressors, which may be due to the cis-elements in the promoter. This study provides important insights into the mechanisms through which oysters adapt to harsh intertidal conditions, as well as potential biomarkers of stress response in related species. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-022-08610-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youli Liu
- Ninghai Institute of Mariculture Breeding and Seed Industry, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ninghai, 315604, China.,Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Aquatic Germplasm Resource, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo, 315100, China.,College of Marine life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China
| | - Zhenmin Bao
- College of Marine life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China
| | - Zhihua Lin
- Ninghai Institute of Mariculture Breeding and Seed Industry, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ninghai, 315604, China. .,Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Aquatic Germplasm Resource, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo, 315100, China.
| | - Qinggang Xue
- Ninghai Institute of Mariculture Breeding and Seed Industry, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ninghai, 315604, China. .,Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Aquatic Germplasm Resource, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo, 315100, China.
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Evaluation of Zn2+- and Cu2+-Binding Affinities of Native Cu,Zn-SOD1 and Its G93A Mutant by LC-ICP MS. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27103160. [PMID: 35630637 PMCID: PMC9142952 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27103160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The tight binding of Cu and Zn ions to superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) maintains the protein stability, associated with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Yet, the quantitative studies remain to be explored for the metal-binding affinity of wild-type SOD1 and its mutants. We have investigated the demetallation of Cu,Zn-SOD1 and its ALS-related G93A mutant in the presence of different standard metal ion chelators at varying temperatures by using an LC-ICP MS-based approach and fast size-exclusion chromatography. Our results showed that from the slow first-order kinetics both metal ions Zn2+ and Cu2+ were released simultaneously from the protein at elevated temperatures. The rate of the release depends on the concentration of chelating ligands but is almost independent of their metal-binding affinities. Similar studies with the G93A mutant of Cu,Zn-SOD1 revealed slightly faster metal-release. The demetallation of Cu,Zn-SOD1 comes always to completion, which hindered the calculation of the KD values. From the Arrhenius plots of the demetallation in the absence of chelators ΔH‡ = 173 kJ/mol for wt and 191 kJ/mol for G93A mutant Cu,Zn-SOD1 was estimated. Obtained high ΔH values are indicative of the occurrence of protein conformational changes before demetallation and we concluded that Cu,Zn-SOD1 complex is in native conditions kinetically inert. The fibrillization of both forms of SOD1 was similar.
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Chandler CE, Hernandez FG, Totten M, Robinett NG, Schatzman SS, Zhang SX, Culotta VC. Biochemical Analysis of CaurSOD4, a Potential Therapeutic Target for the Emerging Fungal Pathogen Candida auris. ACS Infect Dis 2022; 8:584-595. [PMID: 35179882 PMCID: PMC9906785 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.1c00590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Candida auris is an emerging multidrug-resistant fungal pathogen. With high mortality rates, there is an urgent need for new antifungals to combat C. auris. Possible antifungal targets include Cu-only superoxide dismutases (SODs), extracellular SODs that are unique to fungi and effectively combat the superoxide burst of host immunity. Cu-only SODs are essential for the virulence of diverse fungal pathogens; however, little is understood about these enzymes in C. auris. We show here that C. auris secretes an enzymatically active Cu-only SOD (CaurSOD4) when cells are starved for Fe, a condition mimicking host environments. Although predicted to attach to cell walls, CaurSOD4 is detected as a soluble extracellular enzyme and can act at a distance to remove superoxide. CaurSOD4 selectively binds Cu and not Zn, and Cu binding is labile compared to bimetallic Cu/Zn SODs. Moreover, CaurSOD4 is susceptible to inhibition by various metal-binding drugs that are without effect on mammalian Cu/Zn SODs. Our studies highlight CaurSOD4 as a potential antifungal target worthy of consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney E Chandler
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - Francisco G Hernandez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - Marissa Totten
- Divsion of Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Division of Microbiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, United States
| | - Natalie G Robinett
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - Sabrina S Schatzman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - Sean X Zhang
- Divsion of Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Division of Microbiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, United States
| | - Valeria C Culotta
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
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Abstract
Zn2+ ions are essential in many physiological processes, including enzyme catalysis, protein structural stabilization, and the regulation of many proteins. The affinities of proteins for Zn2+ ions span several orders of magnitude, with catalytic Zn2+ ions generally held more tightly than structural or regulatory ones. Metal carrier proteins, most of which are not specific for Zn2+, bind these ions with a broad range of affinities that overlap those of catalytic, structural, and regulatory Zn2+ ions and are thought to be responsible for distributing the metal through most cells, tissues, and fluid compartments. While little is known about how many proteins obtain or release these ions, there is now considerable experimental evidence suggesting that metal carrier proteins may be responsible for transferring metals to and from some Zn2+-dependent proteins, thus serving as a major regulatory factor for them. In this review, the biological roles of Zn2+ and structures of Zn2+ binding sites are examined, and experimental evidence demonstrating the direct participation of metal carrier proteins in enzyme regulation is discussed. Mechanisms of metal ion transfer are also offered, and the potential physiological significance of this phenomenon is explored.
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Franklin R, Hare M, Beckman JS. Determining Copper and Zinc Content in Superoxide Dismutase Using Electron Capture Dissociation Under Native Spray Conditions. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2500:201-210. [PMID: 35657595 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2325-1_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Localizing metal binding to specific sites in proteins remains a challenging analytical problem in vitro and in vivo. Although metal binding can be maintained by "native" electrospray ionization with intact proteins for quantitation by mass spectrometry, subsequent fragmentation of proteins with slow-heating methods like collision-induced dissociation (CID) can scramble and detach metals. In contrast, electron capture dissociation (ECD) fragmentation produces highly localized bond cleavage that is well known to preserve posttranslational modifications. We show how a newly available ECD tool that can be retrofitted on standard QTOF mass spectrometers allows the sites of copper and zinc binding to be localized in the antioxidant enzyme Cu, Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD1). The loss of zinc from Cu, Zn SOD1 has been shown to induce motor neuron death and could have a causal role in the fatal neurodegenerative disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). The methods described enable copper loss to be distinguished from zinc using distinct ECD fragments of SOD1 and are broadly applicable to other metalloproteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Franklin
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | | | - Joseph S Beckman
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA.
- e-MSion Inc., Corvallis, OR, USA.
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13
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Folarin OR, Olopade FE, Olopade JO. Essential Metals in the Brain and the Application of Laser Ablation-Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry for their Detection. Niger J Physiol Sci 2021; 36:123-147. [PMID: 35947740 DOI: 10.54548/njps.v36i2.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Metals are natural component of the ecosystem present throughout the layers of atmosphere; their abundant expression in the brain indicates their importance in the central nervous system (CNS). Within the brain tissue, their distribution is highly compartmentalized, the pattern of which is determined by their primary roles. Bio-imaging of the brain to reveal spatial distribution of metals within specific regions has provided a unique understanding of brain biochemistry and architecture, linking both the structures and the functions through several metal mediated activities. Bioavailability of essential trace metal is needed for normal brain function. However, disrupted metal homeostasis can influence several biochemical pathways in different fields of metabolism and cause characteristic neurological disorders with a typical disease process usually linked with aberrant metal accumulations. In this review we give a brief overview of roles of key essential metals (Iron, Copper and Zinc) including their molecular mechanisms and bio-distribution in the brain as well as their possible involvement in the pathogenesis of related neurodegenerative diseases. In addition, we also reviewed recent applications of Laser Ablation Inductively Couple Plasma Mass Spectrophotometry (LA-ICP-MS) in the detection of both toxic and essential metal dyshomeostasis in neuroscience research and other related brain diseases.
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14
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Hydrogen Peroxide and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: From Biochemistry to Pathophysiology. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 11:antiox11010052. [PMID: 35052556 PMCID: PMC8773294 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11010052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Free radicals are unstable chemical reactive species produced during Redox dyshomeostasis (RDH) inside living cells and are implicated in the pathogenesis of various neurodegenerative diseases. One of the most complicated and life-threatening motor neurodegenerative diseases (MND) is amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) because of the poor understanding of its pathophysiology and absence of an effective treatment for its cure. During the last 25 years, researchers around the globe have focused their interest on copper/zinc superoxide dismutase (Cu/Zn SOD, SOD1) protein after the landmark discovery of mutant SOD1 (mSOD1) gene as a risk factor for ALS. Substantial evidence suggests that toxic gain of function due to redox disturbance caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS) changes the biophysical properties of native SOD1 protein thus, instigating its fibrillization and misfolding. These abnormal misfolding aggregates or inclusions of SOD1 play a role in the pathogenesis of both forms of ALS, i.e., Sporadic ALS (sALS) and familial ALS (fALS). However, what leads to a decrease in the stability and misfolding of SOD1 is still in question and our scientific knowledge is scarce. A large number of studies have been conducted in this area to explore the biochemical mechanistic pathway of SOD1 aggregation. Several studies, over the past two decades, have shown that the SOD1-catalyzed biochemical reaction product hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) at a pathological concentration act as a substrate to trigger the misfolding trajectories and toxicity of SOD1 in the pathogenesis of ALS. These toxic aggregates of SOD1 also cause aberrant localization of TAR-DNA binding protein 43 (TDP-43), which is characteristic of neuronal cytoplasmic inclusions (NCI) found in ALS. Here in this review, we present the evidence implicating the pivotal role of H2O2 in modulating the toxicity of SOD1 in the pathophysiology of the incurable and highly complex disease ALS. Also, highlighting the role of H2O2 in ALS, we believe will encourage scientists to target pathological concentrations of H2O2 thereby halting the misfolding of SOD1.
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15
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Planeta Kepp K. Bioinorganic Chemistry of Zinc in Relation to the Immune System. Chembiochem 2021; 23:e202100554. [PMID: 34889510 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202100554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Zinc is well-known to have a central role in human inflammation and immunity and is itself an anti-inflammatory and antiviral agent. Despite its massively documented role in such processes, the underlying chemistry of zinc in relation to specific proteins and pathways of the immune system has not received much focus. This short review provides an overview of this topic, with emphasis on the structures of key proteins, zinc coordination chemistry, and probable mechanisms involved in zinc-based immunity, with some focus points for future chemical and biological research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasper Planeta Kepp
- DTU Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Building 206, 2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
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16
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Abstract
The functions, purposes, and roles of metallothioneins have been the subject of speculations since the discovery of the protein over 60 years ago. This article guides through the history of investigations and resolves multiple contentions by providing new interpretations of the structure-stability-function relationship. It challenges the dogma that the biologically relevant structure of the mammalian proteins is only the one determined by X-ray diffraction and NMR spectroscopy. The terms metallothionein and thionein are ambiguous and insufficient to understand biological function. The proteins need to be seen in their biological context, which limits and defines the chemistry possible. They exist in multiple forms with different degrees of metalation and types of metal ions. The homoleptic thiolate coordination of mammalian metallothioneins is important for their molecular mechanism. It endows the proteins with redox activity and a specific pH dependence of their metal affinities. The proteins, therefore, also exist in different redox states of the sulfur donor ligands. Their coordination dynamics allows a vast conformational landscape for interactions with other proteins and ligands. Many fundamental signal transduction pathways regulate the expression of the dozen of human metallothionein genes. Recent advances in understanding the control of cellular zinc and copper homeostasis are the foundation for suggesting that mammalian metallothioneins provide a highly dynamic, regulated, and uniquely biological metal buffer to control the availability, fluctuations, and signaling transients of the most competitive Zn(II) and Cu(I) ions in cellular space and time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artur Krężel
- Department of Chemical Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, Wrocław 50-383, Poland
| | - Wolfgang Maret
- Departments of Biochemistry and Nutritional Sciences, School of Life Course Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London SE1 9NH, U.K
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17
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Timucin AC, Cinaroglu SS, Sezerman OU, Timucin E. Bridging the Bridging Imidazolate in the Bimetallic Center of the Cu/Zn SOD1 and ALS. Front Chem 2021; 9:716438. [PMID: 34540798 PMCID: PMC8446448 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.716438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Metallation status of human Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). All of the amino acids found in the bimetallic center have been associated with ALS except for two positions. H63 which forms the bridging imidazolate ion in the bimetallic center and K136 which is not directly involved in coordination but located in the bimetallic center were not reported to be mutated in any of the identified ALS cases. In this study, we investigated the structure and flexibility of five SOD1 variants by using classical molecular dynamics simulations. These variants include three substitutions on the non-ALS-linked positions; H63A, H63R, K136A and ALS-linked positions; G37R, H46R/H48D. We have generated four systems for each variant differing in metallation and presence of the intramolecular disulfide bond. Overall, a total of 24 different dimers including the wild-type were generated and simulated at two temperatures, 298 and 400 K. We have monitored backbone mobility, fluctuations and compactness of the dimer structures to assess whether the hypothetical mutations would behave similar to the ALS-linked variants. Results showed that particularly two mutants, H63R and K136A, drastically affected the dimer dynamics by increasing the fluctuations of the metal binding loops compared with the control mutations. Further, these variants resulted in demetallation of the dimers, highlighting probable ALS toxicity that could be elicited by the SOD1 variants of H63R and K136A. Overall, this study bridges two putative SOD1 positions in the metallic center and ALS, underlining the potential use of atomistic simulations for studying disease variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmet Can Timucin
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Acibadem MAA University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Osman Ugur Sezerman
- Department of Medical Informatics and Biostatistics, School of Medicine, Acibadem MAA University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Emel Timucin
- Department of Medical Informatics and Biostatistics, School of Medicine, Acibadem MAA University, Istanbul, Turkey
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18
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Maung MT, Carlson A, Olea-Flores M, Elkhadragy L, Schachtschneider KM, Navarro-Tito N, Padilla-Benavides T. The molecular and cellular basis of copper dysregulation and its relationship with human pathologies. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21810. [PMID: 34390520 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202100273rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Copper (Cu) is an essential micronutrient required for the activity of redox-active enzymes involved in critical metabolic reactions, signaling pathways, and biological functions. Transporters and chaperones control Cu ion levels and bioavailability to ensure proper subcellular and systemic Cu distribution. Intensive research has focused on understanding how mammalian cells maintain Cu homeostasis, and how molecular signals coordinate Cu acquisition and storage within organs. In humans, mutations of genes that regulate Cu homeostasis or facilitate interactions with Cu ions lead to numerous pathologic conditions. Malfunctions of the Cu+ -transporting ATPases ATP7A and ATP7B cause Menkes disease and Wilson disease, respectively. Additionally, defects in the mitochondrial and cellular distributions and homeostasis of Cu lead to severe neurodegenerative conditions, mitochondrial myopathies, and metabolic diseases. Cu has a dual nature in carcinogenesis as a promotor of tumor growth and an inducer of redox stress in cancer cells. Cu also plays role in cancer treatment as a component of drugs and a regulator of drug sensitivity and uptake. In this review, we provide an overview of the current knowledge of Cu metabolism and transport and its relation to various human pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- May T Maung
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT, USA
| | - Alyssa Carlson
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT, USA
| | - Monserrat Olea-Flores
- Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Guerrero, Mexico
| | - Lobna Elkhadragy
- Department of Radiology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Kyle M Schachtschneider
- Department of Radiology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Genetics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,National Center for Supercomputing Applications, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Napoleon Navarro-Tito
- Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Guerrero, Mexico
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19
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Obrador E, Salvador-Palmer R, López-Blanch R, Jihad-Jebbar A, Vallés SL, Estrela JM. The Link between Oxidative Stress, Redox Status, Bioenergetics and Mitochondria in the Pathophysiology of ALS. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22126352. [PMID: 34198557 PMCID: PMC8231819 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is the most common neurodegenerative disease of the motor system. It is characterized by the degeneration of both upper and lower motor neurons, which leads to muscle weakness and paralysis. ALS is incurable and has a bleak prognosis, with median survival of 3-5 years after the initial symptomatology. In ALS, motor neurons gradually degenerate and die. Many features of mitochondrial dysfunction are manifested in neurodegenerative diseases, including ALS. Mitochondria have shown to be an early target in ALS pathophysiology and contribute to disease progression. Disruption of their axonal transport, excessive generation of reactive oxygen species, disruption of the mitochondrial structure, dynamics, mitophagy, energy production, calcium buffering and apoptotic triggering have all been directly involved in disease pathogenesis and extensively reported in ALS patients and animal model systems. Alterations in energy production by motor neurons, which severely limit their survival capacity, are tightly linked to the redox status and mitochondria. The present review focuses on this link. Placing oxidative stress as a main pathophysiological mechanism, the molecular interactions and metabolic flows involved are analyzed. This leads to discussing potential therapeutic approaches targeting mitochondrial biology to slow disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Obrador
- Correspondence: (E.O.); (J.M.E.); Tel.: +34-963864646 (J.M.E.)
| | | | | | | | | | - José M. Estrela
- Correspondence: (E.O.); (J.M.E.); Tel.: +34-963864646 (J.M.E.)
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20
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Mortada I, Farah R, Nabha S, Ojcius DM, Fares Y, Almawi WY, Sadier NS. Immunotherapies for Neurodegenerative Diseases. Front Neurol 2021; 12:654739. [PMID: 34163421 PMCID: PMC8215715 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.654739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The current treatments for neurodegenerative diseases are mostly symptomatic without affecting the underlying cause of disease. Emerging evidence supports a potential role for immunotherapy in the management of disease progression. Numerous reports raise the exciting prospect that either the immune system or its derivative components could be harnessed to fight the misfolded and aggregated proteins that accumulate in several neurodegenerative diseases. Passive and active vaccinations using monoclonal antibodies and specific antigens that induce adaptive immune responses are currently under evaluation for their potential use in the development of immunotherapies. In this review, we aim to shed light on prominent immunotherapeutic strategies being developed to fight neuroinflammation-induced neurodegeneration, with a focus on innovative immunotherapies such as vaccination therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Mortada
- Neuroscience Research Center, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Raymond Farah
- Neuroscience Research Center, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Sanaa Nabha
- Neuroscience Research Center, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - David M Ojcius
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of the Pacific, Arthur Dugoni School of Dentistry, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Youssef Fares
- Neuroscience Research Center, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Wassim Y Almawi
- College of Health Sciences, Abu Dhabi University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Najwane Said Sadier
- Neuroscience Research Center, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon.,College of Health Sciences, Abu Dhabi University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
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21
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Wells NGM, Tillinghast GA, O'Neil AL, Smith CA. Free energy calculations of ALS-causing SOD1 mutants reveal common perturbations to stability and dynamics along the maturation pathway. Protein Sci 2021; 30:1804-1817. [PMID: 34076319 DOI: 10.1002/pro.4132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
With over 150 heritable mutations identified as disease-causative, superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) has been a main target of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) research and therapeutic efforts. However, recent evidence has suggested that neither loss of function nor protein aggregation is responsible for promoting neurotoxicity. Furthermore, there is no clear pattern to the nature or the location of these mutations that could suggest a molecular mechanism behind SOD1-linked ALS. Here, we utilize reliable and accurate computational techniques to predict the perturbations of 10 such mutations to the free energy changes of SOD1 as it matures from apo monomer to metallated dimer. We find that the free energy perturbations caused by these mutations strongly depend on maturational progress, indicating the need for state-specific therapeutic targeting. We also find that many mutations exhibit similar patterns of perturbation to native and non-native maturation, indicating strong thermodynamic coupling between the dynamics at various sites of maturation within SOD1. These results suggest the presence of an allosteric network in SOD1 which is vulnerable to disruption by these mutations. Analysis of these perturbations may contribute to uncovering a unifying molecular mechanism which explains SOD1-linked ALS and help to guide future therapeutic efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas G M Wells
- Department of Chemistry, Wesleyan University, Middletown, Connecticut, USA
| | - Grant A Tillinghast
- Department of Chemistry, Wesleyan University, Middletown, Connecticut, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York City, USA
| | - Alison L O'Neil
- Department of Chemistry, Wesleyan University, Middletown, Connecticut, USA
| | - Colin A Smith
- Department of Chemistry, Wesleyan University, Middletown, Connecticut, USA
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22
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Bovio F, Sciandrone B, Urani C, Fusi P, Forcella M, Regonesi ME. Superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) and cadmium: A three models approach to the comprehension of its neurotoxic effects. Neurotoxicology 2021; 84:125-135. [PMID: 33774064 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2021.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) is a widespread toxic environmental contaminant, released by anthropogenic activities. It interferes with essential metal ions homeostasis and affects protein structures and functions by substituting zinc, copper and iron. In this study, the effect of cadmium on SOD1, a CuZn metalloenzyme catalyzing superoxide conversion into hydrogen peroxide, has been investigated in three different biological models. We first evaluated the effects of cadmium combined with copper and/or zinc on the recombinant GST-SOD1, expressed in E. coli BL21. The enzyme activity and expression were investigated in the presence of fixed copper and/or zinc doses with different cadmium concentrations, in the cellular medium. Cadmium caused a dose-dependent reduction in SOD1 activity, while the expression remains constant. Similar results were obtained in the cellular model represented by the human SH-SY5Y neuronal cell line. After cadmium treatment for 24 and 48 h, SOD1 enzymatic activity decreased in a dose- and time-dependent way, while the protein expression remained constant. Finally, a 16 h cadmium treatment caused a 25 % reduction of CuZn-SOD activity without affecting the protein expression in the Caenorhabditis elegans model. Taken together our results show an inhibitory effect of cadmium on SOD1 enzymatic activity, without affecting the protein expression, in all the biological models used, suggesting that cadmium can displace zinc from the enzyme catalytic site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Bovio
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza, 2, 20126, Milan, Italy
| | - Barbara Sciandrone
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza, 2, 20126, Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Urani
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 1, 20126, Milan, Italy; Integrated Models for Prevention and Protection in Environmental and Occupational Health, (MISTRAL), Interuniversity Research Center, Italy
| | - Paola Fusi
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza, 2, 20126, Milan, Italy; Integrated Models for Prevention and Protection in Environmental and Occupational Health, (MISTRAL), Interuniversity Research Center, Italy.
| | - Matilde Forcella
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza, 2, 20126, Milan, Italy.
| | - Maria Elena Regonesi
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza, 2, 20126, Milan, Italy; Milan Center of Neuroscience (NeuroMI), 20126, Milan, Italy
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23
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Mulligan VK, Kang CS, Sawaya MR, Rettie S, Li X, Antselovich I, Craven TW, Watkins AM, Labonte JW, DiMaio F, Yeates TO, Baker D. Computational design of mixed chirality peptide macrocycles with internal symmetry. Protein Sci 2021; 29:2433-2445. [PMID: 33058266 PMCID: PMC7679966 DOI: 10.1002/pro.3974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Cyclic symmetry is frequent in protein and peptide homo‐oligomers, but extremely rare within a single chain, as it is not compatible with free N‐ and C‐termini. Here we describe the computational design of mixed‐chirality peptide macrocycles with rigid structures that feature internal cyclic symmetries or improper rotational symmetries inaccessible to natural proteins. Crystal structures of three C2‐ and C3‐symmetric macrocycles, and of six diverse S2‐symmetric macrocycles, match the computationally‐designed models with backbone heavy‐atom RMSD values of 1 Å or better. Crystal structures of an S4‐symmetric macrocycle (consisting of a sequence and structure segment mirrored at each of three successive repeats) designed to bind zinc reveal a large‐scale zinc‐driven conformational change from an S4‐symmetric apo‐state to a nearly inverted S4‐symmetric holo‐state almost identical to the design model. These symmetric structures provide promising starting points for applications ranging from design of cyclic peptide based metal organic frameworks to creation of high affinity binders of symmetric protein homo‐oligomers. More generally, this work demonstrates the power of computational design for exploring symmetries and structures not found in nature, and for creating synthetic switchable systems. PDB Code(s): 6UFU, 6UG2, 6UG3, 6UG6, 6UGB, 6UGC, 6UCX, 6UD9, 6UDR, 6UDW, 6UDZ, 6UF4, 6UF7, 6UF8, 6UFA and 6UF9;
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikram Khipple Mulligan
- Systems Biology, Center for Computational Biology, Flatiron Institute, New York, New York, USA.,Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Christine S Kang
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Michael R Sawaya
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California-Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, California, USA.,UCLA-Department of Energy (DOE) Institute for Genomics and Proteomics, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Stephen Rettie
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Xinting Li
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Inna Antselovich
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California-Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, California, USA.,UCLA-Department of Energy (DOE) Institute for Genomics and Proteomics, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Timothy W Craven
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Andrew M Watkins
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Jason W Labonte
- Department of Chemistry, Franklin & Marshall College, Lancaster, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Frank DiMaio
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Todd O Yeates
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California-Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, California, USA.,UCLA-Department of Energy (DOE) Institute for Genomics and Proteomics, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - David Baker
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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24
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The Two-Component System CopRS Maintains Subfemtomolar Levels of Free Copper in the Periplasm of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Using a Phosphatase-Based Mechanism. mSphere 2020; 5:5/6/e01193-20. [PMID: 33361129 PMCID: PMC7763554 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.01193-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Copper is a micronutrient required as cofactor in redox enzymes. When free, copper is toxic, mismetallating proteins and generating damaging free radicals. Two-component systems control periplasmic Cu+ homeostasis in Gram-negative bacteria. In characterized systems such as Escherichia coli CusRS, upon Cu+ binding to the periplasmic sensing region of CusS, a cytoplasmic phosphotransfer domain of the sensor phosphorylates the response regulator CusR. This drives the expression of efflux transporters, chaperones, and redox enzymes to ameliorate metal toxic effects. Here, we show that the Pseudomonas aeruginosa two-component sensor histidine kinase CopS exhibits a Cu-dependent phosphatase activity that maintains CopR in a nonphosphorylated state when the periplasmic Cu levels are below the activation threshold of CopS. Upon Cu+ binding to the sensor, the phosphatase activity is blocked and the phosphorylated CopR activates transcription of the CopRS regulon. Supporting the model, mutagenesis experiments revealed that the ΔcopS strain exhibits maximal expression of the CopRS regulon, lower intracellular Cu+ levels, and increased Cu tolerance compared to wild-type cells. The invariant phosphoacceptor residue His235 of CopS was not required for the phosphatase activity itself but was necessary for its Cu dependency. To sense the metal, the periplasmic domain of CopS binds two Cu+ ions at its dimeric interface. Homology modeling of CopS based on CusS structure (four Ag+ binding sites) clearly supports the different binding stoichiometries in the two systems. Interestingly, CopS binds Cu+/2+ with 3 × 10−14 M affinity, pointing to the absence of free (hydrated) Cu+/2+ in the periplasm. IMPORTANCE Copper is a micronutrient required as cofactor in redox enzymes. When free, copper is toxic, mismetallating proteins and generating damaging free radicals. Consequently, copper overload is a strategy that eukaryotic cells use to combat pathogens. Bacteria have developed copper-sensing transcription factors to control copper homeostasis. The cell envelope is the first compartment that has to cope with copper stress. Dedicated two-component systems control the periplasmic response to metal overload. This paper shows that the sensor kinase of the copper-sensing two-component system present in Pseudomonadales exhibits a signal-dependent phosphatase activity controlling the activation of its cognate response regulator, distinct from previously described periplasmic Cu sensors. Importantly, the data show that the system is activated by copper levels compatible with the absence of free copper in the cell periplasm. These observations emphasize the diversity of molecular mechanisms that have evolved in bacteria to manage the copper cellular distribution.
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25
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Niu B, Mackness BC, Zitzewitz JA, Matthews CR, Gross ML. Trifluoroethanol Partially Unfolds G93A SOD1 Leading to Protein Aggregation: A Study by Native Mass Spectrometry and FPOP Protein Footprinting. Biochemistry 2020; 59:3650-3659. [PMID: 32924445 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.0c00425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Misfolding of Cu, Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD1) variants may lead to protein aggregation and ultimately amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). The mechanism and protein conformational changes during this process are complex and remain unclear. To study SOD1 variant aggregation at the molecular level and in solution, we chemically induced aggregation of a mutant variant (G93A SOD1) with trifluoroethanol (TFE) and used both native mass spectrometry (MS) to analyze the intact protein and fast photochemical oxidation of proteins (FPOP) to characterize the structural changes induced by TFE. We found partially unfolded G93A SOD1 monomers prior to oligomerization and identified regions of the N-terminus, C-terminus, and strands β5, β6 accountable for the partial unfolding. We propose that exposure of hydrophobic interfaces of these unstructured regions serves as a precursor to aggregation. Our results provide a possible mechanism and molecular basis for ALS-linked SOD1 misfolding and aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Niu
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Brian C Mackness
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655, United States
| | - Jill A Zitzewitz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655, United States
| | - C Robert Matthews
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655, United States
| | - Michael L Gross
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
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Chen D, Zhang T, Lee TH. Cellular Mechanisms of Melatonin: Insight from Neurodegenerative Diseases. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10081158. [PMID: 32784556 PMCID: PMC7464852 DOI: 10.3390/biom10081158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are the second most common cause of death and characterized by progressive impairments in movement or mental functioning in the central or peripheral nervous system. The prevention of neurodegenerative disorders has become an emerging public health challenge for our society. Melatonin, a pineal hormone, has various physiological functions in the brain, including regulating circadian rhythms, clearing free radicals, inhibiting biomolecular oxidation, and suppressing neuroinflammation. Cumulative evidence indicates that melatonin has a wide range of neuroprotective roles by regulating pathophysiological mechanisms and signaling pathways. Moreover, melatonin levels are decreased in patients with neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, we summarize current knowledge on the regulation, molecular mechanisms and biological functions of melatonin in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’s disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, vascular dementia and multiple sclerosis. We also discuss the clinical application of melatonin in neurodegenerative disorders. This information will lead to a better understanding of the regulation of melatonin in the brain and provide therapeutic options for the treatment of various neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongmei Chen
- Correspondence: (D.C.); (T.H.L.); Tel.: +86-591-2286-2498 (D.C.); +86-591-2286-2498 (T.H.L.)
| | | | - Tae Ho Lee
- Correspondence: (D.C.); (T.H.L.); Tel.: +86-591-2286-2498 (D.C.); +86-591-2286-2498 (T.H.L.)
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Pro-Oxidant Activity of an ALS-Linked SOD1 Mutant in Zn-Deficient Form. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25163600. [PMID: 32784718 PMCID: PMC7464938 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25163600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cu, Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD1) is a representative antioxidant enzyme that catalyzes dismutation of reactive oxygen species in cells. However, (E,E)-SOD1 mutants in which both copper and zinc ions were deleted exhibit pro-oxidant activity, contrary to their antioxidant nature, at physiological temperatures, following denaturation and subsequent recombination of Cu2+. This oxidative property is likely related to the pathogenesis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS); however, the mechanism by which Cu2+ re-binds to the denatured (E,E)-SOD1 has not been elucidated, since the concentration of free copper ions in cells is almost zero. In this study, we prepared the (Cu,E) form in which only a zinc ion was deleted using ALS-linked mutant H43R (His43→Arg) and found that (Cu,E)-H43R showed an increase in the pro-oxidant activity even at physiological temperature. The increase in the pro-oxidant activity of (Cu,E)-H43R was also observed in solution mimicking intracellular environment and at high temperature. These results suggest that the zinc-deficient (Cu,E) form can contribute to oxidative stress in cells, and that the formation of (E,E)-SOD1 together with the subsequent Cu2+ rebinding is not necessary for the acquisition of the pro-oxidant activity.
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Ohyama T, Kuroi K, Wakabayashi T, Fujimaki N, Nakabayashi T. Enhancement of Oxidative Reaction by the Intramolecular Electron Transfer between the Coordinated Redox-Active Metal Ions in SOD1. J Phys Chem B 2020; 124:2116-2123. [PMID: 32101437 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.9b11807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The denatured Cu, Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD1) has the pro-oxidant activity that is suggested to be related with the pathogenesis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). We showed from the changes in the coordinated metal ions that the Cu ion in the Cu-binding site is the catalytic site of the pro-oxidant activity, and a redox-active metal ion in the Zn-binding site has the auxiliary function to enhance the pro-oxidant activity. The auxiliary function is suggested to arise from the intramolecular electron transfer between the coordinated metal ions in the denatured SOD1. The oxidation/reduction cycle of Cu in the Cu-binding site is assisted with changing the oxidation state of a metal ion in the Zn-binding site. The magnitude of the toxicity of the denatured SOD1 is discussed based on the ability of the auxiliary function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takumi Ohyama
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Kunisato Kuroi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Taiyu Wakabayashi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Fujimaki
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Takakazu Nakabayashi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
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Anzai I, Tokuda E, Handa S, Misawa H, Akiyama S, Furukawa Y. Oxidative misfolding of Cu/Zn-superoxide dismutase triggered by non-canonical intramolecular disulfide formation. Free Radic Biol Med 2020; 147:187-199. [PMID: 31863908 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2019.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Misfolded Cu/Zn-superoxide dismutase (SOD1) is a pathological species in a subset of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Oxidative stress is known to increase in affected spinal cords of ALS and is thus considered to cause damages on SOD1 leading to the misfolding and aggregation. Despite this, it still remains elusive what triggers misfolding of SOD1 under oxidizing environment. Here, we show that a thiol group of Cys111 in SOD1 is oxidized to a sulfenic acid with hydrogen peroxide and reveal that further dissociation of the bound metal ions from the oxidized SOD1 allows another free Cys residue (Cys6) to nucleophilically attack the sulfenylated Cys111. As a result, an intra-molecular disulfide bond forms between Cys6 and Cys111. Such an abnormal SOD1 with the non-canonical disulfide bond was conformationally extended with significant cytotoxicity as well as high propensity to aggregate. Taken together, we propose a new model of SOD1 misfolding under oxidizing environment, in which formation of the non-canonical intramolecular disulfide bond plays a pivotal role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itsuki Anzai
- Department of Chemistry, Keio University, Yokohama, 223-8522, Japan
| | - Eiichi Tokuda
- Department of Chemistry, Keio University, Yokohama, 223-8522, Japan
| | - Sumika Handa
- Department of Chemistry, Keio University, Yokohama, 223-8522, Japan
| | - Hidemi Misawa
- Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, Tokyo, 105-8512, Japan
| | - Shuji Akiyama
- Research Center of Integrative Molecular Systems (CIMoS), Institute for Molecular Science, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan; Department of Functional Molecular Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Furukawa
- Department of Chemistry, Keio University, Yokohama, 223-8522, Japan.
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Malakooti N, Roberts B, Pritchard MA, Volitakis I, Kim RC, Lott IT, McLean CA, Finkelstein DI, Adlard PA. Characterising the brain metalloproteome in Down syndrome patients with concomitant Alzheimer's pathology. Metallomics 2020; 12:114-132. [PMID: 31764918 DOI: 10.1039/c9mt00196d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS) is a common intellectual disability, with an incidence of 1 in 700 and is caused by trisomy 21. People with DS develop Alzheimer's disease (AD)-like neuropathology by the age of 40. As metal ion dyshomeostasis (particularly zinc, iron and copper) is one of the characteristics of AD and is believed to be involved in the pathogenesis of disease, we reasoned that it may also be altered in DS. Thus, we used inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry to examine metal levels in post-mortem brain tissue from DS individuals with concomitant AD pathology. Size exclusion-ICPMS was also utilised to characterise the metalloproteome in these cases. We report here for the first time that iron levels were higher in a number of regions in the DS brain, including the hippocampus (40%), frontal cortex (100%) and temporal cortex (34%), compared to controls. Zinc and copper were also elevated (both 29%) in the DS frontal cortex, but zinc was decreased (23%) in the DS temporal cortex. Other elements were also examined, a number of which also showed disease-specific changes. The metalloproteomic profile in the DS brain was also different to that in the controls. These data suggest that metals and metal:protein interactions are dysregulated in the DS brain which, given the known role of metals in neurodegeneration and AD, is likely to contribute to the pathogenesis of disease. Interrogation of the underlying cellular mechanisms and consequences of this failure in metal ion homeostasis, and the specific contributions of the individual DS and AD phenotypes to these changes, should be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nakisa Malakooti
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, and The Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, Parkville, 3010, Victoria, Australia.
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Souza PT, Thallmair S, Marrink SJ, Mera-Adasme R. An Allosteric Pathway in Copper, Zinc Superoxide Dismutase Unravels the Molecular Mechanism of the G93A Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis-Linked Mutation. J Phys Chem Lett 2019; 10:7740-7744. [PMID: 31747286 PMCID: PMC6926953 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.9b02868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Several different mutations of the protein copper, zinc superoxide dismutase (SOD1) produce the neurodegenerative disorder amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). The molecular mechanism by which the diverse mutations converge to a similar pathology is currently unknown. The electrostatic loop (EL) of SOD1 is known to be affected in all of the studied ALS-linked mutations of SOD1. In this work, we employ a multiscale simulation approach to show that this perturbation corresponds to an increased probability of the EL detaching from its native position, exposing the metal site of the protein to water. From extensive atomistic and coarse-grained molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, we identify an allosteric pathway that explains the action of the distant G93A mutation on the EL. Finally, we employ quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics MD simulations to show that the opening of the EL decreases the Zn(II) affinity of the protein. As the loss of Zn(II) is at the center of several proposed pathogenic mechanisms in SOD1-linked ALS, the structural effect identified here not only is in agreement with the experimental data but also places the opening of the electrostatic loop as the possible main pathogenic effect for a significant number of ALS-linked SOD1 mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo
C. T. Souza
- Groningen
Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sebastian Thallmair
- Groningen
Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Siewert J. Marrink
- Groningen
Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Raúl Mera-Adasme
- Departamento
de Ciencias del Ambiente, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH), Av. Libertador Bernardo O’Higgins
3363, 9170022 Estacion
Central, Chile
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Abstract
Few proteins have come under such intense scrutiny as superoxide dismutase-1 (SOD1). For almost a century, scientists have dissected its form, function and then later its malfunction in the neurodegenerative disease amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). We now know SOD1 is a zinc and copper metalloenzyme that clears superoxide as part of our antioxidant defence and respiratory regulation systems. The possibility of reduced structural integrity was suggested by the first crystal structures of human SOD1 even before deleterious mutations in the sod1 gene were linked to the ALS. This concept evolved in the intervening years as an impressive array of biophysical studies examined the characteristics of mutant SOD1 in great detail. We now recognise how ALS-related mutations perturb the SOD1 maturation processes, reduce its ability to fold and reduce its thermal stability and half-life. Mutant SOD1 is therefore predisposed to monomerisation, non-canonical self-interactions, the formation of small misfolded oligomers and ultimately accumulation in the tell-tale insoluble inclusions found within the neurons of ALS patients. We have also seen that several post-translational modifications could push wild-type SOD1 down this toxic pathway. Recently we have come to view ALS as a prion-like disease where both the symptoms, and indeed SOD1 misfolding itself, are transmitted to neighbouring cells. This raises the possibility of intervention after the initial disease presentation. Several small-molecule and biologic-based strategies have been devised which directly target the SOD1 molecule to change the behaviour thought to be responsible for ALS. Here we provide a comprehensive review of the many biophysical advances that sculpted our view of SOD1 biology and the recent work that aims to apply this knowledge for therapeutic outcomes in ALS.
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Tokuda E, Takei YI, Ohara S, Fujiwara N, Hozumi I, Furukawa Y. Wild-type Cu/Zn-superoxide dismutase is misfolded in cerebrospinal fluid of sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Mol Neurodegener 2019; 14:42. [PMID: 31744522 PMCID: PMC6862823 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-019-0341-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background A subset of familial forms of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) are caused by mutations in the gene coding Cu/Zn-superoxide dismutase (SOD1). Mutant SOD1 proteins are susceptible to misfolding and abnormally accumulated in spinal cord, which is most severely affected in ALS. It, however, remains quite controversial whether misfolding of wild-type SOD1 is involved in more prevalent sporadic ALS (sALS) cases without SOD1 mutations. Methods Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from patients including sALS as well as several other neurodegenerative diseases and non-neurodegenerative diseases was examined with an immunoprecipitation assay and a sandwich ELISA using antibodies specifically recognizing misfolded SOD1. Results We found that wild-type SOD1 was misfolded in CSF from all sALS cases examined in this study. The misfolded SOD1 was also detected in CSF from a subset of Parkinson’s disease and progressive supranuclear palsy, albeit with smaller amounts than those in sALS. Furthermore, the CSF samples containing the misfolded SOD1 exhibited significant toxicity toward motor neuron-like NSC-34 cells, which was ameliorated by removal of the misfolded wild-type SOD1 with immunoprecipitation. Conclusions Taken together, we propose that misfolding of wild-type SOD1 in CSF is a common pathological process of ALS cases regardless of SOD1 mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiichi Tokuda
- Laboratory for Mechanistic Chemistry of Biomolecules, Department of Chemistry, Keio University, Yokohama, 223-8522, Japan
| | - Yo-Ichi Takei
- Department of Neurology, Matsumoto Medical Center, Matsumoto, 399-0021, Japan
| | - Shinji Ohara
- Department of Neurology, Matsumoto Medical Center, Matsumoto, 399-0021, Japan.,Department of Neurology, Iida Hospital, Iida, 395-8505, Japan
| | - Noriko Fujiwara
- Department of Biochemistry, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, 663-8501, Japan
| | - Isao Hozumi
- Laboratory of Medical Therapeutics and Molecular Therapeutics, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, 501-1196, Japan.,Department of Neurology and Geriatrics, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, 501-1194, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Furukawa
- Laboratory for Mechanistic Chemistry of Biomolecules, Department of Chemistry, Keio University, Yokohama, 223-8522, Japan.
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Farcas AD, Mot AC, Zagrean-Tuza C, Ticolea M, Sevastre B, Kulak M, Silaghi-Dumitrescu R, Parvu A. Remarkable rutin-rich Hypericum capitatum extract exhibits anti-inflammatory effects on turpentine oil-induced inflammation in rats. Altern Ther Health Med 2019; 19:289. [PMID: 31664997 PMCID: PMC6819352 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-019-2680-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Natural extracts with beneficial biological activities are nowadays of high interest, in various treatment or prophylaxis. Hypericum capitatum has been known for its curative effects for centuries and its extracts have become of interest due to their distinct activity among other Hypericaceae members. In this study, further light is aimed to be shed on the secondary-metabolites composition of H. capitatum extracts, using chromatographic techniques and Electron paramagnetic resonance profiles in alkaline medium. Considering that no previous works explored the anti-inflammatory activity of H. capitatum, here, an in vivo study is also designed in order to evaluate this property by assessing the impact of one of H. capitatum extracts in ameliorating turpentine oil-induced inflammation on rats and to quantify their blood antioxidants level. METHODS Chromatographic techniques and Electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy were used in order to describe the chemical profile in different parts of the plant. The in vivo study on turpentine-oil induced inflammation in rats included three doses of H. capitatum extract expressed in rutin concentration. Oxidative stress was measured using total oxidative status, total antioxidant capacity, oxidative stress index, 3-nitrotyrosine, nitric oxide, malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase, catalase and the inflammatory response was evaluated by performing a complete blood cells count and C reactive protein. RESULTS The extract was remarkably rich in rutin; however, other polyphenolic-like minor components appeared important in explaining the observed biological properties. The tested extract prevents the increase of inflammation-induced white blood cell count, number of neutrophils, and serum nitric oxide, and did so in a dose-dependent manner, similarly to the positive control-diclofenac. In addition, the same extract appeared to be a good alternative to diclofenac to restore total oxidative status, thiobarbituric active reactive species, total proteins and C reactive proteins. Moreover, antioxidant enzymes such as catalase, superoxide dismutase and total serum thiol concentration were significantly increased by the tested extract. CONCLUSIONS Due to its powerful reservoir rich in rutin, H. capitatum extract depicted its in vivo antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects indicating it to be a good alternative to conventional drugs for oxidative stress protection.
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Doyle CM, Naser D, Bauman HA, Rumfeldt JA, Meiering EM. Spectrophotometric method for simultaneous measurement of zinc and copper in metalloproteins using 4-(2-pyridylazo)resorcinol. Anal Biochem 2019; 579:44-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2019.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Cu/Zn-superoxide dismutase and wild-type like fALS SOD1 mutants produce cytotoxic quantities of H 2O 2 via cysteine-dependent redox short-circuit. Sci Rep 2019; 9:10826. [PMID: 31346243 PMCID: PMC6658568 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47326-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Cu/Zn−superoxide dismutase (SOD1) is a ubiquitous enzyme that catalyzes the dismutation of superoxide radicals to oxygen and hydrogen peroxide. In addition to this principal reaction, the enzyme is known to catalyze, with various efficiencies, several redox side-reactions using alternative substrates, including biological thiols, all involving the catalytic copper in the enzyme’s active-site, which is relatively surface exposed. The accessibility and reactivity of the catalytic copper is known to increase upon SOD1 misfolding, structural alterations caused by a mutation or environmental stresses. These competing side-reactions can lead to the formation of particularly toxic ROS, which have been proposed to contribute to oxidative damage in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), a neurodegenerative disease that affects motor neurons. Here, we demonstrated that metal-saturated SOD1WT (holo-SOD1WT) and a familial ALS (fALS) catalytically active SOD1 mutant, SOD1G93A, are capable, under defined metabolic circumstances, to generate cytotoxic quantities of H2O2 through cysteine (CSH)/glutathione (GSH) redox short-circuit. Such activity may drain GSH stores, therefore discharging cellular antioxidant potential. By analyzing the distribution of thiol compounds throughout the CNS, the location of potential hot-spots of ROS production can be deduced. These hot-spots may constitute the origin of oxidative damage to neurons in ALS.
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Huang J, Nguyen M, Liu Y, Robert A, Meunier B. The TDMQ Regulators of Copper Homeostasis Do Not Disturb the Activities of Cu,Zn-SOD, Tyrosinase, or the CoIII
Cofactor Vitamin B12. Eur J Inorg Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201801332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ju Huang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry; Higher Education Mega Center; Guangdong University of Technology (GDUT); 100 Waihuan Xi road 510006 Guangzhou Panyu District P. R. China
- Higher Education Mega Center; Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination du CNRS (LCC-CNRS); 205 route de Narbonne, BP 44099 31077 Toulouse cedex 4 France
| | - Michel Nguyen
- Higher Education Mega Center; Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination du CNRS (LCC-CNRS); 205 route de Narbonne, BP 44099 31077 Toulouse cedex 4 France
- Higher Education Mega Center; Université de Toulouse; 31077 France
| | - Yan Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry; Higher Education Mega Center; Guangdong University of Technology (GDUT); 100 Waihuan Xi road 510006 Guangzhou Panyu District P. R. China
| | - Anne Robert
- Higher Education Mega Center; Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination du CNRS (LCC-CNRS); 205 route de Narbonne, BP 44099 31077 Toulouse cedex 4 France
- Higher Education Mega Center; Université de Toulouse; 31077 France
| | - Bernard Meunier
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry; Higher Education Mega Center; Guangdong University of Technology (GDUT); 100 Waihuan Xi road 510006 Guangzhou Panyu District P. R. China
- Higher Education Mega Center; Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination du CNRS (LCC-CNRS); 205 route de Narbonne, BP 44099 31077 Toulouse cedex 4 France
- Higher Education Mega Center; Université de Toulouse; 31077 France
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Polykretis P, Cencetti F, Donati C, Luchinat E, Banci L. Cadmium effects on superoxide dismutase 1 in human cells revealed by NMR. Redox Biol 2019; 21:101102. [PMID: 30654299 PMCID: PMC6348768 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2019.101102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 12/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cadmium is a toxic pollutant that in recent decades has become more widespread in the environment due to anthropogenic activities, significantly increasing the risk of exposure. Concurrently, a continually growing body of research has begun to enumerate the harmful effects that this heavy metal has on human health. Consequently, additional research is required to better understand the mechanism and effects of cadmium at the molecular level. The main mechanism of cadmium toxicity is based on the indirect induction of severe oxidative stress, through several processes that unbalance the anti-oxidant cellular defence system, including the displacement of metals such as zinc from its native binding sites. Such mechanism was thought to alter the in vivo enzymatic activity of SOD1, one of the main antioxidant proteins of many tissues, including the central nervous system. SOD1 misfolding and aggregation is correlated with cytotoxicity in neurodegenerative diseases such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. We assessed the effect of cadmium on SOD1 folding and maturation pathway directly in human cells through in-cell NMR. Cadmium does not directly bind intracellular SOD1, instead causes the formation of its intramolecular disulfide bond in the zinc-bound form. Metallothionein overexpression is strongly induced by cadmium, reaching NMR-detectable levels. The intracellular availability of zinc modulates both SOD1 oxidation and metallothionein overexpression, strengthening the notion that zinc-loaded metallothioneins help maintaining the redox balance under cadmium-induced acute stress. Cadmium does not bind to superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) in human cells. In defect of zinc, cadmium causes the premature oxidation of SOD1. Cadmium induces the overexpression of metallothioneins to levels detectable by NMR. Zinc modulates metallothionein expression and attenuates SOD1 oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagis Polykretis
- Magnetic Resonance Center - CERM, University of Florence, Via Luigi Sacconi 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - Francesca Cencetti
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Viale Morgagni 50, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Chiara Donati
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Viale Morgagni 50, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Enrico Luchinat
- Magnetic Resonance Center - CERM, University of Florence, Via Luigi Sacconi 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy; Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Viale Morgagni 50, 50134 Florence, Italy.
| | - Lucia Banci
- Magnetic Resonance Center - CERM, University of Florence, Via Luigi Sacconi 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy; Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy.
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39
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Robinett NG, Culbertson EM, Peterson RL, Sanchez H, Andes DR, Nett JE, Culotta VC. Exploiting the vulnerable active site of a copper-only superoxide dismutase to disrupt fungal pathogenesis. J Biol Chem 2018; 294:2700-2713. [PMID: 30593499 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.007095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Copper-only superoxide dismutases (SODs) represent a new class of SOD enzymes that are exclusively extracellular and unique to fungi and oomycetes. These SODs are essential for virulence of fungal pathogens in pulmonary and disseminated infections, and we show here an additional role for copper-only SODs in promoting survival of fungal biofilms. The opportunistic fungal pathogen Candida albicans expresses three copper-only SODs, and deletion of one of them, SOD5, eradicated candidal biofilms on venous catheters in a rodent model. Fungal copper-only SODs harbor an irregular active site that, unlike their Cu,Zn-SOD counterparts, contains a copper co-factor unusually open to solvent and lacks zinc for stabilizing copper binding, making fungal copper-only SODs highly vulnerable to metal chelators. We found that unlike mammalian Cu,Zn-SOD1, C. albicans SOD5 indeed rapidly loses its copper to metal chelators such as EDTA, and binding constants for Cu(II) predict that copper-only SOD5 has a much lower affinity for copper than does Cu,Zn-SOD1. We screened compounds with a variety of indications and identified several metal-binding compounds, including the ionophore pyrithione zinc (PZ), that effectively inhibit C. albicans SOD5 but not mammalian Cu,Zn-SOD1. We observed that PZ both acts as an ionophore that promotes uptake of toxic metals and inhibits copper-only SODs. The pros and cons of a vulnerable active site for copper-only SODs and the possible exploitation of this vulnerability in antifungal drug design are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie G Robinett
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21205 and
| | - Edward M Culbertson
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21205 and
| | - Ryan L Peterson
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21205 and
| | - Hiram Sanchez
- the Departments of Medicine and Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53726
| | - David R Andes
- the Departments of Medicine and Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53726
| | - Jeniel E Nett
- the Departments of Medicine and Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53726
| | - Valeria C Culotta
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21205 and
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40
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García JC, Bustos RH. The Genetic Diagnosis of Neurodegenerative Diseases and Therapeutic Perspectives. Brain Sci 2018; 8:brainsci8120222. [PMID: 30551598 PMCID: PMC6316116 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci8120222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetics has led to a new focus regarding approaches to the most prevalent diseases today. Ascertaining the molecular secrets of neurodegenerative diseases will lead to developing drugs that will change natural history, thereby affecting the quality of life and mortality of patients. The sequencing of candidate genes in patients suffering neurodegenerative pathologies is faster, more accurate, and has a lower cost, thereby enabling algorithms to be proposed regarding the risk of neurodegeneration onset in healthy persons including the year of onset and neurodegeneration severity. Next generation sequencing has resulted in an explosion of articles regarding the diagnosis of neurodegenerative diseases involving exome sequencing or sequencing a whole gene for correlating phenotypical expression with genetic mutations in proteins having key functions. Many of them occur in neuronal glia, which can trigger a proinflammatory effect leading to defective proteins causing sporadic or familial mutations. This article reviews the genetic diagnosis techniques and the importance of bioinformatics in interpreting results from neurodegenerative diseases. Risk scores must be established in the near future regarding diseases with a high incidence in healthy people for defining prevention strategies or an early start for giving drugs in the absence of symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio-César García
- Evidence-Based Therapeutics Group, Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Universidad de La Sabana, Chía 140013, Colombia.
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Clínica Universidad de La Sabana, Chía 140013, Colombia.
| | - Rosa-Helena Bustos
- Evidence-Based Therapeutics Group, Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Universidad de La Sabana, Chía 140013, Colombia.
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41
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Dantas LS, Chaves-Filho AB, Coelho FR, Genaro-Mattos TC, Tallman KA, Porter NA, Augusto O, Miyamoto S. Cholesterol secosterol aldehyde adduction and aggregation of Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase: Potential implications in ALS. Redox Biol 2018; 19:105-115. [PMID: 30142602 PMCID: PMC6106709 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2018.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by degeneration of upper and lower motor neurons. While the fundamental causes of the disease are still unclear, the accumulation of Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase (SOD1) immunoreactive aggregates is associated with familial ALS cases. Cholesterol 5,6-secosterol aldehydes (Seco A and Seco B) are reported to contribute to neurodegenerative disease pathology by inducing protein modification and aggregation. Here we have investigated the presence of secosterol aldehydes in ALS SOD1-G93A rats and their capacity to induce SOD1 aggregation. Secosterol aldehydes were analyzed in blood plasma, spinal cord and motor cortex of ALS rats at the pre-symptomatic and symptomatic stages. Seco B was significantly increased in plasma of symptomatic ALS rats compared to pre-symptomatic animals, suggesting an association with disease progression. In vitro experiments showed that both Seco A and Seco B induce the formation of high molecular weight (HMW) SOD1 aggregates with amorphous morphology. SOD1 adduction to ω-alkynyl-secosterols analyzed by click assay showed that modified proteins are only detected in the HMW region, indicating that secosterol adduction generates species highly prone to aggregate. Of note, SOD1-secosterol adducts containing up to five secosterol molecules were confirmed by MALDI-TOF analysis. Interestingly, mass spectrometry sequencing of SOD1 aggregates revealed preferential secosterol adduction to Lys residues located at the electrostatic loop (Lys 122, 128 and 136) and nearby the dimer interface (Lys 3 and 9). Altogether, our results show that secosterol aldehydes are increased in plasma of symptomatic ALS rats and represent a class of aldehydes that can potentially modify SOD1 enhancing its propensity to aggregate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas S Dantas
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Adriano B Chaves-Filho
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Fernando R Coelho
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Thiago C Genaro-Mattos
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology and Vanderbilt Kennedy Center for Research on Human Development, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Keri A Tallman
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology and Vanderbilt Kennedy Center for Research on Human Development, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Ned A Porter
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology and Vanderbilt Kennedy Center for Research on Human Development, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Ohara Augusto
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Sayuri Miyamoto
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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42
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Hilton JB, Kysenius K, White AR, Crouch PJ. The accumulation of enzymatically inactive cuproenzymes is a CNS-specific phenomenon of the SOD1 G37R mouse model of ALS and can be restored by overexpressing the human copper transporter hCTR1. Exp Neurol 2018; 307:118-128. [PMID: 29906423 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2018.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Revised: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Mutations to the copper-dependent enzyme Cu/Zn-superoxide dismutase (SOD1) cause amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) in humans, and transgenic overexpression of mutant SOD1 represents a robust murine model of the disease. We have previously shown that the copper-containing compound CuII(atsm) phenotypically improves mutant SOD1 mice and delivers copper to copper-deficient SOD1 in the CNS to restore its physiological function. CuII(atsm) is now in clinical trials for the treatment of ALS. In this study, we demonstrate that cuproenzyme dysfunction extends beyond SOD1 in SOD1G37R mice to also affect the endogenous copper-dependent ferroxidase ceruloplasmin. We show that SOD1 and ceruloplasmin both accumulate progressively in the SOD1G37R mouse spinal cord as the animals' ALS-like symptoms progress, yet the biochemical activity of the two cuproenzymes does not increase commensurately, indicating that, as per mutant SOD1, ceruloplasmin accumulates in a copper-deficient form. Consistent with this finding, we show that expression of the human copper transporter 1 (hCTR1) in SOD1G37R mice increases copper levels in the spinal cord and concurrently restores SOD1 and ceruloplasmin activity. Soluble misfolded SOD1, a proposed driver of pathology in this model, is readily detectable in the SOD1G37R mouse spinal cord. However, misfolded SOD1G37R levels do not change in abundance with disease progression and are less abundant than misfolded SOD1 in the spinal cords of age-matched transgenic SOD1WT mice which do not exhibit an evident ALS-like phenotype. Collectively, these outcomes support a copper malfunction phenomenon in mutant SOD1 mouse models of ALS and a copper-related mechanism of action for the therapeutic agent CuII(atsm).
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Affiliation(s)
- James B Hilton
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, the University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia.
| | - Kai Kysenius
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, the University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia; Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, the University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Anthony R White
- Cell and Molecular Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - Peter J Crouch
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, the University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia; Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, the University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
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43
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Gonzalez P, Bossak K, Stefaniak E, Hureau C, Raibauta L, Balc W, Faller P. N-Terminal Cu-Binding Motifs (Xxx-Zzz-His, Xxx-His) and Their Derivatives: Chemistry, Biology and Medicinal Applications. Chemistry 2018; 24:8029-8041. [PMID: 29336493 PMCID: PMC6152890 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201705398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Peptides and proteins with N-terminal amino acid sequences NH2 -Xxx-His (XH) and NH2 -Xxx-Zzz-His (XZH) form well-established high-affinity CuII -complexes. Key examples are Asp-Ala-His (in serum albumin) and Gly-His-Lys, the wound healing factor. This opens a straightforward way to add a high-affinity CuII -binding site to almost any peptide or protein, by chemical or recombinant approaches. Thus, these motifs, NH2 -Xxx-Zzz-His in particular, have been used to equip peptides and proteins with a multitude of functions based on the redox activity of Cu, including nuclease, protease, glycosidase, or oxygen activation properties, useful in anticancer or antimicrobial drugs. More recent research suggests novel biological functions, mainly based on the redox inertness of CuII in XZH, like PET imaging (with 64 Cu), chelation therapies (for instance in Alzheimer's disease and other types of neurodegeneration), antioxidant units, Cu transporters and activation of biological functions by strong CuII binding. This Review gives an overview of the chemical properties of Cu-XH and -XZH motifs and discusses the pros and cons of the vastly different biological applications, and how they could be improved depending on the application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Gonzalez
- Institut de Chimie, UMR 7177,CNRS-Université de Strasbourg 4 rue Blaise Pascal, 67000, Strasbourg, France
- University of Strasbourg Institute for Advanced Study (USIAS), Strasbourg, France
| | - Karolina Bossak
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, dediPolish Academy of
Sciences, Pawińskiego 5a, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ewelina Stefaniak
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, dediPolish Academy of
Sciences, Pawińskiego 5a, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Christelle Hureau
- University of Strasbourg Institute for Advanced Study (USIAS), Strasbourg, France
- CNRS; LCC (Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination) 205, route de Narbonne, F-31077 Toulouse, France
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, INPT ; LCC; F-31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Laurent Raibauta
- Institut de Chimie, UMR 7177,CNRS-Université de Strasbourg 4 rue Blaise Pascal, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Wojciech Balc
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, dediPolish Academy of
Sciences, Pawińskiego 5a, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Peter Faller
- Institut de Chimie, UMR 7177,CNRS-Université de Strasbourg 4 rue Blaise Pascal, 67000, Strasbourg, France
- University of Strasbourg Institute for Advanced Study (USIAS), Strasbourg, France
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44
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Trist BG, Hare DJ, Double KL. A Proposed Mechanism for Neurodegeneration in Movement Disorders Characterized by Metal Dyshomeostasis and Oxidative Stress. Cell Chem Biol 2018; 25:807-816. [PMID: 29861271 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2018.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Revised: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Shared molecular pathologies between distinct neurodegenerative disorders offer unique opportunities to identify common mechanisms of neuron death, and apply lessons learned from one disease to another. Neurotoxic superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) proteinopathy in SOD1-associated familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (fALS) is recapitulated in idiopathic Parkinson disease (PD), suggesting that these two phenotypically distinct disorders share an etiological pathway, and tractable therapeutic target(s). Despite 25 years of research, the molecular determinants underlying SOD1 misfolding and toxicity in fALS remain poorly understood. The absence of SOD1 mutations in PD highlights mounting evidence that SOD1 mutations are not the sole cause of SOD1 protein misfolding occasioning oligomerization and toxicity, reinforcing the importance of non-genetic factors, including protein metallation and post-translational modification in determining SOD1 stability and function. We propose that these non-genetic factors underlie the misfolding and dysfunction of SOD1 and other proteins in both PD and fALS, constituting a shared and tractable pathway to neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Guy Trist
- Discipline of Biomedical Science and Brain and Mind Centre, Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia
| | - Dominic James Hare
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Kay Lorraine Double
- Discipline of Biomedical Science and Brain and Mind Centre, Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia.
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45
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Boyd SD, Liu L, Bulla L, Winkler DD. Quantifying the Interaction between Copper-Zinc Superoxide Dismutase (Sod1) and its Copper Chaperone (Ccs1). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 11. [PMID: 29950795 PMCID: PMC6018003 DOI: 10.4172/jpb.1000473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Immature copper-zinc superoxide dismutase (Sod1) is activated by its copper chaperone (Ccs1). Ccs1 delivers a single copper ion and catalyzes oxidation of an intra-subunit disulfide bond within each Sod1 monomer through a mechanistically ambiguous process. Here, we use residue specific fluorescent labeling of immature Sod1 to quantitate the thermodynamics of the Sod1•Ccs1 interaction while determining a more complete view of Ccs1 function. Ccs1 preferentially binds a completely immature form of Sod1 that is metal deficient and disulfide reduced (E, E-Sod1SH). However, binding induces structural changes that promote high-affinity zinc binding by the Ccs1-bound Sod1 molecule. This adds further support to the notion that Ccs1 likely plays dual chaperoning roles during the Sod1 maturation process. Further analysis reveals that in addition to the copper-dependent roles during Sod1 activation, the N- and C-terminal domains of Ccs1 also have synergistic roles in securing both Sod1 recognition and its own active conformation. These results provide new and measurable analyses of the molecular determinants guiding Ccs1-mediated Sod1 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie D Boyd
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 W. Campbell Road, Richardson, TX 75080, USA
| | - Li Liu
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 W. Campbell Road, Richardson, TX 75080, USA
| | - Lee Bulla
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 W. Campbell Road, Richardson, TX 75080, USA
| | - Duane D Winkler
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 W. Campbell Road, Richardson, TX 75080, USA
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46
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Khorasani-Motlagh M, Lacasse MJ, Zamble DB. High-affinity metal binding by the Escherichia coli [NiFe]-hydrogenase accessory protein HypB is selectively modulated by SlyD. Metallomics 2018; 9:482-493. [PMID: 28352890 DOI: 10.1039/c7mt00037e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
[NiFe]-hydrogenase, which catalyzes the reversible conversion between hydrogen gas and protons, is a vital component of the metabolism of many pathogens. Maturation of [NiFe]-hydrogenase requires selective nickel insertion that is completed, in part, by the metallochaperones SlyD and HypB. Escherichia coli HypB binds nickel with sub-picomolar affinity, and the formation of the HypB-SlyD complex activates nickel release from the high-affinity site (HAS) of HypB. In this study, the metal selectivity of this process was investigated. Biochemical experiments revealed that the HAS of full length HypB can bind stoichiometric zinc. Moreover, in contrast to the acceleration of metal release observed with nickel-loaded HypB, SlyD blocks the release of zinc from the HypB HAS. X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) demonstrated that SlyD does not impact the primary coordination sphere of nickel or zinc bound to the HAS of HypB. Instead, computational modeling and XAS of HypB loaded with nickel or zinc indicated that zinc binds to HypB with a different coordination sphere than nickel. The data suggested that Glu9, which is not a nickel ligand, directly coordinates zinc. These results were confirmed through the characterization of E9A-HypB, which afforded weakened zinc affinity compared to wild-type HypB but similar nickel affinity. This mutant HypB fully supports the production of [NiFe]-hydrogenase in E. coli. Altogether, these results are consistent with the model that the HAS of HypB functions as a nickel site during [NiFe]-hydrogenase enzyme maturation and that the metal selectivity is controlled by activation of metal release by SlyD.
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47
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Effects of maturation on the conformational free-energy landscape of SOD1. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E2546-E2555. [PMID: 29483249 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1721022115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a devastating fatal syndrome characterized by very rapid degeneration of motor neurons. A leading hypothesis is that ALS is caused by toxic protein misfolding and aggregation, as also occurs in many other neurodegenerative disorders, such as prion, Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and Huntington's diseases. A prominent cause of familial ALS is mutations in the protein superoxide dismutase (SOD1), which promote the formation of misfolded SOD1 conformers that are prone to aberrant interactions both with each other and with other cellular components. We have shown previously that immature SOD1, lacking bound Cu and Zn metal ions and the intrasubunit disulfide bond (apoSOD12SH), has a rugged free-energy surface (FES) and exchanges with four other conformations (excited states) that have millisecond lifetimes and sparse populations on the order of a few percent. Here, we examine further states of SOD1 along its maturation pathway, as well as those off-pathway resulting from metal loss that have been observed in proteinaceous inclusions. Metallation and disulfide bond formation lead to structural transformations including local ordering of the electrostatic loop and native dimerization that are observed in rare conformers of apoSOD12SH; thus, SOD1 maturation may occur via a population-switch mechanism whereby posttranslational modifications select for preexisting structures on the FES. Metallation and oxidation of SOD1 stabilize the native, mature conformation and decrease the number of detected excited conformational states, suggesting that it is the immature forms of the protein that contribute to misfolded conformations in vivo rather than the highly stable enzymatically active dimer.
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48
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SOD1 Mutations Causing Familial Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Induce Toxicity in Astrocytes: Evidence for Bystander Effects in a Continuum of Astrogliosis. Neurochem Res 2018; 43:166-179. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-017-2385-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Revised: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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49
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Barbieri L, Luchinat E, Banci L. Intracellular metal binding and redox behavior of human DJ-1. J Biol Inorg Chem 2017; 23:61-69. [DOI: 10.1007/s00775-017-1509-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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50
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Zhang J, Wei WJ, Lu X, Yang H, Chen Z, Liao RZ, Yin G. Nonredox Metal Ions Promoted Olefin Epoxidation by Iron(II) Complexes with H2O2: DFT Calculations Reveal Multiple Channels for Oxygen Transfer. Inorg Chem 2017; 56:15138-15149. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.7b02463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jisheng Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key laboratory
of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry
of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry and Service
Failure, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, P. R. China
| | - Wen-Jie Wei
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key laboratory
of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry
of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry and Service
Failure, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyan Lu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key laboratory
of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry
of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry and Service
Failure, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, P. R. China
| | - Hang Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key laboratory
of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry
of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry and Service
Failure, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, P. R. China
| | - Zhuqi Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key laboratory
of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry
of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry and Service
Failure, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, P. R. China
| | - Rong-Zhen Liao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key laboratory
of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry
of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry and Service
Failure, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, P. R. China
| | - Guochuan Yin
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key laboratory
of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry
of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry and Service
Failure, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, P. R. China
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