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Tobia J, Muehlbauer M, Honig JA, Pscheidt JW, Hillman BI, Molnar TJ. Genetic Diversity Analysis of Anisogramma anomala in the Pacific Northwest and New Jersey. PLANT DISEASE 2024; 108:2422-2434. [PMID: 38514442 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-08-21-1827-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Anisogramma anomala, a biotrophic ascomycete, causes eastern filbert blight (EFB) of hazelnuts (Corylus spp.). EFB is endemic in eastern North America, preventing the commercial production of European hazelnut (C. avellana L.). In contrast, the historic absence of A. anomala in the Pacific Northwest (PNW) supported the development of a robust hazelnut industry. Circa 1960, A. anomala was inadvertently introduced into southwestern Washington, causing orchard devastation. Distribution of the pathogen in the PNW has been hypothesized to be the result of a single-point introduction. This study aimed to investigate the single-point introduction hypothesis of A. anomala by comparing the genetic diversity of A. anomala samples from the PNW and New Jersey (NJ). Specimens from the main PNW production region (n = 60) and an area within the pathogen's native range, NJ (n = 151), were genotyped using 15 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. The following were used to assess genetic diversity and population structure: allelic summary statistics, discriminant analysis of principal components, network median-joining tree, analysis of multilocus genotypes, and allelic population diversity analysis. Analyses separated the samples into one cluster containing all the PNW isolates, and five clusters of NJ isolates. The PNW samples were nearly genetically uniform, and the NJ isolates were diverse. These findings support the hypothesis that A. anomala in the PNW was derived from a single-point introduction and corroborate previous studies that have shown A. anomala is very diverse in NJ. This indicates that maintaining restrictions on the movement of Corylus into the PNW is important to prevent the introduction of new populations of A. anomala, thus protecting the PNW hazelnut industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine Tobia
- Plant Biology Department, School of Environmental and Biological Science, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901
- Research and Evaluation Group at Public Health Management Corporation, Philadelphia, PA 19102
| | - Megan Muehlbauer
- Rutgers University Cooperative Extension of Hunterdon County, Flemington, NJ 08822-2900
| | - Josh A Honig
- Plant Biology Department, School of Environmental and Biological Science, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901
| | - Jay W Pscheidt
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, College of Agricultural Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331
| | - Bradley I Hillman
- Plant Biology Department, School of Environmental and Biological Science, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901
| | - Thomas J Molnar
- Plant Biology Department, School of Environmental and Biological Science, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901
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Suárez-Santiago VN, Provan J, Romero-García AT, Ben-Menni Schuler S. Genetic Diversity and Phylogeography of the Relict Tree Fern Culcita macrocarpa: Influence of Clonality and Breeding System on Genetic Variation. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:1587. [PMID: 38931019 PMCID: PMC11207926 DOI: 10.3390/plants13121587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2024] [Revised: 06/02/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
The tree fern Culcita macrocarpa, a threatened Iberian-Macaronesian endemism, represents the sole European species of the order Cyatheales. Considered a Tertiary relict of European Palaeotropical flora, its evolutionary history and genetic diversity, potentially influenced by presumed high clonal propagation, remain largely unknown. This study elucidates the phylogeographic history of C. macrocarpa, assessing the impact of vegetative reproduction on population dynamics and genetic variability. We provide genetic data from eight newly identified nuclear microsatellite loci and one plastid DNA region for 17 populations spanning the species' range, together with species distribution modeling data. Microsatellites reveal pervasive clonality in C. macrocarpa, which has varied among populations. We assess the impact of clonality on genetic diversity and evaluate how estimates of intra-population genetic diversity indices and genetic structuring are affected by the chosen definition of "individual" (focusing exclusively on genetically distinct individuals, genets, as opposed to considering all independent clonal replicates, ramets). We identify two main population groups, one in the northern Iberian Peninsula and the other in the Macaronesian archipelagos and southern Iberian Peninsula. Within each group, we found relict populations (in the Azores and the Cantabrian Cornice) as well as recent originated populations. This population structure suggests colonization dynamics in which recent populations originated from one or a few genets of relict populations and became established through intra-gametophytic self-fertilization and vegetative expansion. DAPC analysis facilitated the identification of alleles that most significantly contributed to the observed population structure. The current Andalusian populations appear to have originated from colonization events from the Azores and the Cantabrian Cornice. Our findings suggest that C. macrocarpa persisted through the Last Glacial Maximum in two refugia: the Azores and the Cantabrian Cornice. Colonization into new areas occurred presumably from these refuges, generating two large population groups with structured genetic diversity. This study underscores the significance of clonality in establishing new populations and shaping genetic structure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jim Provan
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth SY23 3DA, UK
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3
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Staubli F, Imola L, Dauphin B, Molinier V, Pfister S, Piñuela Y, Schürz L, Sproll L, Steidinger BS, Stobbe U, Tegel W, Büntgen U, Egli S, Peter M. Hidden fairy rings and males-Genetic patterns of natural Burgundy truffle (Tuber aestivum Vittad.) populations reveal new insights into its life cycle. Environ Microbiol 2022; 24:6376-6391. [PMID: 35837848 PMCID: PMC10084442 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.16131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Burgundy truffles are heterothallic ascomycetes that grow in symbiosis with trees. Despite their esteemed belowground fruitbodies, the species' complex lifecycle is still not fully understood. Here, we present the genetic patterns in three natural Burgundy truffle populations based on genotyped fruitbodies, ascospore extracts and ectomycorrhizal root tips using microsatellites and the mating-type locus. Distinct genetic structures with high relatedness in close vicinity were found for females (forming the fruitbodies) and males (fertilizing partner as inferred from ascospore extracts), with high genotypic diversity and annual turnover of males, suggesting that ephemeral male mating partners are germinating ascospores from decaying fruitbodies. The presence of hermaphrodites and the interannual persistence of a few males suggest that persistent mycelia may sporadically also act as males. Only female or hermaphroditic individuals were detected on root tips. At one site, fruitbodies grew in a fairy ring formed by a large female individual that showed an outward growth rate of 30 cm per year, with the mycelium decaying within the ring and being fertilized by over 50 male individuals. While fairy ring structures have never been shown for truffles, the genetics of Burgundy truffle populations support a similar reproductive biology as those of other highly prized truffles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Staubli
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Lea Imola
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Benjamin Dauphin
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Virginie Molinier
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Stephanie Pfister
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Yasmine Piñuela
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland.,Department of Crop and Forest Sciences, University of Lleida, Lleida, Spain.,Forest Science and Technology Centre of Catalonia, Solsona, Spain
| | - Laura Schürz
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | | | - Brian S Steidinger
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland.,Department of Ecology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | | | - Willy Tegel
- Chair of Forest Growth, Albert-Ludwigs University, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ulf Büntgen
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland.,Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Global Change Research Centre (CzechGlobe), Brno, Czech Republic.,Department of Geography, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Simon Egli
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Martina Peter
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
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Havenga M, Halleen F, Baloyi A, Bester M, Linde CC, Mostert L. Predominant Clonal Reproduction with Infrequent Genetic Recombination of Phaeoacremonium minimum in Western Cape Vineyards. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2022:10.1007/s00248-022-02142-1. [PMID: 36369598 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-022-02142-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Phaeoacremonium minimum is an important esca and Petri disease pathogen that causes dieback of grapevines in South Africa. Little is known regarding the reproductive strategy of the pathogen. Sexual reproduction could lead to a better adaptation of the pathogen to disease management strategies by combining alleles through recombination. The study aimed to investigate the genetic diversity and recombination potential of eight populations in the Western Cape, from six commercial vineyards and two nursery rootstock mother blocks. This was achieved by developing and applying nine polymorphic microsatellites and mating-type-specific markers. Thirty-seven genotypes were identified from 295 isolates. Populations were characterised by the same dominant genotype (MLG20 occurring 65.43%), low genotypic diversity (H) and high numbers of clones (81.36% of dataset). However, genotypes from the same sampling sites were not closely related based on a minimum spanning network and had high molecular variation within populations (94%), suggesting that multiple introductions of different genotypes occurred over time. Significant linkage disequilibrium among loci (r̅d) further indicated a dominant asexual cycle, even though perithecia have been observed in these four populations. The two rootstock mother blocks had unique genotypes and genotypes shared with the vineyard populations. Propagation material obtained from infected rootstock mother blocks could lead to the spread of more genotypes to newly established vineyards. Based on our results, it is important to determine the health status of rootstock mother blocks. Management strategies must focus on reducing aerial inoculum to prevent repeated infections and further spread of P. minimum genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minette Havenga
- Plant Protection Division, ARC Infruitec-Nietvoorbji, The Fruit, Vine and Wine Institute of the Agricultural Research Council, Private Bag X5026, Stellenbosch, 7599, South Africa
| | - Francois Halleen
- Plant Protection Division, ARC Infruitec-Nietvoorbji, The Fruit, Vine and Wine Institute of the Agricultural Research Council, Private Bag X5026, Stellenbosch, 7599, South Africa
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1 Matieland, Stellenbosch, 7602, South Africa
| | - Annabella Baloyi
- Plant Protection Division, ARC Infruitec-Nietvoorbji, The Fruit, Vine and Wine Institute of the Agricultural Research Council, Private Bag X5026, Stellenbosch, 7599, South Africa
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1 Matieland, Stellenbosch, 7602, South Africa
| | - Michael Bester
- Plant Protection Division, ARC Infruitec-Nietvoorbji, The Fruit, Vine and Wine Institute of the Agricultural Research Council, Private Bag X5026, Stellenbosch, 7599, South Africa
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1 Matieland, Stellenbosch, 7602, South Africa
| | - Celeste C Linde
- Ecology and Evolution, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Lizel Mostert
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1 Matieland, Stellenbosch, 7602, South Africa.
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Büntgen U, Peter M, Tegel W, Stobbe U, Elburg R, Sproll L, Molinier V, Čejka T, Isaac EL, Egli S. Eco-archaeological excavation techniques reveal snapshots of subterranean truffle growth. Fungal Biol 2021; 125:951-961. [PMID: 34776232 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2021.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 08/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Despite its status as a highly-prized and coveted fungi in gastronomy, many aspects of the subterranean life cycle of the Burgundy truffle (Tuber aestivum) are still unknown, because in situ observations of the formation and maturation of truffle fruitbodies remain difficult. Here, we adopted a suite of archaeological fine-scale excavating techniques to provide unique spatiotemporal snapshots of Burgundy truffle growth at three sites in southern Germany. We also recorded the relative position, fresh weight, maturity level and genotype composition of all excavated fruitbodies. Varying by a factor of thousand, the fresh weight of 73 truffle ranged from 0.1 to 103.2 g, with individual maturity levels likely representing different life cycle stages from completely unripe to fully ripe and even decaying. While only a slightly positive relationship between fruitbody weight and maturity level was found, our results suggest that genetically distinct specimens can exhibit different life cycle stages at the same period of time and under the same environmental conditions. We therefore argue that truffles are likely able to grow, mature and ripe simultaneously between early summer and late winter of the following year. Our case study should encourage further eco-archaeological truffle excavations under different biogeographic settings and at different seasons of the year to gain deeper insights into the fungi's subterranean ecology. The expected cross-disciplinary findings will help truffle hunters and farmers to improve their harvest practices and management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulf Büntgen
- Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EN, UK; Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences (CzechGlobe), 603 00, Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Geography, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 611 37, Brno, Czech Republic; Swiss Federal Research Institute (WSL), 8903, Birmensdorf, Switzerland.
| | - Martina Peter
- Swiss Federal Research Institute (WSL), 8903, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Willy Tegel
- Chair of Forest Growth and Dendroecology, University of Freiburg, 79106, Freiburg i.Br., Germany
| | | | - Rengert Elburg
- Archaeological Heritage Office Saxony, 01109, Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Virginie Molinier
- Swiss Federal Research Institute (WSL), 8903, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Tomáš Čejka
- Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences (CzechGlobe), 603 00, Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Geography, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 611 37, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Elizabeth L Isaac
- Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EN, UK
| | - Simon Egli
- Swiss Federal Research Institute (WSL), 8903, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
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6
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Ben-Menni Schuler S, Picazo-Aragonés J, Rumsey FJ, Romero-García AT, Suárez-Santiago VN. Macaronesia Acts as a Museum of Genetic Diversity of Relict Ferns: The Case of Diplazium caudatum (Athyriaceae). PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10112425. [PMID: 34834788 PMCID: PMC8623695 DOI: 10.3390/plants10112425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Macaronesia has been considered a refuge region of the formerly widespread subtropical lauroid flora that lived in Southern Europe during the Tertiary. The study of relict angiosperms has shown that Macaronesian relict taxa preserve genetic variation and revealed general patterns of colonization and dispersal. However, information on the conservation of genetic diversity and range dynamics rapidly diminishes when referring to pteridophytes, despite their dominance of the herbaceous stratum in the European tropical palaeoflora. Here we aim to elucidate the pattern of genetic diversity and phylogeography of Diplazium caudatum, a hypothesized species of the Tertiary Palaeotropical flora and currently with its populations restricted across Macaronesia and disjunctly in the Sierras de Algeciras (Andalusia, southern Iberian Peninsula). We analysed 12 populations across the species range using eight microsatellite loci, sequences of a region of plastid DNA, and carry out species-distribution modelling analyses. Our dating results confirm the Tertiary origin of this species. The Macaronesian archipelagos served as a refuge during at least the Quaternary glacial cycles, where populations of D. caudatum preserved higher levels of genetic variation than mainland populations. Our data suggest the disappearance of the species in the continent and the subsequent recolonization from Macaronesia. The results of the AMOVA analysis and the indices of clonal diversity and linkage disequilibrium suggest that D. caudatum is a species in which inter-gametophytic outcrossing predominates, and that in the Andalusian populations there was a shift in mating system toward increased inbreeding and/or clonality. The model that best explains the genetic diversity distribution pattern observed in Macaronesia is, the initial and recurrent colonization between islands and archipelagos and the relatively recent diversification of restricted area lineages, probably due to the decrease of favorable habitats and competition with lineages previously established. This study extends to ferns the concept of Macaronesia archipelagos as refugia for genetic variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samira Ben-Menni Schuler
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain; (S.B.-M.S.); (J.P.-A.); (A.T.R.-G.)
| | - Jesús Picazo-Aragonés
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain; (S.B.-M.S.); (J.P.-A.); (A.T.R.-G.)
| | - Fred J. Rumsey
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK;
| | - Ana Teresa Romero-García
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain; (S.B.-M.S.); (J.P.-A.); (A.T.R.-G.)
| | - Víctor N. Suárez-Santiago
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain; (S.B.-M.S.); (J.P.-A.); (A.T.R.-G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-958-248814
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Labuschagne R, Venter E, Boshoff WHP, Pretorius ZA, Terefe T, Visser B. Historical Development of the Puccinia triticina Population in South Africa. PLANT DISEASE 2021; 105:2445-2452. [PMID: 33529064 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-10-20-2301-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In contrast to many other countries, the virulence and genetic diversity of the South African Puccinia triticina population before 1980 is unknown, because of the absence of regular and systematic race analysis data and viable rust cultures. Herbarium specimens housed at the National Collection of Fungi, Biosystematics Unit, Plant Health and Protection, Agricultural Research Council, Pretoria, South Africa (SA), provided the opportunity to investigate the genetic development of the population using isolates collected between 1906 and 2010. Five subpopulations that survived between 21 and 82 years in the field were found. While three of these could represent the original races that entered SA during European settlement, two appear to be recent exotic introductions into SA, most probably from other African countries. The demise of the three oldest subpopulations might be from the release of resistant wheat cultivars. The population is clonal, where new virulence develops through single step mutations and selection for virulence. Although a possible case of somatic hybridization was found, sexual reproduction appears to be absent in SA. This study confirmed the importance of annual surveys in SA and its neighboring countries for the timely detection of new virulent races that could threaten wheat production in SA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rinette Labuschagne
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9301, South Africa
| | - Eduard Venter
- Department of Botany and Plant Biotechnology, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, Gauteng Province 2006, South Africa
| | - Willem H P Boshoff
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9301, South Africa
| | - Zacharias A Pretorius
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9301, South Africa
| | - Tarekegn Terefe
- Agricultural Research Council-Small Grain, Bethlehem 9700, South Africa
| | - Botma Visser
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9301, South Africa
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Wilmink J, Breuer M, Forneck A. Grape Phylloxera Genetic Structure Reveals Root-Leaf Migration within Commercial Vineyards. INSECTS 2021; 12:insects12080697. [PMID: 34442262 PMCID: PMC8396592 DOI: 10.3390/insects12080697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary In most wine regions around the world, commercial vineyards are planted with Vitis vinifera scions grafted on grape phylloxera-tolerating rootstocks. Root-feeding phylloxera populations still thrive on such rootstocks and occasionally leaf-feeding phylloxera populations are observed. The cause for these foliar infestations is thought to reside at the thickets of abandoned rootstock vines that grow on the risers of vineyard terraces and constitute a different habitat with large leaf-feeding populations. Besides, it is unclear if root and leaf populations within commercial vineyards are genetically connected, which may indicate a process of adaption that could lead to large foliar phylloxera populations and better-adapted phylloxera biotypes. To shed light on these issues, phylloxera root- and leaf-feeding larvae from commercial vineyards and larvae from nearby thickets were genetically compared, focusing on population structure and genetic association. Our study showed that foliar populations in commercial vineyards not only originate from leaf-feeding populations on nearby abandoned rootstock vines, but also from root populations within the vineyard. The results suggest that sexual recombination is rare in the study area and that direct root–leaf migration creates population bottlenecks based on founder effects or host plant adaption. Abstract Depending on their life cycle, grape phylloxera (Daktulosphaira vitifoliae Fitch) leaf-feeding populations are initiated through asexually produced offspring or sexual recombination. The vine’s initial foliar larvae may originate from root-feeding phylloxera or wind-drifted foliar larvae from other habitats. Though some studies have reported phylloxera leaf-feeding in commercial vineyards, it is still unclear if they are genetically distinct from the population structure of these two sources. Using seven SSR-markers, this study analyzed the genetic structure of phylloxera populations in commercial vineyards with different natural infestation scenarios and that of single-plant insect systems that exclude infestation by wind-drifted larvae. We saw that during the vegetation period, phylloxera populations predominately go through their asexual life cycle to migrate from roots to leaves. We provided evidence that such migrations do not exclusively occur through wind-drifted foliar populations from rootstock vines in abandoned thickets, but that root populations within commercial vineyards also migrate to establish V. vinifera leaf populations. Whereas the former scenario generates foliar populations with high genotypic diversity, the latter produces population bottlenecks through founder effects or phylloxera biotype selection pressure. We finally compared these population structures with those of populations in their native habitat in North America, using four microsatellite markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jurrian Wilmink
- Department of Biology, State Institute of Viticulture and Enology, Merzhauser Str. 119, 79100 Freiburg, Germany;
- Department of Crop Sciences, Institute of Viticulture and Pomology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Konrad Lorenz Str. 24, A-3430 Tulln, Austria;
- Correspondence:
| | - Michael Breuer
- Department of Biology, State Institute of Viticulture and Enology, Merzhauser Str. 119, 79100 Freiburg, Germany;
| | - Astrid Forneck
- Department of Crop Sciences, Institute of Viticulture and Pomology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Konrad Lorenz Str. 24, A-3430 Tulln, Austria;
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Carstens E, Linde CC, Fourie PH, Bester-van der Merwe AE, Langenhoven SD, McLeod A. Spatial and Temporal Genetic Analyses of Phyllosticta citricarpa in Two Lemon Orchards in South Africa Reveal a Role of Asexual Reproduction Within Sexually Reproducing Populations. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2021; 111:1238-1251. [PMID: 33185502 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-05-20-0203-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Citrus black spot (CBS), caused by Phyllosticta citricarpa, is a disease that affects citrus worldwide. In different regions of the world where both mating types occur, reports differ as to whether asexually produced pycnidiospores play an important role in the epidemiology of CBS and fruit infections. Therefore, we investigated the potential role of pycnidiospores in two lemon orchards in South Africa by using microsatellite-based analysis of fruit populations over time (two seasons) and space (distance). The two orchards were situated in the semiarid North West province (NW) and subtropical Mpumalanga province (MP). Each population contained both mating types in 1:1 ratios, and linkage disequilibrium analysis indicated a random mating population. A total of 109 and 94 multilocus genotypes (MLGs) were detected across the two seasons in the NW and MP orchards, respectively. Psex analyses indicated that most MLGs probably resulted from sexual reproduction, but there were six predominant MLGs in each orchard that were probably replicated via asexual reproduction. Each of the predominant MLGs was monomorphic for mating type. In the NW, five predominant and widespread MLGs caused 46 and 44% of the fruit infections in the two seasons, whereas in MP, three MLGs caused 34 and 48% of the infections. Asexual reproduction in both orchards was supported by low MLG evenness values in all populations. In both orchards, distance was not a reliable predictor of population genetic substructuring or season. Populations of P. citricarpa in the MP and NW orchards were significantly genetically differentiated from each other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elma Carstens
- Citrus Research International, Nelspruit 1200, South Africa
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch 7601, South Africa
| | - Celeste C Linde
- Ecology and Evolution, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Paul H Fourie
- Citrus Research International, Nelspruit 1200, South Africa
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch 7601, South Africa
| | | | - Shaun D Langenhoven
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch 7601, South Africa
| | - Adéle McLeod
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch 7601, South Africa
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Riccioni C, Belfiori B, Sileoni V, Marconi O, Perretti G, Bellucci M, Rubini A. High genetic and chemical diversity of wild hop populations from Central Italy with signals of a genetic structure influenced by both sexual and asexual reproduction. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 304:110794. [PMID: 33568295 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2020.110794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In order to investigate the intraspecific diversity of wild Humulus lupulus (hop) in Central Italy, 12 populations were evaluated for their genetic polymorphism by means of 13 SSR loci together with six commercial cultivars as a reference. High levels of polymorphism were found across the populations, being 140 the number of multilocus genotypes over 159 samples analyzed. Moreover, the observed heterozygosity was higher than expected in most of the populations. High levels of gene flow were thus envisaged to occur within and among wild populations, and our sampling strategy allowed us to gain insights on the propagation modes of this species, i.e. clonal versus sexual propagation. Nevertheless, a genetic structure of populations with at least five genetically different clusters was disclosed. Private alleles were observed in both wild and cultivated hops. Chemical analysis of bittering and aromatic quality of female flowers from a subset of 8 wild populations revealed a high variability among plants, especially for essential oil components. Overall, the high variability of wild accessions here examined represent a valid source to be exploited in future breeding programs for new or improved hop cultivars development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Riccioni
- National Research Council, Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources, Division of Perugia, Via della Madonna Alta 130, Perugia, 06128, Italy.
| | - Beatrice Belfiori
- National Research Council, Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources, Division of Perugia, Via della Madonna Alta 130, Perugia, 06128, Italy.
| | - Valeria Sileoni
- Universitas Mercatorum, Piazza Mattei 10, Roma, 00186, Italy.
| | - Ombretta Marconi
- University of Perugia, Italian Brewing Research Centre, Via San Costanzo s.n.c., Perugia, 06126, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Perretti
- University of Perugia, Italian Brewing Research Centre, Via San Costanzo s.n.c., Perugia, 06126, Italy.
| | - Michele Bellucci
- National Research Council, Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources, Division of Perugia, Via della Madonna Alta 130, Perugia, 06128, Italy.
| | - Andrea Rubini
- National Research Council, Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources, Division of Perugia, Via della Madonna Alta 130, Perugia, 06128, Italy.
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11
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Lane SM, Briffa M, Wilson AJ, Truebano M, Foster NL. Evidence of fostering in an internally brooding sea anemone. Ethology 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/eth.13088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M. Lane
- School of Biological and Marine Sciences Animal Behaviour Research Group University of Plymouth Plymouth UK
| | - Mark Briffa
- School of Biological and Marine Sciences Animal Behaviour Research Group University of Plymouth Plymouth UK
| | - Alastair J. Wilson
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation University of Exeter (Penryn Campus) Cornwall UK
| | - Manuela Truebano
- School of Biological and Marine Sciences Animal Behaviour Research Group University of Plymouth Plymouth UK
| | - Nicola L. Foster
- School of Biological and Marine Sciences Animal Behaviour Research Group University of Plymouth Plymouth UK
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12
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Becheler R, Guillemin M, Stoeckel S, Mauger S, Saunier A, Brante A, Destombe C, Valero M. After a catastrophe, a little bit of sex is better than nothing: Genetic consequences of a major earthquake on asexual and sexual populations. Evol Appl 2020; 13:2086-2100. [PMID: 32908606 PMCID: PMC7463374 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Catastrophic events can have profound effects on the demography of a population and consequently on genetic diversity. The dynamics of postcatastrophic recovery and the role of sexual versus asexual reproduction in buffering the effects of massive perturbations remain poorly understood, in part because the opportunity to document genetic diversity before and after such events is rare. Six natural (purely sexual) and seven cultivated (mainly clonal due to farming practices) populations of the red alga Agarophyton chilense were surveyed along the Chilean coast before, in the days after and 2 years after the 8.8 magnitude earthquake in 2010. The genetic diversity of sexual populations appeared sensitive to this massive perturbation, notably through the loss of rare alleles immediately after the earthquake. By 2012, the levels of diversity returned to those observed before the catastrophe, probably due to migration. In contrast, enhanced rates of clonality in cultivated populations conferred a surprising ability to buffer the instantaneous loss of diversity. After the earthquake, farmers increased the already high rate of clonality to maintain the few surviving beds, but most of them collapsed rapidly. Contrasting fates between sexual and clonal populations suggest that betting on strict clonality to sustain production is risky, probably because this extreme strategy hampered adaptation to the brutal environmental perturbation induced by the catastrophe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronan Becheler
- Centro de Conservación MarinaDepartamento de EcologíaFacultad de Ciencias BiológicasPontificia Universidad Católica de ChileCasillaChile
- UMI 3614Evolutionary Biology and Ecology of AlgaeCNRSSorbonne UniversitéUniversidad Austral de ChilePontificia Universidad Católica de ChileRoscoffFrance
| | - Marie‐Laure Guillemin
- UMI 3614Evolutionary Biology and Ecology of AlgaeCNRSSorbonne UniversitéUniversidad Austral de ChilePontificia Universidad Católica de ChileRoscoffFrance
- Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y EvolutivasFacultad de CienciasUniversidad Austral de ChileValdiviaChile
| | - Solenn Stoeckel
- UMR1349 Institute for Genetics, Environment and Plant ProtectionINRALe RheuFrance
| | - Stéphane Mauger
- UMI 3614Evolutionary Biology and Ecology of AlgaeCNRSSorbonne UniversitéUniversidad Austral de ChilePontificia Universidad Católica de ChileRoscoffFrance
| | - Alice Saunier
- UMI 3614Evolutionary Biology and Ecology of AlgaeCNRSSorbonne UniversitéUniversidad Austral de ChilePontificia Universidad Católica de ChileRoscoffFrance
- Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y EvolutivasFacultad de CienciasUniversidad Austral de ChileValdiviaChile
| | - Antonio Brante
- Departamento de EcologíaFacultad de CienciasUniversidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción (UCSC)ConcepciónChile
- Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Ambientes Sustentables (CIBAS)UCSCConcepciónChile
| | - Christophe Destombe
- UMI 3614Evolutionary Biology and Ecology of AlgaeCNRSSorbonne UniversitéUniversidad Austral de ChilePontificia Universidad Católica de ChileRoscoffFrance
| | - Myriam Valero
- UMI 3614Evolutionary Biology and Ecology of AlgaeCNRSSorbonne UniversitéUniversidad Austral de ChilePontificia Universidad Católica de ChileRoscoffFrance
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13
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Lane SM, Wilson AJ, Briffa M. Analysis of direct and indirect genetic effects in fighting sea anemones. Behav Ecol 2020; 31:540-547. [PMID: 32210526 PMCID: PMC7083097 DOI: 10.1093/beheco/arz217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Theoretical models of animal contests such as the Hawk-Dove game predict that variation in fighting behavior will persist due to mixed evolutionarily stable strategies (ESS) under certain conditions. However, the genetic basis for this variation is poorly understood and a mixed ESS for fighting can be interpreted in more than one way. Specifically, we do not know whether variation in aggression within a population arises from among-individual differences in fixed strategy (determined by an individual's genotype-direct genetic effects [DGEs]), or from within-individual variation in strategy across contests. Furthermore, as suggested by developments of the original Hawk-Dove model, within-individual variation in strategy may be dependent on the phenotype and thus genotype of the opponent (indirect genetic effects-IGEs). Here we test for the effect of DGEs and IGEs during fights in the beadlet sea anemone Actinia equina. By exploiting the unusual reproductive system of sea anemones, combined with new molecular data, we investigate the role of both additive (DGE + IGE) and non-additive (DGE × IGE) genetic effects on fighting parameters, the latter of which have been hypothesized but never tested for explicitly. We find evidence for heritable variation in fighting ability and that fight duration increases with relatedness. Fighting success is influenced additively by DGEs and IGEs but we found no evidence for non-additive IGEs. These results indicate that variation in fighting behavior is driven by additive indirect genetic effects (DGE + IGE), and support a core assumption of contest theory that strategies are fixed by DGEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Lane
- School of Biological and Marine Sciences, Animal Behaviour Research Group, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, Devon, UK
| | - Alastair J Wilson
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter (Penryn Campus), Cornwall, UK
| | - Mark Briffa
- School of Biological and Marine Sciences, Animal Behaviour Research Group, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, Devon, UK
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Abstract
The ectomycorrhizal fungus Tuber magnatum produces the white truffle appreciated worldwide for its unique aroma. With respect to other Tuber spp. of economic interest, T. magnatum presents a narrower geographical range. This species has, in fact, long been considered endemic to Italy. However, over the last few decades several reports have documented the presence of white truffles in different Mediterranean countries and in particular in various areas of south-east Europe. In this study, samples from several Pannonian and Balkan countries such as Hungary, Serbia, Romania, Bulgaria and Greece have been collected and genotyped with microsatellite markers and the data merged with those available for Italian populations. Our objectives were to test whether Italian and south-east European populations are differentiated and to evaluate the genetic diversity of T. magnatum all over its distributional range. We show the genetic structure of T. magnatum populations with the differentiation of four main groups: northern Italy, central-northern Italy, southern Italy and the Balkan/Pannonian region. The present study allowed us to refine the evolutionary history of T. magnatum and track the possible post-glacial expansion route of this species. The assessment of T. magnatum’s genetic structure is not only of scientific relevance, but it is also important for the conservation and market traceability of this prestigious fungus.
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15
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Scherm B, Balmas V, Infantino A, Aragona M, Valente MT, Desiderio F, Marcello A, Phanthavong S, Burgess LW, Rau D. Clonality, spatial structure, and pathogenic variation in Fusarium fujikuroi from rain-fed rice in southern Laos. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0226556. [PMID: 31869352 PMCID: PMC6927642 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0226556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bakanae disease, caused by the fungal phytopathogen Fusarium fujikuroi, can be detected in most rice (Oryza sativa L.) growing areas worldwide. In this study, we investigated the population structure of this fungus in southern Lao PDR, a country located near the geographic origin of rice domestication. Microsatellites (SSRs) and mating type (MAT) analyses, pathogenicity and fungicide sensitivity tests were integrated in the study. The first key finding is that the population genetic structure of F. fujikuroi in Lao PDR is consistent with high clonal reproduction. Indeed, (i) “true” clones were identified; (ii) within populations, MAT types were frequently skewed from 1:1 ratio, (iii) linkage disequilibrium (among SSRs as also among SSRs and MAT) was present, and (iv) gene-flow between opposite MAT types within the same population is restricted. The presence of genetic divergence among areas and populations and the occurrence of positive spatial autocorrelation of genetic variation, indicate that migration is restricted, and that genetic drift plays an important role in the evolution of this fungus. Two main well-defined groups of isolates were detected (FST = 0.213) that display a non-random spatial distribution. They differ in the ability to induce seedlings death but not seedlings elongation (the typical Bakanae symptom) suggesting that the pathogen’s ability to induce the two symptoms is under different genetic control. Finally, we compared two agroecosystems with contrasting characteristics: low-input and traditional (Lao PDR) vs high-input and modern (Italy). We found differences in the level of population structuring and of spatial autocorrelation. This suggests that the evolutionary potential of the fungus not only depends on its intrinsic characteristics, but is strongly influenced by other external factors, most likely by the dynamics of infested seed exchange. Thus, quarantine and chemical treatments are a way to reduce population connectivity and hence the evolutionary potential of this pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Scherm
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Sezione di Patologia ed Entomologia, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Virgilio Balmas
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Sezione di Patologia ed Entomologia, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Alessandro Infantino
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA), Research Centre for Plant Protection and Certification, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Aragona
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA), Research Centre for Plant Protection and Certification, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Valente
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA), Research Centre for Plant Protection and Certification, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Desiderio
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Research Centre for Genomics and Bioinformatics, Fiorenzuola d’Arda (PC), Italy
| | - Angela Marcello
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Sezione di Patologia ed Entomologia, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Sengphet Phanthavong
- Provincial Agriculture and Forestry, Thaluang Village, Pakse, Champasak, Lao PDR
| | - Lester W. Burgess
- Sydney Insitute of Agriculture, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Domenico Rau
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Sezione di Patologia ed Entomologia, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Sassari, Italy
- * E-mail:
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16
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Major Outbreaks in the Nineteenth Century Shaped Grape Phylloxera Contemporary Genetic Structure in Europe. Sci Rep 2019; 9:17540. [PMID: 31772235 PMCID: PMC6879566 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-54122-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Grape phylloxera is native to North America, where Vitis spp. acquired different mechanisms of resistance to leaf and root attack. Its appearance in European vineyards at the beginning of the 1860s, where the phylloxera-susceptible grapevine species V. vinifera L. is majorly cultivated, caused the devastation of a great number of vineyards, generating a deep crisis in the European wine production and trade industries. However, the origin and genetic structure of this pest across European vineyards still remain controversial and uncertain. Herein, we analysed the genetic structure of 1173 grape phylloxera individuals collected from 100 locations across eight European countries. Structure and phylogenetic analyses show that contemporary grape phylloxera populations in Europe are the result of at least two independent introductions from the native range that mirrors the historical records that also suggest two major outbreaks in Europe. The comparative analysis with samples from the native range trace back one of these two genetic groups to plants imported from the North East coast of North America, where the American species V. riparia and V. labrusca dominate. This study clarifies the level of genetic diversity of grape phylloxera in Europe and provides relevant information to resolve previous controversy about its origin.
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17
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Devkota S, Chaudhary RP, Werth S, Scheidegger C. Genetic diversity and structure of the epiphytic foliose lichen Lobaria pindarensis in the Himalayas depends on elevation. FUNGAL ECOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funeco.2019.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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18
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Lelwala RV, Scott JB, Ades PK, Taylor PWJ. Population Structure of Colletotrichum tanaceti in Australian Pyrethrum Reveals High Evolutionary Potential. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2019; 109:1779-1792. [PMID: 31179858 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-03-19-0091-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Colletotrichum tanaceti, the causal agent of anthracnose, is an emerging pathogen of commercially grown pyrethrum (Tanacetum cinerariifolium) in Australia. A microsatellite marker library was developed to understand the spatio-genetic structure over three sampled years and across two regions where pyrethrum is cultivated in Australia. Results indicated that C. tanaceti was highly diverse with a mixed reproductive mode; comprising both sexual and clonal reproduction. Sexual reproduction of C. tanaceti was more prevalent in Tasmania than in Victoria. Little differentiation was observed among field populations likely due to isolation by colonization but most of the genetic variation was occurring within populations. C. tanaceti was likely to have had a long-distance gene and genotype flow among distant populations within a state and between states. Anthropogenic transmission of propagules and wind dispersal of ascospores are the most probable mechanisms of long-distance dispersal of C. tanaceti. Evaluation of putative population histories suggested that C. tanaceti most likely originated in Tasmania and expanded from an unidentified host onto pyrethrum. Victoria was later invaded by the Tasmanian population. With the mixed mode of reproduction and possible long-distance gene flow, C. tanaceti is likely to have a high evolutionary potential and thereby has ability to adapt to management practices in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruvini V Lelwala
- School of Agriculture and Food, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia 3010
| | - Jason B Scott
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, University of Tasmania, Burnie, Tasmania, Australia 7320
| | - Peter K Ades
- School of Ecosystem and Forest Sciences, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia 3010
| | - Paul W J Taylor
- School of Agriculture and Food, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia 3010
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19
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Leonardi P, Murat C, Puliga F, Iotti M, Zambonelli A. Ascoma genotyping and mating type analyses of mycorrhizas and soil mycelia of Tuber borchii in a truffle orchard established by mycelial inoculated plants. Environ Microbiol 2019; 22:964-975. [PMID: 31393668 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.14777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Tuber borchii (the Bianchetto truffle) is a heterothallic Ascomycete living in symbiotic association with trees and shrubs. Maternal and paternal genotype dynamics have already been studied for the black truffles Tuber melanosporum and Tuber aestivum but not yet for T. borchii. In this study, we analysed maternal and paternal genotypes in the first truffle orchard realized with plants inoculated with five different T. borchii mycelia. Our aims were to test the persistence of the inoculated mycelia, if maternal and/or paternal genotypes correspond to inoculated mycelia and to assess the hermaphroditism of T. borchii. The mating type of each isolate as well as those of mycorrhizas, ascomata and extraradical soil mycelia was determined. Moreover, simple sequence repeat (SSR) profiles of maternal and paternal genotypes were assessed in 18 fruiting bodies to investigate the sexual behaviour of this truffle. The maternal genotypes of the fruiting bodies corresponded to those of the inoculated mycelia with only two exceptions. This confirmed that the inoculated mycelia persisted 9 years after plantation. As regards paternal partner, only two had the same genotype as those of the inoculated mycelia, suggesting hermaphroditism. Most of the new paternal genotypes originated from a recombination of those of inoculated mycelia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Leonardi
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, viale Fanin 44, 40127, Bologna, Italy
| | - Claude Murat
- Université de Lorraine, INRA, UMR IAM, 54000, Nancy, France
| | - Federico Puliga
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, viale Fanin 44, 40127, Bologna, Italy
| | - Mirco Iotti
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Science, University of L'Aquila, via Vetoio, 67100, Coppito, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Alessandra Zambonelli
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, viale Fanin 44, 40127, Bologna, Italy
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Kolmer JA, Ordoñez ME, German S, Morgounov A, Pretorius Z, Visser B, Goyeau H, Anikster Y, Acevedo M. Multilocus Genotypes of the Wheat Leaf Rust Fungus Puccinia triticina in Worldwide Regions Indicate Past and Current Long-Distance Migration. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2019; 109:1453-1463. [PMID: 30932734 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-10-18-0411-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Many plant pathogenic fungi have a global distribution across diverse ecological zones and agricultural production systems. Puccinia triticina, the wheat leaf rust fungus, is a major pathogen in many wheat production areas of the world. The objective of this research was to determine the genetic relatedness of P. triticina in different worldwide regions. A total of 831 single-uredinial isolates collected from 11 regions were characterized for multilocus genotype at 23 simple sequence repeat loci and for virulence to 20 lines of wheat with single genes for leaf rust resistance. A total of 424 multilocus genotypes and 497 virulence phenotypes were found. All populations had high heterozygosity and significant correlation between virulence and molecular variation, which indicated clonal reproduction. The populations from North America and South America, Central Asia and Russia, and the Middle East and Europe were closely related for multilocus genotypes and many individual isolates from other continental regions were closely related. Twenty-seven multilocus genotypes were found in more than one continental region, and 13 of these had isolates with identical virulence phenotypes. The wide geographic distribution of identical and highly related multilocus genotypes of P. triticina indicated past and more recent migration events facilitated by the spread of clonally produced urediniospores.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Kolmer
- 1Cereal Disease Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture, St. Paul, MN 55108, U.S.A
| | - M E Ordoñez
- 2Pontificia Universidad Catolica del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - S German
- 3Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria (INIA), Estación Experimental INIA La Estanzuela, 39173 Colonia, Uruguay
| | - A Morgounov
- 4International Wheat and Maize Improvement Center, 06511 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Z Pretorius
- 5Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - B Visser
- 5Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - H Goyeau
- 6National Institute for Agricultural Research, Bioger-CPP, 78850 Thiverval-Grignon, France
| | - Y Anikster
- 7Institute for Cereal Crop Improvement, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - M Acevedo
- 8International Programs-CALS, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, U.S.A
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Rubio-Meléndez ME, Barrios-SanMartin J, Pina-Castro FE, Figueroa CC, Ramirez CC. Asexual reproduction of a few genotypes favored the invasion of the cereal aphid Rhopalosiphum padi in Chile. PeerJ 2019; 7:e7366. [PMID: 31388475 PMCID: PMC6662566 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aphids (Hemiptera: Aphididae) are insects with one of the highest potentials for invasion. Several aphid species are present globally due to introduction events; they represent important pests of agroecosystems. The bird cherry-oat aphid Rhopalosiphum padi (Linnaeus) is a major pest of cereals and pasture grasses worldwide. Here, we report the genetic features of populations of R. padi that colonize different cereal crops in central Chile. METHODS Rhopalosiphum padi individuals were collected in central Chile and genotyped at six microsatellite loci. The most frequent multilocus genotype (MLG) was then studied further to assess its reproductive performance across cereal hosts under laboratory conditions. RESULTS Populations of R. padi in Chile are characterized by a low clonal diversity (G/N = 62/377 = 0.16) and the overrepresentation of a few widely distributed MLGs. One of the MLGs constituted roughly half of the sample and was observed in all sampled populations at high frequencies. Furthermore, this putative aphid "superclone" exhibited variations in its reproductive performance on cereals most commonly cultivated in Chile. The sampled populations also exhibited weak signs of genetic differentiation among hosts and localities. Our findings suggest that (1) obligate parthenogenesis is the primary reproductive mode of R. padi in Chile in the sampled range and (2) its introduction involved the arrival of a few genotypes that multiplied asexually.
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Affiliation(s)
- María E. Rubio-Meléndez
- Centre for Molecular and Functional Ecology in Agroecosystems, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Maule, Chile
- Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Maule, Chile
- Centro de Bioinformática y Simulación Molecular, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Maule, Chile
| | - Joceline Barrios-SanMartin
- Centre for Molecular and Functional Ecology in Agroecosystems, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Maule, Chile
- Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Maule, Chile
| | - Felipe E. Pina-Castro
- Centre for Molecular and Functional Ecology in Agroecosystems, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Maule, Chile
- Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Maule, Chile
| | - Christian C. Figueroa
- Centre for Molecular and Functional Ecology in Agroecosystems, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Maule, Chile
- Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Maule, Chile
| | - Claudio C. Ramirez
- Centre for Molecular and Functional Ecology in Agroecosystems, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Maule, Chile
- Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Maule, Chile
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Petkar A, Harris-Shultz K, Wang H, Brewer MT, Sumabat L, Ji P. Genetic and phenotypic diversity of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum populations from watermelon in the southeastern United States. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0219821. [PMID: 31318912 PMCID: PMC6638948 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0219821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Fusarium wilt of watermelon, caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum (FON), occurs worldwide and is responsible for substantial yield losses in watermelon-producing areas of the southeastern United States. Management of this disease largely relies on the use of integrated pest management (i.e., fungicides, resistant cultivars, crop rotation, etc.). Knowledge about race structure and genetic diversity of FON in the southeastern US is limited. To determine genetic diversity of the pathogen, FON isolates were collected from symptomatic watermelon plants in commercial fields in Georgia and Florida, USA, and identified based on morphological characteristics and PCR analysis using FON-specific primers. Discriminant analysis of principal components (DAPC) of 99 isolates genotyped with 15 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers grouped the isolates in eight distinct clusters with two prominent clusters (clusters 1 and 8). Cluster 1 consisted of a total of 14 isolates, out of which 85.7% of the isolates were collected in Florida. However, most of the isolates (92.4%) in cluster 8 were collected in Georgia. Both DAPC and pairwise population differentiation analysis (ФPT) revealed that the genetic groups were closely associated with geographical locations of pathogen collection. Three races of FON (races 0, 2 and 3) were identified in the phenotypic analysis; with race 3 identified for the first time in Georgia. Overall, 5.1%, 38.9% and 55.9% of the isolates were identified as race 0, race 2 and race 3, respectively. The majority of the isolates in cluster 1 and cluster 8 belonged to either race 2 (35.6%) or race 3 (45.8%). Additionally, no relationship between genetic cluster assignment and races of the isolates was observed. The information obtained on genotypic and phenotypic diversity of FON in the southeastern US will help in development of effective disease management programs to combat Fusarium wilt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aparna Petkar
- Department of Plant Pathology, Coastal Plain Experiment Station, University of Georgia, Tifton, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Karen Harris-Shultz
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agriculture Research Service (USDA-ARS), Crop Genetics and Breeding Research Unit, Tifton, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Hongliang Wang
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agriculture Research Service (USDA-ARS), Crop Genetics and Breeding Research Unit, Tifton, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Marin Talbot Brewer
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Leilani Sumabat
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Pingsheng Ji
- Department of Plant Pathology, Coastal Plain Experiment Station, University of Georgia, Tifton, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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23
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Splivallo R, Vahdatzadeh M, Maciá-Vicente JG, Molinier V, Peter M, Egli S, Uroz S, Paolocci F, Deveau A. Orchard Conditions and Fruiting Body Characteristics Drive the Microbiome of the Black Truffle Tuber aestivum. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1437. [PMID: 31316485 PMCID: PMC6611097 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Truffle fungi are well known for their enticing aromas partially emitted by microbes colonizing truffle fruiting bodies. The identity and diversity of these microbes remain poorly investigated, because few studies have determined truffle-associated bacterial communities while considering only a small number of fruiting bodies. Hence, the factors driving the assembly of truffle microbiomes are yet to be elucidated. Here we investigated the bacterial community structure of more than 50 fruiting bodies of the black truffle Tuber aestivum in one French and one Swiss orchard using 16S rRNA gene amplicon high-throughput sequencing. Bacterial communities from truffles collected in both orchards shared their main dominant taxa: while 60% of fruiting bodies were dominated by α-Proteobacteria, in some cases the β-Proteobacteria or the Sphingobacteriia classes were the most abundant, suggesting that specific factors (i.e., truffle maturation and soil properties) shape differently truffle-associated microbiomes. We further attempted to assess the influence in truffle microbiome variation of factors related to collection season, truffle mating type, degree of maturation, and location within the truffle orchards. These factors had differential effects between the two truffle orchards, with season being the strongest predictor of community variation in the French orchard, and spatial location in the Swiss one. Surprisingly, genotype and fruiting body maturation did not have a significant effect on microbial community composition. In summary, our results show, regardless of the geographical location considered, the existence of heterogeneous bacterial communities within T. aestivum fruiting bodies that are dominated by three bacterial classes. They also indicate that factors shaping microbial communities within truffle fruiting bodies differ across local conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Splivallo
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Maryam Vahdatzadeh
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Jose G Maciá-Vicente
- Institute of Ecology, Evolution and Diversity, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Virginie Molinier
- Swiss Federal Research Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), Birmensdorf, Switzerland.,UMR 5175 CEFE - CNRS - Université de Montpellier - Université Paul Valéry Montpellier - EPHE, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Martina Peter
- Swiss Federal Research Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Simon Egli
- Swiss Federal Research Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Stéphane Uroz
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136 INRA - Université de Lorraine, Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes, Centre INRA-Grand Est-Nancy, Champenoux, France
| | - Francesco Paolocci
- National Research Council (CNR), Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources, Division of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Aurélie Deveau
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136 INRA - Université de Lorraine, Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes, Centre INRA-Grand Est-Nancy, Champenoux, France
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24
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Ennos RA, Hu XS. Estimating the number of sexual events per generation in a facultatively sexual haploid population. Heredity (Edinb) 2019; 122:729-741. [PMID: 30531814 PMCID: PMC6781114 DOI: 10.1038/s41437-018-0171-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Revised: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In populations of facultatively sexual organisms, the proportion of sexually produced offspring contributed to each generation is a critical determinant of their evolutionary potential. However, estimating this parameter in natural populations has proved difficult. Here we develop a population genetic model for estimating the number of sexual events occurring per generation for facultatively sexual haploids possessing a biallelic mating-type locus (e.g., Chlamydomonas, ascomycete fungi). Our model treats the population as two subpopulations possessing opposite mating-type alleles, which exchange genes only when a sexual event takes place. Where mating types are equally abundant, we show that, for a neutral genetic marker, genetic differentiation between mating-type subpopulations is a simple function of the effective population size, the frequency of sexual reproduction, and the recombination fraction between the genetic marker and the mating-type locus. We employ simulations to examine the effects of linkage of markers to the mating-type locus, inequality of mating-type frequencies, mutation rate, and selection on this relationship. Finally, we apply our model to estimate the number of sexual reproduction events per generation in populations of four species of facultatively sexual ascomycete fungi, which have been jointly scored for mating type and a range of polymorphic molecular markers. Relative estimates are in line with expectations based on the known reproductive biology of these species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard A Ennos
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Ashworth Building, Charlotte Auerbach Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FL, UK.
| | - Xin-Sheng Hu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, South China Agricultural University, 510642, Guangdong, China.
- College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, 510642, Guangdong, China.
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25
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Muehlbauer MF, Tobia J, Honig JA, Zhang N, Hillman BI, Gold KM, Molnar TJ. Population Differentiation Within Anisogramma anomala in North America. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2019; 109:1074-1082. [PMID: 30540554 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-06-18-0209-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Anisogramma anomala, a biotrophic ascomycete in the order Diaporthales, causes eastern filbert blight (EFB) of hazelnuts (Corylus spp.). Until recently, little has been documented on its genetic diversity and population structure. In this study, 18 simple sequence repeat markers were used to fingerprint 182 accessions of the fungus originating from across North America. Our results, based on summary statistics of the allelic data, a discriminant analysis of principal components (DAPC) scatterplot, an unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA) dendrogram, and analysis of multilocus genotypes, show that A. anomala exhibits considerable genetic diversity across multiple populations. Eleven clusters were resolved from the DAPC scatterplot, five of which were validated by statistically supported clusters in the UPGMA dendrogram. The 11 DAPC clusters were statistically significant via an analysis of molecular variance. Dendrogram topology and DAPC scatterplot groups showed some correlation with collection origin; samples collected in proximity tended to cluster together and be genetically similar. However, some locations held populations that were diverse and some populations with a high degree of similarity had disparate origins, suggesting movement by humans. Overall, the results demonstrate the presence of multiple, genetically distinct populations of A. anomala in North America and serve as a reference to assist in understanding and managing EFB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan F Muehlbauer
- 1 Rutgers University Cooperative Extension of Hunterdon County, Flemington, NJ 08822-2900
| | - Janine Tobia
- 2 Department of Plant Biology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901; and
| | - Joshua A Honig
- 2 Department of Plant Biology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901; and
| | - Ning Zhang
- 2 Department of Plant Biology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901; and
| | - Bradley I Hillman
- 2 Department of Plant Biology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901; and
| | - Kaitlin Morey Gold
- 3 Department of Plant Pathology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706-1598
| | - Thomas J Molnar
- 2 Department of Plant Biology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901; and
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26
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Xu NN, Jiang K, Biswas SR, Tong X, Wang R, Chen XY. Clone Configuration and Spatial Genetic Structure of Two Halophila ovalis Populations With Contrasting Internode Lengths. Front Ecol Evol 2019. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2019.00170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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27
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Populations of the coral species Montastraea cavernosa on the Belize Barrier Reef lack vertical connectivity. Sci Rep 2019; 9:7200. [PMID: 31076586 PMCID: PMC6510931 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-43479-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Larval connectivity among and within coral reefs is important for sustaining coral metapopulations, enhancing ecosystem resilience through species and genetic diversity, and maintaining reef ecosystems’ structure and functions. This study characterized genetic structure and assessed horizontal and vertical connectivity among populations of the ubiquitous gonochoric broadcast spawning coral Montastraea cavernosa in Belize. Using nine polymorphic microsatellite loci, we genotyped M. cavernosa colonies from four depth zones at four study sites within Belizean marine management zones. Study sites were selected within South Water Caye Marine Reserve (3 sites) and Glover’s Reef Marine Reserve (1 site). Strong contemporary genetic differentiation was observed between relatively shallow M. cavernosa populations (10 m, 16 m) and relatively deep (25 m, 35 m) populations, coinciding with a transition from reef crest to reef slope. These results were consistent across both marine reserves. Vertical and horizontal migration models suggest that all populations were historically panmictic, with little unidirectional migration. The relative local isolation of shallow and mesophotic M. cavernosa populations in Belize, coupled with the importance of Belize’s upper mesophotic populations as potential larval sources for other areas in the Tropical Western Atlantic, reinforces the need for management strategies that conserve coral populations across all depth zones.
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28
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Visser B, Meyer M, Park RF, Gilligan CA, Burgin LE, Hort MC, Hodson DP, Pretorius ZA. Microsatellite Analysis and Urediniospore Dispersal Simulations Support the Movement of Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici from Southern Africa to Australia. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2019; 109:133-144. [PMID: 30028232 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-04-18-0110-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The Australian wheat stem rust (Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici) population was shaped by the introduction of four exotic incursions into the country. It was previously hypothesized that at least two of these (races 326-1,2,3,5,6 and 194-1,2,3,5,6 first detected in 1969) had an African origin and moved across the Indian Ocean to Australia on high-altitude winds. We provide strong supportive evidence for this hypothesis by combining genetic analyses and complex atmospheric dispersion modeling. Genetic analysis of 29 Australian and South African P. graminis f. sp. tritici races using microsatellite markers confirmed the close genetic relationship between the South African and Australian populations, thereby confirming previously described phenotypic similarities. Lagrangian particle dispersion model simulations using finely resolved meteorological data showed that long distance dispersal events between southern Africa and Australia are indeed possible, albeit rare. Simulated urediniospore transmission events were most frequent from central South Africa (viable spore transmission on approximately 7% of all simulated release days) compared with other potential source regions in southern Africa. The study acts as a warning of possible future P. graminis f. sp. tritici dispersal events from southern Africa to Australia, which could include members of the Ug99 race group, emphasizing the need for continued surveillance on both continents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Botma Visser
- First and eighth authors: Department of Plant Sciences, University of the Free State, P.O. Box 339, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa; second and fourth authors: Epidemiology and Modelling Group, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EA, UK; third author: Plant Breeding Institute Cobbitty, The University of Sydney, Private Mail Bag 11, Camden, NSW 2570, Australia; fifth and sixth authors: Atmospheric Dispersion and Air Quality (ADAQ), Met Office, Exeter, EX1 3PB, UK; and seventh author: International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), P.O. Box 5689, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Marcel Meyer
- First and eighth authors: Department of Plant Sciences, University of the Free State, P.O. Box 339, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa; second and fourth authors: Epidemiology and Modelling Group, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EA, UK; third author: Plant Breeding Institute Cobbitty, The University of Sydney, Private Mail Bag 11, Camden, NSW 2570, Australia; fifth and sixth authors: Atmospheric Dispersion and Air Quality (ADAQ), Met Office, Exeter, EX1 3PB, UK; and seventh author: International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), P.O. Box 5689, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Robert F Park
- First and eighth authors: Department of Plant Sciences, University of the Free State, P.O. Box 339, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa; second and fourth authors: Epidemiology and Modelling Group, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EA, UK; third author: Plant Breeding Institute Cobbitty, The University of Sydney, Private Mail Bag 11, Camden, NSW 2570, Australia; fifth and sixth authors: Atmospheric Dispersion and Air Quality (ADAQ), Met Office, Exeter, EX1 3PB, UK; and seventh author: International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), P.O. Box 5689, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Christopher A Gilligan
- First and eighth authors: Department of Plant Sciences, University of the Free State, P.O. Box 339, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa; second and fourth authors: Epidemiology and Modelling Group, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EA, UK; third author: Plant Breeding Institute Cobbitty, The University of Sydney, Private Mail Bag 11, Camden, NSW 2570, Australia; fifth and sixth authors: Atmospheric Dispersion and Air Quality (ADAQ), Met Office, Exeter, EX1 3PB, UK; and seventh author: International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), P.O. Box 5689, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Laura E Burgin
- First and eighth authors: Department of Plant Sciences, University of the Free State, P.O. Box 339, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa; second and fourth authors: Epidemiology and Modelling Group, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EA, UK; third author: Plant Breeding Institute Cobbitty, The University of Sydney, Private Mail Bag 11, Camden, NSW 2570, Australia; fifth and sixth authors: Atmospheric Dispersion and Air Quality (ADAQ), Met Office, Exeter, EX1 3PB, UK; and seventh author: International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), P.O. Box 5689, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Matthew C Hort
- First and eighth authors: Department of Plant Sciences, University of the Free State, P.O. Box 339, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa; second and fourth authors: Epidemiology and Modelling Group, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EA, UK; third author: Plant Breeding Institute Cobbitty, The University of Sydney, Private Mail Bag 11, Camden, NSW 2570, Australia; fifth and sixth authors: Atmospheric Dispersion and Air Quality (ADAQ), Met Office, Exeter, EX1 3PB, UK; and seventh author: International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), P.O. Box 5689, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - David P Hodson
- First and eighth authors: Department of Plant Sciences, University of the Free State, P.O. Box 339, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa; second and fourth authors: Epidemiology and Modelling Group, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EA, UK; third author: Plant Breeding Institute Cobbitty, The University of Sydney, Private Mail Bag 11, Camden, NSW 2570, Australia; fifth and sixth authors: Atmospheric Dispersion and Air Quality (ADAQ), Met Office, Exeter, EX1 3PB, UK; and seventh author: International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), P.O. Box 5689, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Zacharias A Pretorius
- First and eighth authors: Department of Plant Sciences, University of the Free State, P.O. Box 339, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa; second and fourth authors: Epidemiology and Modelling Group, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EA, UK; third author: Plant Breeding Institute Cobbitty, The University of Sydney, Private Mail Bag 11, Camden, NSW 2570, Australia; fifth and sixth authors: Atmospheric Dispersion and Air Quality (ADAQ), Met Office, Exeter, EX1 3PB, UK; and seventh author: International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), P.O. Box 5689, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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29
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Pearce TL, Scott JB, Pilkington SJ, Pethybridge SJ, Hay FS. Evidence for Sexual Recombination in Didymella tanaceti Populations, and Their Evolution Over Spring Production in Australian Pyrethrum Fields. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2019; 109:155-168. [PMID: 29989847 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-08-17-0280-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Tan spot, caused by Didymella tanaceti, is one of the most important foliar diseases affecting pyrethrum in Tasmania, Australia. Population dynamics, including mating-type ratios and genetic diversity of D. tanaceti, was characterized within four geographically separated fields in both late winter and spring 2012. A set of 10 microsatellite markers was developed and used to genotype 774 D. tanaceti isolates. Isolates were genotypically diverse, with 123 multilocus genotypes (MLG) identified across the four fields. Fifty-eight MLG contained single isolates and Psex analysis estimated that, within many of the recurrent MLG, there were multiple clonal lineages derived from recombination. Isolates of both mating types were at a 1:1 ratio following clone correction in each field at each sampling period, which was suggestive of sexual recombination. No evidence of genetic divergence of isolates of each mating type was identified, indicating admixture within the population. Linkage equilibrium in two of the four field populations sampled in late winter could not be discounted following clone correction. Evaluation of temporal changes in gene and genotypic diversity identified that they were both similar for the two sampling periods despite an increased D. tanaceti isolation frequency in spring. Genetic differentiation was similar in populations sampled between the two sampling periods within fields or between fields. These results indicated that sexual reproduction may have contributed to tan spot epidemics within Australian pyrethrum fields and has contributed to a genetically diverse D. tanaceti population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamieka L Pearce
- First, second, and third authors, Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, University of Tasmania, Burnie, Tasmania 7320, Australia; fourth and fifth authors, Plant Pathology & Plant-Microbe Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell AgriTech at the New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, Cornell University, Geneva, NY 14456
| | - Jason B Scott
- First, second, and third authors, Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, University of Tasmania, Burnie, Tasmania 7320, Australia; fourth and fifth authors, Plant Pathology & Plant-Microbe Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell AgriTech at the New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, Cornell University, Geneva, NY 14456
| | - Stacey J Pilkington
- First, second, and third authors, Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, University of Tasmania, Burnie, Tasmania 7320, Australia; fourth and fifth authors, Plant Pathology & Plant-Microbe Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell AgriTech at the New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, Cornell University, Geneva, NY 14456
| | - Sarah J Pethybridge
- First, second, and third authors, Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, University of Tasmania, Burnie, Tasmania 7320, Australia; fourth and fifth authors, Plant Pathology & Plant-Microbe Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell AgriTech at the New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, Cornell University, Geneva, NY 14456
| | - Frank S Hay
- First, second, and third authors, Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, University of Tasmania, Burnie, Tasmania 7320, Australia; fourth and fifth authors, Plant Pathology & Plant-Microbe Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell AgriTech at the New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, Cornell University, Geneva, NY 14456
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30
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Carella M, Agell G, Uriz MJ. Asexual reproduction and heterozygote selection in an Antarctic demosponge (Stylocordyla chupachus, Suberitida). Polar Biol 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s00300-018-2436-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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31
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Sumabat LG, Kemerait RC, Kim DK, Mehta YR, Brewer MT. Clonality and geographic structure of host-specialized populations of Corynespora cassiicola causing emerging target spot epidemics in the southeastern United States. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0205849. [PMID: 30321244 PMCID: PMC6188889 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0205849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Corynespora cassiicola is a destructive plant-pathogenic fungus causing widespread target spot epidemics, including outbreaks on cotton, soybean, and tomato in the southeastern United States. Previous studies revealed that populations from the three hosts are genetically distinct and host specialized. Although variation in aggressiveness to cotton and tomato were observed, no genetic diversity was detected within populations sampled from each of these hosts. We aimed to gain a better understanding of the emerging target spot epidemics by developing microsatellite markers for C. cassiicola to assess genetic variation, population structure, and to infer modes of reproduction and mechanisms of dispersal. Two hundred sixty-five isolates from cotton, soybean, tomato, and other host plants were genotyped with 13 microsatellite markers. Genotypic diversity revealed genetic variation within each of the populations collected from different hosts, with the population from cotton dominated by clonal genotypes and showing the least genetic diversity. In addition, C. cassiicola populations on different host species were genetically distinct and structured based on host species. No association between genetic and geographic distances was identified in the tomato populations, and the association in cotton populations was low. However, significant regional geographic structure was detected in the soybean populations of C. cassiicola. These results further support previous findings of introduced host specialized isolates or the evolution of more aggressive strains on each host. The lack of geographic structure suggests that the clones on cotton and tomato spread rapidly, or similar founder populations were established by human-mediated dispersal, and that dispersal is not limited. However, regional geographic structure of populations on soybean suggests limited dispersal among more established populations of C. cassiicola, or genetic differences in founder populations that colonized different geographic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leilani G. Sumabat
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Robert C. Kemerait
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Tifton, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Dong Kyun Kim
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | | | - Marin T. Brewer
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
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32
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Koch RA, Aime MC. Population structure of
Guyanagaster necrorhizus
supports termite dispersal for this enigmatic fungus. Mol Ecol 2018; 27:2667-2679. [PMID: 29729049 DOI: 10.1111/mec.14710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel A. Koch
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology Purdue University West Lafayette Indiana
| | - M. Catherine Aime
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology Purdue University West Lafayette Indiana
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33
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Piotrowska MJ, Riddell C, Hoebe PN, Ennos RA. Planting exotic relatives has increased the threat posed by Dothistroma septosporum to the Caledonian pine populations of Scotland. Evol Appl 2018; 11:350-363. [PMID: 29632553 PMCID: PMC5881121 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
To manage emerging forest diseases and prevent their occurrence in the future, it is essential to determine the origin(s) of the pathogens involved and identify the management practices that have ultimately caused disease problems. One such practice is the widespread planting of exotic tree species within the range of related native taxa. This can lead to emerging forest disease both by facilitating introduction of exotic pathogens and by providing susceptible hosts on which epidemics of native pathogens can develop. We used microsatellite markers to determine the origins of the pathogen Dothistroma septosporum responsible for the current outbreak of Dothistroma needle blight (DNB) on native Caledonian Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) populations in Scotland and evaluated the role played by widespread planting of two exotic pine species in the development of the disease outbreak. We distinguished three races of D. septosporum in Scotland, one of low genetic diversity associated with introduced lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta), one of high diversity probably derived from the DNB epidemic on introduced Corsican pine (Pinus nigra subsp. laricio) in England and a third of intermediate diversity apparently endemic on Caledonian Scots pine. These races differed for both growth rate and exudate production in culture. Planting of exotic pine stands in the UK appears to have facilitated the introduction of two exotic races of D. septosporum into Scotland which now pose a threat to native Caledonian pines both directly and through potential hybridization and introgression with the endemic race. Our results indicate that both removal of exotic species from the vicinity of Caledonian pine populations and restriction of movement of planting material are required to minimize the impact of the current DNB outbreak. They also demonstrate that planting exotic species that are related to native species reduces rather than enhances the resilience of forests to pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta J. Piotrowska
- Crop and Soil Systems Research GroupScotland's Rural CollegeEdinburghUK
- The Institute of Biological Chemistry, Biophysics and BioengineeringHeriot‐Watt UniversityEdinburghUK
| | - Carolyn Riddell
- Institute of Evolutionary BiologyAshworth LaboratoriesUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
- Forest ResearchNorthern Research StationRoslinUK
| | - Peter N. Hoebe
- Crop and Soil Systems Research GroupScotland's Rural CollegeEdinburghUK
| | - Richard A. Ennos
- Institute of Evolutionary BiologyAshworth LaboratoriesUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
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Schneider-Maunoury L, Leclercq S, Clément C, Covès H, Lambourdière J, Sauve M, Richard F, Selosse MA, Taschen E. Is Tuber melanosporum colonizing the roots of herbaceous, non-ectomycorrhizal plants? FUNGAL ECOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funeco.2017.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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35
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Matsuo A, Tomimatsu H, Sangetsu Y, Suyama Y, Makita A. Genet dynamics of a regenerating dwarf bamboo population across heterogeneous light environments in a temperate forest understorey. Ecol Evol 2018; 8:1746-1757. [PMID: 29435249 PMCID: PMC5792577 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Revised: 11/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the advantage of plant clonality in patchy environments, studies focusing on genet demography in relation to spatially heterogeneous environments remain scarce. Regeneration of bamboos in forest understoreys after synchronous die-off provides an opportunity for assessing how they come to proliferate across heterogeneous light environments. In a Japanese forest, we examined genet demography of a population of Sasa kurilensis over a 7-year period starting 10 years after die-off, shortly after which some genets began spreading horizontally by rhizomes. The aboveground biomass was estimated, and genets were discriminated in 9-m2 plots placed under both canopy gaps and closed canopies. Overall, the results suggest that the survival and spread of more productive genets and the spatial expansion of genets into closed canopies underlie the proliferation of S. kurilensis. Compared to canopy gaps, the recovery rate of biomass was much slower under closed canopies for the first 10 years after the die-off, but became accelerated during the next 7 years. Genet survival was greater for more productive genets (with greater initial number of culms), and the spaces occupied by genets that died were often colonized afterward by clonal growth of surviving genets. The number of genets decreased under canopy gaps due to greater mortality, but increased under closed canopies where greater number of genets colonized clonally from outside the plots than genets died. The colonizing genets were more productive (having larger culms) than those originally germinated within the plots, and the contribution of colonizing genets to the biomass was greater under closed canopies. Our study emphasizes the importance of investigating genet dynamics over relevant spatiotemporal scales to reveal processes underlying the success of clonal plants in heterogeneous habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayumi Matsuo
- Faculty of Bioresource SciencesAkita Prefectural UniversityAkitaJapan
| | | | - Yushin Sangetsu
- Faculty of Bioresource SciencesAkita Prefectural UniversityAkitaJapan
| | - Yoshihisa Suyama
- Field Science CenterGraduate School of Agricultural ScienceTohoku UniversityOsakiMiyagiJapan
| | - Akifumi Makita
- Faculty of Bioresource SciencesAkita Prefectural UniversityAkitaJapan
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36
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Garcia-Cisneros A, Palacín C, Ventura CRR, Feital B, Paiva PC, Pérez-Portela R. Intraspecific genetic structure, divergence and high rates of clonality in an amphi-Atlantic starfish. Mol Ecol 2018; 27:752-772. [PMID: 29218784 DOI: 10.1111/mec.14454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Revised: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Intraspecific genetic diversity and divergence have a large influence on the adaption and evolutionary potential of species. The widely distributed starfish, Coscinasterias tenuispina, combines sexual reproduction with asexual reproduction via fission. Here we analyse the phylogeography of this starfish to reveal historical and contemporary processes driving its intraspecific genetic divergence. We further consider whether asexual reproduction is the most important method of propagation throughout the distribution range of this species. Our study included 326 individuals from 16 populations, covering most of the species' distribution range. A total of 12 nuclear microsatellite loci and sequences of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene were analysed. COI and microsatellites were clustered in two isolated lineages: one found along the southwestern Atlantic and the other along the northeastern Atlantic and Mediterranean Sea. This suggests the existence of two different evolutionary units. Marine barriers along the European coast would be responsible for population clustering: the Almeria-Oran Front that limits the entrance of migrants from the Atlantic to the Mediterranean, and the Siculo-Tunisian strait that divides the two Mediterranean basins. The presence of identical genotypes was detected in all populations, although two monoclonal populations were found in two sites where annual mean temperatures and minimum values were the lowest. Our results based on microsatellite loci showed that intrapopulation genetic diversity was significantly affected by clonality whereas it had lower effect for the global phylogeography of the species, although still some impact on populations' genetic divergence could be observed between some populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Garcia-Cisneros
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, University of Barcelona, Research Institute of Biodiversity (IRBIO), Barcelona, Spain.,Center for Advanced Studies of Blanes (CEAB-CSIC), Accès a la Cala Sant Francesc, Girona, Spain
| | - Creu Palacín
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, University of Barcelona, Research Institute of Biodiversity (IRBIO), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carlos Renato Rezende Ventura
- Invertebrate Department, National Museum, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Quinta da Boa Vista, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Barbara Feital
- Invertebrate Department, National Museum, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Quinta da Boa Vista, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Department of Zoology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Paulo Cesar Paiva
- Department of Zoology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rocío Pérez-Portela
- Center for Advanced Studies of Blanes (CEAB-CSIC), Accès a la Cala Sant Francesc, Girona, Spain
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37
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De Luca D, Cennamo P, Del Guacchio E, Di Novella R, Caputo P. Conservation and genetic characterisation of common bean landraces from Cilento region (southern Italy): high differentiation in spite of low genetic diversity. Genetica 2017; 146:29-44. [PMID: 29030763 DOI: 10.1007/s10709-017-9994-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Since its introduction from Central-South America to Italy almost 500 years ago, the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) was largely cultivated across the peninsula in hundreds of different landraces. However, globalisation and technological modernisation of agricultural practices in the last decades promoted the cultivation of few varieties at the expense of traditional and local agro-ecotypes, which have been confined to local markets or have completely disappeared. The aim of this study was to evaluate the genetic diversity and differentiation in 12 common bean landraces once largely cultivated in the Cilento region (Campania region, southern Italy), and now the object of a recovery program to save them from extinction. The analysis conducted using 13 nuclear microsatellite loci in 140 individuals revealed a high degree of homozygosity within each landrace and a strong genetic differentiation that was reflected in the success in assigning individuals to the source landrace. On the contrary, internal transcribed spacers 1 and 2, analysed in one individual per landrace, were highly similar among common bean landraces but allowed the identification of a cowpea variety (Vigna unguiculata Walp.), a crop largely cultivated in the Old World before the arrival of common bean from Americas. In conclusion, our study highlighted that conservation of landraces is important not only for the cultural and socio-economic value that they have for local communities, but also because the time and conditions in which they have been selected have led to that genetic distinctiveness that is at the basis of many potential agronomical applications and dietary benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele De Luca
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, via Foria 223, 80139, Naples, Italy.
| | - Paola Cennamo
- Facoltà di Lettere, Università degli Studi Suor Orsola Benincasa di Napoli, Via Santa Caterina da Siena 37, 80135, Naples, Italy
| | - Emanuele Del Guacchio
- Facoltà di Scienze della Formazione, Università degli Studi Suor Orsola Benincasa di Napoli, Via Santa Caterina da Siena 37, 80135, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Paolo Caputo
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, via Foria 223, 80139, Naples, Italy
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De la Varga H, Le Tacon F, Lagoguet M, Todesco F, Varga T, Miquel I, Barry-Etienne D, Robin C, Halkett F, Martin F, Murat C. Five years investigation of female and male genotypes in périgord black truffle (Tuber melanosporum
Vittad.) revealed contrasted reproduction strategies. Environ Microbiol 2017; 19:2604-2615. [DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.13735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Revised: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Herminia De la Varga
- UMR1136 Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, Laboratoire d'Excellence ARBRE; INRA, Université de Lorraine; Champenoux F-54280 France
| | - François Le Tacon
- UMR1136 Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, Laboratoire d'Excellence ARBRE; INRA, Université de Lorraine; Champenoux F-54280 France
| | - Mélanie Lagoguet
- UMR1136 Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, Laboratoire d'Excellence ARBRE; INRA, Université de Lorraine; Champenoux F-54280 France
| | - Flora Todesco
- UMR1136 Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, Laboratoire d'Excellence ARBRE; INRA, Université de Lorraine; Champenoux F-54280 France
| | - Torda Varga
- UMR1136 Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, Laboratoire d'Excellence ARBRE; INRA, Université de Lorraine; Champenoux F-54280 France
| | - Igor Miquel
- UMR1136 Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, Laboratoire d'Excellence ARBRE; INRA, Université de Lorraine; Champenoux F-54280 France
| | | | - Christophe Robin
- UMR 1121 Laboratoire Agronomie-Environnement, Nancy-Colmar; INRA, Université de Lorraine; Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy 54518 France
| | - Fabien Halkett
- UMR1136 Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, Laboratoire d'Excellence ARBRE; INRA, Université de Lorraine; Champenoux F-54280 France
| | - Francis Martin
- UMR1136 Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, Laboratoire d'Excellence ARBRE; INRA, Université de Lorraine; Champenoux F-54280 France
| | - Claude Murat
- UMR1136 Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, Laboratoire d'Excellence ARBRE; INRA, Université de Lorraine; Champenoux F-54280 France
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Hu AQ, Gale SW, Kumar P, Saunders RMK, Sun M, Fischer GA. Preponderance of clonality triggers loss of sex in Bulbophyllum bicolor, an obligately outcrossing epiphytic orchid. Mol Ecol 2017; 26:3358-3372. [PMID: 28390097 DOI: 10.1111/mec.14139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Revised: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Vegetative propagation (clonal growth) conveys several evolutionary advantages that positively affect life history fitness and is a widespread phenomenon among angiosperms that also reproduce sexually. However, a bias towards clonality can interfere with sexual reproduction and lead to sexual extinction, although a dearth of effective genetic tools and mathematical models for clonal plants has hampered assessment of these impacts. Using the endangered tropical epiphytic or lithophytic orchid Bulbophyllum bicolor as a model, we integrated an examination of breeding system with 12 microsatellite loci and models valid for clonal species to test for the "loss of sex" and infer likely consequences for long-term reproductive dynamics. Bagging experiments and field observations revealed B. bicolor to be self-incompatible and pollinator-dependent, with an absence of fruit-set over 4 years. Challenging the assumptions that clonal populations can be as genotypically diverse as sexually reproducing ones and that clonality does not greatly influence genetic structure, just 22 multilocus genotypes were confirmed among all 15 extant natural populations, 12 of the populations were found to be monoclonal, and all three multiclonal ones exhibited a distinct phalanx clonal architecture. Our results suggest that all B. bicolor populations depend overwhelmingly on clonal growth for persistence, with a concomitant loss of sex due to an absence of pollinators and a lack of mating opportunities at virtually all sites, both of which are further entrenched by habitat fragmentation. Such cryptic life history impacts, potentially contributing to extinction debt, could be widespread among similarly fragmented, outcrossing tropical epiphytes, demanding urgent conservation attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai-Qun Hu
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Kadoorie Farm & Botanic Garden, Hong Kong, China
| | | | - Pankaj Kumar
- Kadoorie Farm & Botanic Garden, Hong Kong, China
| | | | - Mei Sun
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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40
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Burchhardt KM, Miller ME, Cline WO, Cubeta MA. Fine-Scale Genetic Structure and Reproductive Biology of the Blueberry Pathogen Monilinia vaccinii-corymbosi. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2017; 107:231-239. [PMID: 27775501 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-02-16-0093-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The fungus Monilinia vaccinii-corymbosi, a pathogen of Vaccinium spp., requires asexual and sexual spore production to complete its life cycle. A recent study found population structuring of M. vaccinii-corymbosi over a broad spatial scale in the United States. In this study, we examined fine-scale genetic structuring, temporal dynamics, and reproductive biology within a 125-by-132-m blueberry plot from 2010 to 2012. In total, 395 isolates of M. vaccinii-corymbosi were sampled from infected shoots and fruit to examine their multilocus haplotype (MLH) using microsatellite markers. The MLH of 190 single-ascospore isolates from 21 apothecia was also determined. Little to no genetic differentiation and unrestricted gene flow were detected among four sampled time points and between infected tissue types. Discriminant analysis of principal components suggested genetic structuring within the field, with at least K = 3 genetically distinct clusters maintained over four sampled time points. Single-ascospore progeny from eight apothecia had identical MLH and at least two distinct MLH were detected from 13 apothecia. Tests for linkage disequilibrium suggested that genetically diverse ascospore progeny were the product of recombination. This study supports the idea that the fine-scale dynamics of M. vaccinii-corymbosi may be complex, with genetic structuring, inbreeding, and outcrossing detected in the study area.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Megan E Miller
- Department of Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695
| | - William O Cline
- Department of Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695
| | - Marc A Cubeta
- Department of Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695
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41
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Lund KT, Riaz S, Walker MA. Population Structure, Diversity and Reproductive Mode of the Grape Phylloxera (Daktulosphaira vitifoliae) across Its Native Range. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0170678. [PMID: 28125736 PMCID: PMC5268464 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0170678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Grape Phylloxera, Daktulosphaira vitifoliae, is a gall-forming insect that feeds on the leaves and roots of many Vitis species. The roots of the cultivated V. vinifera cultivars and hybrids are highly susceptible to grape phylloxera feeding damage. The native range of this insect covers most of North America, and it is particularly abundant in the eastern and central United States. Phylloxera was introduced from North America to almost all grape-growing regions across five of the temperate zone continents. It devastated vineyards in each of these regions causing large-scale disruptions to grape growers, wine makers and national economies. In order to understand the population diversity of grape phylloxera in its native range, more than 500 samples from 19 States and 34 samples from the introduced range (northern California, Europe and South America) were genotyped with 32 simple sequence repeat markers. STRUCTURE, a model based clustering method identified five populations within these samples. The five populations were confirmed by a neighbor-joining tree and principal coordinate analysis (PCoA). These populations were distinguished by their Vitis species hosts and their geographic locations. Samples collected from California, Europe and South America traced back to phylloxera sampled in the northeastern United States on V. riparia, with some influence from phylloxera collected along the Atlantic Coast and Central Plains on V. vulpina. Reproductive statistics conclusively confirmed that sexual reproduction is common in the native range and is combined with cyclical parthenogenesis. Native grape phylloxera populations were identified to be under Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. The identification of admixed samples between many of these populations indicates that shared environments facilitate sexual reproduction between different host associated populations to create new genotypes of phylloxera. This study also found that assortative mating might occur across the sympatric range of the V. vulpina west and V. cinerea populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl T. Lund
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Summaira Riaz
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - M. Andrew Walker
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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42
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Molinier V, Murat C, Baltensweiler A, Büntgen U, Martin F, Meier B, Moser B, Sproll L, Stobbe U, Tegel W, Egli S, Peter M. Fine-scale genetic structure of natural Tuber aestivum sites in southern Germany. MYCORRHIZA 2016; 26:895-907. [PMID: 27460217 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-016-0719-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Although the Burgundy truffle (Tuber aestivum) is an ectomycorrhizal fungus of important economic value, its subterranean life cycle and population biology are still poorly understood. Here, we determine mating type and simple sequence repeat (SSR) maternal genotypes of mapped fruiting bodies to assess their genetic structure within two naturally colonized forest sites in southern Germany. Forty-one genotypes were identified from 112 fruiting bodies. According to their mating types, the maternal genotypes were aggregated only in one population. Genotypic diversity of individuals that mostly were small and occurred in 1 out of 2 years of sampling was high. Although these results suggested a ruderal colonization strategy, some genets spread several hundred meters. This result indicates that, besides sexual spore dispersal, vegetative growth or spreading by mycelial propagules contributes to dissemination. In one site, fewer individuals with a tendency to expand genets belonging to only one genetic group were observed. In the second site, numerous small individuals were found and were grouped into two clearly differentiated genetic groups that were spatially intermingled. Forest characteristics and disturbances are possible reasons for the observed genetic patterns. Our findings contribute to a better understanding of the biology of one of the most widespread and commercially important truffle species. This knowledge is critical for establishing and maintaining sustainable long-term truffle cultivations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginie Molinier
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), Birmensdorf, 8903, Switzerland.
| | - Claude Murat
- INRA, Université de Lorraine, UMR1136 Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, Laboratoire d'Excellence ARBRE, F-54280, Champenoux, France
| | - Andri Baltensweiler
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), Birmensdorf, 8903, Switzerland
| | - Ulf Büntgen
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), Birmensdorf, 8903, Switzerland
- Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, Bern, Switzerland
- Global Change Research Centre AS CR, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Francis Martin
- INRA, Université de Lorraine, UMR1136 Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, Laboratoire d'Excellence ARBRE, F-54280, Champenoux, France
| | - Barbara Meier
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), Birmensdorf, 8903, Switzerland
| | - Barbara Moser
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), Birmensdorf, 8903, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Willy Tegel
- Institute of Forest Sciences IWW, Freiburg University, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Simon Egli
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), Birmensdorf, 8903, Switzerland
| | - Martina Peter
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), Birmensdorf, 8903, Switzerland
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43
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Becheler R, Xhaard C, Klein EK, Hayden KJ, Frey P, De Mita S, Halkett F. Genetic signatures of a range expansion in natura: when clones play leapfrog. Ecol Evol 2016; 6:6625-6632. [PMID: 27777735 PMCID: PMC5058533 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.2392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The genetic consequences of range expansions have generally been investigated at wide geographical and temporal scales, long after the colonization event. A unique ecological system enabled us to both monitor the colonization dynamics and decipher the genetic footprints of expansion over a very short time period. Each year an epidemic of the poplar rust (Melampsora larici‐populina) expands clonally and linearly along the Durance River, in the Alps. The colonization dynamics observed in 2004 showed two phases with different genetic outcomes. Upstream, fast colonization maintained high genetic diversity. Downstream, the colonization wave progressively faltered, diversity eroded, and differentiation increased, as expected under recurrent founder events. In line with the high dispersal abilities of rust pathogens, we provide evidence for leapfrog dispersal of clones. Our results thus emphasize the importance of colonization dynamics in shaping spatial genetic structure in the face of high gene flow.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Constance Xhaard
- UMR IAMINRA Université de Lorraine54000 Nancy France; Present address: INSERM U1018, CESP, Univ. Paris-Sud UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay Institut Gustave Roussy Villejuif France
| | - Etienne K Klein
- UR Biostatistique et Processus Spatiaux INRA 84914 Avignon France
| | - Katherine J Hayden
- UMR IAMINRA Université de Lorraine 54000 Nancy France; Present address: Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh 20a Inverleith Row Edinburgh EH3 5LR UK
| | - Pascal Frey
- UMR IAM INRA Université de Lorraine 54000 Nancy France
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44
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Li HX, Brewer MT. Spatial Genetic Structure and Population Dynamics of Gummy Stem Blight Fungi Within and Among Watermelon Fields in the Southeastern United States. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2016; 106:900-908. [PMID: 27050575 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-01-16-0006-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The epidemiology of gummy stem blight (GSB) of cucurbits, particularly the sources of inoculum for epidemics, and the regional population genetic structure of the causal fungi Stagonosporopsis cucurbitacearum (syn. Didymella bryoniae), S. citrulli, and S. caricae are not well understood. Our goal was to better understand the population structure and fine-scale spatial genetic structure of Stagonosporopsis spp. in the southeastern United States. Overall, 528 isolates collected from nine fields in 2012, 2013, and 2014 were genotyped with 16 microsatellite markers. In 2013, S. caricae was first detected in the southeastern United States; however, S. citrulli remained the dominant species, representing 96.4% of the isolates. Principal coordinates analysis, discriminant analysis of principle components, and analysis of molecular variance indicated that most populations of S. citrulli were genotypically diverse, yet dominated by widely distributed clones that contributed to regional population structure. Spatial genetic structure resulting from aggregation of clonal genotypes at distances of less than 10 meters was detected within two of three fields in which isolate location was recorded. Studies on the epidemiological and fitness differences between S. citrulli and S. caricae and of prevalent and widespread clones will provide insight into the population structure and species dynamics observed in GSB epidemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Xi Li
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA
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45
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Voudouris CC, Kati AN, Sadikoglou E, Williamson M, Skouras PJ, Dimotsiou O, Georgiou S, Fenton B, Skavdis G, Margaritopoulos JT. Insecticide resistance status of Myzus persicae in Greece: long-term surveys and new diagnostics for resistance mechanisms. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2016; 72:671-83. [PMID: 25960200 DOI: 10.1002/ps.4036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Revised: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Myzus persicae nicotianae is an important pest in Greece, controlled mainly by neonicotinoids. Monitoring of the aphid populations for resistance mechanisms is essential for effective control. RESULTS Two new RFLP-based diagnostics for the detection of the M918T (super-kdr pyrethroid resistance) and nAChR R81T (neonicotinoid resistance) mutations were applied, along with other established assays, on 131 nicotianae multilocus genotypes (MLGs) collected from tobacco and peach in Greece in 2012-2013. Furthermore, we present resistance data from aphid clones (>500, mainly nicotianae) collected in 2006-2007. About half of the clones tested with a diagnostic dose of imidacloprid were tolerant. The R81T mutation was not found in the 131 MLGs and 152 clones examined. Over half (58.6%) of a subset of 29 clones showed a 9-36-fold overexpression of CYP6CY3. M918T was found at low to moderate frequencies. The kdr and MACE mechanisms and carboxylesterase-based resistance were found at high frequency in all years. CONCLUSION The aphid retains costly resistance mechanisms even in the absence of pressure from certain insecticides, which could be attributed to factors related to climate and genetic properties of the populations. The indication of build-up of resistance/tolerance to neonicotinoids, related to CYP6CY3 overexpression, is a matter of concern. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Costas Ch Voudouris
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Amalia N Kati
- Plant Pathology Laboratory, School of Agriculture, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Eldem Sadikoglou
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Democritus University of Thrace, Dragana, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Martin Williamson
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Herts, UK
| | - Panagiotis J Skouras
- Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology and Zoology, Department of Agricultural Technologies, Technological Educational Institute of Peloponnese, Antikalamos, Kalamata, Greece
| | - Ourania Dimotsiou
- Plant Pathology Laboratory, School of Agriculture, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Stella Georgiou
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - Brian Fenton
- Crop and Soil Systems Research Group, Scottish Rural University College, Aberdeen, UK
| | - George Skavdis
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Democritus University of Thrace, Dragana, Alexandroupolis, Greece
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46
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Bailleul D, Stoeckel S, Arnaud‐Haond S. RClone: a package to identify MultiLocus Clonal Lineages and handle clonal data sets in
r
. Methods Ecol Evol 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/2041-210x.12550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Diane Bailleul
- IFREMER, UMR MARBEC, Station de Sète Avenue Jean Monnet CS 30171 34203 Sète Cedex France
- OREME – Station Marine, Université Montpellier 2 rue des Chantiers ‐ CC 99009 34200 Sète France
| | - Solenn Stoeckel
- INRA UMR1349 Institute for Genetics Environment and Plant Protection 35650 Le Rheu France
| | - Sophie Arnaud‐Haond
- IFREMER, UMR MARBEC, Station de Sète Avenue Jean Monnet CS 30171 34203 Sète Cedex France
- OREME – Station Marine, Université Montpellier 2 rue des Chantiers ‐ CC 99009 34200 Sète France
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47
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Molinier V, Murat C, Peter M, Gollotte A, De la Varga H, Meier B, Egli S, Belfiori B, Paolocci F, Wipf D. SSR-based identification of genetic groups within European populations of Tuber aestivum Vittad. MYCORRHIZA 2016; 26:99-110. [PMID: 26070448 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-015-0649-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Tuber species are ectomycorrhizal ascomycetes establishing relationships with different host trees and forming hypogeous fruiting bodies known as truffles. Among Tuber species, Tuber aestivum Vittad. has a wide distributional range being found naturally all over Europe. Here, we performed large-scale population genetic analyses in T. aestivum to (i) investigate its genetic diversity at the European scale, (ii) characterize its genetic structure and test for the presence of ecotypes and (iii) shed light into its demographic history. To reach these goals, 230 ascocarps from different populations were genotyped using 15 polymorphic simple sequence repeat markers. We identified 181 multilocus genotypes and four genetic groups which did not show a clear geographical separation; although, one of them was present exclusively in Southeast France, Italy and Spain. Fixation index values between pairs of genetic groups were generally high and ranged from 0.29 to 0.45. A significant deficit of heterozygosity indicated a population expansion instead of a recent population bottleneck, suggesting that T. aestivum is not endangered in Europe, not even in Mediterranean regions. Our study based on a large-scale population genetic analysis suggests that genetically distinct populations and likely ecotypes within T. aestivum are present. In turn, this study paves the way to future investigations aimed at addressing the biological and/or ecological factors that have concurred in shaping the population genetic structure of this species. Present results should also have implications for the truffle market since defining genetic markers are now possible at least for some specific T. aestivum genetic groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginie Molinier
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), 8903, Birmensdorf, Switzerland.
- UMR Agroécologie INRA, Agrosup, u. Bourgogne, Pôle Interactions Plantes Microorganismes ERL 6300 CNRS, BP 86510, Université de Bourgogne, 21065 Cedex, Dijon, France.
| | - Claude Murat
- UMR1136 Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, Université de Lorraine, F-54500, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
- INRA, UMR1136 Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, F-54280, Champenoux, France
| | - Martina Peter
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), 8903, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | | | - Herminia De la Varga
- UMR1136 Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, Université de Lorraine, F-54500, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
- INRA, UMR1136 Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, F-54280, Champenoux, France
| | - Barbara Meier
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), 8903, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Simon Egli
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), 8903, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Beatrice Belfiori
- National Research Council, Institute of Biosciences and BioResources-Perugia (CNR-IBBR), 06128, Perugia, Italy
| | - Francesco Paolocci
- National Research Council, Institute of Biosciences and BioResources-Perugia (CNR-IBBR), 06128, Perugia, Italy
| | - Daniel Wipf
- UMR Agroécologie INRA, Agrosup, u. Bourgogne, Pôle Interactions Plantes Microorganismes ERL 6300 CNRS, BP 86510, Université de Bourgogne, 21065 Cedex, Dijon, France
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48
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Douhovnikoff V, Leventhal M. The use of Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium in clonal plant systems. Ecol Evol 2016; 6:1173-80. [PMID: 26839683 PMCID: PMC4725330 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.1946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Revised: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Traditionally population genetics precludes the use of the same genetic individual more than once in Hardy-Weinberg (HW) based calculations due to the model's explicit assumptions. However, when applied to clonal plant populations this can be difficult to do, and in some circumstances, it may be ecologically informative to use the ramet as the data unit. In fact, ecologists have varied the definition of the individual from a strict adherence to a single data point per genotype to a more inclusive approach of one data point per ramet. With the advent of molecular tools, the list of facultatively clonal plants and the recognition of their ecological relevance grows. There is an important risk of misinterpretation when HW calculations are applied to a clonal plant not recognized as clonal, as well as when the definition of the individual for those calculations is not clearly stated in a known clonal species. Focusing on heterozygosity values, we investigate cases that demonstrate the extreme range of potential modeling outcomes and describe the different contexts where a particular definition could better meet ecological modeling goals. We emphasize that the HW model can be ecologically relevant when applied to clonal plants, but caution is necessary in how it is used, reported, and interpreted. We propose that in known clonal plants, both genotype (GHet) and ramet (RHet) based calculations are reported to define the full range of potential values and better facilitate cross-study comparisons.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matthew Leventhal
- Biology DepartmentBowdoin College6500 College StationBrunswickMaine04011
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49
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Molinier V, Murat C, Frochot H, Wipf D, Splivallo R. Fine-scale spatial genetic structure analysis of the black truffle T
uber aestivum
and its link to aroma variability. Environ Microbiol 2015; 17:3039-50. [DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.12910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Revised: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Virginie Molinier
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest Snow and Landscape Research (WSL); Birmensdorf Switzerland
- UMR Agroécologie INRA/Agrosup/u. Bourgogne; Université de Bourgogne; Dijon Cedex France
| | - Claude Murat
- UMR1136 Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes; Université de Lorraine; Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy France
- UMR1136 Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes; INRA; Champenoux France
| | | | - Daniel Wipf
- UMR Agroécologie INRA/Agrosup/u. Bourgogne; Université de Bourgogne; Dijon Cedex France
| | - Richard Splivallo
- Institute for Molecular Biosciences; Goethe University Frankfurt; Frankfurt am Main Germany
- Integrative Fungal Research Cluster (IPF); Frankfurt am Main Germany
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50
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Möst M, Oexle S, Marková S, Aidukaite D, Baumgartner L, Stich HB, Wessels M, Martin-Creuzburg D, Spaak P. Population genetic dynamics of an invasion reconstructed from the sediment egg bank. Mol Ecol 2015; 24:4074-93. [PMID: 26122166 DOI: 10.1111/mec.13298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2013] [Revised: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Biological invasions are a global issue with far-reaching consequences for single species, communities and whole ecosystems. Our understanding of modes and mechanisms of biological invasions requires knowledge of the genetic processes associated with successful invasions. In many instances, this information is particularly difficult to obtain as the initial phases of the invasion process often pass unnoticed and we rely on inferences from contemporary population genetic data. Here, we combined historic information with the genetic analysis of resting eggs to reconstruct the invasion of Daphnia pulicaria into Lower Lake Constance (LLC) in the 1970s from the resting egg bank in the sediments. We identified the invader as 'European D. pulicaria' originating from meso- and eutrophic lowland lakes and ponds in Central Europe. The founding population was characterized by extremely low genetic variation in the resting egg bank that increased considerably over time. Furthermore, strong evidence for selfing and/or biparental inbreeding was found during the initial phase of the invasion, followed by a drop of selfing rate to low levels in subsequent decades. Moreover, the increase in genetic variation was most pronounced during early stages of the invasion, suggesting additional introductions during this period. Our study highlights that genetic data covering the entire invasion process from its beginning can be crucial to accurately reconstruct the invasion history of a species. We show that propagule banks can preserve such information enabling the study of population genetic dynamics and sources of genetic variation in successful invasive populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Möst
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, CH-8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland.,Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich, CH-8092, Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, CB2 3EJ, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sarah Oexle
- Limnological Institute, University of Konstanz, D-78464, Konstanz, Germany.,Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology, Evolution and Conservation, KU Leuven, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Silvia Marková
- Laboratory of Molecular Ecology, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Rumburská 89, 27721, Liběchov, Czech Republic
| | - Dalia Aidukaite
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, CH-8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Livia Baumgartner
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, CH-8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | | | - Martin Wessels
- Institute for Lake Research, D-88085, Langenargen, Germany
| | | | - Piet Spaak
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, CH-8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland.,Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich, CH-8092, Zurich, Switzerland
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