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Chang H, Zhou C, He J, Pan D, Wang Y, Zhang X, Cao J. Identifying and characterizing the components related to the brown color of Chinese sugar-smoked chicken during processing. Poult Sci 2020; 100:100937. [PMID: 33652531 PMCID: PMC7936203 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.12.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Revised: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The desired color is a key indicator for consumer acceptability of Chinese sugar-smoked chicken. To investigate the formation of color attributes of Chinese sugar-smoked chicken during processing, color values, structural characteristics, and components of brown pigment were evaluated in 2 groups, which were defined as brown skin (BS) and normal skin (NS) of Chinese sugar-smoked chicken based on their color values. Compared with the NS samples, the BS samples showed significantly lower values of lightness, redness, and yellowness and higher content of malondialdehyde and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural. UV-visible and Fourier-transform infrared spectra suggested that the structure of brown pigment was similar to melanin. The brown pigment consisted of multiple chemical components including the polymer of fructose and glucose, and derivatives produced by lipid oxidation, which were identified by HPLC-tandem mass spectrometry. The polymer content of glucose and fructose, which was demonstrated as sucrose by HPLC analysis, was higher in the BS group than in the NS group. Our results indicated that the higher content of the polymer of glucose and fructose was mainly responsible for the brown color of Chinese sugar-smoked chicken.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Chang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Protein Food Processing Technology of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Changyu Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Protein Food Processing Technology of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Jun He
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Protein Food Processing Technology of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Daodong Pan
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Protein Food Processing Technology of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Ying Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Protein Food Processing Technology of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Protein Food Processing Technology of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Jinxuan Cao
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Protein Food Processing Technology of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China.
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Azizoglu U, Jouzani GS, Yilmaz N, Baz E, Ozkok D. Genetically modified entomopathogenic bacteria, recent developments, benefits and impacts: A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 734:139169. [PMID: 32460068 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Entomopathogenic bacteria (EPBs), insect pathogens that produce pest-specific toxins, are environmentally-friendly alternatives to chemical insecticides. However, the most important problem with EPBs application is their limited field stability. Moreover, environmental factors such as solar radiation, leaf temperature, and vapor pressure can affect the pathogenicity of these pathogens and their toxins. Scientists have conducted intensive research to overcome such problems. Genetic engineering has great potential for the development of new engineered entomopathogens with more resistance to adverse environmental factors. Genetically modified entomopathogenic bacteria (GM-EPBs) have many advantages over wild EPBs, such as higher pathogenicity, lower spraying requirements and longer-term persistence. Genetic manipulations have been mostly applied to members of the bacterial genera Bacillus, Lysinibacillus, Pseudomonas, Serratia, Photorhabdus and Xenorhabdus. Although many researchers have found that GM-EPBs can be used safely as plant protection bioproducts, limited attention has been paid to their potential ecological impacts. The main concerns about GM-EPBs and their products are their potential unintended effects on beneficial insects (predators, parasitoids, pollinators, etc.) and rhizospheric bacteria. This review address recent update on the significant role of GM-EPBs in biological control, examining them through different perspectives in an attempt to generate critical discussion and aid in the understanding of their potential ecological impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ugur Azizoglu
- Department of Crop and Animal Production, Safiye Cikrikcioglu Vocational College, Kayseri University, Kayseri, Turkey.
| | - Gholamreza Salehi Jouzani
- Microbial Biotechnology Department, Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute of Iran (ABRII), Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran
| | - Nihat Yilmaz
- Department of Crop and Animal Production, Safiye Cikrikcioglu Vocational College, Kayseri University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Ethem Baz
- Laboratory and Veterinary Health Department, Safiye Cikrikcioglu Vocational College, Kayseri University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Duran Ozkok
- Department of Crop and Animal Production, Safiye Cikrikcioglu Vocational College, Kayseri University, Kayseri, Turkey
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Tan TT, Zhang XD, Miao Z, Yu Y, Du SL, Hou XY, Cai J. A single point mutation in hmgA leads to melanin accumulation in Bacillus thuringiensis BMB181. Enzyme Microb Technol 2019; 120:91-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2018.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Revised: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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4
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Yang W, Ruan L, Tao J, Peng D, Zheng J, Sun M. Single Amino Acid Substitution in Homogentisate Dioxygenase Affects Melanin Production in Bacillus thuringiensis. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2242. [PMID: 30364256 PMCID: PMC6193087 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacillus thuringiensis formulation losing its activity under field conditions due to UV radiation and photoprotection of B. thuringiensis based on melanin has attracted the attention of researchers for many years. Here, a single amino acid substitution (G272E) in homogentisate 1,2-dioxygenase was found to be responsible for pigment overproduction in B. thuringiensis BMB181, a derivative of BMB171. Disrupting the gene encoding homogentisate dioxygenase in BMB171 induced the accumulation of the homogentisic acid and provoked an increased pigment formation. To gain insights into homogentisate 1,2-dioxygenase in B. thuringiensis, we constructed a total of 14 mutations with a single amino acid substitution, and six of the mutant proteins were found to affect the melanin production when substituted by alanine. This study provides a new way to construct pigment-overproducing strains by impairing the homogentisate dioxygenase with a single mutation in B. thuringiensis, and the findings will facilitate a better understanding of this enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lifang Ruan
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiangming Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Donghai Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jinshui Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,College of Informatics, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ming Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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Chizhevskaya EP, Naidenova EA, Onishchuk OP, Andronov EE, Simarov BV. The Melanin Biosynthesis Gene from the CA15-1 Strain of Alfalfa Nodule Bacteria: Molecular Analysis and Phylogeny. RUSS J GENET+ 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s1022795418080045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Zhang L, Zhang X, Batool K, Hu X, Chen M, Xu J, Wang J, Pan X, Huang T, Xu L, Yu XQ, Guan X. Comparison and Mechanism of the UV-Resistant Mosquitocidal Bt Mutant LLP29-M19. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2018; 55:210-216. [PMID: 29186536 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjx192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) is one of the most widely used and studied biopesticides. However, it is vulnerable to the influence of ultraviolet (UV) radiation, causing shorter persistence under field conditions. To obtain a high-active and effective Bt new product, the main objective of this study is to obtain a highly UV-resistant Bt mutant from the mosquitocidal Bt LLP29 through UV exposure. After 19 rounds of UV exposure, a Bt mutant named LLP29-M19 was obtained, showing resistance to UV radiation for up to 67 min. The mosquitocidal fatality rate of LLP29-M19 was 95%, which was slightly higher than that of LLP29 (90%). Comparative characterization showed that there were no substantial differences in morphology between LLP29-M19 and the original strain, LLP29. However, some changes were detected in physiological and biochemical characteristic reactions, including fructose, glucose, and xylose metabolism. Furthermore, although both LLP29-M19 and LLP29 showed negative zeta potentials, the surface charge of LLP29 was -28.1 mV and that of LLP29-M19 was -42.8 mV. The size distribution of LLP29-M19 was also slightly larger than that of LLP29. Fourier transform infrared analysis indicated that amide functional groups might be involved in the resistance mechanism of LLP29-M19. Quantitative analysis using inductive coupled plasma emission spectrometry showed that some elements increased greatly in LLP29-M19, such as K. All of these results will be highly valuable for better understanding the mechanism of Bt resistance. Explanations regarding the resistance mechanism of this novel Bt mutant may lead to the development of new biopesticides with high mosquitocidal activity and persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingling Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops & School of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian, People's Republic of China
- Fujian-Taiwan Joint Center for Ecological Control of Crop Pests, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaojuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops & School of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Khadija Batool
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops & School of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohua Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops & School of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingfeng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops & School of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops & School of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Junxiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops & School of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohong Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops & School of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianpei Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops & School of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops & School of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Qiang Yu
- Division of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO
| | - Xiong Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops & School of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian, People's Republic of China
- Fujian-Taiwan Joint Center for Ecological Control of Crop Pests, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian, People's Republic of China
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Comparative EPR studies of free radicals in melanin synthesized by Bacillus weihenstephanensis soil strains. Chem Phys Lett 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2017.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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8
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Drewnowska JM, Zambrzycka M, Kalska-Szostko B, Fiedoruk K, Swiecicka I. Melanin-Like Pigment Synthesis by Soil Bacillus weihenstephanensis Isolates from Northeastern Poland. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0125428. [PMID: 25909751 PMCID: PMC4409349 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0125428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Although melanin is known for protecting living organisms from harmful physical and chemical factors, its synthesis is rarely observed among endospore-forming Bacillus cereus sensu lato. Here, for the first time, we reported that psychrotolerant Bacillus weihenstephanensis from Northeastern Poland can produce melanin-like pigment. We assessed physicochemical properties of the pigment and the mechanism of its synthesis in relation to B. weihenstephanensis genotypic and phenotypic characteristics. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy displayed a stable free radical signal of the pigment from environmental isolates which are consistent with the commercial melanin. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and physicochemical tests indicated the phenolic character of the pigment. Several biochemical tests showed that melanin-like pigment synthesis by B. weihenstephanensis was associated with laccase activity. The presence of the gene encoding laccase was confirmed by the next generation whole genome sequencing of one B. weihenstephanensis strain. Biochemical (API 20E and 50CHB tests) and genetic (Multi-locus Sequence Typing, 16S rRNA sequencing, and Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis) characterization of the isolates revealed their close relation to the psychrotrophic B. weihenstephanensis DSMZ 11821 reference strain. The ability to synthesize melanin-like pigment by soil B. weihenstephanensis isolates and their psychrotrophic character seemed to be a local adaptation to a specific niche. Detailed genetic and biochemical analyses of melanin-positive environmental B. weihenstephanensis strains shed some light on the evolution and ecological adaptation of these bacteria. Moreover, our study raised new biotechnological possibilities for the use of water-soluble melanin-like pigment naturally produced by B. weihenstephanensis as an alternative to commercial non-soluble pigment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna M. Drewnowska
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biology, University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Monika Zambrzycka
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biology, University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Beata Kalska-Szostko
- Department of Physicochemical Analysis, Institute of Chemistry, University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Fiedoruk
- Department of Microbiology, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Izabela Swiecicka
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biology, University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
- Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
- * E-mail:
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9
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Sansinenea E, Ortiz A. Melanin: a photoprotection for Bacillus thuringiensis based biopesticides. Biotechnol Lett 2014; 37:483-90. [DOI: 10.1007/s10529-014-1726-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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A Bacillus thuringiensis host strain with high melanin production for preparation of light-stable biopesticides. ANN MICROBIOL 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s13213-012-0570-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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Shang Y, Duan Z, Huang W, Gao Q, Wang C. Improving UV resistance and virulence of Beauveria bassiana by genetic engineering with an exogenous tyrosinase gene. J Invertebr Pathol 2011; 109:105-9. [PMID: 22024554 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2011.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2011] [Revised: 09/12/2011] [Accepted: 10/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Insect pathogenic fungi like Beauveria bassiana have been developed as environmentally friendly biocontrol agents against arthropod pests. However, restrictive environmental factors, including solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation frequently lead to inconsistent field performance. To improve resistance to UV damage, we used Agrobacterium-mediated transformation to engineer B. bassiana with an exogenous tyrosinase gene. The results showed that the mitotically stable transformants produced larger amounts of yellowish pigments than the wild-type strain, and these imparted significantly increased UV-resistance. The virulence of the transgenic isolate was also significantly increased against the silkworm Bombyx mori and the mealworm Tenebrio molitor. This study demonstrated that genetic engineering of B. bassiana with a tyrosinase gene is an effective way to improve fungal tolerance against UV damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfang Shang
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
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Physicochemical characterisation and antioxidant activity of melanin from the muscles of Taihe Black-bone silky fowl (Gallus gallus domesticus Brisson). Food Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2008.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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13
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Zhang JT, Yan JP, Zheng DS, Sun YJ, Yuan ZM. Expression of mel gene improves the UV resistance of Bacillus thuringiensis. J Appl Microbiol 2008; 105:151-7. [PMID: 18266703 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2008.03729.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To improve ultraviolet (UV) resistance of Bacillus thuringiensis for increasing the duration of the Bt product applied in the field, a genetically engineered strain Bt TD841 that produced both melanin and Cry1A protein was constructed, and its UV resistance was evaluated in the laboratory. METHODS AND RESULTS Melanin quantitative analysis revealed that the recombinant strain Bt TD841 could synthesize 0.15 mg melanin ml(-1) sporulated culture. Atomic force microscopy confirmed the production of diamond crystal and SDS-PAGE results showed the expression of the 130 kDa Cry1A protein. Bioassay results demonstrated that the LC(50) value of Bt TD841 was 3.69 microl ml(-1) against Helicoverpa armigera and the UV resistance of this recombinant was enhanced 9.7-fold compared to its parental strain Bt HC42 after 4-h UV irradiation. CONCLUSION Expression of the mel gene can significantly increase UV resistance of B. thuringiensis. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This is the first report on genetically engineered Bt strain with co-expression of melanin and the insecticidal crystal proteins gene, and the results may offer a practical solution for improving the photoprotection of Bt products in field application.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-T Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
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Wan X, Liu H, Liao Y, Su Y, Geng J, Yang M, Chen X, Shen P. Isolation of a novel strain of Aeromonas media producing high levels of DOPA-melanin and assessment of the photoprotective role of the melanin in bioinsecticide applications. J Appl Microbiol 2007; 103:2533-41. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2007.03502.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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15
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Biochemical characterisation of the coexisting tyrosinase and laccase in the soil bacterium Pseudomonas putida F6. Enzyme Microb Technol 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2006.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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16
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Zhou Y, Ye WX, Zhou Y, Zhu CG, Sun M, Yu ZN. Ethanol tolerance, yield of melanin, swarming motility and growth are correlated with the expression levels of aiiA gene in Bacillus thuringiensis. Enzyme Microb Technol 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2005.08.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Abstract
Tyrosinases are nearly ubiquitously distributed in all domains of life. They are essential for pigmentation and are important factors in wound healing and primary immune response. Their active site is characterized by a pair of antiferromagnetically coupled copper ions, CuA and CuB, which are coordinated by six histidine residues. Such a "type 3 copper centre" is the common feature of tyrosinases, catecholoxidases and haemocycanins. It is also one of several other copper types found in the multi-copper oxidases (ascorbate oxidase, laccase). The copper pair of tyrosinases binds one molecule of atmospheric oxygen to catalyse two different kinds of enzymatic reactions: (1) the ortho-hydroxylation of monophenols (cresolase activity) and (2) the oxidation of o-diphenols to o-diquinones (catecholase activity). The best-known function is the formation of melanins from L-tyrosine via L-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-dopa). The complicated hydroxylation mechanism at the active centre is still not completely understood, because nothing is known about their tertiary structure. One main reason for this deficit is that hitherto tyrosinases from eukaryotic sources could not be isolated in sufficient quantities and purities for detailed structural studies. This is not the case for prokaryotic tyrosinases from different Streptomyces species, having been intensively characterized genetically and spectroscopically for decades. The Streptomyces tyrosinases are non-modified monomeric proteins with a low molecular mass of ca. 30kDa. They are secreted to the surrounding medium, where they are involved in extracellular melanin production. In the species Streptomyces, the tyrosinase gene is part of the melC operon. Next to the tyrosinase gene (melC2), this operon contains an additional ORF called melC1, which is essential for the correct expression of the enzyme. This review summarizes the present knowledge of bacterial tyrosinases, which are promising models in order to get more insights in structure, enzymatic reactions and functions of "type 3 copper" proteins in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harald Claus
- Institute for Microbiology and Wine Research, University of Mainz, Becherweg 15, D-55099 Mainz, Germany.
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Ruan L, He W, He J, Sun M, Yu Z. Cloning and expression of mel gene from Bacillus thuringiensis in Escherichia coli. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 2005; 87:283-8. [PMID: 15928981 DOI: 10.1007/s10482-004-4775-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2004] [Accepted: 10/14/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Previous work from our laboratory has shown that most of Bacillus thuringiensis strains possess the ability to produce melanin in the presence of L -tyrosine at elevated temperatures (42 degrees C). Furthermore, it was shown that the melanin produced by B. thuringiensis was synthesized by the action of tyrosinase, which catalyzed the conversion of L -tyrosine, via L -DOPA, to melanin. In this study, the tyrosinase-encoding gene (mel) from B. thuringiensis 4D11 was cloned using PCR techniques and expressed in Escherichia coli DH5 alpha. A DNA fragment with 1179 bp which contained the intact mel gene in the recombinant plasmid pGEM1179 imparted the ability to synthesize melanin to the E. coli recipient strain. The nucleotide sequence of this DNA fragment revealed an open reading frame of 744 bp, encoding a protein of 248 amino acids. The novel mel gene from B.thuringiensis expressed in E. coli DH5 alpha conferred UV protection on the recipient strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Ruan
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan 430070, China
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Aghajanyan AE, Hambardzumyan AA, Hovsepyan AS, Asaturian RA, Vardanyan AA, Saghiyan AA. Isolation, purification and physicochemical characterization of water-solubleBacillus thuringiensismelanin. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 18:130-5. [PMID: 15760342 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0749.2005.00211.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Melanins are widely used in medicine, pharmacology, cosmetics and other fields. Although several technologies for the purification of water-insoluble dioxyphenylalanine (DOPA) melanins have been described, a source of water-soluble melanin is highly desirable. Here we describe an effective procedure for the isolation and purification of water-soluble melanin using the culture medium of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. galleriae strain K1. Water-soluble melanin from this organism has an isoelectric point (pI=3.0-3.2) and was purified optimally by adsorbtion using the IA-1r resin and elution as a concentrated solution. The purified melanin obtained exhibited a similar infra-red absorbtion spectrum to synthetic melanin and contained quinolic and phenolic structures and an amino acid content of around 20% after acid hydrolysis. The molecular weight of the purified melanin determined by SDS-PAGE was 4 kDa and the electromagnetic spin resonance spectrum of the purified microbial melanin was a slightly asymmetric singlet without hyperfine structure with about 7 Gauss width of the line between points of the maximum incline and g=2.006. The concentration of paramagnetic centers in melanin is 0.21x10(18) spin/g. The results obtained provide a rapid, simple and inexpensive method for the large scale purification of water soluble melanin that may have widespread applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armen E Aghajanyan
- JSC, Institute of Biotechnology, 14.Gyurjian str. Yerevan, 375056, Armenia.
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Abstract
Melanins are enigmatic pigments that are produced by a wide variety of microorganisms including several species of pathogenic bacteria, fungi and helminths. The study of melanin is difficult because these pigments defy complete biochemical and structural analysis. Nevertheless, the availability of new reagents in the form of monoclonal antibodies and melanin-binding peptides, combined with the application of various physical techniques, has provided insights into the process of melanization. Melanization is important in microbial pathogenesis because it has been associated with virulence in many microorganisms. Melanin appears to contribute to virulence by reducing the susceptibility of melanized microbes to host defence mechanisms. However, the interaction of melanized microbes and the host is complex and includes immune responses to melanin-related antigens. Production of melanin has also been linked to protection against environmental insults. Interference with melanization is a potential strategy for antimicrobial drug and pesticide development. The process of melanization poses fascinating problems in cell biology and provides a type of pathogenic strategy that is common to highly diverse pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua D Nosanchuk
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Ave, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
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