1
|
Hobo Y, Nishikawa J, Miyashiro Y, Fujikata A. Analysis of hair steroid hormone concentrations at different parts of the head by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Clin Chim Acta 2021; 523:260-266. [PMID: 34627827 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2021.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Steroid hormones are known to be associated with diseases like androgenetic alopecia (AGA) resulting in hair loss. The lack of a detailed analysis of the local concentration of steroids in different parts of the head underlies the rationale and purpose of this study. METHODS To evaluate the concentration distributions of steroid hormones in hair in different parts of the head, hair samples of 8 healthy men from 9 point-areas covering the frontal, parietal, and occipital regions were collected. Eight steroid hormones were measured by using the LC-MS/MS and region-wise comparison for different hormones was done using the mean z-score and Tukey's HSD. RESULTS Five of the 8 hormones had a high concentration in the parietal region, with dihydrotestosterone (DHT) showing a peak in the central parietal region (z = 1.59) suggesting a correlation with AGA's clinical presentation. Whereas, no significant differences were observed for testosterone and cortisol between the parietal and occipital regions. Higher DHT levels at the parietal region were also verified with a small group of AGA patients. CONCLUSIONS This research expands upon the role of steroid hormones in hair follicle tissue elucidating their relationship with disease, thus contributing to disease management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshitaka Hobo
- ASKA Pharmamedical Co., Ltd., 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan.
| | - Jun Nishikawa
- ASKA Pharmamedical Co., Ltd., 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yoshimichi Miyashiro
- ASKA Pharmamedical Co., Ltd., 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Akira Fujikata
- ASKA Pharmamedical Co., Ltd., 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Filatova VA, Rozhivanov RV. [Features of hyperandrogenism in men]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 67:111-115. [PMID: 34004108 PMCID: PMC8926148 DOI: 10.14341/probl12732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
ОБОСНОВАНИЕ. Сегодня проблема гиперандрогении изучается преимущественно по отношению к женщинам, у мужчин этот вопрос практически не затрагивается, в то же время гиперандрогения у них может быть ассоциирована с развитием ряда заболеваний.ЦЕЛЬ. Охарактеризовать варианты физиологической гиперандрогении у мужчин.МАТЕРИАЛЫ И МЕТОДЫ. Сплошное одномоментное исследование 100 мужчин с гиперандрогенией. При проведении исследования оценивались объем и структура простаты, объем яичек; определялись уровни лютеинизирующего гормона (ЛГ), общего тестостерона, глобулина, связывающего половые гормоны (ГСПГ), с дальнейшим расчетом уровня свободного тестостерона по Vermeullen, и дигидротестостерона (ДГТ). По результатам анализа гормонального статуса пациентов с гиперандрогенией были сформированы 4 группы пациентов: 1-я — пациенты с повышенным уровнем общего тестостерона и ГСПГ; 2-я — пациенты с повышенным уровнем общего тестостерона и нормальным уровнем ГСПГ; 3-я — пациенты с повышенным уровнем общего тестостерона, ДГТ при нормальном уровне ГСПГ; 4-я — пациенты с повышенным уровнем ДГТ при нормальном уровне общего тестостерона и ГСПГ. Статистически значимыми считали различия между группами при p<0,05.РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ. Возраст и объем простаты пациентов 1-й группы были статистически значимо выше, чем в остальных группах. Для этой группы, несмотря на высокий уровень общего тестостерона, не было характерно наличие жалоб на акне. Пациенты 2-й группы чаще жаловались на акне, но распространенность этого симптома даже в этой группе являлась статистически значимо более низкой, чем у пациентов 3-й группы. При этом частота встречаемости алопеции была статистически значимо ниже во 2-й группе, чем у пациентов как 3-й, так и 4-й групп. Пациенты 3-й группы имели самые яркие клинические проявления гиперандрогении. Для 4-й группы была характерна алопеция.ЗАКЛЮЧЕНИЕ. Повышение уровня андрогенов может выявляться в любом возрасте. При этом у мужчин старшей возрастной группы повышение уровня общего тестостерона может быть обусловлено увеличением секреции ГСПГ и не сопровождаться повышением уровня свободного тестостерона. У молодых пациентов клинические проявления гиперандрогении могут отличаться: для пациентов с повышенным уровнем ДГТ характерна андрогенная алопеция; акне характерно для мужчин с повышенным уровнем общего и свободного тестостерона, а повышение ДГТ усугубляет эту проблему.
Collapse
|
3
|
Lim YS, Harland DP, Dawson TL. Wanted, dead and alive: Why a multidisciplinary approach is needed to unlock hair treatment potential. Exp Dermatol 2020; 28:517-527. [PMID: 30706973 DOI: 10.1111/exd.13898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Revised: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Human recorded history is littered with attempts to improve the perceived appearance of scalp hair. Throughout history, treatments have included both biological and chemical interventions. Hair "quality" or "perceived appearance" is regulated by multiple biological intervention opportunities: adding more hairs by flipping follicles from telogen to anagen, or delaying anagen follicles transiting into catagen; altering hair "apparent amount" by modulating shaft diameter or shape; or, in principle, altering shaft physical properties changing its synthesis. By far the most common biological intervention strategy today is to increase the number of hairs, but to date this has proven difficult and has yielded minimal benefits. Chemical intervention primarily consists of active material surface deposition to improve shaft shine, fibre-fibre interactions and strength. Real, perceptible benefits will best be achieved by combining opportunity areas across the three primary sciences: biology, chemistry and physics. Shaft biogenesis begins with biology: proliferation in the germinative matrix, then crossing "Auber's Critical Line" and ceasing proliferation to synthesize shaft components. Biogenesis then shifts to oxidative chemistry, where previously synthesized components are organized and cross-linked into a shaft. We herein term the crossing point from biology to chemistry as "The Orwin Threshold." Historically, hair biology and chemistry have been conducted in different fields, with biological manipulation residing in biomedical communities and hair shaft chemistry and physics within the consumer care industry, with minimal cross-fertilization. Detailed understanding of hair shaft biogenesis should enable identification of factors necessary for optimum hair shaft production and new intervention opportunities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Shan Lim
- Skin Research Institute Singapore, Singapore
| | - Duane P Harland
- Food and Bio-based Products Group, AgResearch, Crown Research Institute, Lincoln, New Zealand
| | - Thomas L Dawson
- Skin Research Institute Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Drug Discovery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Alhattab MK, AL Abdullah MJ, Al‐janabi MH, Aljanaby WA, Alwakeel HA. The effect of 1540‐nm fractional erbium‐glass laser in the treatment of androgenic alopecia. J Cosmet Dermatol 2019; 19:878-883. [DOI: 10.1111/jocd.13122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 07/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed K. Alhattab
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine University of Babylon Babylon Iraq
| | | | | | | | - Hadi A. Alwakeel
- Department of Dermatology Faculty of medicine Univesity of Kufa Najaf Iraq
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zhang Y, Xu J, Jing J, Wu X, Lv Z. Serum Levels of Androgen-Associated Hormones Are Correlated with Curative Effect in Androgenic Alopecia in Young Men. Med Sci Monit 2018; 24:7770-7777. [PMID: 30376555 PMCID: PMC6223099 DOI: 10.12659/msm.913116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Androgenic alopecia (AGA) is the most common type of hair loss in men. However, the pathogenesis is not yet fully understood and therapeutic approaches are limited. This retrospective study investigated the association between levels of androgen-associated hormones and curative effect in androgenic alopecia in young male AGA patients. Material/Methods By using chemiluminescence immunoassay, serum levels of androgens and upstream regulated hormones were measured in 178 young male patients with AGA and in 61 normal controls before therapy, 1 and 2 weeks after administration of finasteride. Results Before oral finasteride therapy, we found significantly higher levels of serum free testosterone (FT) and dihydrotestosterone (DHT) in AGA patients than in normal controls. The levels of serum sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), luteinizing hormone (LH), and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) were similar in the 2 groups. There were no significant differences in serum androgen levels, including DHT and FT, among AGA patients with different grades of hair loss severity (p>0.05). After finasteride therapy, the levels of DHT decreased significantly (p<0.05). Increased serum levels of LSH or LH were also observed in 55 patients after therapy (p<0.05). The levels of SHGB did not change significantly after therapy (p>0.05). Patients with lower levels of serum FT and DHT than before who accepted finasteride therapy had a higher ratio of curative effect manifested by improved severity grade (p<0.05). Patients with higher levels of LSH or LH had a lower curative rate compared to those without change after therapy (p<0.05). Conclusions We confirmed the role of the androgens hypothalamus-hypophysis-sexual gland axis in the pathogenesis of AGA and the treatment effect of oral anti-androgen therapy in young male Chinese patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yingchun Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Zhejiang University Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China (mainland)
| | - Jingjing Xu
- Department of Dermatology, Beilun People's Hospital, Niongbo, Zhejiang, China (mainland)
| | - Jing Jing
- Department of Dermatology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China (mainland)
| | - Xianjie Wu
- Department of Dermatology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China (mainland)
| | - Zhongfa Lv
- Department of Dermatology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China (mainland)
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Lis-Święty A, Arasiewicz H, Ranosz-Janicka I, Brzezińska-Wcisło L. Serum androgens and prostate-specific antigen levels in androgenetic alopecia: is there a difference between frontal and vertex baldness? J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2018; 32:1815-1818. [DOI: 10.1111/jdv.14758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Lis-Święty
- Department of Dermatology; School of Medicine in Katowice; Medical University of Silesia; Katowice Poland
| | - H. Arasiewicz
- Department of Dermatology; School of Medicine in Katowice; Medical University of Silesia; Katowice Poland
| | - I. Ranosz-Janicka
- Department of Dermatology; School of Medicine in Katowice; Medical University of Silesia; Katowice Poland
| | - L. Brzezińska-Wcisło
- Department of Dermatology; School of Medicine in Katowice; Medical University of Silesia; Katowice Poland
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Kaya Erdogan H, Bulur I, Kocaturk E, Yildiz B, Saracoglu ZN, Alatas O. The role of oxidative stress in early-onset androgenetic alopecia. J Cosmet Dermatol 2016; 16:527-530. [DOI: 10.1111/jocd.12300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hilal Kaya Erdogan
- Faculty of Medicine; Department of Dermatology; Eskişehir Osmangazi University; Eskisehir Turkey
| | - Isıl Bulur
- Faculty of Medicine; Department of Dermatology; Eskişehir Osmangazi University; Eskisehir Turkey
| | - Evin Kocaturk
- Department of Biochemistry; Eskişehir Yunus Emre State Hospital; Eskisehir Turkey
| | - Bahadir Yildiz
- Faculty of Medicine; Department of Dermatology; Eskişehir Osmangazi University; Eskisehir Turkey
| | - Zeynep Nurhan Saracoglu
- Faculty of Medicine; Department of Dermatology; Eskişehir Osmangazi University; Eskisehir Turkey
| | - Ozkan Alatas
- Faculty of Medicine; Department of Biochemistry; Eskişehir Osmangazi University; Eskisehir Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Konrakhina IN, Mareeva AN, Kalinina PA, Abuladze MG. Androgenic hormone profile in patients with androgenetic alopecia. VESTNIK DERMATOLOGII I VENEROLOGII 2015. [DOI: 10.25208/0042-4609-2015-91-6-30-32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
In this article, the outcomes of the range of researches are described including the data on levels of testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, sex hormone-binding globulin and other components of androgen hormone profile in issues and biological fluids of males with androgenetic alopecia. Besides, in this article we describe results of recent studies devoted to effects of androgens on hair follicles and the role of 5-alpha reductase in conversion of androgens.
Collapse
|
9
|
|
10
|
Assessment of the usefulness of dihydrotestosterone in the diagnostics of patients with androgenetic alopecia. Postepy Dermatol Alergol 2014; 31:207-15. [PMID: 25254005 PMCID: PMC4171668 DOI: 10.5114/pdia.2014.40925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2013] [Revised: 07/26/2013] [Accepted: 08/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Androgenetic alopecia (AGA) is the most common form of hair loss. Clinically observed hair loss is due to the continuous miniaturization of affected hair follicles. Genetic factors and androgenic factors especially dihydrotestosterone (DHT), which is a testosterone tissue metabolite, play major roles in the pathogenesis of AGA. However, expert opinions about the usefulness of DHT in the diagnosis of this type of alopecia are divided. Aim To evaluate the usefulness of DHT level in patients with androgenetic alopecia compared with the control group. Material and methods The study comprised 49 subjects: 19 women and 9 men with androgenetic alopecia. The control group consisted of 17 healthy women and 4 men without hair loss. Results Increased serum concentrations of DHT were observed in patients with androgenetic alopecia (17 women, 5 men), but also in the control group. The differences in mean values of DHT were not significant according to the types of alopecia and the control group. Increased serum concentrations of DHT were not correlated with the advance of alopecia. Conclusions Dihydrotestosterone is the most influential androgen and seems to play a very important role in the pathogenesis of androgenetic alopecia. Based on the results of our study and others, the most important factors would appear to be the genetically-determined sensitivity of the follicles to DHT and their different reactions to androgen concentration.
Collapse
|
11
|
Agac MT, Bektas H, Korkmaz L, Cetin M, Erkan H, Gurbak I, Hatem E, Celik S. Androgenetic alopecia is associated with increased arterial stiffness in asymptomatic young adults. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2014; 29:26-30. [PMID: 24628808 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.12424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2013] [Accepted: 01/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Association of androgenetic alopecia (AGA) with increased incidence of hypertension, a strong risk factor for coronary artery disease, has been suggested. However, there are no data on arterial stiffness measures of asymptomatic young adults with AGA. OBJECTIVE In this study, we aimed to investigate the association of the AGA with arterial stiffness assessed by cardio-ankle vascular index (CAVI), in asymptomatic young men. METHODS A total of 162 asymptomatic men aged between 18 and 45 years were consecutively enrolled to the study. Subjects were considered to have AGA if they have ≥3 grade vertex alopecia according to Hamilton-Norwood scale. Arterial stiffness was assessed by CAVI and defined as abnormal if CAVI is ≥8. RESULTS Frequency of abnormal CAVI was higher in patients with AGA (29.3% vs. 10.0%, P = 0.003). Subjects with AGA had higher mean CAVI than subjects without AGA (7.56 ± 0.93 vs. 7.15 ± 0.79, P = 0.004). Binary logistic regression analysis demonstrated that presence of AGA (OR, 5.6; 95% CI, 1.7-20.0, P = 0.006), age (OR, 1.1; 95% CI, 1.0-1.2, P = 0.03) and diastolic blood pressure (OR, 1.1; 95% CI, 1.0-1.3, P = 0.005) were independently associated with abnormal CAVI. CONCLUSION We concluded that, AGA might be an indicator of arterial stiffness in asymptomatic young adults.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M T Agac
- Department of Cardiology, Ahi Evren Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery Training and Research Hospital, Trabzon, Turkey
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Chen W, Yang CC, Tsai RY, Liao CY, Yen YT, Hung CL, Chen KF, Tsai SJ, Zouboulis CC. Expression of sex-determining genes in the scalp of men with androgenetic alopecia. Dermatology 2007; 214:199-204. [PMID: 17377380 DOI: 10.1159/000099583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2006] [Accepted: 08/18/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The regulation of the cutaneous steroidogenesis in patients with androgenetic alopecia remains largely unclear. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to quantify the expression of the sex-determining genes in different scalp areas. METHODS Paired scalp specimens from frontal and occipital scalp areas of 10 patients were examined by real-time RT-PCR for mRNA expression and of 40 patients (mean age 34.9 years, range 22-58) by Western blotting for protein analysis. RESULTS The SOX-9 mRNA was most abundant in the skin, while SF-1 mRNA was sparsely detected. The protein levels of DAX-1, SRY and WT-1 were significantly higher in the bald scalp (p=0.003, 0.004 and 0.03, respectively). Only the SRY expression showed a positive correlation with the baldness severity in Norwood-Hamilton classification (p=0.024). There was no association between patient's age and the protein levels. Immunostaining of SOX-9 was detected in the outer root sheath keratinocytes of hair follicles but not in the dermal papillae. CONCLUSION Further study on a larger population, including normal subjects and female patients, is needed to confirm the pathogenic role of sex-determining genes in androgenetic alopecia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- WenChieh Chen
- Department of Dermatology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical Center, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
|
14
|
Abstract
Androgenetic alopecia (AGA), also known in women as female pattern hair loss, is caused by androgens in genetically susceptible women and men. The thinning begins between ages 12 and 40 years, the inheritance pattern is polygenic, and the incidence is the same as in men. In susceptible hair follicles, dihydrotestosterone binds to the androgen receptor, and the hormone-receptor complex activates the genes responsible for the gradual transformation of large terminal follicles to miniaturized follicles. Both young women and young men with AGA have higher levels of 5alpha reductase and androgen receptor in frontal hair follicles compared to occipital follicles. At the same time, young women have much higher levels of cytochrome p-450 aromatase in frontal follicles than men who have minimal aromatase, and women have even higher aromatase levels in occipital follicles. The diagnosis of AGA in women is supported by early age of onset, the pattern of increased thinning over the frontal/parietal scalp with greater density over the occipital scalp, retention of the frontal hairline, and the presence of miniaturized hairs. Most women with AGA have normal menses and pregnancies. Extensive hormonal testing is usually not needed unless symptoms and signs of androgen excess are present such as hirsutism, severe unresponsive cystic acne, virilization, or galactorrhea. Topical minoxidil solution is the only drug available for promoting hair growth in women with AGA. Efficacy has been shown in double-blind studies using hair counts and hair weight.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vera H Price
- University of California San Francisco, Department of Dermatology, San Francisco, California 94117, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Chan EF. Alopecia and its medical management. Facial Plast Surg Clin North Am 2003; 11:267-76. [PMID: 15062279 DOI: 10.1016/s1064-7406(02)00046-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Edward F Chan
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pennsylvania Health Systems, 34th and Spruce Streets, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Hillmer AM, Kruse R, Macciardi F, Heyn U, Betz RC, Ruzicka T, Propping P, Nöthen MM, Cichon S. The hairless gene in androgenetic alopecia: results of a systematic mutation screening and a family-based association approach. Br J Dermatol 2002; 146:601-8. [PMID: 11966690 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2133.2002.04766.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genetic disposition and androgen dependence are important characteristics of the common patterned loss of scalp hair known as androgenetic alopecia (AGA). The genetic factors contributing to AGA are currently unknown. The human hairless gene (HR) has recently been cloned and mutations have been reported in families with autosomal recessive universal congenital alopecia and papular atrichia. The main feature of these disorders is persistent complete absence of hair at or shortly after birth. This suggests that HR is essential and specific for the development of hair. OBJECTIVES To test the hypothesis that HR may be involved in AGA. METHODS We systematically screened HR for genetic variability by means of single-strand conformation analysis (SSCA) in 46 unrelated men with AGA. To test for an involvement of HR in the development of AGA, seven common variants were genotyped in 61 families with 93 affected offspring. The results were analysed with the transmission/disequilibrium test (TDT). RESULTS SSCA showed 15 single nucleotide substitutions: eight missense mutations, four silent mutations and three mutations in exon-flanking intronic sequences. TDT results showed a marginally significant association between AGA and variants 3379-29G/T (P = 0.024) and 2611-68C/T (P = 0.047). These results, however, did not remain significant after applying the conservative Bonferroni correction for multiple testing. CONCLUSIONS Our results do not provide evidence for a strong involvement of HR in the development of AGA, although a minor role cannot be fully excluded.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A M Hillmer
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Wilhelmstrasse 31, 53111 Bonn, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Paik JH, Yoon JB, Sim WY, Kim BS, Kim NI. The prevalence and types of androgenetic alopecia in Korean men and women. Br J Dermatol 2001; 145:95-9. [PMID: 11453914 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2133.2001.04289.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are racial differences in the prevalence and types of androgenetic alopecia (AGA). There have been several reports on the prevalence and types of AGA in the general population of caucasians, but few studies on Koreans with samples of sufficient numbers have been reported. OBJECTIVES To obtain a more precise estimate of the prevalence and types of AGA in Korean men and women and to compare the results with those in caucasians. METHODS The prevalence and types of AGA were analysed in 10,132 Koreans (5531 men and 4601 women) who had visited the Health Examination Centre at Kyung Hee University Hospital for regular health examinations between December 1997 and July 1999. To classify the degree of hair loss for each subject, the Norwood classification was used in men and the Ludwig classification in women. For AGA in men, 'female pattern' was added to the Norwood classification. RESULTS In Korean men, the prevalence of AGA (Norwood III or above) at all ages was 14.1%. It increased steadily with advancing age, but was lower than that of caucasians: 2.3% in the third decade, 4.0% in the fourth decade, 10.8% in the fifth decade, 24.5% in the sixth decade, 34.3% in the seventh decade and 46.9% over 70 years. Type III vertex involvement was the most common type in the third decade to the seventh decade; over 70 years, type VI was most common. A 'female pattern' was observed in 11.1% of cases. In Korean women, the prevalence of AGA (Ludwig I or above) at all ages was 5.6%. It also increased steadily with advancing age: 0.2% in the third decade, 2.3% in the fourth decade, 3.8% in the fifth decade, 7.4% in the sixth decade, 11.7% in the seventh decade and 24.7% over 70 years. Grade I was the most common type up to the sixth decade; over 60 years, grade I and II were similar in prevalence. Grade III (total baldness) was not observed. A family history of baldness was present in 48.5% of men and 45.2% of women with AGA. CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of AGA in Korean men and women was lower than that in caucasians, as recorded in the literature. Korean men tend to have more frontal hairline preservation and show a more 'female pattern' of hair thinning than caucasians. Therefore, 'female pattern' should be added to the classification of AGA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J H Paik
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 1 Hoeki-Dong, Dongdaemun-Ku, Seoul 130-702, Korea
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Affiliation(s)
- R D Sinclair
- Department of Dermatology, University of Melbourne, St Vincent's Hospital, 41 Victoria Parade, Fitzroy Melbourne 3065 Australia
| | | |
Collapse
|