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Lousada MB, Edelkamp J, Lachnit T, Fehrholz M, Pastar I, Jimenez F, Erdmann H, Bosch TCG, Paus R. Spatial Distribution and Functional Impact of Human Scalp Hair Follicle Microbiota. J Invest Dermatol 2024; 144:1353-1367.e15. [PMID: 38070726 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2023.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2024]
Abstract
Human hair follicles (HFs) constitute a unique microbiota habitat that differs substantially from the skin surface. Traditional HF sampling methods fail to eliminate skin microbiota contaminants or assess the HF microbiota incompletely, and microbiota functions in human HF physiology remain ill explored. Therefore, we used laser-capture microdissection, metagenomic shotgun sequencing, and FISH to characterize the human scalp HF microbiota in defined anatomical compartments. This revealed significant compartment-, tissue lineage-, and donor age-dependent variations in microbiota composition. Greatest abundance variations between HF compartments were observed for viruses, archaea, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Cutibacterium acnes, and Malassezia restricta, with the latter 2 being the most abundant viable HF colonizers (as tested by propidium monoazide assay) and, surprisingly, most abundant in the HF mesenchyme. Transfection of organ-cultured human scalp HFs with S. epidermidis-specific lytic bacteriophages ex vivo downregulated transcription of genes known to regulate HF growth and development, metabolism, and melanogenesis, suggesting that selected microbial products may modulate HF functions. Indeed, HF treatment with butyrate, a metabolite of S. epidermidis and other HF microbiota, delayed catagen and promoted autophagy, mitochondrial activity, and gp100 and dermcidin expression ex vivo. Thus, human HF microbiota show spatial variations in abundance and modulate the physiology of their host, which invites therapeutic targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta B Lousada
- Monasterium Laboratory, Münster, Germany; Zoological Institute, Christian Albrechts University in Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | | | - Tim Lachnit
- Zoological Institute, Christian Albrechts University in Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | | | - Irena Pastar
- Dr Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Francisco Jimenez
- Mediteknia Skin & Hair Lab, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain; Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Fernando Pessoa Canarias, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | | | - Thomas C G Bosch
- Zoological Institute, Christian Albrechts University in Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Ralf Paus
- Monasterium Laboratory, Münster, Germany; Dr Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA; CUTANEON, Hamburg, Germany.
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de Oliveira ASLE, Bloise G, Moltrasio C, Coelho A, Agrelli A, Moura R, Tricarico PM, Jamain S, Marzano AV, Crovella S, Cavalcanti Brandão LA. Transcriptome Meta-Analysis Confirms the Hidradenitis Suppurativa Pathogenic Triad: Upregulated Inflammation, Altered Epithelial Organization, and Dysregulated Metabolic Signaling. Biomolecules 2022; 12:1371. [PMID: 36291580 PMCID: PMC9599370 DOI: 10.3390/biom12101371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is an inflammatory skin condition clinically characterized by recurrent painful deep-seated nodules, abscesses, and sinus tracks in areas bearing apocrine glands, such as axillae, breasts, groins, and buttocks. Despite many recent advances, the pathophysiological landscape of HS still demands further clarification. To elucidate HS pathogenesis, we performed a meta-analysis, set analysis, and a variant calling on selected RNA-Sequencing (RNA-Seq) studies on HS skin. Our findings corroborate the HS triad composed of upregulated inflammation, altered epithelial differentiation, and dysregulated metabolism signaling. Upregulation of specific genes, such as KRT6, KRT16, serpin-family genes, and SPRR3 confirms the early involvement of hair follicles and the impairment of barrier function in HS lesioned skin. In addition, our results suggest that adipokines could be regarded as biomarkers of HS and metabolic-related disorders. Finally, the RNA-Seq variant calling identified several mutations in HS patients, suggesting potential new HS-related genes associated with the sporadic form of this disease. Overall, this study provides insights into the molecular pathways involved in HS and identifies potential HS-related biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Giovanna Bloise
- Department of Pathology, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife 50670-901, Brazil
- Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo 05652-000, Brazil
| | - Chiara Moltrasio
- Dermatology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy
- Department of Medical Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, 34137 Trieste, Italy
| | - Antonio Coelho
- Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo 05652-000, Brazil
| | - Almerinda Agrelli
- Laboratory of Nanostructured Materials (LMNANO), Center for Strategic Technologies Northeastern (CETENE), Av. Prof. Luís Freire, 1-Cidade Universitária, Recife 50740-545, Brazil
| | - Ronald Moura
- Department of Advanced Diagnostics, Institute for Maternal and Child Health-IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo”, 34137 Trieste, Italy
| | - Paola Maura Tricarico
- Department of Advanced Diagnostics, Institute for Maternal and Child Health-IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo”, 34137 Trieste, Italy
| | - Stéphane Jamain
- Translational Neuropsychiatry, Univ. Paris Est Créteil, Inserm, IMRB, 94010 Créteil, France
| | - Angelo Valerio Marzano
- Dermatology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Sergio Crovella
- Biological Science Program, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Qatar, Doha 2713, Qatar
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Rateb AA, Mohammed FN, Sayed KS, Hegazy RA, Al Agha RR, Rashed LA, Sayed SS. Gene Expression of Osteopontin in Alopecia Areata? A Case-Controlled Study. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2014; 28:84-90. [DOI: 10.1159/000363147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2013] [Accepted: 04/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Crisante G, Battista L, Iwaszkiewicz J, Nesca V, Mérillat AM, Sergi C, Zoete V, Frateschi S, Hummler E. The CAP1/Prss8 catalytic triad is not involved in PAR2 activation and protease nexin-1 (PN-1) inhibition. FASEB J 2014; 28:4792-805. [PMID: 25138159 DOI: 10.1096/fj.14-253781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Serine proteases, serine protease inhibitors, and protease-activated receptors (PARs) are responsible for several human skin disorders characterized by impaired epidermal permeability barrier function, desquamation, and inflammation. In this study, we addressed the consequences of a catalytically dead serine protease on epidermal homeostasis, the activation of PAR2 and the inhibition by the serine protease inhibitor nexin-1. The catalytically inactive serine protease CAP1/Prss8, when ectopically expressed in the mouse, retained the ability to induce skin disorders as well as its catalytically active counterpart (75%, n=81). Moreover, this phenotype was completely normalized in a PAR2-null background, indicating that the effects mediated by the catalytically inactive CAP1/Prss8 depend on PAR2 (95%, n=131). Finally, nexin-1 displayed analogous inhibitory capacity on both wild-type and inactive mutant CAP1/Prss8 in vitro and in vivo (64% n=151 vs. 89% n=109, respectively), indicating that the catalytic site of CAP1/Prss8 is dispensable for nexin-1 inhibition. Our results demonstrate a novel inhibitory interaction between CAP1/Prss8 and nexin-1, opening the search for specific CAP1/Prss8 antagonists that are independent of its catalytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Justyna Iwaszkiewicz
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Chloé Sergi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and
| | - Vincent Zoete
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Lim TC, Leong MF, Lu H, Du C, Gao S, Wan ACA, Ying JY. Follicular dermal papilla structures by organization of epithelial and mesenchymal cells in interfacial polyelectrolyte complex fibers. Biomaterials 2013; 34:7064-72. [PMID: 23796577 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.05.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2013] [Accepted: 05/25/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The hair follicle is a regenerating organ that produces a new hair shaft during each growth cycle. Development and cycling of the hair follicle is governed by interactions between the epithelial and mesenchymal components. Therefore, development of an engineered 3D hair follicle would be useful for studying these interactions to identify strategies for treatment of hair loss. We have developed a technique suitable for assembly of different cell types in close proximity in fibrous hydrogel scaffolds with resolutions of ∼50 μm. By assembly of dermal papilla (DP) and keratinocytes, structures similar to the native hair bulb arrangement are formed. Gene expression of these constructs showed up-regulation of molecules involved in epithelial-mesenchymal interactions of the hair follicle. Implantation of the follicular structures in SCID mice led to the formation of hair follicle-like structures, thus demonstrating their hair inductive ability. The transparency of the fiber matrix and the small dimensions of the follicular structures allowed the direct quantitation of DP cell proliferation by confocal microscopy, clearly illustrating the promoting or inhibitory effects of hair growth regulating agents. Collectively, our results suggested a promising application of these 3D engineered follicular structures for in vitro screening and testing of drugs for hair growth therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tze Chiun Lim
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, 31 Biopolis Way, The Nanos, Singapore 138669, Singapore
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Modulation in proteolytic activity is identified as a hallmark of exogen by transcriptional profiling of hair follicles. J Invest Dermatol 2011; 131:2349-57. [PMID: 21833013 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2011.227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Exogen is the process by which the hair follicle actively sheds its club fiber from the follicle. However, little is known about signals that govern the cellular mechanisms of shedding. Here, we have identified factors that are important in regulating either the retention or release of the hair club fiber from its epithelial silo within the follicle. Using the vibrissa follicle as our model, we isolated follicle segments containing club fibers and surrounding follicle tissue at different time points before their natural release from the hair follicle. We then performed microarray analysis to identify key molecular changes as the club fiber approached final release. Among the different classes of genes that were identified, we found changes in the expression pattern of protease inhibitors and proteases, suggesting that proteolysis may mediate fiber release, either through terminal differentiation or proteolytic cleavage. We validated transcriptional changes using reverse transcription-PCR, and further immunofluorescence analysis indicated that protease inhibitors surrounding the club fiber may have an important role in regulating the process of club fiber shedding. Our findings also highlighted that molecular differentiation of the innermost layer of cells immediately surrounding the club fiber, the companion(CL), is likely to be important in hair shedding.
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7
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Liu J, Zhang CM, Coenraads PJ, Ji ZY, Chen X, Dong L, Ma XM, Han W, Tang NJ. Abnormal expression of MAPK, EGFR, CK17 and TGk in the skin lesions of chloracne patients exposed to dioxins. Toxicol Lett 2011; 201:230-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2011.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2010] [Revised: 12/28/2010] [Accepted: 01/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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8
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Krahl D, Sellheyer K. The neuroepithelial stem cell protein nestin is a marker of the companion cell layer of the adult and developing human hair follicle. Br J Dermatol 2009; 161:678-82. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2009.09199.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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9
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Kubo M, Shoshi C, Kitawaki T, Takemoto R, Kinugasa K, Yoshida H, Honda C, Okamoto M. Increase in prefrontal cortex blood flow during the computer version trail making test. Neuropsychobiology 2009; 58:200-10. [PMID: 19212135 DOI: 10.1159/000201717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2007] [Accepted: 10/09/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Previous studies using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) have reported increases in both oxygenated hemoglobin (oxyHb) and deoxygenated hemoglobin (deoxyHb) during the paper version Trail Making Test (TMT), a neuropsychological test for evaluating cognitive and executive functions. We measured oxyHb and deoxyHb in the prefrontal cortex during the computer version TMT. METHODS Fifteen healthy students first performed TMT-A and then TMT-B; another 7 students first performed TMT-B and then TMT-A. The mean concentrations of Hb (10 s before TMT, during TMT and 30-40 s after TMT) were determined and analyzed by ANOVA. RESULTS oxyHb increased while deoxyHb decreased during the TMT. There was a significant order effect on the change in deoxyHb, but not in oxyHb. oxyHb significantly increased in the bilateral prefrontal cortices both in TMT-A and TMT-B. The increase tended to be more prominent in TMT-B than in TMT-A. deoxyHb significantly decreased in the bilateral prefrontal cortices, both in TMT-A and TMT-B. CONCLUSION The results suggest that blood flow increases in the prefrontal cortex during the performance of TMT, and that the bilateral prefrontal cortices are involved in the performance of the computer version TMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masako Kubo
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan.
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10
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From telogen to exogen: mechanisms underlying formation and subsequent loss of the hair club fiber. J Invest Dermatol 2009; 129:2100-8. [PMID: 19340011 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2009.66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The hair follicle has the unique capacity to undergo periods of growth, regression, and rest before regenerating itself to restart the cycle. This dynamic cycling capacity enables mammals to change their coats, and for hair length to be controlled on different body sites. More recently, the process of club fiber shedding has been described as a distinct cycle phase known as exogen, and proposed to be an active phase of the hair cycle. This review focuses on the importance of the shedding phase of the hair cycle and, in the context of current literature, analyzes the processes of club fiber formation, retention, and release, which may influence progression through exogen, particularly in relation to human hair.
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Gao J, DeRouen MC, Chen CH, Nguyen M, Nguyen NT, Ido H, Harada K, Sekiguchi K, Morgan BA, Miner JH, Oro AE, Marinkovich MP. Laminin-511 is an epithelial message promoting dermal papilla development and function during early hair morphogenesis. Genes Dev 2008; 22:2111-24. [PMID: 18676816 DOI: 10.1101/gad.1689908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Hair morphogenesis takes place through reciprocal epithelial and mesenchymal signaling; however, the mechanisms controlling signal exchange are poorly understood. Laminins are extracellular proteins that play critical roles in adhesion and signaling. Here we demonstrate the mechanism of how laminin-511 controls hair morphogenesis. Dermal papilla (DP) from laminin-511 mutants showed developmental defects by E16.5, including a failure to maintain expression of the key morphogen noggin. This maintenance was critical as exogenous introduction of noggin or sonic hedgehog (Shh) produced downstream from noggin was sufficient to restore hair follicle development in lama5(-/-) (laminin-511-null) skin. Hair development required the beta1 integrin binding but not the heparin binding domain of laminin-511. Previous studies demonstrated that Shh signaling requires primary cilia, microtubule-based signaling organelles. Laminin-511 mutant DP showed decreased length and structure of primary cilia in vitro and in vivo. Laminin-511, but not laminin-111, restored primary cilia formation in lama5(-/-) mesenchyme and triggered noggin expression in an Shh- and PDGF-dependent manner. Inhibition of laminin-511 receptor beta1 integrin disrupted DP primary cilia formation as well as hair development. These studies show that epithelial-derived laminin-511 is a critical early signal that directs ciliary function and DP maintenance as a requirement for hair follicle downgrowth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Gao
- Program in Epithelial Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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Moon JH, Kwak SS, Park G, Jung HY, Yoon BS, Park J, Ryu KS, Choi SC, Maeng I, Kim B, Jun EK, Kim S, Kim A, Oh S, Kim H, Kim KD, You S. Isolation and Characterization of Multipotent Human Keloid-Derived Mesenchymal-Like Stem Cells. Stem Cells Dev 2008; 17:713-24. [DOI: 10.1089/scd.2007.0210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jai-Hee Moon
- The Laboratory of Cell Growth and Function Regulation, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
- Imgen Co., Ltd. Suwon, Gyenggi-do, Korea
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Sung Sik Kwak
- The Laboratory of Cell Growth and Function Regulation, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Gyuman Park
- Research Institute for Sk in Image (R.I.S.I), Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Hye-Youn Jung
- The Laboratory of Cell Growth and Function Regulation, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Byung Sun Yoon
- The Laboratory of Cell Growth and Function Regulation, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
- Imgen Co., Ltd. Suwon, Gyenggi-do, Korea
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Jaeyeo Park
- The Laboratory of Cell Growth and Function Regulation, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kyung Su Ryu
- The Laboratory of Cell Growth and Function Regulation, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seung-Cheol Choi
- Department of Cardiology, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Isaac Maeng
- The Laboratory of Cell Growth and Function Regulation, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Bona Kim
- The Laboratory of Cell Growth and Function Regulation, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Eun Kyung Jun
- The Laboratory of Cell Growth and Function Regulation, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
- Imgen Co., Ltd. Suwon, Gyenggi-do, Korea
| | - Soonseong Kim
- The Laboratory of Cell Growth and Function Regulation, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Aeree Kim
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sejong Oh
- Department of Animal Science, Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Hyunggee Kim
- The Laboratory of Cell Growth and Function Regulation, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | | | - Seungkwon You
- The Laboratory of Cell Growth and Function Regulation, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
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Zhang C, Li X, Lian X, Wang Y, Zeng Y, Yang K, Yu J, Gao Q, Yang T. Immunolocalization of protein C inhibitor in differentiation of human epidermal keratinocytes. Acta Histochem 2007; 109:461-7. [PMID: 17706750 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2007.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2006] [Revised: 04/09/2007] [Accepted: 04/16/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Keratinocytes propagated in low calcium (0.05 mM) serum-free medium grow as monolayers and exhibit morphological and biosynthetic phenotypes similar to the keratinocytes of the basal layer in normal epidermis. When the calcium in the medium is increased to 1.5 mM, the keratinocytes start to stratify and differentiate. Such differentiation is important in the formation of an epidermal barrier. Proteolysis plays a crucial role in the process. The functions of most of the plasminogen activator cascade components in human skin have been studied, but little was known about the expression and role of protein C inhibitor in the differentiation of human epidermal keratinocytes. In the present study, we used immunohistochemistry and immunocytochemistry to examine the immunolocalization of protein C inhibitor in normal human skin and in cultured keratinocytes in serum-free medium with low and high calcium, respectively. The results indicated that protein C inhibitor is mainly localized in superficial and more differentiated keratinocytes in normal human epidermis. Keratinocytes positive for protein C inhibitor were detected in cultures containing both low and high calcium media, and the level of protein C inhibitor was increased in high calcium medium. This increase was accompanied by an altered intracellular distribution, from the perinuclear cytoplasm in undifferentiated keratinocytes to the whole cytoplasm in differentiated keratinocytes. Further study revealed that protein C inhibitor was incorporated into the cornified envelope in normal skin keratinocytes and cultured differentiated keratinocytes. Our results suggest that protein C inhibitor may be involved in the differentiation of keratinocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, People's Republic of China.
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14
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Sowden HM, Karoo ROS, Tobin DJ. Transforming growth factor-? receptor II is preferentially expressed in the companion layer of the human anagen hair follicle. Br J Dermatol 2007; 157:161-4. [PMID: 17578439 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2007.07925.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta is a multifunctional growth factor with multiple roles in skin including hair follicle development and cycling, where it regulates cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis, as well as in wound healing. While TGF-beta receptor I (TGF-beta RI) and receptor II (TGF-beta RII) expression helps define early human hair follicle morphogenesis, expression in the adult human hair follicle remains to be established. OBJECTIVES To assess TGF-beta receptor expression in human scalp anagen hair follicles. METHODS Immunohistochemical and double immunofluorescence analysis of TGF-beta RI and RII was conducted on frozen sections of haired human scalp obtained from 10 healthy individuals. RESULTS TGF-beta RI expression was detected in the outer root sheath of anagen hair follicles while TGF-beta RII was expressed almost exclusively in the companion layer of inner root sheath and less so in premedulla keratinocytes. Both receptors were colocalized in the companion layer of the proximal and mid follicle. CONCLUSIONS The well-described role of TGF-beta in keratinocyte apoptosis during catagen is likely to involve anagen-specific hair follicle components including the companion layer, as this layer provides the slippage plane supporting the inner root sheath and hair shaft as they ascend to the skin surface. Results of this study suggest that the colocalization of TGF-beta RI/RII complexes at the companion layer would facilitate TGF-beta signalling at this site to regulate apoptosis of the companion layer keratinocytes, facilitating shrinkage/contraction of this cell layer during hair follicle regression/catagen.
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Affiliation(s)
- H M Sowden
- Medical Biosciences Research, School of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford BD7 1DP, U.K
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15
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Gu LH, Coulombe PA. Keratin expression provides novel insight into the morphogenesis and function of the companion layer in hair follicles. J Invest Dermatol 2006; 127:1061-73. [PMID: 17170733 DOI: 10.1038/sj.jid.5700673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Hair follicles cycle between stages of growth (anagen) and metabolic quiescence (telogen) throughout life. In mature follicles, transition from telogen back into anagen involves the activation, proliferation, and differentiation of epithelial stem cells located in the bulge, a specialization of the outer root sheath. Recent studies identified keratin 6a (K6a) transcripts as enriched in bulge epithelial stem cells in mouse skin. We used messenger RNA probes, antibodies, a LacZ reporter mouse model, and whole-mount staining assays to investigate the regulation of mK6a during mouse postnatal hair cycling, and compare it to mK75, a companion layer (Cl) marker. We find that mK75 regulation parallels that of inner root sheath (IRS) markers, with expression onset at anagen IIIa above the new hair bulb and subsequent spreading towards the bulge. Although also occurring in the Cl, mK6a expression begins at anagen IIIb in differentiating cells located proximal to the bulge, and subsequently spreads towards the hair bulb. mK6a and mK75 thus exhibit temporally distinct, and spatially opposed, expression patterns in the Cl during postnatal anagen. These findings provide novel insight into the morphogenesis and properties of the Cl, and raise the distinct possibility that it is an integral part of the IRS compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Hong Gu
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
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16
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Panteleyev AA, Bickers DR. Dioxin-induced chloracne--reconstructing the cellular and molecular mechanisms of a classic environmental disease. Exp Dermatol 2006; 15:705-30. [PMID: 16881967 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2006.00476.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) is among the most toxic pollutants known to date that serves as a prototype for a group of halogenated hydrocarbon compounds characterized by extraordinary environmental persistence and unique ability to concentrate in animal and human tissues. TCDD can elicit a complex array of pleiotropic adverse effects in humans, although chloracne, a specific type of acne-like skin disease, is the only consistent manifestation of dioxin intoxication, thus representing a 'hallmark' of TCDD exposure. Chloracne is considered to be one of the most specific and sensitive biomarkers of TCDD intoxication that allows clinical and epidemiological evaluation of exposure level at threshold doses. The specific cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in pathogenesis of chloracne are still unknown. In this review, we summarize the available clinical data on chloracne and recent progress in understanding the role of the dioxin-dependent pathway in the control of gene transcription and discuss molecular and cellular events potentially involved in chloracne pathogenesis. We propose that the dioxin-induced activation of skin stem cells and a shift in differentiation commitment of their progeny may represent a major mechanism of chloracne development.
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Boivin WA, Jiang H, Utting OB, Hunt DWC. Influence of interleukin-1α on androgen receptor expression and cytokine secretion by cultured human dermal papilla cells. Exp Dermatol 2006; 15:784-93. [PMID: 16984260 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2006.00462.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Dermal papilla cells (DPC) control the growth character of the hair follicle through their elaboration of mitogenic factors and extracellular matrix components. Further, the dermal papilla is a primary site of androgen action in the hair follicle. Interleukin-1alpha (IL-1alpha) is prominent in skin wounding and inflammatory responses although regarded as a negative hair growth regulator. We studied the effect of IL-1alpha and the potent androgen 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) on the expression of the androgen receptor (AR) and various factors secreted by cultured human temporal scalp DPC. IL-1alpha triggered cellular changes consistent with nuclear factor-kappaB pathway activation as well as reduced AR mRNA and protein expression levels for DHT-stimulated DPC. This cytokine also increased DPC supernatant keratinocyte growth factor (KGF), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), IL-8 and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) concentrations. IL-1alpha did not influence DPC supernatant levels of transforming growth factor-beta1, a negative hair growth regulator. The stimulatory effect of IL-1alpha on DPC VEGF, GM-CSF, KGF, and IL-8 expression was also evident at the mRNA level for these cytokines. IL-1alpha also increased mRNA transcript levels of protease-nexin-1, a secreted serine protease inhibitor expressed in the dermal papilla of anagen-stage hair follicles. Although DHT did not affect supernatant cytokine concentrations, the androgen altered mRNA transcript levels of several factors for DPC co-stimulated with IL-1alpha. In consideration of its in vitro activity profile, IL-1alpha may be an important modifier of dermal papilla activity as well as potentially influence androgen-regulated gene expression in DPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy A Boivin
- Scientific Affairs: Dermatology, QLT Inc., 887 Great Northern Way, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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18
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Fernandes KJL, McKenzie IA, Mill P, Smith KM, Akhavan M, Barnabé-Heider F, Biernaskie J, Junek A, Kobayashi NR, Toma JG, Kaplan DR, Labosky PA, Rafuse V, Hui CC, Miller FD. A dermal niche for multipotent adult skin-derived precursor cells. Nat Cell Biol 2004; 6:1082-93. [PMID: 15517002 DOI: 10.1038/ncb1181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 564] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A fundamental question in stem cell research is whether cultured multipotent adult stem cells represent endogenous multipotent precursor cells. Here we address this question, focusing on SKPs, a cultured adult stem cell from the dermis that generates both neural and mesodermal progeny. We show that SKPs derive from endogenous adult dermal precursors that exhibit properties similar to embryonic neural-crest stem cells. We demonstrate that these endogenous SKPs can first be isolated from skin during embryogenesis and that they persist into adulthood, with a niche in the papillae of hair and whisker follicles. Furthermore, lineage analysis indicates that both hair and whisker follicle dermal papillae contain neural-crest-derived cells, and that SKPs from the whisker pad are of neural-crest origin. We propose that SKPs represent an endogenous embryonic precursor cell that arises in peripheral tissues such as skin during development and maintains multipotency into adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl J L Fernandes
- Department of Cancer Research, Hospital For Sick Children Research Institute, Ontario, Canada
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19
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Anan T, Sonoda T, Asada Y, Kurata S, Takayasu S. Protease-Activated Receptor-1 (Thrombin Receptor) Is Expressed in Mesenchymal Portions of Human Hair Follicle. J Invest Dermatol 2003; 121:669-73. [PMID: 14632180 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1747.2003.12490.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Protease nexin-1, a serine protease inhibitor, is expressed specifically in the dermal papilla (DP) of anagen hair follicles and is suggested to be one of the modulators of the cyclic growth of hair follicles. Accumulating evidence has shown that protease nexin-1 plays its biologic role by inhibiting thrombin action in various systems other than the hair follicle. Thrombin has various physiologic functions including blood coagulation cascade, mostly via activation of protease-activated receptors (PAR). In this study, we investigated the expression of PAR mRNA using RT-PCR in dissected human hair follicles. We showed that PAR-1 mRNA was expressed specifically in the mesenchymal portions, including DP and connective tissue sheath, of anagen hair follicles. Furthermore, immunoreactivity for PAR-1 was detected in the DP and lower portion of connective tissue sheath in the anagen and catagen phases and in the DP of telogen hair follicles. Because only a pharmacologic level (100 nM) of thrombin significantly stimulated cell proliferation and DNA synthesis of the cultured dermal papilla cells, thrombin does not seem to have a mitogenic effect on dermal papilla cells physiologically. These results raise the possibility that thrombin is involved in the cyclic hair growth through its receptor of PAR-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Anan
- Department of Dermatology, Oita Medical University, Oita-gun, Oita, Japan.
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20
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Darnell GA, Antalis TM, Johnstone RW, Stringer BW, Ogbourne SM, Harrich D, Suhrbier A. Inhibition of retinoblastoma protein degradation by interaction with the serpin plasminogen activator inhibitor 2 via a novel consensus motif. Mol Cell Biol 2003; 23:6520-32. [PMID: 12944478 PMCID: PMC193706 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.23.18.6520-6532.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasminogen activator inhibitor-2 (PAI-2) is well documented as an inhibitor of the extracellular serine proteinase urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) and is expressed in activated monocytes and macrophages, differentiating keratinocytes, and many tumors. Here we show that PAI-2 has a novel intracellular function as a retinoblastoma protein (Rb)-binding protein. PAI-2 colocalized with Rb in the nucleus and inhibited the turnover of Rb, which led to increases in Rb protein levels and Rb-mediated activities. Although PAI-2 contains an LXCXE motif, Rb binding was primarily mediated by the C-D interhelical region of PAI-2, which was found to bind to the C pocket of Rb. The C-D interhelical region of PAI-2 contained a novel Rb-binding motif, termed the PENF homology motif, which is shared by many cellular and viral Rb-binding proteins. PAI-2 expression also protected Rb from the accelerated degradation mediated by human papillomavirus (HPV) E7, leading to recovery of Rb and inhibition of E6/E7 mRNA expression. Protection of Rb by PAI-2 begins to explain many of the diverse, uPA-independent phenotypes conferred by PAI-2 expression. These results indicate that PAI-2 may enhance Rb's tumor suppressor activity and suggest a potential therapeutic role for PAI-2 against HPV-transformed lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grant A Darnell
- Australian National Centre for International and Tropical Health and Nutrition, Queensland Institute of Medical Research and University of Queensland, 300 Herston Road, Brisbane, Queensland 4029, Australia
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21
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Botchkarev VA, Kishimoto J. Molecular control of epithelial-mesenchymal interactions during hair follicle cycling. J Investig Dermatol Symp Proc 2003; 8:46-55. [PMID: 12894994 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1747.2003.12171.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial-mesenchymal interactions play pivotal roles in the morphogenesis of many organs and various types of appendages. During hair follicle development, extensive interactions between two embryologically different hair follicle compartments (epidermal keratinocytes and dermal papilla fibroblasts) lead to the formation of the hair shaft-producing mini-organ that shows cyclic activity during postnatal life with periods of active growth, involution and resting. During the hair cycle, the epithelium and the mesenchyme are regulated by a distinct set of molecular signals that are unique for every distinct phase of the hair cycle. In telogen hair follicles, epithelial-mesenchymal interactions are characterized by a predominance of inhibitory signals that retain the hair follicle in a quiescent state. During anagen, a large variety of growth stimulatory pathways are activated in the epithelium and in the mesenchyme, the coordination of which are essential for proper hair fiber formation. During catagen, the termination of anagen-specific signaling interactions between the epithelium and the mesenchyme leads to apoptosis in the hair follicle epithelium, while activation of selected signaling pathways promotes the transition of the dermal papilla into a quiescent state. The signaling exchange between the follicular epithelium and the mesenchyme is modulated by proteoglycans, such as versican, which may significantly enhance or reduce the biological activities of secreted growth stimulators. However, additional research will be required to bridge the gap between our current understanding of mechanisms underlying epithelial-mesenchymal interactions in hair follicles and the potential clinical application of growth modulators involved in those interactions. Further progress in this area of research will hopefully lead to the development of new drugs for the treatment of hair growth disorders.
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22
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Milner Y, Sudnik J, Filippi M, Kizoulis M, Kashgarian M, Stenn K. Exogen, shedding phase of the hair growth cycle: characterization of a mouse model. J Invest Dermatol 2002; 119:639-44. [PMID: 12230507 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1747.2002.01842.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The hair growth cycle is generally recognized to comprise phases of growth (anagen), regression (catagen), and rest (telogen). Whereas, heretofore, the hair shedding function has been assumed to be part of the telogen phase, using a laboratory mouse model and newly developed techniques for quantitative collection and spectroscopic determination of shed hair, we found that shedding actually occurs as a distinct phase. Although some shedding occurs throughout the growth cycle, the largest peak is coupled to anagen. Using hair dye and rhodamine labeling we established that the shafts that shed arise during the previous hair cycle. We found that over the cycle the ratio of shed overfur to shed underfur hair shafts varies with the cycle phase and that the shed shaft base is unique morphologically, having a cylindrical shape with scalloped or "nibbled" edges. By electron microscopy the mooring cells of the exogen root show intercellular separation suggesting a proteolytic process in the final shedding step. This is the first report describing a distinct shedding, or exogen, phase of the hair cycle. This study supports the notion that this phase is uniquely controlled and that the final step in the shedding process involves a specific proteolytic step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoram Milner
- Skin Biology TRC, Johnson & Johnson, Skillman, New Jersey, USA
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23
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Yu DW, Yang T, Sonoda T, Gong Y, Cao Q, Gaffney K, Jensen PJ, Freedberg IM, Lavker RM, Sun TT. Osteopontin gene is expressed in the dermal papilla of pelage follicles in a hair-cycle-dependent manner. J Invest Dermatol 2001; 117:1554-8. [PMID: 11886522 DOI: 10.1046/j.0022-202x.2001.01568.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Hair follicle formation and maintenance involve intimate interactions between follicular epithelial cells and a group of specialized mesenchymal cells known as the dermal papilla. Using the random primer polymerase chain reaction, we have identified an approximately 1.4 kb osteopontin mRNA that is present in large quantities in cultured rat vibrissa dermal papilla cells but undetectable in cultured rat skin fibroblasts. In situ hybridization showed that the osteopontin gene is expressed in dermal papilla cells of pelage follicles during catagen but not in anagen or telogen. As an acidic glycosylated RGD-containing extracellular matrix protein, osteopontin can function both as a cell attachment protein and as a soluble cytokine playing roles in signaling, cell migration, tissue survival, anti-inflammation, and T-cell-mediated cellular immunity. Our results indicate that the comparison of the mRNA of cultured dermal papilla cells and fibroblasts can lead to the identification of not only anagen-specific genes (e.g., nexin 1), but also a catagen-specific gene. We have thus provided evidence that specific genes are turned on during catagen, which is therefore not simply a passive "degenerative" phase. The functional role of osteopontin in catagen is unclear but it may promote the formation of a tightly aggregated dermal papilla, and/or protect the dermal papilla cells from apoptosis induced by cytokines or hypoxia during catagen.
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Affiliation(s)
- D W Yu
- Epithelial Biology Unit and Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
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24
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Kurzen H, Esposito L, Langbein L, Hartschuh W. Cytokeratins as markers of follicular differentiation: an immunohistochemical study of trichoblastoma and basal cell carcinoma. Am J Dermatopathol 2001; 23:501-9. [PMID: 11801790 DOI: 10.1097/00000372-200112000-00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Trichoblastoma(s) (TB) are benign neoplasms of follicular differentiation frequently found in nevus sebaceus. Many morphologic features are shared with nodular basal cell carcinoma(s) (BCC), sometimes rendering the differential diagnosis difficult. Because both neoplasms can simulate components of mature hair follicles histologically, we attempted to corroborate this by immunohistochemical examination of cytokeratins and hair keratins differentially expressed in the hair follicle. Trichoblastoma(s) and BCC showed homogenous expression of CK14 and CK17. The innermost cells of the tumor nodules in all TB and in 72% of BCC were positive for CK6hf. Using a specific CK15 antibody, 38% of TB showed a focal labeling and all BCC remained negative; 70% of TB and 22% of BCC expressed CK19. CK8 was expressed by numerous Merkel cells present in all TB but in none of the BCC examined. All type I and II hair keratins tested, (especially hHa1, hHa5, and hHa8) remained negative in all tumors examined. Trichoblastoma(s) and BCC show consistent expression of CK6hf, CK14, and CK17; variable expression of CK15 and CK19; and absence of hair keratins. This indicates a differentiation toward the outer root sheath epithelium or the companion layer and not toward the inner root sheath, matrix, or cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Kurzen
- Department of Dermatology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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25
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Sharon R, Abramovitz R, Miskin R. Plasminogen activator inhibitor-2 (PAI-2) mRNA is localized in the accumbens nucleus of the mouse brain and is induced in specific brain sites after kainate excitation. Gene Expr Patterns 2001; 1:5-11. [PMID: 15018812 DOI: 10.1016/s1567-133x(00)00003-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/30/2000] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Plasminogen activator inhibitor-2 (PAI-2) specifically inhibits plasminogen activators, extracellular fibrinolytic serine proteases that are also implicated in brain plasticity and toxicity. Primarily localized intracellularly, PAI-2 is thought to also counteract apoptosis mediated by a currently undefined intracellular protease. Here we localized PAI-2 mRNA through in situ hybridization in brain cryosections derived from normal adult mice or after kainate excitation. We found that in the normal brain PAI-2 mRNA was confined to an area within the accumbens nucleus shell. After kainate was injected (i.p.), PAI-2 mRNA was substantially and rapidly (within 2 h) induced in neuron-like cells primarily in layers II-III of the neocortex; the cingulate, piriform, entorhinal and perirhinal cortices; the olfactory bulb, nucleus and tubercle; in the accumbens nucleus, shell and core; throughout the caudate putamen and the amygdaloid complex; in the CA1 and CA3 areas of the hippocampus, and in the parasubiculum. These findings suggest that PAI-2 could play a role in the accumbens nucleus as well as in activity-related events associated with olfactory, striatal, and limbic structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Sharon
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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26
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Morioka K, Sato-Kusubata K, Kawashima S, Ueno T, Kominami E, Sakuraba H, Ihara S. Localization of Cathepsins B, D, L, LAMP-1 and .MU.-Calpain in Developing Hair Follicles. Acta Histochem Cytochem 2001. [DOI: 10.1267/ahc.34.337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kiyokazu Morioka
- Department of Clinical Genetics, The Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science
| | - Kaori Sato-Kusubata
- Department of Molecular Biology, The Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science
| | - Seiichi Kawashima
- Department of Molecular Biology, The Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science
| | - Takashi Ueno
- Department of Biochemistry, Juntendo University School of Medicine
| | - Eiki Kominami
- Department of Biochemistry, Juntendo University School of Medicine
| | - Hitoshi Sakuraba
- Department of Clinical Genetics, The Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science
| | - Setsunosuke Ihara
- Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Life and Environmental Science, Shimane University
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